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Differential equation load flow (DELF) is an innovative approach to convert a load flow model to a fictitious dynamic system. DELF solves the entire time‐domain analysis of a dynamic system trajectory rather than solving load flow equations repeatedly in a set of conditions. The static available transfer capability (ATC) determination algorithm is specified through a method called the approximation of the path of the minimum distance method. In this method, instead of a repeated power flow, only three system operating points are used. An estimation of the potential energy boundary surface was also employed to determine the transient stability in an attempt to correct previous methods. A combination of static method and transient stability led to a combined approach to dynamic ATC computation. This paper proposes a truly effective and precise method to assess Dynamic ATC using the differential equation load flow considering the first contingency (n − 1) situations and the intact system condition. For various multilateral and bilateral transactions, this method was successfully implemented on 39, 118‐ and 300‐bus IEEE, 145‐bus Iowa‐State, the west of Iran (1153‐bus), and Mashhad MV distribution network (4438‐buses) systems. The results showed a better suitability, a higher speed and accuracy than other dynamic ATC methods.

The degradation characteristics of oily sludge in the bioreactor were studied by using Euler-multiphase flow method, in which the gas-liquid two-phase and gas-liquid-solid three-phase flow field dynamics model was established. The working characteristics of the conventional bioreactor and the proposed new bioreactor were simulated via FLUENT software respectively, and the distribution of bubble diameter and the accumulation and dispersion phenomenon of the oily sludge particles were studied. The experimental results showed that compared with the conventional bioreactor, the proposed one can significantly improve the degradation efficiency of oily sludge and greatly reduce energy consumption.

This article aims to analyze the productions in scientific journals of international bases, in English, Portuguese or Spanish, about entrepreneurial university and third mission, focusing on the productions of Brazilian authors, through a systematic search of the literature. For that, we use the SSF - Systematic Search Flow method, which is applied in systematic and integrative reviews. An enterprising university, committed to the development of its region, is the key factor in achieving regional innovation, a key institution in knowledge-based societies. In the age of knowledge, the university is as important as industry and government; fundamental for the development of knowledge and innovation. As a result, we identified research challenges and opportunities, contributing to the construction of a panorama of Brazilian scientific production in international journals on the themes entrepreneurial university and third mission.

A regularity for a parabolic p-Laplacian system $$(p>2)$$ is studied by the use of the discrete Morse flow method which is known as one of the ways to approximate a solution to parabolic partial differential equations. Our approximate solution is constructed from the sequence of minimizers of variational functionals whose Euler–Lagrange equations are the time discretized p-Laplacian system. The aim of this paper is to establish that the regularity estimates for the approximate solution hold uniformly on two approximation parameters and show strong convergence of the approximate solution.

Background Reveal® 3-D for Peanut is an immunochromatographic, lateral flow test for qualitative detection of peanut residue in food manufacturing and food preparation settings. The test can detect low ppm levels of peanut in clean-in-place (CIP) rinses and in swabs from environmental surfaces and can serve as a tool in managing allergen risk. Objective The objective of the study was to validate the lateral flow method for detection of peanut in CIP rinses, specifically water, peroxyacetic acid/hydrogen peroxide, and quaternary ammonium compound rinses, and in swabs taken from stainless steel and plastic surfaces. Methods CIP rinses spiked with low levels of peanut were tested, as were surfaces inoculated with peanut. Specificity and assay interference were assessed in testing of food commodities with and without added peanut. Assay robustness and test kit stability and consistency testing were also performed. Results Results demonstrated that the lateral flow test can detect peanut in CIP rinses in the range of 2–4 ppm and in environmental surface swabs in the range of 3–4 µg/100 cm2. Results of specificity testing with 29 common food items showed lack of cross-reactivity, and potential assay interference only from walnut. Data from stability trials supports expiration dating for the kit of up to 23 months post-manufacture. Conclusions and Highlights The lateral flow test is a sensitive, specific, and rapid method for detection of low levels of peanut residue in CIP rinses and environmental samples and can be an important component in a comprehensive allergen risk management program.

In this paper the dual Orlicz–Minkowski problem, a generalization of the L p L_p dual Minkowski problem, is studied. By studying a flow involving the Gauss curvature and support function, we obtain a new existence result of solutions to this problem for smooth measures.

The thermodynamic properties of ruthenium complex compound Ru(thd)3, (thd is tris(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptadionate), Ru(C11H19O2)3 have been studied. Temperatures (434.8 ± 2.0, 452.2 ± 1.0, and 461.1 ± 1.0, and 487.8 ± 1 K) and thermodynamic parameters (enthalpy change ΔH = 13.3 ± 2.0, 2.1 ± 0.5, 6.0 ± 2.0, and 3.8 ± 1 kJ mol–1) of three reversible solid-phase transitions and the melting process have been determined by differential scanning calorimetry. The temperature dependence of the saturated vapor pressure in the range 392–488 K has been established by the flow method. The thermodynamic parameters of sublimation (enthalpy change ΔH = 121 ± 1, 103 ± 3, 101 ± 5, and 86 ± 2 kJ mol–1; entropy change ΔS° = 219 ± 3, 176 ± 7, 173 ± 10, 141 ± 4 J mol–1 K–1) for all four crystalline phases have been calculated. CVD diagrams have been calculated by thermodynamic modeling to determine the equilibrium phase composition of the system. The obtained results allow us to give recommendations on finding the optimal conditions for the CVD process and choosing the precursor.

In this paper, a generalization of the $L_{p}$-Christoffel-Minkowski problem is studied. We consider an anisotropic curvature flow and derive the long-time existence of the flow. Then under some initial data, we obtain the existence of smooth solutions to this problem for $c=1$., arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2011.11408

Labyrinth seals are widely applied in the turbomachinery to control the leakage flow through the clearance between stationary and rotating components. The fluid excitation induced by the labyrinth seal would deteriorate the stability of turbomachinery shaft. Developing an accurate and rapid prediction approach is crucial to the analysis of the fluid excitation rotordynamics of labyrinth seals. The objective of this study is to analyze the applicability of leakage models using Bulk-Flow method and investigate the factors affecting the rotordynamic characteristics of the labyrinth seal. An elliptical orbit for rotor whirling was assumed in the one-control-volume Bulk-Flow model considering an isentropic process to predict the frequency-dependent rotordynamic coefficients of the labyrinth seal. The optimal leakage model was determined by comprehensively analyzing the applicability of seventy-two leakage models. Employing the optimal leakage model in the Bulk-Flow method, the effects of sealing clearance, pressure ratio, preswirl ratio and rotational speed on the rotordynamic characteristics of the labyrinth seal were investigated. The conclusions show that the Bulk-Flow method has an average prediction error of around 10% for the leakage flow rate, cross-coupled stiffness and direct damping when equipped with the optimal leakage model. Increasing preswirl ratio has a significantly destabilizing effect on the rotor stability, while the influence of increasing rotational speed is strongly related to preswirl direction. The effective damping of the labyrinth seal is sensitive to the inlet pressure, but insensitive to the outlet pressure and sealing clearance. The crossover frequency is almost impervious to the inlet pressure, outlet pressure and sealing clearance.

Background: Aflatoxins are one of the most heavily regulated mycotoxins in agriculture throughout the world. A variety of tests are used for detection, including rapid methods that are preferred when a large number of samples need to be quickly screened to implement an immediate action. However, a method developed for screening a specific commodity for the presence of mycotoxins requires further validation to demonstrate its suitability for additional matrices. Objective: In this study, a study was undertaken to evaluate a rapid screening method for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in dry dog food, a product potentially susceptible to aflatoxins contamination. Method: This test method employed lateral flow technology using kits obtained from Charm Sciences Inc. Three different sources of dry dog food were tested at the FDA action level of 20 ppb (ng/g) in three trials of a multi-laboratory study by four participants. A total of 80 unfortified blank samples, 270 samples spiked at 20 ppb, and 60 samples spiked below 20 ppb were analyzed. Results: The overall pass rates of 100% for unfortified samples and > 97% for 20 ppb-fortified samples meet the FDA guidance acceptance criteria for a limit test of 10-15% false positives and no more than 5% false negatives. Conclusions: The method is suitable for screening a large number of dry dog food samples for rapid response. Highlights: Multi-laboratory evaluation of a rapid method for aflatoxin screening in dog food.

We have developed a continuous flow method to enable rapid scaleup of an enantioenriched benzodioxan intermediate. We propose that the reaction proceeds through an intramolecular SNAr cyclization. ...

Using the flow method, we prove an existence result for the problem of prescribing the \begin{document}$ Q $\end{document} -curvature on the even dimensional sphere \begin{document}$ S^n $\end{document} . More precisely, we prove that there exists a conformal metric on \begin{document}$ S^n $\end{document} such that its \begin{document}$ Q $\end{document} -curvature is \begin{document}$ f $\end{document} , when \begin{document}$ f $\end{document} possesses certain symmetry.

The two-dimensional streamline curvature through-flow modeling of turbomachinery is still a key element for turbomachinery preliminary analysis. Basically, axisymmetric swirling flow field is solved numerically. The effects of blades are imposed as sources of swirl, work input/output and entropy generation. Although the topic is studied vastly in the literature for compressors and turbines, combined modeling of the transonic fan and the downstream splitter of turbofan engine configuration, to the authors’ best knowledge, is limited. In a prior study, the authors presented a new method for bypass fan modeling for inverse design calculations. Moreover, new set of practical empirical correlations are calibrated and validated. This paper is an extension of this study to rapid off-design analysis of transonic by-pass fan systems. The methodology is validated by two test cases: NASA 2-stage fan and GE-NASA bypass fan case. The proposed methodology is a simple extension for streamline curvature method and can be applied to existing compressor methodologies with minimum numerical effort.

With the steady growth in distributed generation, more and more attention is paid to low voltage distribution networks. Many of these studies neglected the fact that most of the consumers and small generating units are phase-neutral connected in a multipoint-grounded neutral system – at least in low voltage (LV) distribution systems that is common in Europe. If an equipment utilizes local regulation, it also detects this phase-to-neutral voltage. The effect of neutral can be substantial considering the narrow band of regulation and/or with equipment sensitive to neutral-earth voltage. Until now, the correct modelling of these kind of networks has been scarce; some of them face accuracy or convergence problems with these networks. This article presents an example for the problem and a new alternative calculation method to enable fast, simple-to-implement and accurate load flow calculation for unbalanced networks. Therefore, studies and control algorithms can rely on a more precise model.

One of the major challenges of ancient manuscripts recognition is character segmentation. Because of many distinct features of ancient documents (thick characters, overlapping and touching characters), character segmentation is a very difficult task. Devanagari ancient manuscripts consist of vowels, consonants, modifiers, conjuncts and compound characters. Using existing techniques, segmentation of overlapping and touching characters is problematic. In this paper, an iterative character segmentation algorithm is presented for ancient documents in Devanagari script. At the beginning, the lines are extracted from the ancient documents by dividing the document image into vertical stripes and then using piecewise horizontal projection profiles. After that, these lines are segmented into words using vertical projection profiles and finally, words are segmented in characters using an iterative algorithm. In each iteration, character segmentation is refined. In the present work, we have proposed a new algorithm with the name ‘Drop Flow Method’ to find the segmentation path between touching components. The proposed algorithm can segment touching characters and 96.0% accuracy has been achieved for complete segmentation of Devanagari ancient manuscripts.

The clinical importance of blood group (BG) antigens is related to their ability to induce immune antibodies that can cause hemolysis. Yet, ABO and D (Rh) are still considered to be the key antigens for healthy blood transfusion and secondary antigens are the next priority. Serological typing is the most widely used typing method. Rapid and accurate blood grouping plays an important role in some clinical conditions, rather than conventional techniques. Hence, developing a simple and economical model for rapid blood grouping would facilitate these tests. In recent decades, paper-based microfluidics such as μPADs has gained much interest in wide application areas such as point-of-care diagnostic. In this study, we evaluated μPADs that are performed for blood grouping and its recent progress. A comprehensive literature search was performed using databases including PUBMED, SCOPUS, Web of Science and Google Scholar. Keywords were blood grouping or typing, paper analytical device, rapid test, etc. After investigation of search results, 16 papers from 2010 to 2020 were included. Further information in detail was classified in Table 1. Generally, two principles for blood typing μPADs are introduced. The lateral chromatographic flow method and the vertical flow-through method that detects BG in a visual-based manner. To detect results with acceptable clarity many factors and challenges like paper, blood sample, buffer, Ab and RBC interaction and also μPADs stability need to be considered, which are discussed. In conclusion, the simplicity, stability, cheapness, portability and biocompatibility of μPADs for blood grouping confirming its utility and also they have the capability to robust, universal blood-grouping platform. Table 1 Summary of blood grouping tests using paper-based analytical devices Antigens Type of diagnosis Validation method Sample No Accuracy Action time Paper type Stability Sample dilution Buffer Ref A, B, Rh Forward volunteers records 5 - - Whatman No. 4 - 1/2 PBS* (Khan et al. 2010) A, B, Rh Forward gel assay test and conventional slide test 100 100% 1 min Whatman No. 4 and Kleeenex paper towel 7 Days in 4 °C 1/1 NSS (Al-Tamimi et al. 2012) A, B, Rh Forward gel card assay 99 100% 20 Sec + Washing Kleeenex paper towel - 1/1 NSS (Li et al. 2012) A, B, Rh Forward - - - - Kleeenex paper towel - 45/100 PSS (Li et al. 2013) A, B, Rh Forward gel card assay 98 100% 1.5 min Kleeenex paper towel - 85/100 PBS (Guan et al. 2014b) C, E, c, e, K, Jka, Jkb, M, N, S, P1, and Lea Forward gel card assay 266 100% - Kleeenex paper towel - 1/1 NSS (Li et al. 2014b) A, B, Rh Forward and Reverse conventional slide test 96 ≈ 91% 10 min Whatman No. 1 21 Days in 4 °C 1/2 NSS (Noiphung et al. 2015) C, c, E, e, K, k, Fya, Fyb, Jka, Jkb, M, N, S and s, P1, Lea and Leb Forward - 478 - - Kleeenex paper towel - 1/1 NSS, PBS (Then et al. 2015) A, B Forward and Reverse conventional slide test 76 100% 5-8 min Whatman No. 4 38 Days in 4 °C 1/4, 1/1 NSS (Songjaroen and Laiwattanapaisal 2016) D, K Forward volunteers records 210 - 7.5 min Kleenex paper towel - 1/1 NSS (Yeow et al. 2016) A, B, c, e, D, C, E, M, N, S, s, P1, Jka, Jkb, Lea, Leb, Fya, and Fyb Forward and Reverse gel card assay 3550 ≈100% 30 s Fiber glass and cotton linter 180 Days in 25 °C 45/100, 1/1 PBS (Zhang et al. 2017) A, B Forward conventional slide test 598 100% 3 min Whatman No. 113 14 Day in 4 °C 1/1 NSS (Songjaroen et al. 2018) A, B, Rh Forward conventional slide test - - 30 Sec + Washing Unrefined sisal paper - 1/2 NSS (Casals-Terré et al. 2019) A, B, Rh Forward - - - - Whatman No.1 - 1/1 NSS (Ansari et al. 2020) ABORh Forward and Reverse conventional slide test - 100% Unrefined Eucalyptus papers - 1/2 NSS, PBS (Casals-Terré et al. 2020) A, B, Rh Forward - - - 30 Sec + Washing Whatman No. 4 modified with chitosan ≥ 100 days in 25 °C 1/1 NSS (Parween et al. 2020)

Clustered Regularly Interspersed Short Palindromic Repeat-CRISPR-Associated (CRISPR-Cas) system has improved the ability to edit and control gene expression as desired. Genome editing approaches are currently leading the biomedical research with improved focus on direct nuclease dependent editing. So far, the research was predominantly intended on genome editing over the DNA level, recent adapted techniques are initiating to secure momentum through their proficiency to provoke modifications in RNA sequence. Integration of this system besides to lateral flow method allows reliable, quick, sensitive, precise and inexpensive diagnostic. These interesting methods illustrate only a small proportion of what is technically possible for this novel technology, but several technological obstacles need to be overcome prior to the CRISPR-Cas genome editing system can meet its full ability. This chapter covers the particulars on recent advances in CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technology including diagnosis and technical advancements, followed by molecular mechanism of CRISPR-based RNA editing and diagnostic tools and types, and CRISPR-Cas-based biosensors.

Adding TiO2 tocoating mortars is carried out to promote self-cleaning through photocatalytic activity. However, this addition influences the workability of the mortar and, consequently, the application stage as the TiO2 used can present a large number of fine particles and a high surface area, increasing the demand for mixing water, requiring consistency adjustments before coating. In this work, three mortars (two with the addition of different types of TiO2 and one reference) were developed on a laboratory scale to maintain similar workability, using the flow table test. The amount of kneading water was changed to maintain a spread of 220 ± 10 mm and the content of air-entrained was kept constant, around 25%. The mortars were evaluated using the squeeze flow method. Then, a blind test was performed to assess the mason sensitivity during handling and application of the coating, and all mortars were considered similar. However, the yield of the compositions with TiO2 addition was lower compared to the reference composition, making it possible to explain the results based on the physical parameters of the formulations and with a more in-depth analysis of the rheological indices obtained by the squeeze flow test.

A new, improved modified Newton Raphson (IMNR) load flow method is proposed for AC islanded microgrids. The absence of a strong slack bus and the droop control of distributed generation (DG) units pose challenges that can not be tackled by the conventional load flow techniques. The proposed load flow method extends the traditional Newton-Raphson technique to the islanded microgrid case with complex loads. The proposed load flow method has been tested on three different networks, and the performance of the proposed method has been compared with other methods. The IMNR method is fast and takes fewer iterations to converge. The proposed method is used to analyze the loadability of islanded microgrid, and the results are presented.

On-line activity measurement of fission products in a primary circuit water is often used for a fuel failure detection in research and power nuclear reactors. When gamma spectrometry is used for the activity measurement, high signal from 16N radionuclide and other activation products make the detection of fission products difficult. The detection of delayed neutrons emitted from several fission products is also used; however, if the detector is placed near the outlet coolant pipe, the signal from the delayed neutrons cannot be distinguished from the neutrons emitted due to 17N decay and deuterium photofission, with exception of a reactor scram condition. In this paper, a method of discontinuing the flow of primary circuit water is described. This method is based on the water flowing through a bypass on the outlet pipe to the sampling container and the flow is periodically temporarily interrupted, e.g., using 200 s + 200 s cycles. Neutrons located in the vicinity of the sampling container are continuously detected with a measuring sampling time of less than 2 s. The signal part, corresponding to the delayed neutrons, is evaluated by the signal decay analyzing during the flow interruption. The main sources of delayed neutrons suitable for this method are 137I, 87Br, and 88Br radionuclides with half-lives of 24.5 s, 55.7 s, and 16.5 s, respectively. The method was theoretically analyzed and experimentally verified in the LVR-15 research reactor.

Construction is a complex system whose parameter values are constantly changing over time and depend on a huge number of factors. Successful completion of a construction project is to achieve the set goals: completion of construction on time, completion of planned workloads, optimal resource allocation, achievement of quality construction products. One of the most important technical and economic indicators of organizational and technological design is the duration of construction. Without its definition, it is impossible to correctly determine the cost of construction, to generate cash flow for the investment period of a construction project, to evaluate its effectiveness.The work is devoted to the organization of frame monolithic works of complexes by different methods, to determine the difference in cost, duration and dynamics of investments, which should be taken into account to the investor. Consideration was given to the construction of a monolithic frame of the house with the use of construction machines and mechanisms.- streaming method, and streaming optimized to eliminate downtime by adjusting construction time;- the parallel method with the greater use of resources;- the method is combined (parallel-sequential);is a sequential method.Functions defined:- cost dependence on the time of general complex construction;- the cost dependence of the time of individual work in the flow with downtime.One of the main tasks was to determine the optimal durationworks for the investor, because the type of organization affects the following indicators:- duration;- cost;- dynamics of investments.Housing is one of the most important areas that determine the economic stability and economic growth of the country, requiring significant and long-term financial investment. That is why the organization of effective management of innovative investment activity in housing construction is a task of particular importance.However, the development of the housing market is hampered by the following factors: inefficient ways of managing construction projects, low level of mobility of economic flows in construction, lack of qualified specialists and participants in the investment construction process. Therefore, the development and implementation of effective ways of managing investment is an important task today., Будівництво представляє собою складну систему, значення параметрів якої постійно змінюються у часі та залежать від величезної кількості факторів. Успішна реалізація будівельного проекту полягає у досягнені поставлених цілей: завершення будівництва в строк, виконання запланованих об’ємів робіт, оптимальне ресурсне розподілення, досягнення якісної будівельної продукції. Одним із важливіших техніко-економічних показників організаційно-технологічного проектування є тривалість будівництва. Без її визначення, неможливо коректо визначити вартість будівництва, сформувати грошовий потік по інвестиційному періоду будівельного проекту, оцінити його ефективність. Робота присвячена організації каркасно монолітних робіт різними методами, для визначення різниці у собівартості, тривалості та динаміки капіталовкладень, яку потрібно врахувати інвестору. До уваги були прийняті роботи по зведенню монолітного каркасу будинків з застосуванням будівельних машин і механізмів.В роботі були розглянуті: потоковий метод, та потоковий оптимізований з усуненням простоїв шляхом корегування строків будівництва; паралельним метод з більшим використанням ресурсів; метод комбінований (паралельно-послідовний); послідовний метод.В роботі також було визначено: залежності собівартості від часу загального комплексного будівництва; залежності собівартості від часу окремої роботи у потоці з простоями.Одним з головних завдань було визначення оптимальної тривалості робіт для інвестора, так як вид організації впливає на такі показники, як: тривалість; вартість; динаміка капіталовкладень.Житлове будівництво є однією з найважливіших сфер, що визначають економічну стабільність і зростання економіки країни, що вимагають значних і досить довгострокових фінансових вкладень. Саме тому організація ефективного управління інноваційно інвестиційною діяльністю в житловому будівництві виступає завданням особливої важливості.Однак розвиток ринку житлового будівництва стримується наступними факторами: неефективними способами управління будівельними проектами, низьким рівнем мобільності економічних потоків в будівництві, відсутністю кваліфікованих фахівців та учасників інвестиційного будівельного процесу. Тому розробка і застосування ефективних засобів управління інвестуванням на сьогоднішній день є дуже важливим завданням.

Background Dogs are highly susceptible to aflatoxins, the mycotoxins which most commonly cause acute dog illnesses and deaths following the consumption of contaminated food. Objective In this study, a screening method to detect aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in dry dog food was further evaluated at the FDA action level of 20 ng/g. A fourth-round multi-laboratory trial was performed. In contrast to the previous work, a different source of dog food was used in the multi-laboratory trial and more participants were involved. Method The tested lateral flow method employs a modified procedure of the “Rosa® AFQ-Fast Test Kit” from Charm Sciences Inc. A total of 60 unfortified blank study samples, 220 study samples fortified at 20 ng/g, and 80 study samples fortified at 9–11 ng/g were prepared by an independent party and analyzed in 10 collaborating laboratories in a blinded manner. Results The pass rates were 98.3 and 94.5% for unfortified and 20 ng/g fortified study samples, respectively. Conclusions The method is suitable for aflatoxin B1 screening at the FDA action level of 20 ng/g in a complex matrix such as dry dog food. Highlights This work completes extensive method performance evaluation through four rounds of multi-laboratory trials.

A new method to analyze materials exploring the quasilinear oscillatory regime has been described. One of its advantages is a significant reduction of the number of rheological tests needed, as compared to the originally proposed quasilinear large-amplitude oscillatory shear flow method. Furthermore, the authors improved the data analysis to a great extent, rendering it quite straightforward and physically sound. To validate the new method, we used two materials of qualitatively different rheological behavior, namely, a commercial hair gel and a solution of polyacrylamide in water/glycerol. The data obtained are presented in two distinct forms. The first one uses either the traditional Kelvin–Voigt analysis—which yields as material functions the storage and loss moduli G ′ and G ″, respectively—or the traditional Maxwell analysis, which yields as material functions the storage and loss compliances J ′ and J ″, respectively. The second form originates from a Jeffreys analysis, which gives as output two material functions, namely, the relaxation time θ 1 and the retardation time θ 2. The results of the different analyses are compared and discussed.A new method to analyze materials exploring the quasilinear oscillatory regime has been described. One of its advantages is a significant reduction of the number of rheological tests needed, as compared to the originally proposed quasilinear large-amplitude oscillatory shear flow method. Furthermore, the authors improved the data analysis to a great extent, rendering it quite straightforward and physically sound. To validate the new method, we used two materials of qualitatively different rheological behavior, namely, a commercial hair gel and a solution of polyacrylamide in water/glycerol. The data obtained are presented in two distinct forms. The first one uses either the traditional Kelvin–Voigt analysis—which yields as material functions the storage and loss moduli G ′ and G ″, respectively—or the traditional Maxwell analysis, which yields as material functions the storage and loss compliances J ′ and J ″, respectively. The second form originates from a Jeffreys analysis, which gives as ou...

Generally, the flow method has the advantage of a precise control over the reaction parameters and a facile modification of the reaction conditions, while a continuous flow microwave reactor allows for the quick optimization of reaction conditions owing to the rapid uniform heating. In this study, we developed a "9+4+1 method" to optimize reaction conditions based on comprehensive reaction analysis using a flow microwave reactor. The proposed method is expected to contribute to the synthesis of various fine and bulk chemicals by reducing cost and wastage, and by conserving time.

In this paper, a modified backward/forward sweep (BFS) load flow algorithm is proposed to solve power flow for islanded droop-controlled ac microgrids. The proposed method has been formulated such that the system frequency is one of the system’s unknown variables which is typical for an islanded network justifying further the absence of a slack bus. As a result, new equations have been systematically developed and incorporated with the conventional BFS method. The modified BFS method has been applied to the 33-bus test system and the results obtained are compared with simulation results from the direct BFS method as well as PSCAD/EMTDC. In comparison to the conventional methods, the proposed method is accurate, simple, and easy to implement thus serving as a useful tool for microgrid analysis and planning.

A simple flow system employing a reversible-flow syringe pump was employed to synthesize uniform micron-size particles of chitosan-Cu(II) (CS-Cu(II)) catalyst. A solution of chitosan and Cu(II) salt was drawn into a holding coil via a 3-way switching valve and then slowly pumped to drip into an alkaline solution to form of hydrogel droplets. The droplets were washed and dried to obtain the catalyst particles. Manual addition into the alkaline solution or employment of flow system with a vibrating rod, through which the end of the flow line is inserted, was investigated for comparison. A sampling method was selected to obtain representative samples of the population of the synthesized particles for size measurement using optical microscopy. The mean sizes of the particles were 880 &plusmn, 70 &micro, m, 780 &plusmn, 20 &micro, m, and 180 &plusmn, 30 &micro, m for the manual and flow methods, without and with the vibrating rod, respectively. Performance of the flow methods, in terms of rate of droplet production and particle size distribution, are discussed. Samples of 180 &micro, m size CS-Cu(II) particles were tested for catalytic reduction of 0.5 mM p-nitrophenol to p-aminophenol by 100-fold excess borohydride. The conversion was 98% after 20 min, whereas without the catalyst there was only 14% conversion.

Two heteroligand ketoiminate–diketonate complexes of copper(II), CuL(hfa) (1), L = pentane-2-imino-4-onato, CH3COCHCNHCH 3 – , and CuL′(hfa) (2), L′ = 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3-iminoheptane-5-onato, C(CH3)3COCHCNHC(CH)–, were studied as precursors for chemical vapor deposition of copper films. The flow method was employed to measure the temperature dependences of a saturated vapor pressure of these compounds, the thermodynamic parameters of evaporation–sublimation were calculated, and the volatilities of these compounds and thermal behaviors in the condensed and gaseous phases were compared. The copper films were compared, and it was shown that comparatively high growth rates are reached when (2) is used to obtain copper films in hydrogen.