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This study investigates the intricate connection between digital financial literacy (DFL) components and financial skills (FSK) in relation to financial goals (FG) while considering the moderating role of financial experience (FE) and financial awareness (FA) within the rapidly developing digital payment environment in Indonesia. Utilizing a quantitative approach and structural equation model (SEM) analysis of survey data from 633 participants. The results indicated that all aspects of DFL have a substantial impact on FSK and FG. FSKs are crucial in enhancing FG, as they play a key role in mediating the effect of all DFL components on FG. Although FE strengthens the moderating role, it is not significant. Conversely, FA weakens the relationship, but this is not statistically significant. The research presents undeniable evidence that the fundamental aspects of DFL comprising knowledge of digital financial services (KDFS), awareness of digital finance risk (ADFR), and digital finance risk control (DFRC) have a direct impact on FSK. These skills are essential for attaining FG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the influence of microfinance institutions (MFIs) on the development of micro and small enterprises (MSEs) in Kebridehar City Administration. The objective was to assess the role of MFIs in the growth of MSEs, specifically focusing on aspects such as loan provision, financial skills training, role modelling and savings mobilisation. The researchers collected data from 170 MSEs that utilised the services of MFIs, using both secondary and primary sources. Descriptive and inferential statistics were employed to analyse the data, revealing that loans, financial skills training, savings mobilisation and role modelling all had a significant impact on the growth of MSEs in the city. This study enhances our understanding of how these factors contribute to the development of MSEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With rapid economic development, financial literacy plays an increasingly important role in helping individuals navigate the complexities of modern financial systems and products. The importance of financial literacy is particularly pronounced in China, one of the largest economies in the world, especially for university students who are encountering increasing challenges in financial management. To address the lack of context-specific, up-to-date interpretations of financial literacy for Chinese university students and the lack of targeted financial education programs, this qualitative study recruited 25 students from China’s higher education providers. Interview data highlighted two aspects of financial literacy: knowledge-informed financial behavior (including budgeting and expense management, savings and investments, credit and debt management, consumer rights and protection, digital financial literacy, and financial security) and financial attitude (proactive attitude, responsible attitude, future-oriented attitude, and adaptability). Furthermore, academic and extracurricular support, enhanced accessibility of financial education, collaborations with financial institutions, and the role of faculty advisors were identified as important resources that higher education providers can offer to enhance students’ financial literacy. Implications for higher education providers include the need to consider students’ needs and challenges when offering financial education opportunities and facilitating collaboration with stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the influence of financial knowledge, financial attitude, financial skills, and financial behavior on the financial literacy of Saudi Arabian MSMEs. The sample is 341 MSMEs that are clients of Islamic banking institutions. The paper employs the PLS-SEM method to analyze the collected data. The findings reveal statistically significant and strong positive correlations (p < 0.05) between financial knowledge, financial skills, financial behavior, and financial literacy. This implies that MSMEs with a strong foundation in financial knowledge, proficient skills, and positive financial behaviors tend to exhibit higher levels of financial literacy. Among the variables studied, financial knowledge exerted the strongest influence on financial literacy. This shows the importance of enhancing financial knowledge among MSME owners and managers to improve their overall financial literacy. Interestingly, the study did not identify a statistically significant relationship between financial attitude and financial literacy. This suggests that simply possessing a positive attitude toward finance may not necessarily translate into higher levels of financial literacy without complementary knowledge, skills, and behaviors. By prioritizing these areas, policymakers and Islamic banking institutions can contribute to improving financial literacy levels among Saudi Arabian MSMEs, ultimately fostering their growth, performance, and resilience.

Living in an era based around business and the economy as the center-point for making a living, developing entrepreneurial aptitude (DEA) is necessary for the younger generations of entrepreneurs. This study aims to determine the DEA of the Accountancy, Business, and Management (ABM) students at Talisay City National High School. A descriptive research design was utilized in this study with a sample size of one hundred (100) respondents out of one hundred thirty-five (135) total population taken from four (4) sections of the ABM strand using a random sampling technique. The data collected were analyzed using a weighted mean and percentage. The research findings revealed an average weighted mean of three-point zero seven (3.07), which is interpreted as "Agree," implying that the students have learned and enhanced their entrepreneurial aptitude through business enterprise simulation (BES). The researchers concluded that the DEA of the students through BES has been learned through theoretical knowledge and hands-on learning modalities that simulate starting, running, and managing a business. The researchers concluded that students should partake in junior business managing events as much as possible. In contrast, the business simulation is closer to an expert level or real-life business managing program on a larger scale compared to the basic standard to enhance real-life-based experience being closer to founding an actual business. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study sought to uncover the elements that influence Indians' intentions to use e-payments. The current study is based on primary data, which was acquired using a well-structured questionnaire. This study conducted a thorough literature review to identify several elements impacting E-payment adoption intention. Furthermore, the relationship between these parameters and e-payment adoption intention was discovered using the structural equation modeling (SEM) approach with the support of IBM-AMOS-20V. The findings indicate that while the perceived usefulness of the platform did not significantly affect the intention to use it, the ease of use was a key factor in predicting this intention. Furthermore, the results are indicated a strong and affirmative connection between the inclination to utilize an e-payment system and Behavioral Traits, Financial Literacy, Financial Skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micro-entrepreneurs are the strategic assets of the nation, given their mammoth share in maintaining the socio-economic equilibrium and inclusive growth of the economy. Despite their contribution to India's economy, they are still confronted with several on-ground hurdles, such as inadequate financial literacy among entrepreneurs, inaccessibility to affordable credit, financial mismanagement and lack of innovation. The extant literature has revealed that financial illiteracy and lack of innovation have raised pertinent concerns across the world, given the increasing rate of business failures. Nonetheless, the effect of financial literacy on organisational performance and innovativeness remains underexplored and fragmented. This study aims to examine the effect of financial literacy on the business performance and innovativeness of the micro-entrepreneurs in Delhi-National Capital Region (NCR) in India. Primary data were gathered from around 302 micro-entrepreneurs registered in Delhi-NCR through self-administered questionnaires. Data analysis was conducted through SmartPLS 4 software. The results indicated that financial literacy significantly impacts business performance and innovativeness among micro-entrepreneurs. Therefore, the study advocates wider participation of policymakers, financial service providers and managers in designing tailored strategies aimed to enhance the financial education of micro-entrepreneurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The authors investigate the role of financial literacy in influencing the relationship between human capital and social capital, with access to finance of micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs). Design/methodology/approach: Data were gathered from 337 MSMEs in Brunei Darussalam, and analysis on the data was carried out using a number of statistical methods. The relationships between human capital, social capital, financial literacy and access to finance were analyzed using PLS-SEM. Findings: The results show that human capital does influence access to finance but contrary to previous studies, the influence is negative. Financial literacy is an important element in the relationship between human capital, social capital and access to finance, although it plays a greater role in the relationship between social capital and access to finance. Further analysis shows that financial knowledge is significant in moderating the relationships between human and social capital with access to finance. Financial skills is found to only moderate the relationship between social capital and access to finance. Originality/value: To the authors' knowledge, this study is the first that integrates the human capital, social capital, financial literacy and access to finance in a single model. The authors also highlight the importance of enhancing the financial literacy of MSMEs so that the problem of access to finance can be alleviated, especially in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An entrepreneurial mindset may be a transforming force in the ever-changing world of personal finance, impacting decision-making and encouraging creative solutions to financial problems. The purpose of this study is to investigate how financial abilities can be seamlessly incorporated with an entrepreneurial mindset. The paper aims to highlight the three key areas: the foundation of an entrepreneurial mindset in financial skills and elements of an entrepreneurial mindset in financial skills. This paper examines the entrepreneurial mindset and its potential impact on financial decision-making. The paper highlights the need for integrating entrepreneurial mindset with financial skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the influence of financial socialization on financial distress and demonstrated the importance of both cognitive and noncognitive ability channels through which this relation operates. Using data from a nationally representative sample of adult US residents, the results showed that adults in the bottom quintile of financial socialization are significantly more likely to experience financial distress than those in the top quintile. We also provide evidence that financial socialization is related to financial distress both directly and indirectly through cognitive ability measures of financial knowledge and financial skills, as well as the noncognitive ability measure of financial self‐control. The findings highlight the importance of financial socialization in familial contexts. Implications for personal finance advocates, financial educators, children and family service providers, and policymakers are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Prometeo Conocimiento Científico is the property of Puerto Madero Editorial Academica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study analyzes financial literacy in Bosnia and Herzegovina by considering three areas: interest, inflation, and diversification, with financial literacy as a multidimensional construct consisting of financial knowledge and financial skills. Using a cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey, 638 valid responses were collected from working-age individuals (18-65 years old). Financial knowledge and skills were analyzed through a prism of several demographic factors, including age, education, household income, and gender. Welch's F tests, ANOVA with Brown-Forsythe, LSD post hoc tests, and Welch's t-tests were performed to test the hypotheses. The findings provide evidence of moderate financial literacy. Similarly to previous studies, financial knowledge and skills partially depend on the respondent's age, education, household income, and gender. The study contributes to the current literature by taking a much-needed non-functional approach to examining financial literacy, focusing not only on financial knowledge but also on often neglected financial skills and providing insight into the unique context of Bosnia and Herzegovina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to preliminary analyze the financial literacy in Bosnia and Herzegovina by considering three main dimensions: interest, inflation, and diversification. The target population was working-age individuals (18-65 years old). By using a cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey, 638 useful responses were collected. The data was presented through a series of descriptive statistics and frequencies. The results present the extent of financial literacy by considering several demographic factors, such as gender, age category, education, and an individual monthly income, as well as a comparative assessment with previous studies. The findings provide evidence of moderate financial literacy in Bosnia and Herzegovina as every third (fourth) respondent was able to answer correctly all three questions addressing financial literacy application (definitions). Similarly, to previous studies, financial literacy depends on the income, education, and age of respondents as well. The study is a pioneer one and extends the literature by examining this important construct within Bosnia and Herzegovina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of CEDOTIC Journal / Revista CEDOTIC is the property of CEDOTIC Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tesla Revista Científica is the property of Puerto Madero Editorial Academica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Effective finance is a finance system that assures individuals and families of having beneficial access to financial services and skills. It is a precondition for financial well‐being. Drawing upon a low‐income sample (N = 1473) from the 2016 National Financial Well‐Being Survey, this study examines whether financial skills and financial access are associated with financial well‐being and material hardship. The results identify positive interactions between financial access and financial skills on financial well‐being. The findings point to effective finance policies that have the potential to reduce material hardship and support financial well‐being for low‐income families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze financial well-being as well as the factors affecting the financial well-being of Vietnamese students. The study surveyed 658 students in Vietnam via email and Facebook groups with suitable survey subjects in the period from May to June, 2021. The study also collected demographic information and the status of independence or financial dependence of students participating in the survey in Vietnam. The study analyzes the direct and indirect effects of six groups of independent factors on the financial well-being of Vietnamese students through the PLS-SEM model. Empirical study results show that three factors, such as Financial Attitude, Financial Behavior, and Financial Self-Efficacy, have a direct impact, while two other factors, Financial Knowledge and Financial Skills, have an indirect impact on financial well-being of students in Vietnam. Although there are some limitations in the representative level of students participating in the survey, sampling methods and the number of respondents in the survey, the study achieved its research objectives. This study provides more empirical evidence and insights to the Ministry of Education and Training and economics universities in designing training programs that equip students with knowledge and skills to achieve financial well-being. AcknowledgmentThe author wishes to acknowledge support from the Banking University of Ho Chi Minh City. The author would like to thank all the lecturers and students for their support in sharing the survey, and the students who completed the survey. This study was made possible thanks to all valuable support from relevant stakeholders.

Budgets are a compass and guiding light for businesses. Therefore, management and owners of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) must carry out suitable and precise capital budgeting activities and methods to ensure business longevity and progression. There is a high risk of SMEs failing soon after they are found, with one likely cause being poor management skills. Thus, the study aims to assess the management skills of the capital budgeting planning and practices of SMEs. The objective is to ascertain the influence of management skills and owners on current capital budgeting planning and practice. The study adopted the quantitative method by administering questionnaires to 108 owners and managers in the Springfield Industrial Park. The findings of the study indicate that owners and managers were solely responsible for decision-making. Secondly, owners and managers lacked the financial skills, ability to control and lead staff. The study was limited to owners and managers in the SMEs and therefore cannot be inferred to any other area or subject/s. Future studies can be conducted in other regions, of which a comparative study is recommended that owners and managers in SMEs improve their business knowledge, as well as upskilling their financial ability in the capital budgeting process. Thus, the implications of improving owners and manager’s business knowledge will lead to timeous, smarter, and informed decision-making. It is therefore recommended that owners and managers take up short courses to improve computer literacy and financial skills in business processes.

The adoption of mobile payment (m-payment) and mobile banking (m-banking) is low in several countries, despite its associated benefits. The present study examines the impact of Pakistani consumers' financial skills and digital literacy on their intention to adopt m-payment/m-banking using the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). The data were collected from 454 individual smartphone users residing in Punjab province via an online and offline questionnaire survey. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the consumers' data. The results endorse that (1) their financial skills have no association with intention to adopt but through perceived usefulness; (2) their digital literacy bridges a strong association with intention and through perceived ease of use. Furthermore, this study discusses the theoretical and practical implications of the findings, as well as limitations and future directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the financial capability policy known as Child Development Accounts (CDAs), investment accounts with incentives enable families to accumulate assets for children's development and to achieve life-cycle goals. With data from SEED for Oklahoma Kids (SEED OK), a randomized statewide policy experiment, we examine the effects of a CDA intervention on the use of mainstream financial products among young mothers aged 18–24 (N = 825; treatment = 410 and control = 415). Results suggest that, 4 years after implementation of the CDA, asset- and debt-product use was higher among young mothers in the treatment group than among their counterparts in the control group. The treatment–control difference in the use of financial products partially results from the combination of young treatment mothers' access to the CDA policy, financial knowledge, and financial skills. The CDA policy creates opportunities for them to practice financial knowledge and skills, and has positive impacts on financial capability. This is the first experimental study to test the effects of CDAs on financial capability. Findings indicate that asset-building policy maybe an effective mechanism for delivering financial capability services (such as financial education, financial counseling, and financial coaching) to children and families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine the level of financial literacy among the millennial generation and to examine the correlation of their financial knowledge, financial attitude, and financial skills with their financial behavior. Multiple choice questions were used to measure financial knowledge with results grouped into three categories: low, moderate, and high. Financial attitude, financial skills, and financial behavior were also grouped using the quartile method into three categories: poor, fair, and good. Chi-squared analysis was used to test the hypotheses, with correspondence analysis conducted to identify the characteristics of the millennial generation and to graphically illustrate the gap. Regarding financial attitude, financial skills, and financial behavior, the proportions of respondents in the 'fair' category, were 70.6%, 66.5%, and 72.2%, respectively. Significant relationships were found not only between financial attitude and financial management behavior, but also between financial skills and financial management behavior. However, the relationship was not significant between financial knowledge and financial behavior.

The adoption of mobile payment (m-payment) and mobile banking (m-banking) is low in several countries, despite its associated benefits. The present study examines the impact of Pakistani consumers’ financial skills and digital literacy on their intention to adopt m-payment/m-banking using the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). The data were collected from 454 individual smartphone users residing in Punjab province via an online and offline questionnaire survey. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the consumers’ data. The results endorse that (1) their financial skills have no association with intention to adopt but through perceived usefulness; (2) their digital literacy bridges a strong association with intention and through perceived ease of use. Furthermore, this study discusses the theoretical and practical implications of the findings, as well as limitations and future directions.

This study establishes an integrated conceptual framework to examine the influences of financial socialization on young adults' financial and subjective well-being. Using the National Financial Well-Being Survey and structural equation modeling methods with a national sample of young adults aged 18–35, this study highlights two key potential influences of financial socialization: (a) early financial socialization experience is directly and positively associated with young adults' financial knowledge and financial motivations (goal-oriented financial planning and self-control ability) and (b) there are indirect and positive associations between financial socialization and young adults' perceived financial skill, financial behavior, and financial and subjective well-being. Moreover, perceived financial skill significantly mediates the relationship between financial motivations and financial management behavior and could indirectly influence financial and subjective well-being. Finally, this study also finds positive associations among financial management behavior, financial well-being, and subjective well-being of young adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The large-scale work to improve the financial literacy of the population of Russia, initiated by the leadership of the country in 2011, has enhanced the developments aimed at studying the peculiarities of the financial behavior of the population of individual regions. The purpose of the study is to resolve the contradiction between the irrational financial behavior of people living in the Republic of Kalmykia, described by scientists and journalists, and the results of a nationwide sociological study, according to which Kalmykia is among the regions with a high level of financial literacy. Materials and Methods. The results of the nationwide sociological study ‘Financial Literacy Ranking of the Regions of Russia 2018’ and the official statistics from the websites of the Russian Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat) and the Bank of Russia formed the information base of the conducted study. In terms of methods, tools for time series analysis were used. Results. A detailed analysis of the statistical data describing the financial behavior of the population of the Republic of Kalmykia has been performed, namely: per capita income of the population, the volume of loans granted to individuals, the share of overdue loans and the volume of deposits made by individuals. A negative ratio has been revealed between the value of loans provided to individuals in the region and the volume of deposits made by them. A conclusion has been drawn that it is necessary to study the reasons for such irrational financial behavior of the population of the Republic of Kalmykia and to develop effective measures to improve financial literacy. Discussion and Conclusion. The irrationality of the financial behavior of the population of the Republic of Kalmykia has been objectively confirmed by the dynamics of statistical indicators characterizing the levels of the loan debts and savings. At the same time, an analysis of financial literacy ranking results has shown that the Republic of Kalmykia received a high ranking due to a higher level of use of the Internet banking services and plastic cards, however, a low level of savings activity and a high level of trust in banks in the Republic of Kalmykia have also been confirmed. The results obtained can be used in the development of financial education programs for residents of various regions with similar problems.

Based on a nationally representative sample of adult Poles (N = 1,004), we examined structural relationships between financial knowledge, skills, confidence, attitudes, and behavior in debt-domain. We found that financial confidence—at least regarding debt-related issues—is tied to debt attitudes and behavior beyond the extent to which the attitudes and behaviors are linked to objective debt knowledge. Moreover, the relationship between objective knowledge and confidence turned out to be insignificant in our study. These findings suggest that confidence should be used as a separate marker of financial capability. Having established that skills correlate with behavior and attitudes differently than objective knowledge, we argue also to include them separately in financial capability measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Formación Universitaria is the property of Centro de Informacion Tecnologica (CIT) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper suggests a happiness technology in which income, and personal values and philosophy of life (PVPL) serve as means of happiness production. We offer a theoretical model predicting that people who underinvest in acquiring PVPL will have greater income but produce less happiness. We also present empirical evidence, obtained by analyzing survey results from 980 salaried employees aged 25-64, confirming that the association between income and subjective well-being is relatively small. We find that PVPL, as measured by materialistic values, maximization tendency, and income satisfaction, is an important predictor of personal happiness even when controlling for socio-demographic factors and health status. In addition, we show that the components of PVPL are not strongly correlated among themselves or with income, implying that each one makes an important contribution to happiness given the same amount of money. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In modern social reality, well-being of individuals, including their financial well-being, is increasingly becoming a zone of personal responsibility. At the same time, in the Russian context, the majority of people remain almost entirely dependent on wages as the only source of income. This fact, along with a low level of financial literacy, is an actual risk for individuals and the financial system of the country. Consequently, the importance of adequate financial knowledge, skills and actions within the financial education and training system is increasing. This brings to the fore the task of revealing “weak spots” in financial literacy and identifying vulnerable population groups so as to develop effective management decisions; this can be done with the help of well-elaborated tools used to study financial literacy. The goal of our paper is to carry out critical analysis of available theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of people’s financial literacy. It is done, first, to form a reference and information field suitable to be used in scientific and management activity, and second, to put forward a concept of our own methodology for assessing people’s financial literacy. To achieve the goal, we review foreign and domestic studies on people’s financial literacy, systematize approaches to the definition of this category and provide our own understanding of this category as a three-component structure. Moreover, we compare methods for its assessment and substantiate the concept of our own methodology for assessing people’s financial literacy. A distinctive feature of our study is the fact that it appeals not only to widely used approaches to understanding financial literacy and its assessment techniques but also to modern methodological structures that take into account current trends in the development of financial literacy, a dynamic and heterogeneous phenomenon. The findings of our study can be used as a theoretical and methodological basis in scientific research, as well as in the practical activities of authorities and other interested actors involved in improving people’s financial literacy and financial education

Are Finnish students prepared for the realities of the economic world? Will Finnish college students be buried under student loans and credit card debt? We surveyed Finnish college students (n=135) in the spring of 2016. We examined their use of student loans, credit cards, budgeting, and gambling. We found student loans were modestly used, gambling was almost nonexistent, and budgets were underutilized. However, we found Finnish students to be uninformed about financial tools such as credit cards. We conclude with discussing how to move into new subject areas with this pilot project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine the distribution of the components of functional business skills and knowledge among entrepreneurs living across different geographical districts, using Asnaf Entrepreneurs of Kelantan, Malaysia as a data source. The study employed a cross-sectional approach and quantitative data were collected from 800 respondents in Kelantan, Malaysia. Based on the reliability and validity testing, this study finalized the instrument to 34 items yielding five factors, i.e., Financial Skills (3items), Technical Skills (5 items), Communication Skills (3 items), Market Orientation (14items),and Networking Skills (9 items). Findings of the study revealed that the level of business knowledge among the Asnaf entrepreneurs is moderately low. Furthermore, it was found that the distribution of 'financial skills', 'technical skills' 'communication skills', 'marketing skills', and 'networking skills' are significantly different across the districts of Kelantan. Policy makers and other developmental organizations should therefore focus on interactive programs in order to increase the level of knowledge and skills among the Asnaf entrepreneurs particularly in the district of Jeli, as knowledge is crucial to entrepreneurship, which in turn is vital for economic growth and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of GeSec: Revista de Gestao e Secretariado is the property of Sindicato das Secretarias e Secretarios do Estado de Sao Paulo (SINSESP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)