Search

This study aims to diagnose how the cinema of cruelty has been inserted into mainstream culture through the current streaming series, analysing the elements of the eroticism of perversity and the c...

Torture porn, constant references to Italian Giallo or exploitation cinema, anti-capitalist messages, the dystopian fashion in audiovisual narratives and the popularisation and definitive settlement of streaming platforms due to the COVID-19 pandemic, have given rise to the establishment of a new fashion: the tendency of an audience to enjoy spectacularised cruelty disguised as political sermons. Far from trying to censor such works, the aim is to promote reflection that continues to induce a sense of cynicism and abandonment of the citizenry by their rulers, which the audiovisual entertainment industry seems to take advantage of by groping the sense of general disenchantment in the West. In the midst of this ecosystem appears the recent Netflix series The Squid Game, a festival of sadistic imagery with deep political overtones that brings together several of the aforementioned genres and thematic axes in a single product. Consequently, the main objective is to analyse the characteristics of the fashion for narratives of this type, through a content analysis of the series The Squid Game in order to inspect the elements that configure some key elements of mainstream entertainment via streaming. As a result, the plots are predictable and cold, but the audiovisual imagination is fresh and attractive, so that the anti-capitalist background is perceived in the background. El torture porn, las referencias constantes al giallo italiano o al cine de explotación, los mensajes anticapitalistas, la moda distópica en las narrativas audiovisuales y la popularización y el asentamiento definitivo de las plataformas de streaming a causa de la pandemia del COVID-19 han dado lugar al establecimiento de una nueva moda: la tendencia de un público al disfrute de la crueldad espectacularizada y disfrazada de sermón político. Lejos de tratar de censurar dichas obras, se pretende promover la reflexión sobre la sensación de cinismo de la ciudadanía y el abandono que sufre por parte de sus gobernantes, lo que la industria del entretenimiento audiovisual pareciera aprovechar mediante el tanteo de la sensación de desencanto general en Occidente. En medio de este ecosistema aparece la serie de Netflix El juego del calamar, un festival de imaginería sádica con profundos tintes políticos que recupera en un solo producto varios de los géneros y ejes temáticos mencionados. El objetivo principal de la presente investigación es analizar las características del interés por las narrativas de este tipo mediante un análisis de contenido de esta serie, a fin de examinar los elementos que configuran algunas claves del entretenimiento mainstream vía streaming. Las claves serían la estética de la crueldad y el sermón social como coartada de la narrativa. Como resultado, las tramas se respiran previsibles y frías pero la imaginación audiovisual, fresca y atractiva, por lo que el fondo anticapitalista se percibe en un segundo plano.

espanolActualmente, alejados de aquellos tiempos de guerra entre el cine y la television de masas e inmersos en una cultura de las series cada vez mas accesibles gracias a las plataformas streaming, las series empiezan a ser reconocidas como obras de arte que critican a las altas esferas de poder, signo propio de la tercera edad dorada de las series, y donde reside la verdadera originalidad audiovisual a ojos de las grandes audiencias en detrimento de un cine que parece cada vez mas estancado o carente de interes. En plena revolucion del panorama industrial del audiovisual, caracterizado por el exito de las plataformas streaming, aparece un consumidor cada vez mas democratizado, heterogeneo y cercano a la vision de “consumidor” mas que de “espectador”. Adicionalmente, el audiovisual de masas recupera una vision perversa, hiperrealista, denunciativa y moralista que retrotrae al cine de la crueldad enunciado por Andre Bazin. Por todo ello, se diagnostica el fenomeno de la pornografia del horror, la estetizacion o la abyeccion cinematografica, ya debatida por Jackes Rivette y Serge Daney en la segunda mitad del siglo XX, con el objeto de unir lo depresivo con el espectaculo en series actuales. Por todo ello, se ha procedido a la realizacion de un estudio de casos, mediante un analisis de caracter exploratorio y descriptivo, de las series Years and years y Chernobyl a fin de diagnosticar la presencia de una narrativa de prestigio en las plataformas streaming que cumplen como abyectas bajo el simulacro de lo denunciativo. EnglishToday, far from those times of war between film and mass television and immersed in a culture of series that is increasingly accessible thanks to streaming platforms, series are beginning to be recognized as works of art that criticize the upper echelons of power, own sign of the third golden age of the series, and where true audiovisual originality resides in the eyes of large audiences to the detriment of a cinema that seems to be increasingly stagnant or uninteresting .In the middle of the revolution of the industrial panorama of the mainstream audiovisual, characterized by the presence of streaming platforms, increasingly democratized, varied, accessible, and close to the vision of «consumer» rather than «spectator», the mass audiovisual recover a cruel, hyper-realistic, denunciative and moralistic vision that goes back to the cinema of cruelty enunciated by Andre Bazin. However, the presence of horror pornography, a estheticization, abyection and the eroticism of cruelty, already debated by Jackes Rivette and Serge Daney in the second half of the 20th century, is perceived to combine the depressive with the playful in the eyes of spectators who are hungrier for perversity and cathartic plots. For all these reasons, a case study has been carried out, through an exploratory and descriptive descriptive analysis, of the series Years and years and Chernobyl in order to diagnose the presence of a prestigious narrative in the streaming platforms that comply as abject under the simulacrum of denunciation.

Research suggests that inflammation is an important mediator in the pathophysiology of anxiety disorders. In addition, women are more likely to develop an anxiety and depression disorder, in comorbidity with a wide spectrum of diseases related to the immune system. In recent years, hydrogen-rich water has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy to prevent and intervene in stress-related disorders, due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The present study aims to analyze the effects of psychological treatment and a hydrogen-rich drink on the severity of anxiety and depression, pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, the cortisol awakening response, and general health state in a sample of women with panic disorder. This is a completely randomized, placebo-controlled study. The treatment group simultaneously received psychological treatment and 1.5 L of hydrogenated water for three months, compared to the control group that received psychological treatment and placebo. The results show that the treatment group was not significantly better than the control group. But there was a further reduction in measured pro-inflammatory cytokine scores, improving body pain and physical health. When between-group treatment effects were removed, psychological treatment significantly decreased measured variables, including cytokines and cortisol. The results support the presence of a maladaptive inflammatory process in women with panic disorder.

Domesticated dogs have been present in the Iberian Peninsula long before other domesticated species, back to the late Palaeolithic period. Their origin is still uncertain, but dogs were already well established during the Chalcolithic period (ca. 5000–4000 BP). This study employed a multidisciplinary approach comprising osteometric, radiographic and palaeogenomic analyses to characterize Chalcolithic Iberian Canis remains. Two Chalcolithic archaeological sites – Leceia, Oeiras, in Portugal, and El Casetón de la Era, Villalba de los Alcores, Valladolid, in Spain – were the main focus of this study. Osteometric and odontometric data from eleven other sites in Iberia were also included. Osteometric results show signs of phenotypic variability, likely the result of human-driven selective pressure. Dental radiographic and dental wear analyses allowed age at death estimation for four individuals (two juvenile and two adults). Three Chalcolithic Iberian dogs had their mitogenomes resequenced and the mitochondrial DNA analysis allowed to assign each individual to two of the major known haplogroups – A and C. Molecular sex infered by the chromosomeX/chromosome1 coverage ratio allowed to identify one female and two males. This study unveils some aspects of the Iberian Chalcolithic dogs: these dogs already exhibited various morphotypes whose profiles might be associated to the performance of certain tasks, as well as mitogenomes of two distinct lineages that help tracking the evolutionary paths of Iberian dogs., The research leading to these results has received funding from FEDER Funds through the Operational Competitiveness Factors Program “COMPETE”, and by National Funds through the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT Grant POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029545 – PTDC/HAR-ARQ/29545/2017), by the project UIDB/CVT/00772/2020 and associated laboratory AL4AnimalS, as well as from individual grants and contracts: DL57/2016/CP1440/CT0029 (A.E. Pires), DL57/2016/CP1375/CT0003 (I.R. Amorim), 2020.02754.CEECIND (C. Ginja), CEECINS/00127/2018 (J. Requicha), DL 57/2016/CP1443/CT0029 (C. Detry), 2020.06605.BD (A.B. Santos) and 2020.05503.BD (C. Delicado). A considerable amount of the osteometric data included in this research were obtained during the development of the Master thesis and PhD of A. Daza-Perea at Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, thanks to the granting of materials and expertise from C. Liesau, P. Ríos, Argea Consultores S.L., and Trébede, Patrimonio y Cultura S.L. We must thank the support of the FPI PhD BES-2012-056461 grant, which was associated with the HAR2011-28731 Project, both financed by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness.

Chronic exposure to stress is a major risk factor in anxiety disorders (ADs) and can be accompanied by an altered microbiome-gut-brain axis and a compromised immune system. In recent years, the study of inflammatory processes in AD has gained special attention. Continued stress causes the reactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the alteration of the intestinal microbiota and the consequent release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, affecting the sensitivity to stress and the similar behavior of anxiety.The aim of the present study was to evaluate the interrelationships between measures of proinflammatory cytokines and cortisol in patients with panic disorder (PD).The main results of the correlation analysis revealed that the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor gamma were negatively correlated with cortisol scores (area under the curve with respect to the ground).These results suggest that the inflammatory response is associated with the reactivity of the HPA axis in patients with PD and may influence the maintenance of anxiety behavior.

The origin and development of the Iberian Medieval fisheries is a poorly documented phenomenon both from the standpoint of historical (documentary) and material (archaeological) evidence. Such dearth of knowledge can be explained in terms of proximal (i.e., a deficient retrieval of fish remains) and ultimate causes. Among the latter, the Muslim invasion, that lasted ca. 800 years of the “medieval millennium” in the Iberian Peninsula, needs to be taken into account as it probably delayed the development of fishing fleets within the Christian kingdoms for a substantial period of time. Be it as it may, the lack of knowledge does not allow one to explore a range of critical issues of Spanish and Portuguese history, such as the role played by the ever-expanding fishing fleets of Portugal and Castilla in the process of maritime discovery and colonization that these two kingdoms fostered by the end of the Middle Ages. In this paper, the results from a comparative analysis of selected fish assemblages from primary (i.e. coastal) deposits of the northern Iberian shores are presented. The aim is to check whether changes can be documented both at the level of (1) the range of species occurring in sites from the late Iron Age (Castreña culture, IV-I BC) to the Late Middle Ages (XV AD), and (2) the skeletal spectra of certain species that could reveal a differential processing of taxa meant for local consumption and those that appear in inland sites.

The authors examine two unpublished pits with single burials from the Spanish Northern Meseta dating to the Pre- Bell Beaker Copper Age.Although such burials constitute the majority in the mortuary record of that time and place, we discuss the degree to which they are normative.We review the origins of the two-phased burial rituals, well attested in the area during the Bronze Age, the results of mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome analysis in one of the skeletons, and the importance of the often overlooked dog burials in the mortuary ceremonies of the Duero valley during the Copper Age.Lastly, the proximity of these two burials to the megalithic tombs of Los Zumacales (Valladolid) and La Velilla (Palencia) allow the authors to discuss the beginning of the ´afterlife` of these monuments in the middle Duero valley., Con motivo de presentar dos tumbas individuales en fosa inéditas, se aborda un estudio de conjunto sobre las prácticas funerarias del Calcolítico Precampaniforme en la submeseta norte española. Pese a su carácter mayoritario en el registro arqueológico, se discute la representatividad como norma de este tipo de sepulturas; se rastrean comportamientos propios de rituales de enterramiento en dos tiempos, preludio de los documentados en este mismo espacio en la Edad del Bronce; se aporta información sobre el ADN mitocondrial y sexo molecular de uno de los difuntos, y se pone el énfasis, por vez primera en el Calcolítico de la cuenca del Duero, en el protagonismo de los perros en el mundo funerario. Por último, la proximidad de las dos nuevas sepulturas a sendos dólmenes –Los Zumacales (Valladolid) y La Velilla (Palencia)? da pie a debatir sobre el inicio de la ‘postvida’ megalítica en el valle medio del Duero.

Existen pocos estudios que presenten la imagen de la profesión de psicología en el contexto español. Este estudio de tipo descriptivo y correlacional, tiene como objetivo describir el estado actual de la opinión sobre la psicología que existe en la sociedad española. Se obtiene una muestra de 920 personas de forma incidental utilizando como instrumento un cuestionario específico. Se realiza un análisis descriptivo de las respuestas que generan un patrón global y se hace un agrupamiento por clúster, que divide a la muestra en cuatro perfiles específicos de respuestas. Los principales resultados indican que las opiniones son en general positivas, aunque todavía existen algunos mitos y visiones más tradicionales que se observan en algunos clúster, por lo que se ha de seguir trabajando en aumentar y mantener el conocimiento de la sociedad en relación con la profesión. There are few studies that present the image of the profession of psychology in the Spanish context. This descriptive and correlational study aims to describe the current state of opinion about psychology that exists in Spanish society. A sample of 920 people is obtained incidentally using a specific questionnaire as a tool. A descriptive analysis of the responses that generate a global pattern is carried out and done by cluster, which divides the sample into four specific response profiles. The main results indicate that opinions are generally positive, although there are still some myths and more traditional visions that are observed in some clusters, so work should be continued to increase and maintain the knowledge of society in relation to the profession.

En el presente artículo se estudian las características más importantes de los conceptos que hoy conocemos como ciberdelincuencia, ciberterrorismo y ciberguerra. En relación con la ciberdelincuencia y el ciberterrorismo, se proporcionan datos sobre los posibles perfiles existentes y sobre distintos arquetipos de personas que tienen estas conductas delictivas. En lo concerniente a la ciberguerra, y debido al reducido número de estudios planteados sobre este fenómeno, se exponen los datos más relevantes sobre este hecho y se resalta la falta de estudios para describir a sus actores desde un prisma de carácter psicosociológico.

En el presente trabajo se define la alopecia areata y se ofrecen sus características y cifras epidemiológicas para intentar establecerla como un trastorno psicofisiológico; esto con el fin de analizar las posibles relaciones entre esta enfermedad y distintas variables psicológicas, para lo cual se ha realizado una revisión bibliográfica en múltiples bases documentales agrupadas en el buscador Odysseus. En concreto, se describe la relación entre la enfermedad y distintas manifestaciones psicológicas a través de un repaso a las investigaciones que han estudiado el vínculo entre alopecia areata y factores de personalidad. Como conclusión se puede indicar que las variables psicológicas guardan relación con dicho padecimiento; asimismo, y aunque el factor etiológico permanece en discusión, se acepta que las variables psicológicas pueden mantener y agravar el curso de la enfermedad, lo que podría repercutir de forma negativa en la calidad de vida de las personas.

Tras los importantísimos donativos de 1898, el padre Pedro de la Madre de Dios, carmelita descalzo destinado en misión en Bagdad, recibió un encargo del director del Museo Arqueológico Nacional (por aquel entonces, Juan Catalina García): la búsqueda de antigüedades mesopotámicas para ser enviadas a España y pasar a engrosar las colecciones del Museo. Pedro de la Madre de Dios, ciertamente respaldado por una sólida lista de contactos en la zona, consigue dos grupos de piezas en buen estado de preservación (un ladrillo y un conjunto de cuarenta y tres tablillas con escritura cuneiforme) que ofrece al Museo Arqueológico por un módico precio. Él deseaba que el Museo Arqueológico Nacional adquiriera dichas piezas, y no cualquier otra institución, ya fuera española o extranjera. Sin embargo, no pudo conseguirse la financiación, y se perdió la oportunidad de adquirir tan interesantes piezas, de gran valor arqueológico e histórico, y que hubieran permitido a nuestro Museo Arqueológico disponer de piezas muy apreciadas.

This paper investigates the presence of anxiety, anger and depression in a sample of patients with asthma from a hospital environment and a sample of people free of this respiratory disease. For this research, the Anxiety Situations and Responses Inventory (ASRA), the Spanish adaptation of the Stait-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI) and the Tri-dimensional Personality Questionnaire for Depression (TPQD) were used. Patients with respiratory disease scored significantly higher on negative emotions than people without asthma. The results will be discussed to consider the importance of taking emotions into account in order to handle the disease in a comprehensive manner

En el presente artículo se expone una revisión de los cursos MOOC. Antes de dar paso a las posibles ventajas de esta forma de aprendizaje, los inconvenientes, las metodologías pedagógicas y las distintas herramientas utilizadas, así como los principales retos de estos cursos en el futuro inmediato, se realiza un recorrido sobre su definición, nacimiento, historia y clases. Y a manera de cierre, se presentan distintas conclusiones en cuanto a la validez pedagógica, de calidad y viabilidad económica respecto a esta modalidad educativa.

El presente escrito analiza las posibles motivaciones que mueven a la mujer a realizar estas acciones, ya sea desde una perspectiva de igualdad de género o desde la posible manipulación que hacen de la mujer las organizaciones terroristas. A pesar de los escasos estudios realizados sobre terrorismo suicida, se intenta describir a continuación la posible existencia de un perfil común a las mujeres terroristas suicidas. Cuando relacionamos el papel de la mujer con el terrorismo internacional, más concretamente, con el Daesh, organización yihadista liderada por Abu Bakr al-Bagdadi, surge un compendio de temas sobre los que se puede hablar, todos ellos entrelazados. ¿Qué papel tienen las mujeres en esta organización terrorista? ¿Cómo conciben a la mujer los yihadistas? ¿Hay mujeres que luchan por la causa del Daesh? Todo ello hay que estudiarlo partiendo de la base de cómo vive una mujer en una sociedad musulmana, o cómo el Islam concibe a la mujer para poder concluir si realmente se puede extrapolar la vida de la mujer en una comunidad musulmana a la vida de la mujer bajo el yugo del Daesh.

With the conquest of the Iberian Peninsula by the Roman Empire, the different societies in the north, north-west, north-east, east, and centre were grouped into the same province, Hispania Tarraconensis. This article sets out to assess whether this new, Roman, territorial organization affected previous animal husbandry and hunting practices. The taxonomic and osteometric study of faunal remains from ninety-four sites dated between the fifth centurybcand third centuryadprovides an overview of animal husbandry and hunting before and after the Roman conquest. It shows that important changes took place and that this province was differentially exploited in terms of animal husbandry.

This document analyses the importance of techniques focused on peaceful conflict resolution, the engagement of perpetrators through restorative justice processes and prisoner facilitated mediation. Likewise, it analyses the impact of education and treatment programmes to reduce interpersonal and intrapersonal violence and assaults in prisons. Two programmes are highlighted as examples; the first, for reducing violent behaviour and the second, a programme consisting of a new model for useful, realistic and universally-applicable social harmony for achieving the prison’s therapeutic, training, educational and social harmony objectives, called respect units.

We investigated the genetic, composition of six Canis remains from western Iberia, directly radiocarbon dated to 7,903-7,570 years (cal BP). They were identified as dogs via their qrchaeological and depositional context, osteometry, and a high percentage of aquatic diet shared with humans. For comparison, genetic data were obtained from an additional 37 Iberian dog remains from the Neolithic to Late Antiquity, as well as two Palaeolithic anda a Chalcolithic Canis identified as wolves. Previous data indicated that dog mtDNA haplogroup A (HgA) is prevalent in extant European dogs (>50%), in the Near East and Asia, but rare or absent (

En este trabajo se presentan los resultados de dos intervenciones arqueológicas realizadas en 2019 en el yacimiento de O Castelo, en Valencia do Sil (Ourense), así como una síntesis analítica de toda la información disponible sobre el sitio. Se trata de un asentamiento fortificado que, gracias al análisis estratigráfico y las dataciones radiocarbónicas, podemos situar en los momentos finales del imperio romano en el noroeste peninsular. Así, se interpreta el enclave como un espacio de control del territorio en un momento de gran transformación política y económica. Las diferentes excavaciones llevadas a cabo en el sitio han permitido documentar dos entornos domésticos que ofrecen una importante información sobre la organización social de sus habitantes. El trabajo concluye con unas reflexiones interpretativas sobre el contexto histórico en el que se insertan este tipo de asentamientos en el norte peninsular. In this paper, we present the results of two recent archaeological interventions carried out at the site of O Castelo, in Valencia do Sil (Ourense), together with an analytic synthesis of all prior available data. This is a fortified settlement which, thanks to stratigraphic analyses and radiocarbon analysis, it can be dated within the final moments of the Roman Empire in northwestern Iberia. Therefore, we interpret the site as a territorial control nucleus in a period of great political and economic changes. Different excavations have uncovered two large domestic areas which offer quite important information on the social organization of its inhabitants. This paper concludes with some interpretative thoughts on the historic context in which this type of sites are inserted in northwestern Iberia. Este trabajo ha sido realizado en el marco del Proyecto «Agencia campesina y complejidad sociopolítica en el noroeste de la Península Ibérica en época medieval» (Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad, AEI/FEDER UE HUM2016-76094-C4-2-R), del Grupo de Investigación en Arqueología Medieval, Patrimonialización y Paisajes Culturales / ErdiArokoArkeologia, Ondaregintza eta KulturPaisaiakIkerketaTaldea(Gobierno Vasco, IT1193-19) y del Grupo de Estudios Rurales (Unidad Asociada UPV/EHU-CSIC).

The coastal lagoon-beach complex at the Cies Islands located at the opening of the Ria de Vigo (NW Iberia) is an important ecosystem currently threatened by anthropogenic impacts and climate variations. We used multiproxy marine sediment analyses to reconstruct the millennial environmental dynamics of this insular system and, in particular, the recent history of its coastal lagoon. Geophysical surveys were used to obtain bathymetry and identify the major sedimentary units of its closest submarine basin as well as their sediment sources. Core samples were taken in the middle and distal parts of the sedimentary body, where several prograding sedimentary units are thinner, allowing continuous sampling of the facies. Lithological, textural, elemental and chronological analyses were carried out on two cores. The detailed palynological studies on one of the cores included the analyses of the pollen, non-pollen palynomorphs and dinocysts dating back three millennia. Our results revealed noticeable environmental changes affecting this area during the last 3000 years, due mainly to changing climate and oceanic conditions but also to the impact of historic human occupation of the islands. Several cold events (the 2.8 ka BP event and the Little Ice Age) characterized by enhanced upwelling alternated with warmer stormy periods of prevailing downwelling conditions in the ria. These circumstances altered the balance amongst the lacustrine, marsh, dune and lagoon systems, opening ephemeral inlets and modifying the trophic stage of the shallow waters surrounding the archipelago. Here we provide a background of the human and climatic impacts affecting these highly sensitive habitats, which may serve to improve their future management strategies.

Summary Horse domestication revolutionized warfare and accelerated travel, trade, and the geographic expansion of languages. Here, we present the largest DNA time series for a non-human organism to date, including genome-scale data from 149 ancient animals and 129 ancient genomes (≥1-fold coverage), 87 of which are new. This extensive dataset allows us to assess the modern legacy of past equestrian civilizations. We find that two extinct horse lineages existed during early domestication, one at the far western (Iberia) and the other at the far eastern range (Siberia) of Eurasia. None of these contributed significantly to modern diversity. We show that the influence of Persian-related horse lineages increased following the Islamic conquests in Europe and Asia. Multiple alleles associated with elite-racing, including at the MSTN “speed gene,” only rose in popularity within the last millennium. Finally, the development of modern breeding impacted genetic diversity more dramatically than the previous millennia of human management., Graphical Abstract, Highlights • Two now-extinct horse lineages lived in Iberia and Siberia some 5,000 years ago • Iberian and Siberian horses contributed limited ancestry to modern domesticates • Oriental horses have had a strong genetic influence within the last millennium • Modern breeding practices were accompanied by a significant drop in genetic diversity, Genome-wide data from 278 ancient equids provide insights into how ancient equestrian civilizations managed, exchanged, and bred horses and indicate vast loss of genetic diversity as well as the existence of two extinct lineages of horses that failed to contribute to modern domestic animals.

Being at the Western fringe of Europe, Iberia had a peculiar prehistory and a complex pattern of Neolithization. A few studies, all based on modern popu- lations, reported the presence of DNA of likely African origin in this region, generally concluding it was the result of recent gene flow, probably during the Islamic period. Here, we provide evidence of much older gene flow from Africa to Iberia by sequencing whole genomes from four human remains from Northern Portugal and Southern Spain dated around 4000 years BP (from the Middle Neolithic to the Bronze Age). We found one of them to carry an unequi- vocal Sub-Saharan mitogenome of most probably West or West-Central African origin, never reported before in prehistoric remains outside Africa. Our analyses of ancient nuclear genomes show small but significant levels of Sub-Saharan African affinity in several ancient Iberian samples, which indicates that what we detected was not an occasional individual phenomenon, but an admixture event recognizable at the population level. We interpret this result as evidence of an early migration process from Africa into the Iberian Peninsula through a Western route, possibly across the Strait of Gibraltar., his research was supported by a Marie Sklodowska-CurieIndividual Fellowship to G.G.F (NeoGenHeritage, grant no. 655478); by the European Research Council (ERC) Advanced grant 295733-LanGeLin and the consolidator grant 310763 - GeneFlow toG.B. and M.H., respectively; by the research project BIOGEOS (CGL2014-57209-P) of the Spanish MINECO to A.G.; and by theresearch project HAR2010-21786/HIST of the Spanish MINECOand Xunta de Galicia to R.F., M.V., A.L.-H. and X.P.R.-A. A.M. was supported by the European Research Council Consolidator grant 647787—LocalAdaptation

Rev.esc.adm.neg El presente artículo tiene como objetivo realizar una exposición sobre la aplicación de la metodología Lean startup y revisar los distintos puntos y acciones que comprende. Lean startup es una metodología con gran auge en el medio emprendedor y que posibilita implementar negocios evitando desperdiciar tiempo, recursos y esfuerzos inútiles. Propone como paso previo a la creación de una empresa, lanzar una startup, un experimento, que permita al emprendedor buscar un modelo de negocio rentable antes de crear una empresa. En la contabilidad de la metodología Lean startup el principal beneficio a conseguir es el aprendizaje validado. Un aprendizaje empírico que parte de unas hipótesis que se validan a través de un producto con las características mínimas para facilitar al emprendedor los datos necesarios que permitan descubrir el modelo de negocio viable y dar el salto a la empresa, minimizando el miedo al fracaso que impide a muchos emprendedores convertir sus ideas en negocios.

9 pages, 4 figures, 2 tables, This article attempts to set out a research agenda on the origin and evolution of hake exploitation in the Northeast Atlantic through a combination of zooarchaeological data with history and fisheries biology. An overview of archaeological hake remains from the Iberian Peninsula is presented and discussed in terms of a series of long-established paradigms. These are later expanded through an overview of issues currently facing the hake fishery, in particular its southern stock. The work concludes by specifying some research problems these issues imply and how historical and biomolecular analyses of archaeological specimens may improve our understanding of hake fisheries in former times in an attempt to implement a hindcasting to forecast strategy that could synergize with current fisheries research on the species, This research benefited from Grant HAR 2014-55722-P (“FISHCAN-Ictioarqueologia de la Prehistoria cantábrica: Modelos para la caracterización de las primeras pesquerías europeas”) from the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad and from Grant 19438/PI/14 (“Proyecto Gavilanes: Explotación de recursos naturales en el litoral de Mazarrón (Sureste Ibérico) de fines del III milenio a.C. al cambio de Era. Formas, modelos de explotación y derivaciones paleoecológicas”) from the PROGRAMA SÉNECA 2014. L. Llorente-Rodríguez is supported by the European Commission under a Marie-Curie-Sklodowska-If fellowship (FISHARC-IF 658072) for Career development FISHARC-IF 658022 and by the aforementioned HAR Grant of which she is member of the recipient research team

En este artículo, se presentan los resultados del análisis de los restos de bivalvos de agua dulce recuperados en excavaciones arqueológicas de la provincia de León (España). El registro de estos moluscos es continuo al menos desde la Edad del Bronce hasta época medieval. Sin embargo, el limitado número de restos que suele estar presente y la ausencia de marcas vinculadas con la actividad antrópica, genera dudas sobre el significado cultural de su presencia.

La aparición de restos de Paracentrotus lividus en yacimientos arqueológicos supone una importante fuente de información que no siempre es posible valorar debido a la dificultad de cuantificar los restos y su aporte al conjunto estudiado. Recientemente, diversos autores han diseñado sistemas de cálculo para el NMI basados en el aparato bucal del erizo o sistemas de identificación interespecífica en base al aparato genital del mismo. En este artículo se presenta un sistema de cálculo de NMI basado en la aplicación de las Categorías de Fragmentación sobre el aparato genital. Este método se ejemplifica a través del estudio de los restos presentes en los yacimientos de Punta Atalaia y A Lanzada (Galicia, España). La combinación de éste sistema con los ya existentes, permite amplificar la identificación y contabilización de Paracentrotus lividus en yacimientos arqueológicos.

Two sedimentary sequences (coastal and subtidal) were studied in San Simon Bay (Ria de Vigo), situated on the Atlantic coast of NW Iberia. The coastal record is a shallowing upward sequence which evidences a locally-developed low marsh, situated below the current beach, and dated at the second half of the 4th century. During the following decades this low marsh was progressively replaced by an alder swamp which formed on it. This suggests an apparent stabilisation or slow-down of the relative sea-level (RSL), in this site, at the beginning of the Dark Ages (DA). The subtidal sequence studied reflects the main changes in the landscape, the hydrological conditions, climate and RSL affecting this part of NW Iberia during the last 1250 years. Evidence of changing dinocysts content in the sediment reveals that two centennial or decadal-scale episodes existed of shelf marine waters more intensely penetrating inside the bay: between the 15th-18th centuries and at ca 1800–1930 AD. Besides, we related different proxies with the occurrence of four main climatic stages, namely the previously described Dark Ages (DA, ca 350–750 AD), the Mediaeval Climatic Anomaly (MCA, ca 750–1100 AD) and the Little Ice Age (LIA. ca 1500–1930 AD); in addition we propose a regional MCA/LIA transition (ca 1100–1500 AD) that it has not been previously described. Our environmental characterization indicates a persistent North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) negative mode domain in Ria de Vigo during the MCA, but this became weaker during the LIA and, probably, also during the earlier DA. NAO mode become more irregular during the MCA/LIA transition, generally persisting in dominant negative mode except for a phase of minor upwelling intensification, at ca 1150–1350 AD, which mainly affected the external parts of the ria. We postulate that an almost simultaneous phase (ca 1100–1350 AD) of stronger continental contribution in the sediments may be related to increasing storm intensities, probably linked to a reinforcement of the Easter Atlantic (EA) pattern; and also that the intertidal/supratidal ecosystems inside San Simon Bay may have extended further in the past, at least towards the end of the 5th century, and between ca 1050–1350 AD and ca 1450–1750 AD. A number of local historical references are consistent with our palaeoecological data and so support the chronology proposed as well as many of the environmental changes reconstructed. This good agreement will help in the interpretation of other analogous sequences extending back in time.

This paper focuses on the shellfish and fish remains recovered at the Punta Atalaia site (Galicia, Spain). Their analysis allows us to evaluate the exploitation of marine resources in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula during Roman Times. Certain continuity with operating models defined for pre-Roman periods is found during the first occupation phase of this hillfort (1st century AD). However, data analysis for later times (2nd-5th centuries AD) indicates a greater complexity that may respond to an increasing market demand for these products and to an improved fishing and shellfishing gear. This is particularly noticeable due to an increase of gregarious pelagic fish and shellfish from the lower littoral.

This chapter analyses the most important concepts and characteristics about cybercrime, cyberterrorism and cyberwar. For the first two concepts, data are provided on profiles and on the different types of people who engage in this kind of criminal behaviour. In the case of cyberwar, we present the most relevant data, and we highlight the lack of studies that describe its actors from the psycho-sociological point of view.

In this study, we integrate osteometric and palaeogenetic data to investigate dog variability in the Roman Empire in Iberia and North Africa. Osteometry was used to distinguish the statusddomestic or wild, of approximately 2000 years old Canis remains and to understand to what extent teeth and long bones varied in dogs in the Roman provinces of Mauretania Tingitana, Lusitania and Tarraconensis. Highthroughput 454-DNA sequencing technology was used to obtain mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences from 15 bone and teeth samples.We identified five dog haplotypes from partial sequences of the hypervariable D-loop region. MtDNA haplotypes were grouped into two of the four major clades found in present-day dogs. We detected three clade A haplotypes in 12 samples from Portugal, Spain and Morocco, and a single clade D haplotype in 3 samples from Spain. So far, this is the oldest evidence for the presence of dog clade D in Iberia. It is dated to the late Roman occupation in the 4th-5th cent. AD (ca. 1,600 years ago). Our results confirm the existence of distinct dog morphotypes in Roman times that also harboured distinct genetic lineages. According to our data, dogs from distinct mtDNA lineages (clades A and D) have been continuously bred in the Iberian Peninsula since at least 1600 years ago. Moreover, the sharing of matrilines between dogs from Spain and North Africa may indicate gene flow. Dogs could have been easily transported between these regions by humans along maritime and terrestrial trade routes. These results provide new insights into pre-Roman and Roman domestication practices, confirming selection practices were extensively applied to dogs during the first centuries of our era in the Iberian Peninsula. We show that the greater size variability of teeth length (and consequently cranium) and long bone breadths (and consequently phenotype) of Roman dogs in the Iberian Peninsula, is concomitant with the detection of diverse and rare maternal lineages. This would reflect an intensification of dog breeding and the use of non-local dogs for breeding., This study was funded by the FCT (Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia) within the research PTDC/HIS-ARQ/100225/2008; and AE Pires grant SFRH/BPD/112653/2015; C Detry grant SFRH/BPD/108326/2015 and C Ginja contract grant IF/00866/2014.

here is the tendency to assume that endangered species have been both genetically and demographically healthier in the past, so that any genetic erosion observed today was caused by their recent decline. The Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) suffered a dramatic and continuous decline during the 20th century, and now shows extremely low genome- and species-wide genetic diversity among other signs of genomic erosion. We analyze ancient (N = 10), historical (N = 245), and contemporary (N = 172) samples with microsatellite and mitogenome data to reconstruct the species' demography and investigate patterns of genetic variation across space and time. Iberian lynx populations transitioned from low but significantly higher genetic diversity than today and shallow geographical differentiation millennia ago, through a structured metapopulation with varying levels of diversity during the last centuries, to two extremely genetically depauperate and differentiated remnant populations by 2002. The historical subpopulations show varying extents of genetic drift in relation to their recent size and time in isolation, but these do not predict whether the populations persisted or went finally extinct. In conclusion, current genetic patterns were mainly shaped by genetic drift, supporting the current admixture of the two genetic pools and calling for a comprehensive genetic management of the ongoing conservation program. This study illustrates how a retrospective analysis of demographic and genetic patterns of endangered species can shed light onto their evolutionary history and this, in turn, can inform conservation actions., This research was funded by the Spanish Dirección General de Investigación Científica y Técnica, through projects CGL2006-10853/BOS, CGL2010-21540/BOS, and CGL2013-47755-P of the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN) to J.A.G., and by the Fundación BBVA through a project on ancient lynx genetics to M.D. M.C. and E.M. received a JAE predoctoral grant from CSIC (Spanish National Research Council), M.L.P. was supported by PhD contracts from Programa Internacional de Becas “La Caixa-Severo Ochoa.” J.N. received financial support through projects HAR2014-55131 from the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN) and SGR2014-108 from Generalitat de Catalunya.

Se analizan los estudios de las faunas arqueológoicas en el noroeste peninsular, poniendo de relieve la escasa importancia que estos han tenido hasta fechas relativamente recientes. Entre las causas que explican este hecho, cabe destacar las características litológicas inadecuadas para la conservación de este tipo de materia orgánica y la utilización de metodologías incorrectas en lkas excaciones arqueológicas.

The introduction of the alocthonous Louisiana red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) in Chozas (a small shallow lake situated in Leon (North-West Spain)) in 1996 switched the clear water conditions that harboured an abundant and a quite high richness of plants, invertebrates, amphibians and birds to a turbid one followed by strong losses in abundance and richness in the aforementioned groups. Crayfish exclusion experiments done in Chozas previous to this work confirmed the role of crayfish herbivorism on macrophyte destruction that had a trophic cascade effect on the wetland ecosystem. Direct and indirect effects of crayfish introduction on Chozas lake communities have been evaluated and compared with previous conditions before 1996 or with other related lakes in which crayfish were no present. Crayfish had a main role in submerged plant destruction and a potential effect on amphibia and macroinvertebrate population decrease. Plant destruction (99 % plant coverage reduction) was directly related to invertebrates (71 % losses in macroinvertebrate genera), amphibia (83 % reductions in species), and waterfowls (52 % reduction). Plant-eating birds were negatively affected (75 % losses in ducks species); nevertheless, fish and crayfish eating birds increased their presence since the introduction. Introduction of crayfish in shallow plant-dominated lakes in Spain is a main risk for richness maintenance in these endangered ecosystems.

Lake Chozas (Leon, NW Spain) until 1997 was a mesotrophic, macrophyte-dominated clear-water lake. The American red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkiiGirard) was introduced in 1995–96. In 1998, it increased its numbers coinciding with reductions in plant density from 97% to less than 10% surface cover. The removal of submerged vegetation was accompanied by a fast switch from clear to turbid, Microcystis-dominated conditions in the lake. In situ experiments in Lake Chozas using exclosures and enclosures have proved that the red crayfish are efficient predators of macrophytes. This work gives new evidence of the direct relationship between red-crayfish introduction and the shift from clear to turbid conditions in shallow lakes.

Project control and monitoring tools are based on expert judgement and parametric tools. Projects are the means by which companies implement their strategies. However project success rates are still very low. This is a worrying situation that has a great economic impact so alternative tools for project success prediction must be proposed in order to estimate project success or identify critical factors of success. Some of these tools are based on Artificial Intelligence. In this paper we will carry out a literature review of those papers that use Artificial Intelligence as a tool for project success estimation or critical success factor identification.

En el presente artículo se examina el concepto de rinitis, su clasificación y la posible justificación de los diversos tipos de rinitis como trastornos de tipo psicofisiológico. Además, se revisan las, hasta ahora, escasas investigaciones que han relacionado rinitis y factores psicológicos, investigaciones que en su mayoría tienen por objeto trastornos de tipo alérgico, entre las cuales podemos encontrar la rinitis. También se realiza una valoración del estado actual entre los factores psicológicos y la rinitis, se han estudiado principalmente la ansiedad, depresión y características de personalidad. Así mismo, se proponen futuras vías de estudio de la relación planteada.