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헌법재판소는 학문의 자유를 실현하기 위한 기본권으로서의 대학의 자율권의 중요성을 인정하면서도 국가는 헌법 제31조 제6항에 따라 학교제도에 관한 전반적인 형성권과 규율권을 부여받았다고 할 수 있으며, 그 규율의 정도는 그 시대와 각급 학교에 따라 달라질 것이나, 교육의 본질을 침해하지 않는 한 궁극적으로는 입법권자의 형성의 자유에 속하는 것이라 하여 학문의 자유와 대학의 자치의 기본권적 측면을 과소평가하고 있다. 대학제도의 형성에 대한 입법자의 형성권은 “입법자에게 대학제도에 관한 입법형성의 자유가 있다고 하더라도 그것은 ”학문의 자유와 대학의 자치를 강화하기 위한 것“이라는 목적의 구속 안에 있다. 대학의 자유 및 재산권에 대한 제한은 법률에 근거하여야 하며, 그 법률은 보충성의 원칙을 비롯한 헌법의 기본원칙과 명확한 법률유보, 기본권 제한의 한계인 과잉금지원칙을 준수하여야 함은 당연하다. 물론 사회연관성이 더 큰 기본권의 경우 입법자의 기본권 제한 법률 형성에 있어서의 재량이 더 커질 것이다. 따라서 대학의 자유의 목적인 학문과 연구, 교수의 자유와 어느 정도 상거한 대학의 재정운영과 관련하여서는 입법형성권이 더 커질 여지가 있지만, 자율적인 재정운영을 포함한 대학의 자치는 결국 학문의 자유의 핵심인 연구와 교수의 자유 부분에 필수불가결한 전제로서 작용한다. 헌법재판소가 판단한 것과 같이 입법자에게 대학자치의 구체적 형성에 있어서 광범위한 재량이 허용된다고 하더라도, 대학의 자유는 헌법 제22조와의 연관성 안에서 이해되고, 이 목적을 실현하기 위하여 구체화되어야 한다. 만약 입법자가 교육용 기본재산을 이용하여 임대사업을 하는 것을 허용하고자 한다면, 사립학교법 또는 적어도 하위법령의 개정을 통해서 그 허용여부와 범위, 한계에 대한 내용이 법령에 마련될 필요가 있다. 사립학교관계법령에서 이를 통하여 가능한 수익사업의 범위와 내용을 명확히 하는 것뿐만 아니라 일선 지방자치단체의 과세 및 건축법 등 다른 법규와 충돌 문제와 관련하여서도 제·개정 등 법규의 정비가 필요하다. 사립대학의 재산에 관하여 여러 법령에 흩어져 있는 규정도 상위법에서 통일하여 규정할 필요가 있다. 교육의 공공성 및 사립대학에 대한 국가의 재정지원이 국가의 포괄적인 감독과 통제권한을 정당화한다고 할 수 있으나 사립대학에 대한 방대하고 산만한 법적 규제와 불명확성, 그에 기인한 주무관청의 거시적, 미시적 규제는 대학의 자유를 저해하고 있다. 대학에 대한 국가의 과도한 규제는 대학의 자율성을 침해하고, 대학을 통하여 민주국가가 얻을 수 있고 지향하는 다양성과 진리의 추구, 창의적인 인재 양성, 자유와 발전을 불가능하게 하거나 더디게 할 것이다.

본 증례는 cGVHD가 있는 환자에서 발생하는 신부전증과는 다르게 acute GVHD로 면역억제제를 투여하고 있는 도중 다른 증상 없이 신증후군 수준의 단백뇨가 발생되어 신조직 검사 후 막성 신장병이 진단되었고, 이후 효과적으로 치료된 결과를 문헌고찰과 함께 보고하는 바이다. 이를 통해 allo-PBSCT 시행한 뒤 증상 없이 단백뇨가 발생한 환자에게는 cGVHD로 유발되는 사구체 질환을 감별 진단에 두고 검사 및 치료를 고려하여야 하겠다.

The present case involves a 56-year-old woman with Cushing’s disease due to pituitary macroadenoma. The patient had suffered from central obesity, general weakness for 1 year. Her serum cortisol levels were elevated throughout the observation period and the dexamethasone test failed to suppress the cortisol secretion. Plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels were significantly elevated (386 pg/mL). Sellar magnetic resonance imaging revealed a 3.1-cm pituitary tumor occupying the sellar region with extension to parasellar area. The pituitary mass was removed by transsphenoidal surgery incompletely and was pathologically identified as compatible to ACTH-producing pituitary adenoma by immunohistochemistry. Thereafter, cabergoline (1 mg/wk) was administered for the remnant adenoma, which gradually reduced ACTH levels in 7 days before starting radiation therapy. This case demonstrates the efficacy of cabergoline to treat Cushing’s disease caused by pituitary macroadenoma.

Recently, Yoshida et al. (2014) propose a movement-plus-ellipsis analysis of the Why-Stripping construction with base-generation of why in the clause initial position. While agreeing with the idea of base-generated why in this construction, this paper argues that Yoshida et al. have a number of limitations, especially with respect to the clausal ellipsis requirement and the analysis of Stripping constructions with other adverbials. In this paper, a non-movement, non-ellipsis based analysis of the construction will be proposed on the basis of Ginzburg & Sag’s (2000) approach to fragment clauses. By incorporating Minimal Recursion Semantics representations, this paper also provides an account of question interpretations, focus-sensitive readings, and scope relations in why and other adverbial Stripping constructions.

Purpose Re-irradiation (re-RT) is considered a treatment option for inoperable locoregionally recurrent head and neck cancer (HNC) after prior radiotherapy. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of re-RT using Helical Tomotherapy as image-guided intensity-modulated radiotherapy in recurrent HNC. Materials and methods Patients diagnosed with recurrent HNC and received re-RT were retrospectively reviewed. Primary endpoint was overall survival (OS) and secondary endpoints were locoregional control and toxicities. Results The median follow-up period of total 9 patients was 18.7 months (range, 4.1 to 76 months) and that of 3 alive patients was 49 months (range, 47 to 76 months). Median dose of first radiotherapy and re-RT was 64.8 and 47.5 Gy10. Median cumulative dose of the two courses of radiotherapy was 116.3 Gy10 (range, 91.8 to 128.9 Gy10) while the median interval between the two courses of radiation was 25 months (range, 4 to 137 months). The response rate after re-RT of the evaluated 8 patients was 75% (complete response, 4; partial response, 2). Median locoregional relapse-free survival after re-RT was 11.9 months (range, 3.4 to 75.1 months) and 5 patients eventually presented with treatment failure (in-field failure, 2; in- and out-field failure, 2; out-field failure, 1). Median OS of the 8 patients was 20.3 months (range, 4.1 to 75.1 months). One- and two-year OS rates were 62.5% and 50%, respectively. Grade 3 leucopenia developed in one patient as acute toxicity, and grade 2 osteonecrosis and trismus as chronic toxicity in another patient. Conclusion Re-RT using Helical Tomotherapy for previously irradiated patients with unresectable locoregionally recurrent HNC may be a feasible treatment option with long-term survival and acceptable toxicities.

While illocutionary force of exclamation is manifested by many different sentence types, it is controversial what kind of sentences have sentential force of exclamatives. Drawing upon some recent works such as Michaelis and Lambrecht (1996b), Ginzburg and Sag (2000), and Zanuttini and Portner (2003), this paper focuses on essential semantic properties of exclamatives, factivity and scalar implicature. We argue that in English, not only wh-exclamatives but also inverted exclamatives and nominal exclamatives are characterized as exclamative constructions by these semantic properties. Departing from Zanuttini and Portner (2003), who, linking such semantic properties to syntactic components, recognize a factive marker and wh-operator as key syntactic elements, this work proposes an analysis in which different syntactic forms exhibit the same core semantic properties of exclamatives. While none of the previous analyses account for the three different types of exclamatives, i.e., WH, inverted, and nominal exclamatives by a coherent mechanism, the present paper provides a unified account of their semantic properties within the framework of HPSG, with their syntactic differences taken care of by different phrasal type constraints.

Few studies have established the lifestyle predictors of peak bone mineral density (BMD) in Mexican-American (MA) and Asian-American (AA) women. Pre-menopausal MA (n = 48) and AA (n = 58) women aged 30-45 years old were tested for BMD, body composition, aerobic fitness, and muscle function. Socio-demographic characteristics, health status, prevalence of osteoporosis risk factors, physical activity, and diet were determined via questionnaire. Pearson's correlations and multiple linear regressions were used to test the associations between various osteoporosis risk factors and BMD. Body composition, anthropometric, and BMD differences were noted between groups. Hip, but not spine BMD, remained significantly higher for the MA compared to the AA group after adjustment for age, BMI, income, and physical activity index. Lean body mass was a significant predictor of hip BMD for both groups and this relationship was stronger for the AA group. Lean body mass may explain ethnic differences in BMD.

An inflatable boom is a fundamental structural part of inflatable space structures maintaining the expected configuration of the whole system, supporting external loads and guaranteeing the efficiency of the membrane surface. The inflatable structure is a thin film structure compactly packaged and expanded to the desired configuration by the internal gas pressure. But the structures can be easily distorted and even collapsed by wrinkling. In this study, the behavior of an inflatable boom structure is investigated numerically and experimentally. To achieve a better bending strength, the methodology to control the wrinkling growth and the deformed configuration of the inflatable boom structure with a shape memory alloy (SMA) wire actuator is developed. To understand the nonlinear behavior of an inflatable boom due to wrinkling, the structure is numerically modeled using the ABAQUS finite element program with a wrinkling algorithm developed based on the Miller–Hedgepeth membrane theory. To verify the present analysis method, the inflatable boom made of Kapton film is examined by the bending tests with various internal pressures. To delay the growth of wrinkling that rapidly deteriorates the bending strength of the inflatable boom, a SMA wire actuator is applied. SMA wires are attached on the edge of the inflatable boom and generate a recovery force to remove wrinkling and restore the deformation of the boom.

This article introduces some analytical and experimental researches on the application of smart materials, especially shape memory alloys (SMAs) and FBG optical fibers to control the shape and vibration of aerospace structures such as the inflated cylindrical beam and wing. In the first section, the methodology for adjusting the configuration of inflated cylindrical beam using SMA thin film is presented. The second one is about the aeroelastic characteristics of Smart Composite Wing fabricated using SMA actuators and a FBG optical flber sensor.

The large deformation of inflatable membrane structure is numerically and experimentally considered in this paper. The numerical algorithm of wrinkling based on Miller and Hedgepeth membrane theory is developed using user material(UMAT) subroutine written by FORTRAN. Wrinkled area and deformed shapes of inflatable membrane structures are investigated by using ABAQUS with UMAT subroutine of wrinkling algorithm.

This paper presents an analysis of quantifier and wh-operator scope in terms of a lexicalized theory of quantifier storage, within the framework of Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar. The proposed analysis provides an alternative to the derivational approach wherein quantifier scope is determined at a separate level of representation via movement, and shows how scope of quantifiers and wh-phrases (fronted or in situ) can be handled in a unified way in a constraint-based grammar. Lexicalization of quantifier storage offers an account of scope facts in raising and unbounded dependency constructions which have been problematic in an earlier constraint-based approach to quantifier scope.

Background We want to evaluate the efficacy of helical tomotherapy (HT) for treating advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with portal vein tumor thrombosis (PVTT). Methods We treated 35 patients for unresectable HCC combined with PVTT in whom other treatment modalities were not indicated. The tumor thrombi involved the main trunk of the portal vein in 18 patients (51.4%) and the first or second order branches in 17 patients (48.6%). A median dose of 50 Gy (range: 45–60 Gy) was delivered in 10 fractions. Capecitabine was given concomitantly at a dose of 600 mg/m2 twice daily during radiotherapy. Results The responses were evaluated via computed tomography. There was a complete response (CR) in 5 patients (14.3%), partial response (PR) in 10 patients (28.6%), stable disease (SD) in 18 patients (51.4%) and progressive disease (PD) in 2 patients (5.7%). The Child-Pugh classification (A vs B) and the Japan integrated staging (JIS) score (2 vs 3) were statistically significant parameters that predicted the response of PVTT (p = 0.010 and p = 0.026, respectively). The median survival, one and two year survival rate of all patients was 12.9 months, 51.4% and 22.2%, respectively. The patients with tumor thrombi in the main portal trunk showed statistically inferior overall survival than patients with tumor thrombi in the portal vein branches (9.8 versus 16.6 months, respectively, p = 0.036). The responders’ median survival was 13.9 months, double 6.9 months as the median survival of the non-responders. No radiation induced liver disease or treatment related mortality was not appeared. Conclusions Hypofractionated radiotherapy with HT was effective not only for tumor response but also for survival in the advanced HCC patients with PVTT. And stricter patient selection by Child-Pugh classification and JIS score may maximize the potential benefits of this treatment.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a 3-month walking exercise program with ankle weights on fall-related fitness, bone metabolism, and fall-related psychological factors. Fall-related fitness was determined from strength, balance, agility, aerobic endurance, muscle mass, and fat mass measures. Bone metabolism was measured using bone density, hormones, and biochemical markers. Fall-related psychological factors included fear of falling and falls efficacy. A 2 × 2 factorial with repeated measures design was used. All subjects were community-dwelling elderly women who volunteered to participate, and randomly were assigned to either an exercise group (n = 11) or a control group (n = 10). Results revealed significant changes in upper body strength, leg strength, aerobic endurance, and body composition. Additionally, hormones and biochemical markers changed significantly over time. Trunk fat and fear of falling changed differently among the two groups. In conclusion, this study suggests that a 3-month walking exercise program with ankle weights may have positive effects on fall-related fitness, bone metabolism, and fall-related psychological factors.

Density functional theory calculations with the B3LYP functional were performed for the title ring-opening reaction to understand the intrinsic activating and directing effects of the N-substituents, as well as the electron donating effect of the para-substituted (Y = Cl, H, Me) phenyl group at the more hindered benzylic C2 atom. The N-tosyl group (i.e., N-Tos) or the N-(2-pyridyl)sulfonyl group (i.e., N-Py) was introduced to activate the ring nitrogen atom (N1) and the para-substituted (Y = Cl, H, Me) phenyl group for the activation of the C2 atom. Conformational searches and geometry optimizations were performed for the N-(para-substituted)phenylaziridines (1∼6). Calculations indicate that the aziridine 6 (i.e., Py/Me) has the most elongated C2-N1 bond intrinsically due to the electronic activating effects, implying the aziridine 6 to be the most potent candidate for the more-hindered C2 opening. Transition states (TSs) were investigated for the prospective ring-opening paths (I∼IV), considering the types of intermolecular push-pull interactions between the N-activated phenylaziridines and the cuprate. The N-Py group provides an unique C2-favored TS along the path IV, which the N-Tos group cannot afford, due to the less charge transfer from the nucleophilic CH 3δ- of the cuprate into the electrophilic C2 atom. Furthermore, the e-donating effect of the para-substituents (Y = Cl, H, Me) enhances the C2 opening for the path IV. This study enables us to understand the unusual ring-opening phenomena in terms of electronic and directing effects and hence may serve as a tool to design substrates for highly regioselective ring openings.

Purpose We report early preliminary experience with CyberKnife radiosurgery (RS) as salvage treatment for locally recurrent head and neck cancer (HNC). Methods and Materials Between March 2004 and August 2006, 36 patients (44 sites) were treated with CyberKnife RS as reirradiation for locally recurrent HNC. Treatment sites were as follows: nasopharynx (8), maxillary sinus (8), neck lymph nodes (8), skull base (7), nasal cavity (4), retropharyngeal lymph nodes (3), orbit (2), and others (4). Total doses administered were 18–40 Gy (median, 30 Gy) in 3 to 5 fractions to the 65%–85% isodose line for 3–5 consecutive days. Previous external radiation dose ranged from 39.6 to 134.4 Gy (median, 70.2 Gy). Gross tumor volume ranged from 0.2 to 114.9 cm 3 (median, 22.6 cm 3 ). Median follow-up was 17.3 months. Results Thirty-five of 44 sites were evaluated for response. Fifteen (42.9%) sites achieved complete response, 13 sites (37.1%) achieved a partial response, 3 (8.6%) sites maintained stable disease, and 4 sites (11.4%) showed tumor progression. Grade III acute complications were noted in 13 patients. Late complications were observed in three patients (1 bone necrosis, 2 soft tissue necrosis) during follow-up. Conclusion These preliminary results suggest that fractionated stereotactic radiosurgery is an effective treatment modality as a salvage treatment with good short-term local control. The early overall response rate is encouraging. However, more experience and a longer follow-up are necessary to determine the role of fractionated stereotactic radiosurgery as a salvage treatment of locally recurrent HNC and to define long-term complications.

A comparison of numerical schemes for the nonlinear behavior of inflated membrane boom structures due to the wrinkling is investigated. For a finite element analysis, two different numerical schemes are applied . In t he first scheme, the structure is numerically modeled using membrane elements , and taut, wrinkled and slack membrane states are determined at each load step using the Tension Field theory . In t he second scheme, the structure is modeled with shell elements , and the nonlinear deformation is analyzed using a post -buckling analysis . A comparative study of the wrinkling problems of the inflated membrane boom in bending is carried out. Nomenclature � = stress � = strain D = effective elasticity matrix 2 � = minor principal stress 1 � = major principal strain � = principal angle s F = stretch ing force c F = critical collapse load c M = collapse bending moment

The methodology to restrain the growth of wrinkling region in inflatable boom is numerically and experimentally investigated. The inflatable boom structure is numerically modeled by using ABAQUS finite element program with membrane elements. To consider the nonlinear deformations of inflatable boom due to wrinkling, the numerical algorithm of wrinkling based on Miller-Hedgepeth membrane theory is developed using user defined material (UMAT) subroutine supported by ABAQUS. The experimental model of inflatable boom is made of Kapton film. To characterize the nonlinear behaviors of inflatable boom, the bending tests for various internal pressures are performed. To delay the growth of wrinkled region and restore the deformed shape of inflatable boom, shape memory alloy (SMA) wire actuator attached on surface of the structure is applied.

Specificational pseudoclefts (SPCs) have been a great challenge for a syntactic theory, because, despite the surface division between the pre- and post-copular elements, the post-copular ˋpivot' behaves as if it occupied the gap position in the precopular wh-clause. This paper argues that movement-based or deletion-based syntactic approaches and purely semantic approaches have problems in dealing with syntactic properties and connectivity problems of SPCs in English. Observing the parallelism between SPC pivots and short answers to questions, it proposes an HPSG account based on a non-deletion-based QDT (Question-in-disguise theory) approach and on the equative analysis of the specificational copular sentences. The paper shows that SPCs must be handled by an integrated account of the syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic properties of the construction, and argues that the connectivity problems should be approached from such an integrated view.

This paper deals with case marking in auxiliary verb constructions (AVCs) in Korean, and investigates how the case marking pattern in AVCs can be explained in terms of structural case resolution in the spirit of Pollard 1994, Heinz & Matiasek 1994, and Przepiórkowski 1999. In this paper, a new set of data involving various combinations of auxiliary verbs is presented to point out problems for both transformational analyses based on head movement and previous HPSG analyses in which the final auxiliary verb solely determines the case of the complements of the whole complex predicate. This paper shows that while most auxiliary verbs "inherit" the case marking property of the preceding verb, the auxiliary verbs siph- 'want' and ha- 'act like' have an additional property of assigning nominative and accusative case, respectively, to their complements. The actual case assignment by these auxiliary verbs is made possible, however, depending on what other kind of auxiliary verbs they are combined with. Based on the complex predicate analysis of AVCs, this paper proposes that complicated case patterns in AVCs can be accounted for by classification of verbs/auxiliary verbs via distinct feature values and by the mechanism of structural case resolution.