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Canadian surveys from spring/summer 2020 suggest the prevalence of some positive mental health (PMH) outcomes have declined compared to pre-pandemic levels. However, less is known about the state of PMH during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic.We compared adults' self-rated mental health (SRMH), community belonging and life satisfaction in Fall 2020 versus 2019 in the overall population and across sociodemographic characteristics using cross-sectional data from the Survey on COVID-19 and Mental Health (September-December, 2020) and the 2019 Canadian Community Health Survey. We also conducted regression analyses to examine which sociodemographic factors were associated with reporting in Fall 2020 that one's mental health was about the same or better compared to before the pandemic.Fewer adults reported high SRMH in Fall 2020 (59.95%) than in 2019 (66.71%) and fewer reported high community belonging in Fall 2020 (63.64%) than in 2019 (68.42%). Rated from 0 (very dissatisfied) to 10 (very satisfied), average life satisfaction was lower in Fall 2020 (7.19) than in 2019 (8.08). Females, those aged under 65 years, those living in a population centre, and those absent from work due to COVID-19 had lower odds of reporting that their mental health was about the same or better in Fall 2020.The PMH of adults was lower during the pandemic's second wave. However, the majority of individuals still reported high SRMH and community belonging. The findings identify certain sociodemographic groups whose mental health appears to have been more negatively impacted by the pandemic. Continued surveillance is important in ensuring mental health builds back better and stronger in Canada after the pandemic.Des enquêtes canadiennes du printemps et de l’été 2020 ont fait état d’une diminution de la prévalence de certains résultats en matière de santé mentale positive par rapport aux niveaux d’avant la pandémie. Nous en savons moins sur la santé mentale positive pendant la deuxième vague de la pandémie de COVID 19.Nous avons comparé les données de l’automne 2020 à celles de l’année 2019 en ce qui concerne la santé mentale autoévaluée, le sentiment d’appartenance à la communauté et la satisfaction à l’égard de la vie chez les adultes, pour l’ensemble de la population et en fonction de caractéristiques sociodémographiques, en utilisant les données transversales de l’Enquête sur la COVID 19 et la santé mentale (de septembre à décembre 2020) et de l’Enquête sur la santé dans les collectivités canadiennes de 2019. Nous avons également effectué des analyses de régression pour déterminer quels facteurs sociodémographiques étaient associés au fait qu’une personne déclare à l’automne 2020 que sa santé mentale était à peu près la même ou meilleure qu’avant la pandémie.Moins d’adultes ont fait état d’un niveau élevé de santé mentale autoévaluée à l’automne 2020 (59,95 %) par rapport à 2019 (66,71 %) et d’un fort sentiment d’appartenance à la communauté à l’automne 2020 (63,64 %) par rapport à 2019 (68,42 %). La satisfaction moyenne à l’égard de la vie, mesurée sur une échelle de 0 (très insatisfait) à 10 (très satisfait), était plus faible à l’automne 2020 (7,19) qu’en 2019 (8,08). Les femmes, les personnes de moins de 65 ans, la population vivant en milieu urbain et les personnes n’étant pas au travail en raison de la COVID 19 étaient moins susceptibles d’affirmer que leur santé mentale était à peu près la même voire meilleure à l’automne 2020.La santé mentale positive des adultes s’est révélée plus faible pendant la deuxième vague de la pandémie. Cependant, la majorité des individus ont tout de même fait état d’un niveau élevé de santé mentale autoévaluée et d’un fort sentiment d’appartenance à la communauté. D’après nos résultats, la pandémie semble avoir nui davantage à la santé mentale de certains groupes sociodémographiques. Il est important d’assurer une surveillance continue pour veiller à améliorer et à renforcer la santé mentale de la population canadienne après la pandémie.Fewer adults in Canada reported high self-rated mental health in Fall 2020 (59.95%) than in 2019 (66.71%). Fewer adults reported high community belonging in Fall 2020 (63.64%) than in 2019 (68.42%). Average life satisfaction was lower in Fall 2020 (7.19) than in 2019 (8.08). Being female, being under 65 years old, living in a population centre and being absent from work due to COVID-19 were associated with a lower likelihood of reporting that one’s mental health was about the same or better in Fall 2020.Moins d’adultes au Canada ont fait état d’un niveau élevé de santé mentale autoévaluée à l’automne 2020 (59,95 %) par rapport à 2019 (66,71 %). Moins d’adultes ont fait état d’un fort sentiment d’appartenance à la communauté à l’automne 2020 (63,64 %) par rapport à 2019 (68,42 %). La satisfaction moyenne à l’égard de la vie s’est révélée plus faible à l’automne 2020 (7,19) qu’en 2019 (8,08). Les femmes, les personnes de moins de 65 ans, la population vivant en milieu urbain et les personnes n’étant pas au travail en raison de la COVID 19 étaient moins susceptibles d’affirmer que leur santé mentale était à peu près la même voire meilleure à l’automne 2020.

BACKGROUND: Ongoing surveillance of the means of suicide is necessary for effective prevention. We examined how mortality rates owing to different means of suicide changed in Canada from 1981 to 2018. METHODS: We obtained data from 1981 to 2018 on suicide deaths of individuals aged 10 years and older, from the Canadian Vital Statistics Death Database. We used joinpoint regression analysis to examine changes over time in the suicide mortality rate for the 3 most common means of suicide. RESULTS: The age-standardized suicide mortality rate declined in earlier decades for both sexes, but did not significantly change in recent decades for either sex. The age-standardized rate of suicide by suffocation increased from 1993 for females (2.1% per year) and from 1996 for males (0.4% per year). The age-standardized rate of suicide by poisoning decreased for females (2.2% per year) and males (2.1% per year) from 1981 to 2018. The age-standardized rate of suicide by firearm decreased from 1981 to 2008 (7.4% per year) but did not significantly change there-after for females; for males, it decreased 2.1% per year from 1981 to 1993 and 5.7% per year from 1993 to 2007, but did not significantly change thereafter. INTERPRETATION: For both sexes, the rate of suicide by poisoning is decreasing, the rate of suicide by suffocation is increasing, and the rate of suicide by firearm has not significantly changed in the last decade. Given the high proportion of suicide deaths by suffocation, its increasing rate and the difficulty of restricting the means of suffocation, other approaches to suicide prevention are needed.

Introduction Une santé mentale positive est un élément essentiel du développement sain des jeunes. Par exemple, une santé mentale positive est associée à une meilleure santé physique autodéclarée, à des relations plus étroites et à moins de problèmes de comportement chez les jeunes. La promotion d’une santé mentale positive est une priorité de santé publique, il est donc important d’en examiner les facteurs déterminants potentiels. Méthodologie Nous avons analysé les données d’élèves de la 7e à la 12e année (1re à 5e année du secondaire au Québec) de neuf provinces canadiennes ayant participé à l’Enquête canadienne sur le tabac, l’alcool et les drogues chez les élèves de 2016­2017. Le bien­être psychologique et social a été évalué à l’aide de l’Échelle de satisfaction des besoins intrinsèques des enfants (questionnaire CINSS). Nous avons effectué des analyses de régression linéaire pour déterminer les associations des variables sociodémographiques, psychosociales et liées à la consommation de substances avec les scores globaux du questionnaire CINSS (n = 37 897). Résultats En général, les jeunes au Canada ont fait état d’un bien-être psychologique et social assez élevé. Après correction pour toutes les variables incluses, le fait d’être dans un niveau scolaire supérieur, le fait d’être victime d’intimidation, le fait d’intimider les autres, le signalement de problèmes de comportement et le fait d’avoir fumé la cigarette, vapoté ou consommé du cannabis au moins une fois au cours des 30 derniers jours sont associés à des scores globaux inférieurs au questionnaire CINSS chez les élèves des deux sexes. Le signalement de comportements prosociaux a été associé à des scores globaux élevés pour les deux sexes. Conclusion Un certain nombre de facteurs sociodémographiques, psychosociaux et liés à la consommation de substances sont associés au bien-être psychologique et social chez les jeunes au Canada. Des études prospectives longitudinales et d’intervention pourraient examiner si les changements dans ces facteurs potentiels de risque et de protection se répercutent sur la santé mentale positive.

Many Canadians report decreased mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic, and concerns have been raised about possible increases in suicide. This study investigates the pandemic's potential impact on adults' suicide ideation.We compared self-reported suicide ideation in 2020 versus 2019 by analyzing data from the Survey on COVID-19 and Mental Health (11 September to 4 December 2020) and the 2019 Canadian Community Health Survey. Logistic regression was conducted to determine which populations were at higher risk of suicide ideation during the pandemic.The percentage of adults reporting suicide ideation since the pandemic began (2.44%) was not significantly different from the percentage reporting suicide ideation in the past 12 months in 2019 (2.73%). Significant differences in the prevalence of recent suicide ideation in 2020 versus 2019 also tended to be absent in the numerous sociodemographic groups we examined. Risk factors of reporting suicide ideation during the pandemic included being under 65 years, Canadian-born or a frontline worker; reporting pandemic-related income/job loss or loneliness/isolation; experiencing a lifetime highly stressful/traumatic event; and having lower household income and educational attainment.Evidence of changes in suicide ideation due to the pandemic were generally not observed in this research. Continued surveillance of suicide and risk/protective factors is needed to inform suicide prevention efforts.De nombreux Canadiens font état d’une détérioration de leur santé mentale depuis le début de la pandémie de COVID-19 et des inquiétudes ont été exprimées quant à une possible augmentation du nombre de suicides. Cette étude porte sur les répercussions potentielles de la pandémie sur les idées suicidaires des adultes.Nous avons comparé les idées suicidaires autodéclarées en 2020 par rapport à celles autodéclarées en 2019 en analysant les données de l’Enquête sur la COVID-19 et la santé mentale (du 11 septembre au 4 décembre 2020) et de l’Enquête sur la santé dans les collectivités canadiennes de 2019. Nous avons effectué une régression logistique pour caractériser les populations à risque plus élevé d’idées suicidaires pendant la pandémie.Le pourcentage d’adultes ayant fait état d’idées suicidaires depuis le début de la pandémie (2,44 %) n’est pas significativement différent du pourcentage d’adultes ayant fait état d’idées suicidaires dans les douze derniers mois en 2019 (2,73 %). De façon générale, il n’y avait pas non plus de différences significatives dans la prévalence d’idées suicidaires récentes en 2020 par rapport à 2019 dans les nombreux groupes sociodémographiques que nous avons examinés. Les facteurs de risque liés à la déclaration d’idées suicidaires pendant la pandémie étaient le fait d’être âgé de moins de 65 ans; d’être né au Canada; d’être un travailleur de première ligne; d’avoir déclaré une perte de revenu ou d’emploi en lien avec la pandémie; d’avoir fait état d’un sentiment de solitude ou d’isolement en lien avec la pandémie; de vivre ou d’avoir vécu une situation extrêmement stressante ou traumatisante au cours de sa vie et enfin d’avoir un revenu familial et un niveau d’études inférieurs.Dans le cadre de notre recherche, nous n’avons généralement pas observé de preuve de changements dans les idées suicidaires en raison de la pandémie. Une surveillance continue du suicide et des facteurs de risque et de protection est nécessaire pour soutenir les efforts de prévention du suicide.Recent suicide ideation was not significantly different in 2020 versus 2019 in the overall population, nor in almost every sociodemographic group examined. Some individuals were more likely than others to report contemplating suicide since the pandemic began: adults under 65 years old; Canadian-born people; frontline workers; those with a high school or lower education level and lower household income; individuals who had experienced a highly stressful/traumatic event in their lifetime; and people who lost their job/income or experienced loneliness/isolation due to the pandemic.La présence d’idées suicidaires récentes n’a pas été significativement différente en 2020 par rapport à 2019, et ce, ni dans l’ensemble de la population, ni dans quasiment tous les groupes sociodémographiques analysés. Certains individus étaient plus susceptibles que d’autres de déclarer avoir envisagé le suicide depuis le début de la pandémie : les adultes de moins de 65 ans, les natifs du Canada, les travailleurs de première ligne, les personnes ayant un niveau d’études secondaires ou inférieur et un faible revenu familial, les personnes ayant vécu une situation très stressante ou traumatisante au cours de leur vie et les personnes ayant perdu leur emploi ou leur revenu ou ayant connu la solitude ou l’isolement en raison de la pandémie.

There are active movements to connect children with nature to improve their well-being. However, most of the research on children and nature has focused on cognitive benefits or used non-experimental designs. In a preliminary study, we examined the potential benefits of a 4-hour nature experience on children's mood, pro-sociality, and attitudes toward nature. Eighty students from an urban Canadian elementary school were recruited to participate in field trips to a nature school and an aviation/space museum. Children reported more positive and negative emotions, a closer connection to nature, and a greater willingness to protect nature when at the nature school. We also found indications that children were more pro-social at the nature school. Although further research is needed to replicate these findings with additional populations/environments, this study suggests that children largely benefit from spending time in nature.

Well-being is recognized as a fundamental human goal and a universal human aspiration. However, some cross-country studies suggest that the desirability of the most often studied concept of well-being—personal life satisfaction—varies across countries, and we know little about the desirability of other types of well-being. Extending this novel area of research, we argue that focusing on the family (as compared to the individual) as the subject of well-being may be another important distinction in how well-being is conceptualized and valued. With data collected in four countries that tend to occupy different positions in rankings of personal life satisfaction (i.e., Canada, Colombia, Japan, and Poland), we document that, irrespective of cultural context, family well-being is valued over personal well-being. These findings suggest that policy makers and scientists may need to pay more attention to family well-being than they currently do.

Positive mental health is an essential part of youth's healthy development. For instance, positive mental health is associated with greater self-reported physical health, closer relationships and fewer conduct problems in youth. As positive mental health promotion is a public health priority, examining its potential determinants is important.We analyzed data from students in Grades 7-12 (secondary I-V in Quebec), from nine Canadian provinces, who participated in the 2016/2017 Canadian Student Tobacco, Alcohol and Drugs Survey. Psychological and social well-being (PSWB) was assessed using the Children's Intrinsic Needs Satisfaction Scale (CINSS). We conducted linear regression analyses to determine associations of sociodemographic, psychosocial and substance use variables with overall CINSS scores (n = 37 897).In general, youth in Canada reported fairly high PSWB. After adjusting for all included variables, being in a higher grade, being bullied, bullying others, reporting more behavioural problems and using cigarettes, e-cigarettes or cannabis at least once in the past 30 days were associated with lower overall CINSS scores for both male and female students. Reporting more prosocial behaviours was associated with higher overall scores for both sexes.A number of sociodemographic, psychosocial and substance use factors are associated with PSWB among youth in Canada. Prospective longitudinal and intervention studies could examine whether changes in these potential risk/protective factors are accompanied by changes in positive mental health.Une santé mentale positive est un élément essentiel du développement sain des jeunes. Par exemple, une santé mentale positive est associée à une meilleure santé physique autodéclarée, à des relations plus étroites et à moins de problèmes de comportement chez les jeunes. La promotion d’une santé mentale positive est une priorité de santé publique, il est donc important d’en examiner les facteurs déterminants potentiels.Nous avons analysé les données d’élèves de la 7e à la 12e année (1re à 5e année du secondaire au Québec) de neuf provinces canadiennes ayant participé à l’Enquête canadienne sur le tabac, l’alcool et les drogues chez les élèves de 2016­2017. Le bien­être psychologique et social a été évalué à l’aide de l’Échelle de satisfaction des besoins intrinsèques des enfants (questionnaire CINSS). Nous avons effectué des analyses de régression linéaire pour déterminer les associations des variables sociodémographiques, psychosociales et liées à la consommation de substances avec les scores globaux du questionnaire CINSS (n = 37 897).En général, les jeunes au Canada ont fait état d’un bien-être psychologique et social assez élevé. Après correction pour toutes les variables incluses, le fait d’être dans un niveau scolaire supérieur, le fait d’être victime d’intimidation, le fait d’intimider les autres, le signalement de problèmes de comportement et le fait d’avoir fumé la cigarette, vapoté ou consommé du cannabis au moins une fois au cours des 30 derniers jours sont associés à des scores globaux inférieurs au questionnaire CINSS chez les élèves des deux sexes. Le signalement de comportements prosociaux a été associé à des scores globaux élevés pour les deux sexes.Un certain nombre de facteurs sociodémographiques, psychosociaux et liés à la consommation de substances sont associés au bien-être psychologique et social chez les jeunes au Canada. Des études prospectives longitudinales et d’intervention pourraient examiner si les changements dans ces facteurs potentiels de risque et de protection se répercutent sur la santé mentale positive.This study examined correlates of psychological and social well-being (PSWB) among youth in Grades 7–12/secondary I–V in Canada. PSWB was lower for students in higher grades. Behavioural problems, being bullied and bullying others were associated with lower PSWB, while prosocial behaviours (e.g. helping, sharing) were associated with higher PSWB. Recent cigarette, e-cigarette and cannabis use were associated with lower PSWB.Cette étude a examiné les corrélats du bien-être psychologique et social chez les jeunes de la 7e à la 12e année (1re à 5e année du secondaire au Québec) au Canada. Le bien­être psychologique et social était plus faible chez les élèves des niveaux scolaires supérieurs. Les problèmes de comportement, le fait d’être intimidé et le fait d’intimider les autres étaient associés à un bien-être psychologique et social inférieur, tandis que les comportements prosociaux (p. ex. aider, partager) étaient associés à un bien-être psychologique et social supérieur. Avoir récemment fumé la cigarette, vapoté et consommé du cannabis ont été associés à un bien-être psychologique et social inférieur.

Erworben im Rahmen der Schweizer Nationallizenzen (http://www.nationallizenzen.ch), Numerous studies document that societal happiness is correlated with individualism, but the nature of this phenomenon remains understudied. In the current paper, we address this gap and test the reasoning that individualism correlates with societal happiness because the most common measure of societal happiness (i.e., country-level aggregates of personal life satisfaction) is individualism-themed. With the data collected from 13,009 participants across fifty countries, we compare associations of four types of happiness (out of which three are more collectivism-themed than personal life satisfaction) with two different measures of individualism. We replicated previous findings by demonstrating that societal happiness measured as country-level aggregate of personal life satisfaction is correlated with individualism. Importantly though, we also found that the country-level aggregates of the collectivism-themed measures of happiness do not tend to be significantly correlated with individualism. Implications for happiness studies and for policy makers are signaled.

People across cultures differ in behaviours, thoughts and preferences. Cultural sensitivity – i.e., acknowledgment of these cultural differences – in development science is a postulate known since at least the 1960s, but has remained understudied. The goal of the current paper is to address this gap and to investigate folk theories of societal development, and in particular to identify both universal and culturally specific lay beliefs on what constitutes good societal development. In this study we collected data on preferences in social developmental from 2,684 participants across nine countries from five continents. We measured preferences towards twenty-eight different development aims, and separately for preferences towards three aims constituting Human Development Index. We used a comprehensive analysis approach, consisting of multidimensional scaling, analysis of variance, and pairwise comparisons to characterize universal and country specific preference patterns. Our results demonstrate that what people understand as modernization remains substantially universal across countries, but specific pathways of development and preferences towards these pathways tend to be different between countries. We also distinguished three facets of modernization: basics for modernization (e.g., trust, safety, economic development), welfare aims (e.g., poverty eradication, education), and inclusive aims (e.g., openness, gender equality, human rights). Importantly, in all studied countries, we found that each of the three types of modernization is much more preferred than conventional aims (e.g., military, demographic, religion). Cultural sensitivity may be reflected in how development is conceptualised and measured, and in this paper we propose a method of implementing our findings into development indexes

Since the Second World War, the dominating paradigm of societal development has focused on economic growth. While economic growth has improved the quality of human life in a variety of ways, we posit that the identification of economic growth as the primary societal goal is culture-blind because preferences for developmental pathways likely vary between societies. We argue that the cultural diversity of developmental goals and the pathways leading to these goals could be reflected in a culturally sensitive approach to assessing societal development. For the vast majority of post-materialistic societies, it is an urgent necessity to prepare culturally sensitive compasses on how to develop next, and to start conceptualizing growth in a more nuanced and culturally responsive way. Furthermore, we propose that cultural sensitivity in measuring societal growth could also be applied to existing development indicators (e.g. the Human Development Index). We call for cultural researchers, in cooperation with development economists and other social scientists, to prepare a new cultural map of developmental goals, and to create and adapt development indexes that are more culturally sensitive. This innovation could ultimately help social planners understand the diverse pathways of development and assess the degree to which societies are progressing in a self-determined and indigenously valued manner. info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion

From the mere presence of plants to window views of nearby nature, contact with nature in the workplace has been associated with increased productivity and creativity, as well as positive emotional and physical health outcomes. Nevertheless, if nature is to be incorporated within or near workplaces effectively, it is important that workers perceive natural spaces to be conducive, and not detrimental, to performance on activities that they may engage in at work or else these changes to the physical environment may not be fully embraced by workers. Thus, in the current research we examine workers’ preferences and perceptions of different natural and constructed (built) environments for different workplace activities. In Study 1, 64 knowledge workers were exposed to images of natural outdoor and constructed indoor workspaces. They selected where they thought they would best and least be able to perform different workplace activities. Natural outdoor spaces were overrepresented as the best spaces for around 75% of the workplace activities, and were underrepresented as the worst spaces across all workplace activities. In Study 2 (N = 33), wherein participants evaluated various spatial qualities of the natural outdoor and constructed indoor space types that were included in Study 1, the natural outdoor spaces were rated as more fascinating, relaxing, open, bright, and quiet. The results of this research project suggest that natural outdoor workspaces are viewed as highly flexible, multi-use spaces that are appropriate for diverse workplace activities. Furthermore, access to diverse workspace types with different spatial qualities appears to be highly valued.

Inequalities between men and women are common and well-documented. Objective indexes show that men are better positioned than women in societal hierarchies-there is no single country in the world without a gender gap. In contrast, researchers have found that the women-are-wonderful effect-that women are evaluated more positively than men overall-is also common. Cross-cultural studies on gender equality reveal that the more gender egalitarian the society is, the less prevalent explicit gender stereotypes are. Yet, because self-reported gender stereotypes may differ from implicit attitudes towards each gender, we reanalysed data collected across 44 cultures, and (a) confirmed that societal gender egalitarianism reduces the women-are-wonderful effect when it is measured more implicitly (i.e. rating the personality of men and women presented in images) and (b) documented that the social perception of men benefits more from gender egalitarianism than that of women.

From the increasing number of people living in urban areas to the continued degradation of the natural environment, many of us appear to be physically and psychologically disconnected from nature. We consider the theoretical explanations and present evidence for why this state of affairs might result in suboptimal levels of hedonic and eudaimonic wellbeing by reviewing the large body of research on the mental health benefits of connecting with nature. The advantages of contact with nature as a potential wellbeing intervention are discussed, and examples of how this research is being applied to reconnect individuals to nature and improve wellbeing are given. We conclude by considering the limitations of, and proposing future directions for, research in this area. Overall, evidence suggests that connecting with nature is one path to flourishing in life.

Theory and correlational research suggest that connecting with nature may facilitate prosocial and environmentally sustainable behaviors. In three studies we test causal direction with experimental manipulations of nature exposure and laboratory analogs of cooperative and sustainable behavior. Participants who watched a nature video harvested more cooperatively and sustainably in a fishing-themed commons dilemma, compared to participants who watched an architectural video (Study 1 and 2) or geometric shapes with an audio podcast about writing (Study 2). The effects were not due to mood, and this was corroborated in Study 3 where pleasantness and nature content were manipulated independently in a 2 × 2 design. Participants exposed to nature videos responded more cooperatively on a measure of social value orientation and indicated greater willingness to engage in environmentally sustainable behaviors. Collectively, results suggest that exposure to nature may increase cooperation, and, when considering environmental problems as social dilemmas, sustainable intentions and behavior.

Research on culture-related violence has typically focused on honor cultures and their justification of certain forms of aggression as reactions to provocation. In contrast, amusement and humor as the preferred reactions to provocation remain understudied phenomena, especially in a cross-cultural context. In an attempt to remedy this, participants from an honor culture (Poland), dignity culture (Canada), and face culture (China) were asked how they would react and how they would like to react to a series of provocative scenarios. Results confirmed that aggression may be the preferred reaction to provocation in honor cultures, while the preferred reaction to provocation in dignity cultures may be based on humor and amusement. The third kind of provocation reaction, withdrawal, turned out to be more complex but was most popular in dignity and face cultures. Furthermore, results confirmed that the way individuals think they would behave is more culturally diversified than the way individuals would like to behave.

The university participant pool is a key resource for behavioral research, and data quality is believed to vary over the course of the academic semester. This crowdsourced project examined time of semester variation in 10 known effects, 10 individual differences, and 3 data quality indicators over the course of the academic semester in 20 participant pools (N = 2696) and with an online sample (N = 737). Weak time of semester effects were observed on data quality indicators, participant sex, and a few individual differences conscientiousness, mood, and stress. However, there was little evidence for time of semester qualifying experimental or correlational effects. The generality of this evidence is unknown because only a subset of the tested effects demonstrated evidence for the original result in the whole sample. Mean characteristics of pool samples change slightly during the semester, but these data suggest that those changes are mostly irrelevant for detecting effects. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Smiling individuals are usually perceived more favorably than non-smiling ones—they are judged as happier, more attractive, competent, and friendly. These seemingly clear and obvious consequences of smiling are assumed to be culturally universal, however most of the psychological research is carried out in WEIRD societies (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic) and the influence of culture on social perception of nonverbal behavior is still understudied. Here we show that a smiling individual may be judged as less intelligent than the same non-smiling individual in cultures low on the GLOBE’s uncertainty avoidance dimension. Furthermore, we show that corruption at the societal level may undermine the prosocial perception of smiling—in societies with high corruption indicators, trust toward smiling individuals is reduced. This research fosters understanding of the cultural framework surrounding nonverbal communication processes and reveals that in some cultures smiling may lead to negative attributions., La lista completa de autores que integran el documento puede consultarse en el archivo, Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación

According to the facial feedback hypothesis, people’s affective responses can be influenced by their own facial expression (e.g. smiling, pouting), even when their expression did not result from their emotional experiences. For example, Strack, Martin, and Stepper (1988) instructed participants to rate the funniness of cartoons using a pen that they held in their mouth. In line with the facial feedback hypothesis, when participants held the pen with their teeth (inducing a “smile”), they rated the cartoons as funnier than when they held the pen with their lips (inducing a “pout”). This seminal study of the facial feedback hypothesis has not been replicated directly. This Registered Replication Report describes the results of 17 independent direct replications of Study 1 from Strack et al. (1988), all of which followed the same vetted protocol. A meta-analysis of these studies examined the difference in funniness ratings between the “smile” and “pout” conditions. The original Strack et al. (1988) study reported a rating difference of 0.82 units on a 10-point Likert scale. Our meta-analysis revealed a rating difference of 0.03 units with a 95% confidence interval ranging from −0.11 to 0.16., 0, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

This investigation attempted to conceptually replicate/extend research that suggests that reminders of money can inhibit prosociality, promote self-sufficiency, and influence political beliefs. Based on these results, we hypothesized that money primes would decrease willingness to engage in sustainable actions. We also predicted that people would distribute points less prosocially and feel less socially connected when money was primed. Individuals were recruited from an undergraduate participant pool and MTurk. Meta-analytic results across the two samples revealed that money priming did not have a significant impact on willingness to act sustainably, but it did cause participants to distribute points less prosocially and report lower social connectedness than individuals in the control condition. While effects were smaller than those reported in Vohs, Mead, and Goode (2006), this study still offers support for the detrimental impact of reminders of money on interpersonal relations.

Research suggests that contact with nature can be beneficial, for example leading to improvements in mood, cognition, and health. A distinct but related idea is the personality construct of subjective nature connectedness, a stable individual difference in cognitive, affective, and experiential connection with the natural environment. Subjective nature connectedness is a strong predictor of pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors that may also be positively associated with subjective well-being. This meta-analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between nature connectedness and happiness. Based on 30 samples (n = 8523), a fixed-effect meta-analysis found a small but significant effect size (r = 0.19). Those who are more connected to nature tended to experience more positive affect, vitality, and life satisfaction compared to those less connected to nature. Publication status, year, average age, and percentage of females in the sample were not significant moderators. Vitality had the strongest relationship with nature connectedness (r = 0.24), followed by positive affect (r = 0.22) and life satisfaction (r = 0.17). In terms of specific nature connectedness measures, associations were the strongest between happiness and inclusion of nature in self (r = 0.27), compared to nature relatedness (r = 0.18) and connectedness to nature (r = 0.18). This research highlights the importance of considering personality when examining the psychological benefits of nature. The results suggest that closer human-nature relationships do not have to come at the expense of happiness. Rather, this meta-analysis shows that being connected to nature and feeling happy are, in fact, connected.