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1. Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of diarrhoea in 195 countries: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author: Troeger, C, Blacker, BF, Khalil, IA, Rao, PC, Cao, S, Zimsen, SRM, Albertson, SB, Stanaway, JD, Deshpande, A, Abebe, Z, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, AT, Asgedom, SW, Anteneh, ZA, Antonio, CAT, Aremu, O, Asfaw, ET, Atey, TM, Atique, S, Avokpaho, EFGA, Awasthi, A, Ayele, HT, Barac, A, Barreto, ML, Bassat, Q, Belay, SA, Bensenor, IM, Bhutta, ZA, Bijani, A, Bizuneh, H, Castañeda-Orjuela, CA, Dadi, AF, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Do, HP, Dubey, M, Dubljanin, E, Edessa, D, Endries, AY, Eshrati, B, Farag, T, Feyissa, GT, Foreman, KJ, Forouzanfar, MH, Fullman, N, Gething, PW, Gishu, MD, Godwin, WW, Gugnani, HC, Gupta, R, Hailu, GB, Hassen, HY, Hibstu, DT, Ilesanmi, OS, Jonas, JB, Kahsay, A, Kang, G, Kasaeian, A, Khader, YS, Khan, EA, Khan, MA, Khang, Y-H, Kissoon, N, Kochhar, S, Kotloff, KL, Koyanagi, A, Kumar, GA, Magdy Abd El Razek, H, Malekzadeh, R, Malta, DC, Mehata, S, Mendoza, W, Mengistu, DT, Menota, BG, Mezgebe, HB, Mlashu, FW, Murthy, S, Naik, GA, Nguyen, CT, Nguyen, TH, Ningrum, DNA, Ogbo, FA, Olagunju, AT, Paudel, D, Platts-Mills, JA, Qorbani, M, Rafay, A, Rai, RK, Rana, SM, Ranabhat, CL, Rasella, D, Ray, SE, Reis, C, Renzaho, AMN, Rezai, MS, Ruhago, GM, Safiri, S, Salomon, JA, Sanabria, JR, Sartorius, B, Sawhney, M, Sepanlou, SG, Shigematsu, M, Sisay, M, Somayaji, R, Sreeramareddy, CT, Sykes, BL, Taffere, GR, Topor-Madry, R, Tran, BX, Tuem, KB, Ukwaja, KN, Vollset, SE, Walson, JL, Weaver, MR, Weldegwergs, KG, Werdecker, A, Workicho, A, Yenesew, M, Yirsaw, BD, Yonemoto, N, El Sayed Zaki, M, Vos, T, Lim, SS, Naghavi, M, Murray, CJL, Mokdad, AH, Hay, SI, Reiner, RC, and Hay, S
Abstract: Background The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2016 provides an up-to-date analysis of the burden of diarrhoea in 195 countries. This study assesses cases, deaths, and aetiologies in 1990–2016 and assesses how the burden of diarrhoea has changed in people of all ages Methods We modelled diarrhoea mortality with a Bayesian hierarchical modelling platform that evaluates a wide range of covariates and model types on the basis of vital registration and verbal autopsy data. We modelled diarrhoea incidence with a compartmental meta-regression tool that enforces an association between incidence and prevalence, and relies on scientific literature, population representative surveys, and health-care data. Diarrhoea deaths and episodes were attributed to 13 pathogens by use of a counterfactual population attributable fraction approach. Diarrhoea risk factors are also based on counterfactual estimates of risk exposure and the association between the risk and diarrhoea. Each modelled estimate accounted for uncertainty. Findings In 2016, diarrhoea was the eighth leading cause of death among all ages (1 655 944 deaths, 95% uncertainty interval [UI] 1 244 073–2 366 552) and the fifth leading cause of death among children younger than 5 years (446 000 deaths, 390 894–504 613). Rotavirus was the leading aetiology for diarrhoea mortality among children younger than 5 years (128 515 deaths, 105 138–155 133) and among all ages (228 047 deaths, 183 526–292 737). Childhood wasting (low weight-for-height score), unsafe water, and unsafe sanitation were the leading risk factors for diarrhoea, responsible for 80·4% (95% UI 68·2–85·0), 72·1% (34·0–91·4), and 56·4% (49·3–62·7) of diarrhoea deaths in children younger than 5 years, respectively. Prevention of wasting in 1762 children (95% UI 1521–2170) could avert one death from diarrhoea. Interpretation Substantial progress has been made globally in reducing the burden of diarrhoeal diseases, driven by decreases in several primary risk factors. However, this reduction has not been equal across locations, and burden among adults older than 70 years requires attention.
Published: 2018

2. Child and Adolescent Health From 1990 to 2015: Findings From the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2015 Study

Author: Global Burden of Disease Child and Adolescent Health Collaboration, Kassebaum N, Kyu HH, Zoeckler L, Olsen HE, Thomas K, Pinho C, Bhutta ZA, Dandona L, Ferrari A, Ghiwot TT, Hay SI, Kinfu Y, Liang X, Lopez A, Malta DC, Mokdad AH, Naghavi M, Patton GC, Salomon J, Sartorius B, Topor-Madry R, Vollset SE, Werdecker A, Whiteford HA, Abate KH, Abbas K, Damtew SA, Ahmed MB, Akseer N, Al-Raddadi R, Alemayohu MA, Altirkawi K, Abajobir AA, Amare AT, Antonio CAT, Arnlov J, Artaman A, Asayesh H, Avokpaho EFGA, Awasthi A, Ayala Quintanilla BP, Bacha U, Betsu BD, Barac A, Bärnighausen TW, Baye E, Bedi N, Bensenor IM, Berhane A, Bernabe E, Bernal OA, Beyene AS, Biadgilign S, Bikbov B, Boyce CA, Brazinova A, Hailu GB, Carter A, Castañeda-Orjuela CA, Catalá-López F, Charlson FJ, Chitheer AA, Choi JJ, Ciobanu LG, Crump J, Dandona R, Dellavalle RP, Deribew A, deVeber G, Dicker D, Ding EL, Dubey M, Endries AY, Erskine HE, Faraon EJA, Faro A, Farzadfar F, Fernandes JC, Fijabi DO, Fitzmaurice C, Fleming TD, Flor LS, Foreman KJ, Franklin RC, Fraser MS, Frostad JJ, Fullman N, Gebregergs GB, Gebru AA, Geleijnse JM, Gibney KB, Gidey Yihdego M, Ginawi IAM, Gishu MD, Gizachew TA, Glaser E, Gold AL, Goldberg E, Gona P, Goto A, Gugnani HC, Jiang G, Gupta R, Tesfay FH, Hankey GJ, Havmoeller R, Hijar M, Horino M, Hosgood HD, Hu G, Jacobsen KH, Jakovljevic MB, Jayaraman SP, Jha V, Jibat T, Johnson CO, Jonas J, Kasaeian A, Kawakami N, Keiyoro PN, Khalil I, Khang YH, Khubchandani J, Ahmad Kiadaliri AA, Kieling C, Kim D, Kissoon N, Knibbs LD, Koyanagi A, Krohn KJ, Kuate Defo B, Kucuk Bicer B, Kulikoff R, Kumar GA, Lal DK, Lam HY, Larson HJ, Larsson A, Laryea DO, Leung J, Lim SS, Lo LT, Lo WD, Looker KJ, Lotufo PA, Magdy Abd El Razek H, Malekzadeh R, Markos Shifti D, Mazidi M, Meaney PA, Meles KG, Memiah P, Mendoza W, Abera Mengistie M, Mengistu GW, Mensah GA, Miller TR, Mock C, Mohammadi A, Mohammed S, Monasta L, Mueller U, Nagata C, Naheed A, Nguyen G, Nguyen QL, Nsoesie E, Oh IH, Okoro A, Olusanya JO, Olusanya BO, Ortiz A, Paudel D, Pereira DM, Perico N, Petzold M, Phillips MR, Polanczyk GV, Pourmalek F, Qorbani M, Rafay A, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Rahman M, Rai RK, Ram U, Rankin Z, Remuzzi G, Renzaho AMN, Roba HS, Rojas-Rueda D, Ronfani L, Sagar R, Sanabria JR, Kedir Mohammed MS, Santos IS, Satpathy M, Sawhney M, Schöttker B, Schwebel DC, Scott JG, Sepanlou SG, Shaheen A, Shaikh MA, She J, Shiri R, Shiue I, Sigfusdottir ID, Singh J, Silpakit N, Smith A, Sreeramareddy C, Stanaway JD, Stein DJ, Steiner C, Sufiyan MB, Swaminathan S, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Tabb KM, Tadese F, Tavakkoli M, Taye B, Teeple S, Tegegne TK, Temam Shifa G, Terkawi AS, Thomas B, Thomson AJ, Tobe-Gai R, Tonelli M, Tran BX, Troeger C, Ukwaja KN, Uthman O, Vasankari T, Venketasubramanian N, Vlassov VV, Weiderpass E, Weintraub R, Gebrehiwot SW, Westerman R, Williams HC, Wolfe CDA, Woodbrook R, Yano Y, Yonemoto N, Yoon SJ, Younis MZ, Yu C, Zaki MES, Zegeye EA, Zuhlke LJ, Murray CJL, and Vos T
Subjects: Male, Adolescent, G300, L500, Adolescent Health, Age Factors, Child Health, Correction, Global Health, Disabled Children, Global Burden of Disease, Pregnancy Complications, Sex Factors, Pregnancy, Risk Factors, Cause of Death, Child Mortality, Humans, Wounds and Injuries, Female, Child
Abstract: IMPORTANCE: Comprehensive and timely monitoring of disease burden in all age groups, including children and adolescents, is essential for improving population health. OBJECTIVE: To quantify and describe levels and trends of mortality and nonfatal health outcomes among children and adolescents from 1990 to 2015 to provide a framework for policy discussion. EVIDENCE REVIEW: Cause-specific mortality and nonfatal health outcomes were analyzed for 195 countries and territories by age group, sex, and year from 1990 to 2015 using standardized approaches for data processing and statistical modeling, with subsequent analysis of the findings to describe levels and trends across geography and time among children and adolescents 19 years or younger. A composite indicator of income, education, and fertility was developed (Socio-demographic Index [SDI]) for each geographic unit and year, which evaluates the historical association between SDI and health loss. FINDINGS: Global child and adolescent mortality decreased from 14.18 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 14.09 million to 14.28 million) deaths in 1990 to 7.26 million (95% UI, 7.14 million to 7.39 million) deaths in 2015, but progress has been unevenly distributed. Countries with a lower SDI had a larger proportion of mortality burden (75%) in 2015 than was the case in 1990 (61%). Most deaths in 2015 occurred in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Global trends were driven by reductions in mortality owing to infectious, nutritional, and neonatal disorders, which in the aggregate led to a relative increase in the importance of noncommunicable diseases and injuries in explaining global disease burden. The absolute burden of disability in children and adolescents increased 4.3% (95% UI, 3.1%-5.6%) from 1990 to 2015, with much of the increase owing to population growth and improved survival for children and adolescents to older ages. Other than infectious conditions, many top causes of disability are associated with long-term sequelae of conditions present at birth (eg, neonatal disorders, congenital birth defects, and hemoglobinopathies) and complications of a variety of infections and nutritional deficiencies. Anemia, developmental intellectual disability, hearing loss, epilepsy, and vision loss are important contributors to childhood disability that can arise from multiple causes. Maternal and reproductive health remains a key cause of disease burden in adolescent females, especially in lower-SDI countries. In low-SDI countries, mortality is the primary driver of health loss for children and adolescents, whereas disability predominates in higher-SDI locations; the specific pattern of epidemiological transition varies across diseases and injuries. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Consistent international attention and investment have led to sustained improvements in causes of health loss among children and adolescents in many countries, although progress has been uneven. The persistence of infectious diseases in some countries, coupled with ongoing epidemiologic transition to injuries and noncommunicable diseases, require all countries to carefully evaluate and implement appropriate strategies to maximize the health of their children and adolescents and for the international community to carefully consider which elements of child and adolescent health should be monitored.
Published: 2017

3. Trends in HIV/AIDS morbidity and mortality in Eastern Mediterranean countries, 1990–2015: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study

Author: Mokdad, Ali H., El Bcheraoui, Charbel, Wang, Haidong, Charara, Raghid, Khalil, Ibrahim, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Afshin, Ashkan, Collison, Michael, Daoud, Farah, Chew, Adrienne, Krohn, Kristopher J., Carter, Austin, Foreman, Kyle J., He, Fei, Kassebaum, Nicholas J., Kutz, Michael, Mirarefin, Mojde, Nguyen, Grant, Silpakit, Naris, Sligar, Amber, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbas, Kaja M., Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Adane, K, Agarwal, A, Ahmadkiadaliri, A, Ahmadi, A, Ahmed, MB, Al Lami, FH, Alam, K, Alasfoor, D, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Al-Maskari, F, Al-Raddadi, R, Altirkawi, KA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Ammar, W, Anber, N, Antonio, CAT, Anwari, P, Asayesh, H, Asghar, RJ, Atey, TM, Avokpaho, EFGA, Awokeayele, T, Azzopardi, P, Bacha, U, Barac, A, Bärnighausen, T, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Bedi, N, Bensenor, IM, Berhane, A, Bessong, PO, Beyene, AS, Bhutta, ZA, Birungi, C, Butt, ZA, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Danawi, H, Dasneves, J, Deribe, K, Deribew, A, Des Jarlais, DC, Dharmaratne, SD, Djalalinia, S, Doyle, KE, Endries, AY, Eshrati, B, Faraon, EJA, Farvid, MS, Fereshtehnejad, SM, Feyissa, TR, Fischer, F, Garcia-Basteiro, AL, Gebrehiwot, TT, Gesesew, HA, Gishu, MD, Glaser, E, Gona, PN, Gugnani, HC, Gupta, R, Haghparastbidgoli, H, Hailu, GB, Hamadeh, RR, Hambisa, MT, Hamidi, S, Harb, HL, Hareri, HA, Horita, N, Husseini, A, Ibrahim, A, James, SL, Jonas, JB, Kasaeian, A, Kassaw, NA, Khader, YS, Khan, EA, Khan, G, Mekonnen, Alemayehu, Mokdad, Ali H., El Bcheraoui, Charbel, Wang, Haidong, Charara, Raghid, Khalil, Ibrahim, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Afshin, Ashkan, Collison, Michael, Daoud, Farah, Chew, Adrienne, Krohn, Kristopher J., Carter, Austin, Foreman, Kyle J., He, Fei, Kassebaum, Nicholas J., Kutz, Michael, Mirarefin, Mojde, Nguyen, Grant, Silpakit, Naris, Sligar, Amber, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbas, Kaja M., Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Adane, K, Agarwal, A, Ahmadkiadaliri, A, Ahmadi, A, Ahmed, MB, Al Lami, FH, Alam, K, Alasfoor, D, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Al-Maskari, F, Al-Raddadi, R, Altirkawi, KA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Ammar, W, Anber, N, Antonio, CAT, Anwari, P, Asayesh, H, Asghar, RJ, Atey, TM, Avokpaho, EFGA, Awokeayele, T, Azzopardi, P, Bacha, U, Barac, A, Bärnighausen, T, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Bedi, N, Bensenor, IM, Berhane, A, Bessong, PO, Beyene, AS, Bhutta, ZA, Birungi, C, Butt, ZA, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Danawi, H, Dasneves, J, Deribe, K, Deribew, A, Des Jarlais, DC, Dharmaratne, SD, Djalalinia, S, Doyle, KE, Endries, AY, Eshrati, B, Faraon, EJA, Farvid, MS, Fereshtehnejad, SM, Feyissa, TR, Fischer, F, Garcia-Basteiro, AL, Gebrehiwot, TT, Gesesew, HA, Gishu, MD, Glaser, E, Gona, PN, Gugnani, HC, Gupta, R, Haghparastbidgoli, H, Hailu, GB, Hamadeh, RR, Hambisa, MT, Hamidi, S, Harb, HL, Hareri, HA, Horita, N, Husseini, A, Ibrahim, A, James, SL, Jonas, JB, Kasaeian, A, Kassaw, NA, Khader, YS, Khan, EA, Khan, G, and Mekonnen, Alemayehu
Published: 2018

4. Maternal mortality and morbidity burden in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study

Author: Mokdad, AH, Khalil, I, Collison, M, El Bcheraoui, C, Charara, R, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Afshin, A, Chew, A, Daoud, F, Krohn, KJ, Colombara, D, Ehrenkranz, R, Kutz, M, Wang, H, Abajobir, AA, Abd-Allah, F, Abraha, HN, Abu-Raddad, LJ, Kiadaliri, AA, Ahmadi, A, Ahmed, KY, Ahmed, MB, Al Lami, FH, Alam, K, Alasfoor, D, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Alkaabi, JM, Al-Maskari, F, Al-Raddadi, R, Altirkawi, KA, Anber, N, Ansari, H, Asayesh, H, Asghar, RJ, Atey, TM, Ayele, TA, Baernighausen, T, Bacha, U, Barac, A, Barker-Collo, SL, Baune, BT, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Geffen, D, Bedi, N, Bensenor, IM, Berhane, A, Beyene, AS, Bhutta, ZA, Boneya, DJ, Borschmann, R, Breitborde, NJK, Butt, ZA, Catala-Lopez, F, Ciobanu, LG, Danawi, H, Deribew, A, Dharmaratne, SD, Doyle, KE, Endries, AY, Faraon, EJA, Faro, A, Farvid, MS, Fekadu, W, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fischer, F, Gebrehiwot, TT, Giref, AZ, Gishu, MD, Goulart, AC, Habtewold, TD, Hamadeh, RR, Hambisa, MT, Hamidi, S, Maria Haro, J, Hassanvand, MS, Horita, N, Hsairi, M, Huang, H, Husseini, A, Jakovljevic, MB, James, SL, Jonas, JB, Kasaeian, A, Khader, YS, Khan, EA, Khoja, ATA, Khosravi, A, Khubchandani, J, Kim, D, Kim, YJ, Kokubo, Y, Koyanagi, A, Defo, BK, Larson, HJ, Latif, AA, Lee, PH, Leshargie, CT, Leung, R, Lo, L-T, Lunevicius, R, Abd El Razek, HM, Abd El Razek, MM, Majdzadeh, R, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Martinez-Raga, J, Farid, HM, Mazidi, M, McGrath, JJ, Memish, ZA, Mendoza, W, Mengesha, MM, Mengistie, MA, Mensah, GA, Mezgebe, HB, Miller, TR, Mitchell, PB, Mohammadi, A, Mohammed, S, Obermeyer, CM, Ogbo, FA, Palomares Castillo, E, Papachristou, C, Patten, SB, Patton, GC, Pereira, DM, Pervaiz, A, Phillips, MR, Pourmalek, F, Qorbani, M, Radfar, A, Rafay, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rai, RK, Rawaf, DL, Rawaf, S, Refaat, AH, Rezaei, S, Rezai, MS, Roshandel, G, Safdarian, M, Safiabadi, M, Safiri, S, Sagar, R, Sahraian, MA, Salamati, P, Samy, AM, Sartorius, B, Saylan, MI, Seedat, S, Sepanlou, SG, Shaikh, MA, Shamsizadeh, M, Santos Silva, DA, Singh, JA, Sobaih, BHA, Sreeramareddy, CT, Stein, DJ, Abdulkader, RS, Sykes, BL, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Sufiyan, M, Tabb, KM, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Temsah, M-H, Terkawi, AS, Topor-Madry, R, Ukwaja, KN, Uthman, OA, Vollset, SE, Wakayo, T, Wang, Y-P, Werdecker, A, Westerman, R, Workicho, A, Yaghoubi, M, Yimam, HH, Yonemoto, N, Younis, MZ, Yu, C, Zaki, MES, Jumaan, AO, Vos, T, Hay, SI, Naghavi, M, Kassebaum, NJ, Murray, CJL, Mokdad, AH, Khalil, I, Collison, M, El Bcheraoui, C, Charara, R, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Afshin, A, Chew, A, Daoud, F, Krohn, KJ, Colombara, D, Ehrenkranz, R, Kutz, M, Wang, H, Abajobir, AA, Abd-Allah, F, Abraha, HN, Abu-Raddad, LJ, Kiadaliri, AA, Ahmadi, A, Ahmed, KY, Ahmed, MB, Al Lami, FH, Alam, K, Alasfoor, D, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Alkaabi, JM, Al-Maskari, F, Al-Raddadi, R, Altirkawi, KA, Anber, N, Ansari, H, Asayesh, H, Asghar, RJ, Atey, TM, Ayele, TA, Baernighausen, T, Bacha, U, Barac, A, Barker-Collo, SL, Baune, BT, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Geffen, D, Bedi, N, Bensenor, IM, Berhane, A, Beyene, AS, Bhutta, ZA, Boneya, DJ, Borschmann, R, Breitborde, NJK, Butt, ZA, Catala-Lopez, F, Ciobanu, LG, Danawi, H, Deribew, A, Dharmaratne, SD, Doyle, KE, Endries, AY, Faraon, EJA, Faro, A, Farvid, MS, Fekadu, W, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fischer, F, Gebrehiwot, TT, Giref, AZ, Gishu, MD, Goulart, AC, Habtewold, TD, Hamadeh, RR, Hambisa, MT, Hamidi, S, Maria Haro, J, Hassanvand, MS, Horita, N, Hsairi, M, Huang, H, Husseini, A, Jakovljevic, MB, James, SL, Jonas, JB, Kasaeian, A, Khader, YS, Khan, EA, Khoja, ATA, Khosravi, A, Khubchandani, J, Kim, D, Kim, YJ, Kokubo, Y, Koyanagi, A, Defo, BK, Larson, HJ, Latif, AA, Lee, PH, Leshargie, CT, Leung, R, Lo, L-T, Lunevicius, R, Abd El Razek, HM, Abd El Razek, MM, Majdzadeh, R, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Martinez-Raga, J, Farid, HM, Mazidi, M, McGrath, JJ, Memish, ZA, Mendoza, W, Mengesha, MM, Mengistie, MA, Mensah, GA, Mezgebe, HB, Miller, TR, Mitchell, PB, Mohammadi, A, Mohammed, S, Obermeyer, CM, Ogbo, FA, Palomares Castillo, E, Papachristou, C, Patten, SB, Patton, GC, Pereira, DM, Pervaiz, A, Phillips, MR, Pourmalek, F, Qorbani, M, Radfar, A, Rafay, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rai, RK, Rawaf, DL, Rawaf, S, Refaat, AH, Rezaei, S, Rezai, MS, Roshandel, G, Safdarian, M, Safiabadi, M, Safiri, S, Sagar, R, Sahraian, MA, Salamati, P, Samy, AM, Sartorius, B, Saylan, MI, Seedat, S, Sepanlou, SG, Shaikh, MA, Shamsizadeh, M, Santos Silva, DA, Singh, JA, Sobaih, BHA, Sreeramareddy, CT, Stein, DJ, Abdulkader, RS, Sykes, BL, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Sufiyan, M, Tabb, KM, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Temsah, M-H, Terkawi, AS, Topor-Madry, R, Ukwaja, KN, Uthman, OA, Vollset, SE, Wakayo, T, Wang, Y-P, Werdecker, A, Westerman, R, Workicho, A, Yaghoubi, M, Yimam, HH, Yonemoto, N, Younis, MZ, Yu, C, Zaki, MES, Jumaan, AO, Vos, T, Hay, SI, Naghavi, M, Kassebaum, NJ, and Murray, CJL
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: Assessing the burden of maternal mortality is important for tracking progress and identifying public health gaps. This paper provides an overview of the burden of maternal mortality in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) by underlying cause and age from 1990 to 2015. METHODS: We used the results of the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study to explore maternal mortality in the EMR countries. RESULTS: The maternal mortality ratio in the EMR decreased 16.3% from 283 (241-328) maternal deaths per 100,000 live births in 1990 to 237 (188-293) in 2015. Maternal mortality ratio was strongly correlated with socio-demographic status, where the lowest-income countries contributed the most to the burden of maternal mortality in the region. CONCLUSION: Progress in reducing maternal mortality in the EMR has accelerated in the past 15 years, but the burden remains high. Coordinated and rigorous efforts are needed to make sure that adequate and timely services and interventions are available for women at each stage of reproductive life.
Published: 2018

5. The burden of mental disorders in the Eastern Mediterranean region, 1990-2015: findings from the global burden of disease 2015 study

Author: Mokdad, AH, Charara, R, El Bcheraoui, C, Khalil, I, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Afshin, A, Kassebaum, NJ, Collison, M, Krohn, KJ, Chew, A, Daoud, F, Charlson, FJ, Colombara, D, Degenhardt, L, Ehrenkranz, R, Erskine, HE, Ferrari, AJ, Kutz, M, Leung, J, Santomauro, D, Wang, H, Whiteford, HA, Abajobir, AA, Abd-Allah, F, Abraha, HN, Abu-Raddad, LJ, Kiadaliri, AA, Ahmadi, A, Yimam, K, Beshir, M, Al Lami, FH, Alam, K, Alasfoor, D, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Alkaabi, JM, Al-Maskari, F, Al-Raddadi, R, Altirkawi, KA, Anber, N, Ansari, H, Asayesh, H, Asghar, RJ, Atey, TM, Ayele, TA, Baernighausen, T, Bacha, U, Barac, A, Barker-Collo, SL, Baune, BT, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Drew, CR, Geffen, D, Bedi, N, Bensenor, IM, Berhane, A, Beyene, AS, Bhutta, ZA, Boneya, DJ, Borschmann, R, Breitborde, NJK, Butt, ZA, Catala-Lopez, F, Ciobanu, LG, Danawi, H, Deribew, A, Dharmaratne, SD, Doyle, KE, Endries, AY, Faraon, EJA, Faro, A, Farvid, MS, Fekadu, W, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fischer, F, Gebrehiwot, TT, Giref, AZ, Gishu, MD, Carvalho, A, Habtewold, TD, Hamadeh, RR, Hambisa, MT, Hamidi, S, Haro, JM, Hassanvand, MS, Horita, N, Hsairi, M, Huang, H, Husseini, A, Jakovljevic, MB, James, SL, Jonas, JB, Kasaeian, A, Khader, YS, Khan, EA, Khoja, ATA, Khosravi, A, Khubchandani, J, Kim, D, Kim, YJ, Kokubo, Y, Koyanagi, A, Defo, BK, Larson, HJ, Latif, AA, Lee, PH, Leshargie, CT, Leung, R, Lo, L-T, Lunevicius, R, Abd El Razek, HM, Abd El Razek, MM, Majdzadeh, R, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Martinez-Raga, J, Farid, HM, Mazidi, M, McGrath, JJ, Memish, ZA, Mendoza, W, Mengesha, MM, Mengistie, MA, Mezgebe, HB, Miller, TR, Mitchell, PB, Mohammadi, A, Mohammed, S, Obermeyer, CM, Ogbo, FA, Castillo, EP, Papachristou, C, Patten, SB, Patton, GC, Pervaiz, A, Phillips, MR, Pourmalek, F, Qorbani, M, Radfar, A, Rafay, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rai, RK, Rawaf, DL, Rawaf, S, Refaat, AH, Rezaei, S, Rezai, MS, Roshandel, G, Safdarian, M, Safiabadi, M, Safiri, S, Sagar, R, Sahraian, MA, Salamati, P, Samy, AM, Sartorius, B, Saylan, MI, Seedat, S, Sepanlou, SG, Shaikh, MA, Shamsizadeh, M, Silva, DAS, Singh, JA, Sobaih, BHA, Stein, DJ, Abdulkader, RS, Sykes, BL, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Tabb, KM, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Temsah, M-H, Terkawi, AS, Topor-Madry, R, Ukwaja, KN, Uthman, OA, Vollset, SE, Wakayo, T, Wang, Y-P, Werdecker, A, Westerman, R, Workicho, A, Yaghoubi, M, Yimam, HH, Yonemoto, N, Younis, MZ, Yu, C, Zaki, MES, Zein, B, Jumaan, AO, Vos, T, Hay, SI, Naghavi, M, Murray, CJL, Mokdad, AH, Charara, R, El Bcheraoui, C, Khalil, I, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Afshin, A, Kassebaum, NJ, Collison, M, Krohn, KJ, Chew, A, Daoud, F, Charlson, FJ, Colombara, D, Degenhardt, L, Ehrenkranz, R, Erskine, HE, Ferrari, AJ, Kutz, M, Leung, J, Santomauro, D, Wang, H, Whiteford, HA, Abajobir, AA, Abd-Allah, F, Abraha, HN, Abu-Raddad, LJ, Kiadaliri, AA, Ahmadi, A, Yimam, K, Beshir, M, Al Lami, FH, Alam, K, Alasfoor, D, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Alkaabi, JM, Al-Maskari, F, Al-Raddadi, R, Altirkawi, KA, Anber, N, Ansari, H, Asayesh, H, Asghar, RJ, Atey, TM, Ayele, TA, Baernighausen, T, Bacha, U, Barac, A, Barker-Collo, SL, Baune, BT, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Drew, CR, Geffen, D, Bedi, N, Bensenor, IM, Berhane, A, Beyene, AS, Bhutta, ZA, Boneya, DJ, Borschmann, R, Breitborde, NJK, Butt, ZA, Catala-Lopez, F, Ciobanu, LG, Danawi, H, Deribew, A, Dharmaratne, SD, Doyle, KE, Endries, AY, Faraon, EJA, Faro, A, Farvid, MS, Fekadu, W, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fischer, F, Gebrehiwot, TT, Giref, AZ, Gishu, MD, Carvalho, A, Habtewold, TD, Hamadeh, RR, Hambisa, MT, Hamidi, S, Haro, JM, Hassanvand, MS, Horita, N, Hsairi, M, Huang, H, Husseini, A, Jakovljevic, MB, James, SL, Jonas, JB, Kasaeian, A, Khader, YS, Khan, EA, Khoja, ATA, Khosravi, A, Khubchandani, J, Kim, D, Kim, YJ, Kokubo, Y, Koyanagi, A, Defo, BK, Larson, HJ, Latif, AA, Lee, PH, Leshargie, CT, Leung, R, Lo, L-T, Lunevicius, R, Abd El Razek, HM, Abd El Razek, MM, Majdzadeh, R, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Martinez-Raga, J, Farid, HM, Mazidi, M, McGrath, JJ, Memish, ZA, Mendoza, W, Mengesha, MM, Mengistie, MA, Mezgebe, HB, Miller, TR, Mitchell, PB, Mohammadi, A, Mohammed, S, Obermeyer, CM, Ogbo, FA, Castillo, EP, Papachristou, C, Patten, SB, Patton, GC, Pervaiz, A, Phillips, MR, Pourmalek, F, Qorbani, M, Radfar, A, Rafay, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rai, RK, Rawaf, DL, Rawaf, S, Refaat, AH, Rezaei, S, Rezai, MS, Roshandel, G, Safdarian, M, Safiabadi, M, Safiri, S, Sagar, R, Sahraian, MA, Salamati, P, Samy, AM, Sartorius, B, Saylan, MI, Seedat, S, Sepanlou, SG, Shaikh, MA, Shamsizadeh, M, Silva, DAS, Singh, JA, Sobaih, BHA, Stein, DJ, Abdulkader, RS, Sykes, BL, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Tabb, KM, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Temsah, M-H, Terkawi, AS, Topor-Madry, R, Ukwaja, KN, Uthman, OA, Vollset, SE, Wakayo, T, Wang, Y-P, Werdecker, A, Westerman, R, Workicho, A, Yaghoubi, M, Yimam, HH, Yonemoto, N, Younis, MZ, Yu, C, Zaki, MES, Zein, B, Jumaan, AO, Vos, T, Hay, SI, Naghavi, M, and Murray, CJL
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: Mental disorders are among the leading causes of nonfatal burden of disease globally. METHODS: We used the global burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors study 2015 to examine the burden of mental disorders in the Eastern Mediterranean region (EMR). We defined mental disorders according to criteria proposed in the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders IV and the 10th International Classification of Diseases. RESULTS: Mental disorders contributed to 4.7% (95% uncertainty interval (UI) 3.7-5.6%) of total disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), ranking as the ninth leading cause of disease burden. Depressive disorders and anxiety disorders were the third and ninth leading causes of nonfatal burden, respectively. Almost all countries in the EMR had higher age-standardized mental disorder DALYs rates compared to the global level, and in half of the EMR countries, observed mental disorder rates exceeded the expected values. CONCLUSIONS: The burden of mental disorders in the EMR is higher than global levels, particularly for women. To properly address this burden, EMR governments should implement nationwide quality epidemiological surveillance of mental disorders and provide adequate prevention and treatment services.
Published: 2018

6. Estimates of global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and mortality of HIV, 1980-2015 : the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: GBD 2015 HIV Collaborators, Wang, H, Wolock, TM, Carter, A, Nguyen, G, Kyu, HH, Gakidou, E, Hay, SI, Mills, EJ, Trickey, A, Msemburi, W, Coates, MM, Mooney, MD, Fraser, MS, Sligar, A, Salomon, J, Larson, HJ, Friedman, J, Abajobir, AA, Abate, KH, Abbas, KM, Razek, MM, Abd-Allah, F, Abdulle, AM, Abera, SF, Abubakar, I, Abu-Raddad, LJ, Abu-Rmeileh, NM, Abyu, GY, Adebiyi, AO, Adedeji, IA, Adelekan, AL, Adofo, K, Adou, AK, Ajala, ON, Akinyemiju, TF, Akseer, N, Lami, FH, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, NK, Alasfoor, D, Aldhahri, SF, Aldridge, RW, Alegretti, MA, Aleman, AV, Alemu, ZA, Alfonso-Cristancho, R, Ali, R, Alkerwi, A, Alla, F, Mohammad, R, Al-Raddadi, S, Alsharif, U, Alvarez, E, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, AT, Amberbir, A, Amegah, AK, Ammar, W, Amrock, SM, Antonio, CA, Anwari, P, Ärnlöv, J, Artaman, A, Asayesh, H, Asghar, RJ, Assadi, R, Atique, S, Atkins, LS, Avokpaho, EF, Awasthi, A, Quintanilla, BP, Bacha, U, Badawi, A, Barac, A, Bärnighausen, T, Basu, A, Bayou, TA, Bayou, YT, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Beardsley, J, Bedi, N, Bennett, DA, Bensenor, IM, Betsu, BD, Beyene, AS, Bhatia, E, Bhutta, ZA, Biadgilign, S, Bikbov, B, Birlik, SM, Bisanzio, D, Brainin, M, Brazinova, A, Breitborde, NJ, Brown, A, Burch, M, Butt, ZA, Campuzano, JC, Cárdenas, R, Carrero, JJ, Castañeda-Orjuela, CA, Rivas, JC, Catalá-López, F, Chang, HY, Chang, JC, Chavan, L, Chen, W, Chiang, PP, Chibalabala, M, Chisumpa, VH, Choi, JY, Christopher, DJ, Ciobanu, LG, Cooper, C, Dahiru, T, Damtew, SA, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Das Neves, J, De Jager, P, De Leo, D, Degenhardt, L, Dellavalle, RP, Deribe, K, Deribew, A, Des Jarlais, DC, Dharmaratne, SD, Ding, EL, Doshi, PP, Driscoll, TR, Dubey, M, Elshrek, YM, Elyazar, I, Endries, AY, Ermakov, SP, Eshrati, B, Esteghamati, A, Faghmous, ID, Farinha, CS, Faro, A, Farvid, MS, Farzadfar, F, Fereshtehnejad, SM, Fernandes, JC, Fischer, F, Fitchett, JR, Foigt, N, Fullman, N, Fürst, T, Gankpé, FG, Gebre, T, Gebremedhin, AT, Gebru, AA, Geleijnse, JM, Gessner, BD, Gething, PW, Ghiwot, TT, Giroud, M, Gishu, MD, Glaser, E, Goenka, S, Goodridge, A, Gopalani, SV, Goto, A, Gugnani, HC, Guimaraes, MD, Gupta, R, Gupta, V, Haagsma, J, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hagan, H, Hailu, GB, Hamadeh, RR, Hamidi, S, Hammami, M, Hankey, GJ, Hao, Y, Harb, HL, Harikrishnan, S, Haro, JM, Harun, KM, Havmoeller, R, Hedayati, MT, Heredia-Pi, IB, Hoek, HW, Horino, M, Horita, N, Hosgood, HD, Hoy, DG, Hsairi, M, Hu, G, Huang, H, Huang, JJ, Iburg, KM, Idrisov, BT, Innos, K, Iyer, VJ, Jacobsen, KH, Jahanmehr, N, Jakovljevic, MB, Javanbakht, M, Jayatilleke, AU, Jeemon, P, Jha, V, Jiang, G, Jiang, Y, Jibat, T, Jonas, JB, Kabir, Z, Kamal, R, Kan, H, Karch, A, Karema, CK, Karletsos, D, Kasaeian, A, Kaul, A, Kawakami, N, Kayibanda, JF, Keiyoro, PN, Kemp, AH, Kengne, AP, Kesavachandran, CN, Khader, YS, Khalil, I, Khan, AR, Khan, EA, Khang, YH, Khubchandani, J, Kim, YJ, Kinfu, Y, Kivipelto, M, Kokubo, Y, Kosen, S, Koul, PA, Koyanagi, A, Defo, BK, Bicer, BK, Kulkarni, VS, Kumar, GA, Lal, DK, Lam, H, Lam, JO, Langan, SM, Lansingh, VC, Larsson, A, Leigh, J, Leung, R, Li, Y, Lim, SS, Lipshultz, SE, Liu, S, Lloyd, BK, Logroscino, G, Lotufo, PA, Lunevicius, R, Razek, HM, Mahdavi, M, Majdan, M, Majeed, A, Makhlouf, C, Malekzadeh, R, Mapoma, CC, Marcenes, W, Martinez-Raga, J, Marzan, MB, Masiye, F, Mason-Jones, AJ, Mayosi, BM, McKee, M, Meaney, PA, Mehndiratta, MM, Mekonnen, AB, Melaku, YA, Memiah, P, Memish, ZA, Mendoza, W, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, TJ, Mhimbira, FA, Miller, TR, Mikesell, J, Mirarefin, M, Mohammad, KA, Mohammed, S, Mokdad, AH, Monasta, L, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Mori, R, Mueller, UO, Murimira, B, Murthy, GV, Naheed, A, Naldi, L, Nangia, V, Nash, D, Nawaz, H, Nejjari, C, Ngalesoni, FN, De Dieu Ngirabega, J, Nguyen, QL, Nisar, MI, Norheim, OF, Norman, RE, Nyakarahuka, L, Ogbo, FA, Oh, IH, Ojelabi, FA, Olusanya, BO, Olusanya, JO, Opio, JN, Oren, E, Ota, E, Padukudru, MA, Park, HY, Park, JH, Patil, ST, Patten, SB, Paul, VK, Pearson, K, Peprah, EK, Pereira, CC, Perico, N, Pesudovs, K, Petzold, M, Phillips, MR, Pillay, JD, Plass, D, Polinder, S, Pourmalek, F, Prokop, DM, Qorbani, M, Rafay, A, Rahimi, K, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, M, Rahman, MH, Rahman, SU, Rai, RK, Rajsic, S, Ram, U, Rana, SM, Rao, PV, Remuzzi, G, Rojas-Rueda, D, Ronfani, L, Roshandel, G, Roy, A, Ruhago, GM, Saeedi, MY, Sagar, R, Saleh, MM, Sanabria, JR, Santos, IS, Sarmiento-Suarez, R, Sartorius, B, Sawhney, M, Schutte, AE, Schwebel, DC, Seedat, S, Sepanlou, SG, Servan-Mori, EE, Shaikh, MA, Sharma, R, She, J, Sheikhbahaei, S, Shen, J, Shibuya, K, Shin, HH, Sigfusdottir, ID, Silpakit, N, Silva, DA, Silveira, DG, Simard, EP, Sindi, S, Singh, JA, Singh, OP, Singh, PK, Skirbekk, V, Sliwa, K, Soneji, S, Sorensen, RJ, Soriano, JB, Soti, DO, Sreeramareddy, CT, Stathopoulou, V, Steel, N, Sunguya, BF, Swaminathan, S, Sykes, BL, Tabarés-Seisdedos, R, Talongwa, RT, Tavakkoli, M, Taye, B, Tedla, BA, Tekle, T, Shifa, GT, Temesgen, AM, Terkawi, AS, Tesfay, FH, Tessema, GA, Thapa, K, Thomson, AJ, Thorne-Lyman, AL, Tobe-Gai, R, Topor-Madry, R, Towbin, JA, Tran, BX, Dimbuene, ZT, Tsilimparis, N, Tura, AK, Ukwaja, KN, Uneke, CJ, Uthman, OA, Venketasubramanian, N, Vladimirov, SK, Vlassov, VV, Vollset, SE, Wang, L, Weiderpass, E, Weintraub, RG, Werdecker, A, Westerman, R, Wijeratne, T, Wilkinson, JD, Wiysonge, CS, Wolfe, CD, Won, S, Wong, JQ, Xu, G, Yadav, AK, Yakob, B, Yalew, AZ, Yano, Y, Yaseri, M, Yebyo, HG, Yip, P, Yonemoto, N, Yoon, SJ, Younis, MZ, Yu, C, Yu, S, Zaidi, Z, Zaki, MELS, Zeeb, H, Zhang, H, Zhao, Y, Zodpey, S, Zoeckler, L, Zuhlke, LJ, Lopez, AD, and Murray, CJ
Subjects: GBD 2015 HIV Collaborators
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Timely assessment of the burden of HIV/AIDS is essential for policy setting and programme evaluation. In this report from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 (GBD 2015), we provide national estimates of levels and trends of HIV/AIDS incidence, prevalence, coverage of antiretroviral therapy (ART), and mortality for 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2015. METHODS: For countries without high-quality vital registration data, we estimated prevalence and incidence with data from antenatal care clinics and population-based seroprevalence surveys, and with assumptions by age and sex on initial CD4 distribution at infection, CD4 progression rates (probability of progression from higher to lower CD4 cell-count category), on and off antiretroviral therapy (ART) mortality, and mortality from all other causes. Our estimation strategy links the GBD 2015 assessment of all-cause mortality and estimation of incidence and prevalence so that for each draw from the uncertainty distribution all assumptions used in each step are internally consistent. We estimated incidence, prevalence, and death with GBD versions of the Estimation and Projection Package (EPP) and Spectrum software originally developed by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). We used an open-source version of EPP and recoded Spectrum for speed, and used updated assumptions from systematic reviews of the literature and GBD demographic data. For countries with high-quality vital registration data, we developed the cohort incidence bias adjustment model to estimate HIV incidence and prevalence largely from the number of deaths caused by HIV recorded in cause-of-death statistics. We corrected these statistics for garbage coding and HIV misclassification. FINDINGS: Global HIV incidence reached its peak in 1997, at 3·3 million new infections (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·1-3·4 million). Annual incidence has stayed relatively constant at about 2·6 million per year (range 2·5-2·8 million) since 2005, after a period of fast decline between 1997 and 2005. The number of people living with HIV/AIDS has been steadily increasing and reached 38·8 million (95% UI 37·6-40·4 million) in 2015. At the same time, HIV/AIDS mortality has been declining at a steady pace, from a peak of 1·8 million deaths (95% UI 1·7-1·9 million) in 2005, to 1·2 million deaths (1·1-1·3 million) in 2015. We recorded substantial heterogeneity in the levels and trends of HIV/AIDS across countries. Although many countries have experienced decreases in HIV/AIDS mortality and in annual new infections, other countries have had slowdowns or increases in rates of change in annual new infections. INTERPRETATION: Scale-up of ART and prevention of mother-to-child transmission has been one of the great successes of global health in the past two decades. However, in the past decade, progress in reducing new infections has been slow, development assistance for health devoted to HIV has stagnated, and resources for health in low-income countries have grown slowly. Achievement of the new ambitious goals for HIV enshrined in Sustainable Development Goal 3 and the 90-90-90 UNAIDS targets will be challenging, and will need continued efforts from governments and international agencies in the next 15 years to end AIDS by 2030. Funding: We thank the countless individuals who have contributed to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2015 in various capacities. We specifically thank Jeffrey Eaton and John Stover. HW and CJLM received funding for this study from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; the National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health (NIH; R01MH110163); and the National Institute on Aging, NIH (P30AG047845). LJAR acknowledges the support of Qatar National Research Fund (NPRP 04-924-3-251) who provided the main funding for generating the data provided to the GBD-Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation effort. BPAQ acknowledges institutional support from PRONABEC (National Program of Scholarship and Educational Loan), provided by the Peruvian government. DB is supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (grant number OPP1068048). JDN was supported in his contribution to this work by a Fellowship from Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia, Portugal (SFRH/BPD/92934/2013). KD is supported by a Wellcome Trust Fellowship in Public Health and Tropical Medicine (grant number 099876). TF received financial support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF; project number P300P3-154634). AG acknowledges funding from Sistema Nacional de Investigadores de Panama-SNI. PJ is supported by Wellcome Trust-DBT India Alliance Clinical and Public Health Intermediate Fellowship. MK receives research support from the Academy of Finland, the Swedish Research Council, Alzheimerfonden, Alzheimer's Research & Prevention Foundation, Center for Innovative Medicine (CIMED) at Karolinska Institutet South Campus, AXA Research Fund, Wallenberg Clinical Scholars Award from the Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Foundation, and the Sheika Salama Bint Hamdan Al Nahyan Foundation. AK's work was supported by the Miguel Servet contract financed by the CP13/00150 and PI15/00862 projects, integrated into the National R&D&I and funded by the ISCIII (General Branch Evaluation and Promotion of Health Research), and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF-FEDER). SML is funded by a National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Clinician Scientist Fellowship (grant number NIHR/CS/010/014). HJL reports grants from the NIHR, EU Innovative Medicines Initiative, Centre for Strategic & International Studies, and WHO. WM is Program analyst, Population and Development, in the Peru Country Office of the United Nations Population Fund, which does not necessarily endorse this study. For UOM, funding from the German National Cohort Consortium (O1ER1511D) is gratefully acknowledged. KR reports grants from NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, NIHR Career Development Fellowship, and Oxford Martin School during the conduct of the study. GR acknowledges that work related to this paper has been done on the behalf of the GBD Genitourinary Disease Expert Group supported by the International Society of Nephrology (ISN). ISS reports grants from FAPESP (Brazilian public agency). RSS receives institutional support from Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales, UDCA, Bogota Colombia. SS receives postdoctoral funding from the Fonds de la recherche en sante du Quebec (FRSQ), including its renewal. RTS was supported in part by grant number PROMETEOII/2015/021 from Generalitat Valenciana and the national grant PI14/00894 from ISCIII-FEDER. PY acknowledges support from Strategic Public Policy Research (HKU7003-SPPR-12).
Published: 2016

7. Healthcare Access and Quality Index based on mortality from causes amenable to personal health care in 195 countries and territories, 1990–2015: a novel analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Barber, RM, Fullman, N, Sorensen, RJD, Bollyky, T, McKee, M, Nolte, E, Abajobir, AA, Abate, KH, Abbafati, C, Abbas, KM, Abd-Allah, F, Abdulle, AM, Abdurahman, AA, Abera, SF, Abraham, B, Abreha, GF, Adane, K, Adelekan, AL, Adetifa, IMO, Afshin, A, Agarwal, A, Agarwal, SK, Agarwal, S, Agrawal, A, Kiadaliri, AA, Ahmadi, A, Ahmed, KY, Ahmed, MB, Akinyemi, RO, Akinyemiju, TF, Akseer, N, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, N, Alam, SS, Alemu, ZA, Alene, KA, Alexander, L, Ali, R, Ali, SD, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Alkerwi, A, Alla, F, Allebeck, P, Allen, C, Al-Raddadi, R, Alsharif, U, Altirkawi, KA, Martin, EA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, AT, Amini, E, Ammar, W, Amo-Adjei, J, Amoako, YA, Anderson, BO, Androudi, S, Ansari, H, Ansha, MG, Antonio, CAT, Ärnlöv, J, Artaman, A, Asayesh, H, Assadi, R, Astatkie, A, Atey, TM, Atique, S, Atnafu, NT, Atre, SR, Avila-Burgos, L, Avokpaho, EFGA, Quintanilla, BPA, Awasthi, A, Ayele, NN, Azzopardi, P, Saleem, HOB, Bärnighausen, T, Bacha, U, Badawi, A, Banerjee, A, Barac, A, Barboza, MA, Barker-Collo, SL, Barrero, LH, Basu, S, Baune, BT, Baye, K, Bayou, YT, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Béjot, Y, Bello, AK, Bennett, DA, Bensenor, IM, Berhane, A, Bernabé, E, Bernal, OA, Beyene, AS, Beyene, TJ, Bhutta, ZA, Biadgilign, S, Bikbov, B, Birlik, SM, Birungi, C, Biryukov, S, Bisanzio, D, Bizuayehu, HM, Bose, D, Brainin, M, Brauer, M, Brazinova, A, Breitborde, NJK, Brenner, H, Butt, ZA, Cárdenas, R, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Campos-Nonato, IR, Car, J, Carrero, JJ, Casey, D, Caso, V, Castañeda-Orjuela, CA, Rivas, JC, Catalá-López, F, Cecilio, P, Cercy, K, Charlson, FJ, Chen, AZ, Chew, A, Chibalabala, M, Chibueze, CE, Chisumpa, VH, Chitheer, AA, Chowdhury, R, Christensen, H, Christopher, DJ, Ciobanu, LG, Cirillo, M, Coggeshall, MS, Cooper, LT, Cortinovis, M, Crump, JA, Dalal, K, Danawi, H, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Dargan, PI, das Neves, J, Davey, G, Davitoiu, DV, Davletov, K, De Leo, D, Del Gobbo, LC, del Pozo-Cruz, B, Dellavalle, RP, Deribe, K, Deribew, A, Des Jarlais, DC, Dey, S, Dharmaratne, SD, Dicker, D, Ding, EL, Dokova, K, Dorsey, ER, Doyle, KE, Dubey, M, Ehrenkranz, R, Ellingsen, CL, Elyazar, I, Enayati, A, Ermakov, SP, Eshrati, B, Esteghamati, A, Estep, K, Fürst, T, Faghmous, IDA, Fanuel, FBB, Faraon, EJA, Farid, TA, Farinha, CSES, Faro, A, Farvid, MS, Farzadfar, F, Feigin, VL, Feigl, AB, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fernandes, JG, Fernandes, JC, Feyissa, TR, Fischer, F, Fitzmaurice, C, Fleming, TD, Foigt, N, Foreman, KJ, Forouzanfar, MH, Franklin, RC, Frostad, J, G/hiwot, TT, Gakidou, E, Gambashidze, K, Gamkrelidze, A, Gao, W, Garcia-Basteiro, AL, Gebre, T, Gebremedhin, AT, Gebremichael, MW, Gebru, AA, Gelaye, AA, Geleijnse, JM, Genova-Maleras, R, Gibney, KB, Giref, AZ, Gishu, MD, Giussani, G, Godwin, WW, Gold, A, Goldberg, EM, Gona, PN, Goodridge, A, Gopalani, SV, Goto, A, Graetz, N, Greaves, F, Griswold, M, Guban, PI, Gugnani, HC, Gupta, PC, Gupta, R, Gupta, T, Gupta, V, Habtewold, TD, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Haile, D, Hailu, AD, Hailu, GB, Hakuzimana, A, Hamadeh, RR, Hambisa, MT ; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3193-8053, Hamidi, S, Hammami, M, Hankey, GJ, Hao, Y, Harb, HL, Hareri, HA, Haro, JM, Hassanvand, MS, Havmoeller, R, Hay, RJ, Hay, SI, Hendrie, D, Heredia-Pi, IB, Hoek, HW, Horino, M, Horita, N, Hosgood, HD, Htet, AS, Hu, G, Huang, H, Huang, JJ, Huntley, BM, Huynh, C, Iburg, KM, Ileanu, BV, Innos, K, Irenso, AA, Jahanmehr, N, Jakovljevic, MB, James, P, James, SL, Javanbakht, M, Jayaraman, SP, Jayatilleke, AU, Jeemon, P, Jha, V ; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8015-9470, John, D, Johnson, C, Johnson, SC, Jonas, JB, Juel, K, Kabir, Z, Kalkonde, Y, Kamal, R, Kan, H, Karch, A, Karema, CK, Karimi, SM, Kasaeian, A, Kassebaum, NJ, Kastor, A, Katikireddi, SV, Kazanjan, K, Keiyoro, PN, Kemmer, L, Kemp, AH, Kengne, AP, Kerbo, AA, Kereselidze, M, Kesavachandran, CN, Khader, YS, Khalil, I, Khan, AR, Khan, EA, Khan, G, Khang, Y-H, Khoja, ATA, Khonelidze, I, Khubchandani, J, Kibret, GD, Kim, D, Kim, P, Kim, YJ, Kimokoti, RW, Kinfu, Y, Kissoon, N, Kivipelto, M, Kokubo, Y, Kolk, A, Kolte, D, Kopec, JA, Kosen, S, Koul, PA, Koyanagi, A, Kravchenko, M, Krishnaswami, S, Krohn, KJ, Defo, BK, Bicer, BK, Kuipers, EJ, Kulkarni, VS, Kumar, GA, Kumsa, FA, Kutz, M, Kyu, HH, Lager, ACJ, Lal, A, Lal, DK, Lalloo, R, Lallukka, T, Lan, Q, Langan, SM, Lansingh, VC, Larson, HJ, Larsson, A, Laryea, DO, Latif, AA, Lawrynowicz, AEB, Leasher, JL, Leigh, J, Leinsalu, M, Leshargie, CT, Leung, J ; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5816-2959, Leung, R, Levi, M, Liang, X, Lim, SS, Lind, M, Linn, S, Lipshultz, SE, Liu, P, Liu, Y, Lo, L-T, Logroscino, G, Lopez, AD, Lorch, SA, Lotufo, PA, Lozano, R, Lunevicius, R, Lyons, RA, Macarayan, ERK, Mackay, MT, El Razek, HMA, El Razek, MMA, Mahdavi, M, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Malta, DC, Mantovani, LG, Manyazewal, T, Mapoma, CC, Marcenes, W, Marks, GB ; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8976-8053, Marquez, N, Martinez-Raga, J, Marzan, MB, Massano, J, Mathur, MR, Maulik, PK ; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6835-6175, Mazidi, M, McAlinden, C, McGrath, JJ, McNellan, C, Meaney, PA, Mehari, A, Mehndiratta, MM, Meier, T, Mekonnen, AB, Meles, KG, Memish, ZA, Mengesha, MM, Mengiste, DT, Mengistie, MA, Menota, BG, Mensah, GA, Mereta, ST, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, TJ, Mezgebe, HB, Micha, R, Millear, A, Mills, EJ, Minnig, S, Mirarefin, M, Mirrakhimov, EM, Mock, CN, Mohammad, KA, Mohammed, S, Mohanty, SK, Mokdad, AH, Mola, GLD, Molokhia, M, Monasta, L, Montico, M, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Moraga, P, Morawska, L, Mori, R, Moses, M, Mueller, UO, Murthy, S, Musa, KI, Nachega, JB, Nagata, C, Nagel, G, Naghavi, M, Naheed, A, Naldi, L, Nangia, V, Nascimento, BR, Negoi, I, Neupane, SP, Newton, CR, Ng, M, Ngalesoni, FN, Ngunjiri, JW, Nguyen, G, Ningrum, DNA, Nolte, S, Nomura, M, Norheim, OF, Norrving, B, Noubiap, JJN, Obermeyer, CM, Ogbo, FA, Oh, I-H, Okoro, A, Oladimeji, O, Olagunju, AT, Olivares, PR, Olsen, HE, Olusanya, BO, Olusanya, JO, Opio, JN, Oren, E, Ortiz, A, Osborne, RH, Osman, M, Owolabi, MO, PA, M, Pain, AW, Pakhale, S, Castillo, EP, Pana, A, Papachristou, C, Parsaeian, M, Patel, T, Patton, GC, Paudel, D, Paul, VK, Pearce, N, Pereira, DM, Perez-Padilla, R, Perez-Ruiz, F, Perico, N, Pesudovs, K ; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6322-9369, Petzold, M, Phillips, MR, Pigott, DM, Pillay, JD, Pinho, C, Polinder, S, Pond, CD, Prakash, V, Purwar, M, Qorbani, M, Quistberg, DA, Radfar, A, Rafay, A, Rahimi, K, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, M, Rahman, MHU, Rai, RK, Ram, U, Rana, SM, Rankin, Z, Rao, PV, Rao, PC, Rawaf, S, Rego, MAS, Reitsma, M, Remuzzi, G, Renzaho, AMNN, Resnikoff, S ; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5866-4446, Rezaei, S, Rezai, MS, Ribeiro, AL, Roba, HS, Rokni, MB, Ronfani, L, Roshandel, G, Roth, GA, Rothenbacher, D, Roy, NK, Sachdev, PS ; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9595-3220, Sackey, BB, Saeedi, MY, Safiri, S, Sagar, R, Sahraian, MA, Saleh, MM, Salomon, JA, Samy, AM, Sanabria, JR, Sanchez-Niño, MD, Sandar, L, Santos, IS, Santos, JV, Milicevic, MMS, Sarmiento-Suarez, R, Sartorius, B, Satpathy, M, Savic, M, Sawhney, M, Saylan, MI, Schöttker, B, Schutte, AE ; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9217-4937, Schwebel, DC, Seedat, S, Seid, AM, Seifu, CN, Sepanlou, SG, Serdar, B, Servan-Mori, EE, Setegn, T, Shackelford, KA, Shaheen, A, Shahraz, S, Shaikh, MA, Shakh-Nazarova, M, Shamsipour, M, Islam, SMS, Sharma, J, Sharma, R, She, J, Sheikhbahaei, S, Shen, J, Shi, P, Shigematsu, M, Shin, M-J, Shiri, R, Shoman, H, Shrime, MG, Sibamo, ELS, Sigfusdottir, ID, Silva, DAS, Silveira, DGA, Sindi, S, Singh, A, Singh, JA, Singh, OP, Singh, PK, Singh, V, Sinke, AH, Sinshaw, AE, Skirbekk, V, Sliwa, K, Smith, A, Sobngwi, E, Soneji, S, Soriano, JB, Sousa, TCM, Sposato, LA, Sreeramareddy, CT, Stathopoulou, V, Steel, N, Steiner, C, Steinke, S, Stokes, MA, Stranges, S, Strong, M, Stroumpoulis, K, Sturua, L, Sufiyan, MB, Suliankatchi, RA, Sun, J, Sur, P, Swaminathan, S, Sykes, BL, Tabarés-Seisdedos, R, Tabb, KM, Taffere, GR, Talongwa, RT, Tarajia, M, Tavakkoli, M, Taveira, N, Teeple, S, Tegegne, TK, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Tekelab, T, Tekle, DY, Shifa, GT, Terkawi, AS, Tesema, AG ; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0618-4499, Thakur, JS, Thomson, AJ, Tillmann, T, Tiruye, TY, Tobe-Gai, R, Tonelli, M, Topor-Madry, R, Tortajada, M, Troeger, C, Truelsen, T, Tura, AK, Uchendu, US, Ukwaja, KN, Undurraga, EA, Uneke, CJ, Uthman, OA, van Boven, JFM, Van Dingenen, R, Varughese, S, Vasankari, T, Venketasubramanian, N, Violante, FS, Vladimirov, SK, Vlassov, VV, Vollset, SE, Vos, T, Wagner, JA, Wakayo, T, Waller, SG, Walson, JL, Wang, H, Wang, Y-P, Watkins, DA, Weiderpass, E, Weintraub, RG, Wen, C-P, Werdecker, A, Wesana, J, Westerman, R, Whiteford, HA, Wilkinson, JD, Wiysonge, CS, Woldeyes, BG, Wolfe, CDA, Won, S, Workicho, A, Workie, SB, Wubshet, M, Xavier, D, Xu, G, Yadav, AK, Yaghoubi, M, Yakob, B, Yan, LL, Yano, Y, Yaseri, M, Yimam, HH, Yip, P, Yonemoto, N, Yoon, S-J, Younis, MZ, Yu, C, Zaidi, Z, El Sayed Zaki, M, Zambrana-Torrelio, C, Zapata, T, Zenebe, ZM, Zodpey, S, Zoeckler, L, Zuhlke, LJ, Murray, CJL, Barber, RM, Fullman, N, Sorensen, RJD, Bollyky, T, McKee, M, Nolte, E, Abajobir, AA, Abate, KH, Abbafati, C, Abbas, KM, Abd-Allah, F, Abdulle, AM, Abdurahman, AA, Abera, SF, Abraham, B, Abreha, GF, Adane, K, Adelekan, AL, Adetifa, IMO, Afshin, A, Agarwal, A, Agarwal, SK, Agarwal, S, Agrawal, A, Kiadaliri, AA, Ahmadi, A, Ahmed, KY, Ahmed, MB, Akinyemi, RO, Akinyemiju, TF, Akseer, N, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, N, Alam, SS, Alemu, ZA, Alene, KA, Alexander, L, Ali, R, Ali, SD, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Alkerwi, A, Alla, F, Allebeck, P, Allen, C, Al-Raddadi, R, Alsharif, U, Altirkawi, KA, Martin, EA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, AT, Amini, E, Ammar, W, Amo-Adjei, J, Amoako, YA, Anderson, BO, Androudi, S, Ansari, H, Ansha, MG, Antonio, CAT, Ärnlöv, J, Artaman, A, Asayesh, H, Assadi, R, Astatkie, A, Atey, TM, Atique, S, Atnafu, NT, Atre, SR, Avila-Burgos, L, Avokpaho, EFGA, Quintanilla, BPA, Awasthi, A, Ayele, NN, Azzopardi, P, Saleem, HOB, Bärnighausen, T, Bacha, U, Badawi, A, Banerjee, A, Barac, A, Barboza, MA, Barker-Collo, SL, Barrero, LH, Basu, S, Baune, BT, Baye, K, Bayou, YT, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Béjot, Y, Bello, AK, Bennett, DA, Bensenor, IM, Berhane, A, Bernabé, E, Bernal, OA, Beyene, AS, Beyene, TJ, Bhutta, ZA, Biadgilign, S, Bikbov, B, Birlik, SM, Birungi, C, Biryukov, S, Bisanzio, D, Bizuayehu, HM, Bose, D, Brainin, M, Brauer, M, Brazinova, A, Breitborde, NJK, Brenner, H, Butt, ZA, Cárdenas, R, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Campos-Nonato, IR, Car, J, Carrero, JJ, Casey, D, Caso, V, Castañeda-Orjuela, CA, Rivas, JC, Catalá-López, F, Cecilio, P, Cercy, K, Charlson, FJ, Chen, AZ, Chew, A, Chibalabala, M, Chibueze, CE, Chisumpa, VH, Chitheer, AA, Chowdhury, R, Christensen, H, Christopher, DJ, Ciobanu, LG, Cirillo, M, Coggeshall, MS, Cooper, LT, Cortinovis, M, Crump, JA, Dalal, K, Danawi, H, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Dargan, PI, das Neves, J, Davey, G, Davitoiu, DV, Davletov, K, De Leo, D, Del Gobbo, LC, del Pozo-Cruz, B, Dellavalle, RP, Deribe, K, Deribew, A, Des Jarlais, DC, Dey, S, Dharmaratne, SD, Dicker, D, Ding, EL, Dokova, K, Dorsey, ER, Doyle, KE, Dubey, M, Ehrenkranz, R, Ellingsen, CL, Elyazar, I, Enayati, A, Ermakov, SP, Eshrati, B, Esteghamati, A, Estep, K, Fürst, T, Faghmous, IDA, Fanuel, FBB, Faraon, EJA, Farid, TA, Farinha, CSES, Faro, A, Farvid, MS, Farzadfar, F, Feigin, VL, Feigl, AB, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fernandes, JG, Fernandes, JC, Feyissa, TR, Fischer, F, Fitzmaurice, C, Fleming, TD, Foigt, N, Foreman, KJ, Forouzanfar, MH, Franklin, RC, Frostad, J, G/hiwot, TT, Gakidou, E, Gambashidze, K, Gamkrelidze, A, Gao, W, Garcia-Basteiro, AL, Gebre, T, Gebremedhin, AT, Gebremichael, MW, Gebru, AA, Gelaye, AA, Geleijnse, JM, Genova-Maleras, R, Gibney, KB, Giref, AZ, Gishu, MD, Giussani, G, Godwin, WW, Gold, A, Goldberg, EM, Gona, PN, Goodridge, A, Gopalani, SV, Goto, A, Graetz, N, Greaves, F, Griswold, M, Guban, PI, Gugnani, HC, Gupta, PC, Gupta, R, Gupta, T, Gupta, V, Habtewold, TD, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Haile, D, Hailu, AD, Hailu, GB, Hakuzimana, A, Hamadeh, RR, Hambisa, MT ; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3193-8053, Hamidi, S, Hammami, M, Hankey, GJ, Hao, Y, Harb, HL, Hareri, HA, Haro, JM, Hassanvand, MS, Havmoeller, R, Hay, RJ, Hay, SI, Hendrie, D, Heredia-Pi, IB, Hoek, HW, Horino, M, Horita, N, Hosgood, HD, Htet, AS, Hu, G, Huang, H, Huang, JJ, Huntley, BM, Huynh, C, Iburg, KM, Ileanu, BV, Innos, K, Irenso, AA, Jahanmehr, N, Jakovljevic, MB, James, P, James, SL, Javanbakht, M, Jayaraman, SP, Jayatilleke, AU, Jeemon, P, Jha, V ; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8015-9470, John, D, Johnson, C, Johnson, SC, Jonas, JB, Juel, K, Kabir, Z, Kalkonde, Y, Kamal, R, Kan, H, Karch, A, Karema, CK, Karimi, SM, Kasaeian, A, Kassebaum, NJ, Kastor, A, Katikireddi, SV, Kazanjan, K, Keiyoro, PN, Kemmer, L, Kemp, AH, Kengne, AP, Kerbo, AA, Kereselidze, M, Kesavachandran, CN, Khader, YS, Khalil, I, Khan, AR, Khan, EA, Khan, G, Khang, Y-H, Khoja, ATA, Khonelidze, I, Khubchandani, J, Kibret, GD, Kim, D, Kim, P, Kim, YJ, Kimokoti, RW, Kinfu, Y, Kissoon, N, Kivipelto, M, Kokubo, Y, Kolk, A, Kolte, D, Kopec, JA, Kosen, S, Koul, PA, Koyanagi, A, Kravchenko, M, Krishnaswami, S, Krohn, KJ, Defo, BK, Bicer, BK, Kuipers, EJ, Kulkarni, VS, Kumar, GA, Kumsa, FA, Kutz, M, Kyu, HH, Lager, ACJ, Lal, A, Lal, DK, Lalloo, R, Lallukka, T, Lan, Q, Langan, SM, Lansingh, VC, Larson, HJ, Larsson, A, Laryea, DO, Latif, AA, Lawrynowicz, AEB, Leasher, JL, Leigh, J, Leinsalu, M, Leshargie, CT, Leung, J ; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5816-2959, Leung, R, Levi, M, Liang, X, Lim, SS, Lind, M, Linn, S, Lipshultz, SE, Liu, P, Liu, Y, Lo, L-T, Logroscino, G, Lopez, AD, Lorch, SA, Lotufo, PA, Lozano, R, Lunevicius, R, Lyons, RA, Macarayan, ERK, Mackay, MT, El Razek, HMA, El Razek, MMA, Mahdavi, M, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Malta, DC, Mantovani, LG, Manyazewal, T, Mapoma, CC, Marcenes, W, Marks, GB ; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8976-8053, Marquez, N, Martinez-Raga, J, Marzan, MB, Massano, J, Mathur, MR, Maulik, PK ; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6835-6175, Mazidi, M, McAlinden, C, McGrath, JJ, McNellan, C, Meaney, PA, Mehari, A, Mehndiratta, MM, Meier, T, Mekonnen, AB, Meles, KG, Memish, ZA, Mengesha, MM, Mengiste, DT, Mengistie, MA, Menota, BG, Mensah, GA, Mereta, ST, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, TJ, Mezgebe, HB, Micha, R, Millear, A, Mills, EJ, Minnig, S, Mirarefin, M, Mirrakhimov, EM, Mock, CN, Mohammad, KA, Mohammed, S, Mohanty, SK, Mokdad, AH, Mola, GLD, Molokhia, M, Monasta, L, Montico, M, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Moraga, P, Morawska, L, Mori, R, Moses, M, Mueller, UO, Murthy, S, Musa, KI, Nachega, JB, Nagata, C, Nagel, G, Naghavi, M, Naheed, A, Naldi, L, Nangia, V, Nascimento, BR, Negoi, I, Neupane, SP, Newton, CR, Ng, M, Ngalesoni, FN, Ngunjiri, JW, Nguyen, G, Ningrum, DNA, Nolte, S, Nomura, M, Norheim, OF, Norrving, B, Noubiap, JJN, Obermeyer, CM, Ogbo, FA, Oh, I-H, Okoro, A, Oladimeji, O, Olagunju, AT, Olivares, PR, Olsen, HE, Olusanya, BO, Olusanya, JO, Opio, JN, Oren, E, Ortiz, A, Osborne, RH, Osman, M, Owolabi, MO, PA, M, Pain, AW, Pakhale, S, Castillo, EP, Pana, A, Papachristou, C, Parsaeian, M, Patel, T, Patton, GC, Paudel, D, Paul, VK, Pearce, N, Pereira, DM, Perez-Padilla, R, Perez-Ruiz, F, Perico, N, Pesudovs, K ; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6322-9369, Petzold, M, Phillips, MR, Pigott, DM, Pillay, JD, Pinho, C, Polinder, S, Pond, CD, Prakash, V, Purwar, M, Qorbani, M, Quistberg, DA, Radfar, A, Rafay, A, Rahimi, K, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, M, Rahman, MHU, Rai, RK, Ram, U, Rana, SM, Rankin, Z, Rao, PV, Rao, PC, Rawaf, S, Rego, MAS, Reitsma, M, Remuzzi, G, Renzaho, AMNN, Resnikoff, S ; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5866-4446, Rezaei, S, Rezai, MS, Ribeiro, AL, Roba, HS, Rokni, MB, Ronfani, L, Roshandel, G, Roth, GA, Rothenbacher, D, Roy, NK, Sachdev, PS ; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9595-3220, Sackey, BB, Saeedi, MY, Safiri, S, Sagar, R, Sahraian, MA, Saleh, MM, Salomon, JA, Samy, AM, Sanabria, JR, Sanchez-Niño, MD, Sandar, L, Santos, IS, Santos, JV, Milicevic, MMS, Sarmiento-Suarez, R, Sartorius, B, Satpathy, M, Savic, M, Sawhney, M, Saylan, MI, Schöttker, B, Schutte, AE ; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9217-4937, Schwebel, DC, Seedat, S, Seid, AM, Seifu, CN, Sepanlou, SG, Serdar, B, Servan-Mori, EE, Setegn, T, Shackelford, KA, Shaheen, A, Shahraz, S, Shaikh, MA, Shakh-Nazarova, M, Shamsipour, M, Islam, SMS, Sharma, J, Sharma, R, She, J, Sheikhbahaei, S, Shen, J, Shi, P, Shigematsu, M, Shin, M-J, Shiri, R, Shoman, H, Shrime, MG, Sibamo, ELS, Sigfusdottir, ID, Silva, DAS, Silveira, DGA, Sindi, S, Singh, A, Singh, JA, Singh, OP, Singh, PK, Singh, V, Sinke, AH, Sinshaw, AE, Skirbekk, V, Sliwa, K, Smith, A, Sobngwi, E, Soneji, S, Soriano, JB, Sousa, TCM, Sposato, LA, Sreeramareddy, CT, Stathopoulou, V, Steel, N, Steiner, C, Steinke, S, Stokes, MA, Stranges, S, Strong, M, Stroumpoulis, K, Sturua, L, Sufiyan, MB, Suliankatchi, RA, Sun, J, Sur, P, Swaminathan, S, Sykes, BL, Tabarés-Seisdedos, R, Tabb, KM, Taffere, GR, Talongwa, RT, Tarajia, M, Tavakkoli, M, Taveira, N, Teeple, S, Tegegne, TK, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Tekelab, T, Tekle, DY, Shifa, GT, Terkawi, AS, Tesema, AG ; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0618-4499, Thakur, JS, Thomson, AJ, Tillmann, T, Tiruye, TY, Tobe-Gai, R, Tonelli, M, Topor-Madry, R, Tortajada, M, Troeger, C, Truelsen, T, Tura, AK, Uchendu, US, Ukwaja, KN, Undurraga, EA, Uneke, CJ, Uthman, OA, van Boven, JFM, Van Dingenen, R, Varughese, S, Vasankari, T, Venketasubramanian, N, Violante, FS, Vladimirov, SK, Vlassov, VV, Vollset, SE, Vos, T, Wagner, JA, Wakayo, T, Waller, SG, Walson, JL, Wang, H, Wang, Y-P, Watkins, DA, Weiderpass, E, Weintraub, RG, Wen, C-P, Werdecker, A, Wesana, J, Westerman, R, Whiteford, HA, Wilkinson, JD, Wiysonge, CS, Woldeyes, BG, Wolfe, CDA, Won, S, Workicho, A, Workie, SB, Wubshet, M, Xavier, D, Xu, G, Yadav, AK, Yaghoubi, M, Yakob, B, Yan, LL, Yano, Y, Yaseri, M, Yimam, HH, Yip, P, Yonemoto, N, Yoon, S-J, Younis, MZ, Yu, C, Zaidi, Z, El Sayed Zaki, M, Zambrana-Torrelio, C, Zapata, T, Zenebe, ZM, Zodpey, S, Zoeckler, L, Zuhlke, LJ, and Murray, CJL
Abstract: Background National levels of personal health-care access and quality can be approximated by measuring mortality rates from causes that should not be fatal in the presence of effective medical care (ie, amenable mortality). Previous analyses of mortality amenable to health care only focused on high-income countries and faced several methodological challenges. In the present analysis, we use the highly standardised cause of death and risk factor estimates generated through the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) to improve and expand the quantification of personal health-care access and quality for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. Methods We mapped the most widely used list of causes amenable to personal health care developed by Nolte and McKee to 32 GBD causes. We accounted for variations in cause of death certification and misclassifications through the extensive data standardisation processes and redistribution algorithms developed for GBD. To isolate the effects of personal health-care access and quality, we risk-standardised cause-specific mortality rates for each geography-year by removing the joint effects of local environmental and behavioural risks, and adding back the global levels of risk exposure as estimated for GBD 2015. We employed principal component analysis to create a single, interpretable summary measure-the Healthcare Quality and Access (HAQ) Index-on a scale of 0 to 100. The HAQ Index showed strong convergence validity as compared with other health-system indicators, including health expenditure per capita (r=0·88), an index of 11 universal health coverage interventions (r=0·83), and human resources for health per 1000 (r=0·77). We used free disposal hull analysis with bootstrapping to produce a frontier based on the relationship between the HAQ Index and the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a measure of overall development consisting of income per capita, average years of education, and total fertilit
Published: 2017

8. Child and adolescent health from 1990 to 2015: findings from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2015 study

Author: Kassebaum, N, Kyu, HH, Zoeckler, L, Olsen, HE, Thomas, K, Pinho, C, Bhutta, ZA, Dandona, L, Ferrari, A, Ghiwot, TT, Hay, SI, Kinfu, Y, Liang, X, Lopez, A, Malta, DC, Mokdad, AH, Naghavi, M, Patton, GC, Salomon, J, Sartorius, B, Topor-Madry, R, Vollset, SE, Werdecker, A, Whiteford, HA, Abate, KH, Abbas, K, Damtew, SA, Ahmed, MB, Akseer, N, Al-Raddadi, R, Alemayohu, MA, Altirkawi, K, Abajobir, AA, Amare, AT, Antonio, CAT, Arnlov, J, Artaman, A, Asayesh, H, Avokpaho, EFGA, Awasthi, A, Quintanilla, BPA, Bacha, U, Betsu, BD, Barac, A, Barnighausen, TW, Baye, E, Bedi, N, Bensenor, IM, Berhane, A, Bernabe, E, Bernal, OA, Beyene, AS, Biadgilign, S, Bikbov, B, Boyce, CA, Brazinova, A, Hailu, GB, Carter, A, Castaneda-Orjuela, CA, Catala-Lopez, F, Charlson, FJ, Chitheer, AA, Choi, JYJ, Ciobanu, LG, Crump, J, Dandona, R, Dellavalle, RP, Deribew, A, DeVeber, G, Dicker, D, Ding, EL, Dubey, M, Endries, AY, Erskine, HE, Faraon, EJA, Faro, A, Farzadfar, F, Fernandes, JC, Fijabi, DO, Fitzmaurice, C, Fleming, TD, Flor, LS, Foreman, KJ, Franklin, RC, Fraser, MS, Frostad, JJ, Fullman, N, Gebregergs, GB, Gebru, AA, Geleijnse, JM, Gibney, KB, Yihdego, MG, Ginawi, IAM, Gishu, MD, Gizachew, TA, Glaser, E, Gold, AL, Goldberg, E, Gona, P, Goto, A, Tesfay, Fisaha, Kassebaum, N, Kyu, HH, Zoeckler, L, Olsen, HE, Thomas, K, Pinho, C, Bhutta, ZA, Dandona, L, Ferrari, A, Ghiwot, TT, Hay, SI, Kinfu, Y, Liang, X, Lopez, A, Malta, DC, Mokdad, AH, Naghavi, M, Patton, GC, Salomon, J, Sartorius, B, Topor-Madry, R, Vollset, SE, Werdecker, A, Whiteford, HA, Abate, KH, Abbas, K, Damtew, SA, Ahmed, MB, Akseer, N, Al-Raddadi, R, Alemayohu, MA, Altirkawi, K, Abajobir, AA, Amare, AT, Antonio, CAT, Arnlov, J, Artaman, A, Asayesh, H, Avokpaho, EFGA, Awasthi, A, Quintanilla, BPA, Bacha, U, Betsu, BD, Barac, A, Barnighausen, TW, Baye, E, Bedi, N, Bensenor, IM, Berhane, A, Bernabe, E, Bernal, OA, Beyene, AS, Biadgilign, S, Bikbov, B, Boyce, CA, Brazinova, A, Hailu, GB, Carter, A, Castaneda-Orjuela, CA, Catala-Lopez, F, Charlson, FJ, Chitheer, AA, Choi, JYJ, Ciobanu, LG, Crump, J, Dandona, R, Dellavalle, RP, Deribew, A, DeVeber, G, Dicker, D, Ding, EL, Dubey, M, Endries, AY, Erskine, HE, Faraon, EJA, Faro, A, Farzadfar, F, Fernandes, JC, Fijabi, DO, Fitzmaurice, C, Fleming, TD, Flor, LS, Foreman, KJ, Franklin, RC, Fraser, MS, Frostad, JJ, Fullman, N, Gebregergs, GB, Gebru, AA, Geleijnse, JM, Gibney, KB, Yihdego, MG, Ginawi, IAM, Gishu, MD, Gizachew, TA, Glaser, E, Gold, AL, Goldberg, E, Gona, P, Goto, A, and Tesfay, Fisaha
Published: 2017

9. Health in times of uncertainty in the eastern Mediterranean region, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

Author: Mokdad, AH, Forouzanfar, MH, Daoud, F, El Bcheraoui, C, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Khalil, I, Afshin, A, Tuffaha, M, Charara, R, Barber, RM, Wagner, J, Cercy, K, Kravitz, H, Coates, MM, Robinson, M, Estep, K, Steiner, C, Jaber, S, Mokdad, AA, O'Rourke, KF, Chew, A, Kim, P, El Razek, MMA, Abdalla, S, Abd-Allah, F, Abraham, JP, Abu-Raddad, LJ, Abu-Rmeileh, NME, Al-Nehmi, AA, Akanda, AS, Al Ahmadi, H, Al Khabouri, MJ, Al Lami, FH, Al Rayess, ZA, Alasfoor, D, AlBuhairan, FS, Aldhahri, SF, Alghnam, S, Alhabib, S, Al-Hamad, N, Ali, R, Ali, SD, Alkhateeb, M, AlMazroa, MA, Alomari, MA, Al-Raddadi, R, Alsharif, U, Al-Sheyab, N, Alsowaidi, S, Al-Thani, M, Altirkawi, KA, Amare, AT, Amini, H, Ammar, W, Anwari, P, Asayesh, H, Asghar, R, Assabri, AM, Assadi, R, Bacha, U, Badawi, A, Bakfalouni, T, Basulaiman, MO, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Bedi, N, Bhakta, AR, Bhutta, ZA, Bin Abdulhak, AA, Boufous, S ; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5686-1729, Bourne, RRA, Danawi, H, Das, J, Deribew, A, Ding, EL, Durrani, AM, Elshrek, Y, Ibrahim, ME, Eshrati, B, Esteghamati, A, Faghmous, IAD, Farzadfar, F, Feigl, AB, Fereshtehnejad, SM, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Gankpé, FG, Ginawi, I, Gishu, MD, Gupta, R, Habash, RM, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hamadeh, RR, Hamdouni, H, Hamidi, S, Harb, HL, Hassanvand, MS, Hedayati, MT, Heydarpour, P, Hsairi, M, Husseini, A, Resnikoff, Serge ; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5866-4446, Jha, Vivekanand ; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8015-9470, Mokdad, AH, Forouzanfar, MH, Daoud, F, El Bcheraoui, C, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Khalil, I, Afshin, A, Tuffaha, M, Charara, R, Barber, RM, Wagner, J, Cercy, K, Kravitz, H, Coates, MM, Robinson, M, Estep, K, Steiner, C, Jaber, S, Mokdad, AA, O'Rourke, KF, Chew, A, Kim, P, El Razek, MMA, Abdalla, S, Abd-Allah, F, Abraham, JP, Abu-Raddad, LJ, Abu-Rmeileh, NME, Al-Nehmi, AA, Akanda, AS, Al Ahmadi, H, Al Khabouri, MJ, Al Lami, FH, Al Rayess, ZA, Alasfoor, D, AlBuhairan, FS, Aldhahri, SF, Alghnam, S, Alhabib, S, Al-Hamad, N, Ali, R, Ali, SD, Alkhateeb, M, AlMazroa, MA, Alomari, MA, Al-Raddadi, R, Alsharif, U, Al-Sheyab, N, Alsowaidi, S, Al-Thani, M, Altirkawi, KA, Amare, AT, Amini, H, Ammar, W, Anwari, P, Asayesh, H, Asghar, R, Assabri, AM, Assadi, R, Bacha, U, Badawi, A, Bakfalouni, T, Basulaiman, MO, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Bedi, N, Bhakta, AR, Bhutta, ZA, Bin Abdulhak, AA, Boufous, S ; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5686-1729, Bourne, RRA, Danawi, H, Das, J, Deribew, A, Ding, EL, Durrani, AM, Elshrek, Y, Ibrahim, ME, Eshrati, B, Esteghamati, A, Faghmous, IAD, Farzadfar, F, Feigl, AB, Fereshtehnejad, SM, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Gankpé, FG, Ginawi, I, Gishu, MD, Gupta, R, Habash, RM, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hamadeh, RR, Hamdouni, H, Hamidi, S, Harb, HL, Hassanvand, MS, Hedayati, MT, Heydarpour, P, Hsairi, M, Husseini, A, Resnikoff, Serge ; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5866-4446, and Jha, Vivekanand ; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8015-9470
Abstract: Background The eastern Mediterranean region is comprised of 22 countries: Afghanistan, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. Since our Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 (GBD 2010), the region has faced unrest as a result of revolutions, wars, and the so-called Arab uprisings. The objective of this study was to present the burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors in the eastern Mediterranean region as of 2013. Methods GBD 2013 includes an annual assessment covering 188 countries from 1990 to 2013. The study covers 306 diseases and injuries, 1233 sequelae, and 79 risk factors. Our GBD 2013 analyses included the addition of new data through updated systematic reviews and through the contribution of unpublished data sources from collaborators, an updated version of modelling software, and several improvements in our methods. In this systematic analysis, we use data from GBD 2013 to analyse the burden of disease and injuries in the eastern Mediterranean region specifically. Findings The leading cause of death in the region in 2013 was ischaemic heart disease (90·3 deaths per 100 000 people), which increased by 17·2% since 1990. However, diarrhoeal diseases were the leading cause of death in Somalia (186·7 deaths per 100 000 people) in 2013, which decreased by 26·9% since 1990. The leading cause of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) was ischaemic heart disease for males and lower respiratory infection for females. High blood pressure was the leading risk factor for DALYs in 2013, with an increase of 83·3% since 1990. Risk factors for DALYs varied by country. In low-income countries, childhood wasting was the leading cause of DALYs in Afghanistan, Somalia, and Yemen, whereas unsafe sex was the leading cause in Djibouti. Non-communicable risk factors were the leading cause of DALYs in high-income and middle
Published: 2016

10. Estimates of global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and mortality of HIV, 1980-2015: the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Wang, H, Wolock, TM, Carter, A, Nguyen, G, Kyu, HH, Gakidou, E, Hay, SI, Mills, EJ, Trickey, A, Msemburi, W, Coates, MM, Mooney, MD, Fraser, MS, Sligar, A, Salomon, J, Larson, HJ, Friedman, J, Abajobir, AA, Abate, KH, Abbas, KM, Abd El Razek, MM, Abd-Allah, F, Abdulle, AM, Abera, SF, Abubakar, I, Abu-Raddad, LJ, Abu-Rmeileh, NME, Abyu, GY, Adebiyi, AO, Adedeji, IA, Adelekan, AL, Adofo, K, Adou, AK, Ajala, ON, Akinyemiju, TF, Akseer, N, Al Lami, FH, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, NKM, Alasfoor, D, Aldhahri, SFS, Aldridge, RW, Alegretti, MA, Aleman, AV, Alemu, ZA, Alfonso-Cristancho, R, Ali, R, Alkerwi, A, Alla, F, Al-Raddadi, RMS, Alsharif, U, Alvarez, E, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, AT, Amberbir, A, Amegah, AK, Ammar, W, Amrock, SM, Antonio, CAT, Anwari, P, Arnlov, J, Al, A, Asayesh, H, Asghar, RJ, Assadi, R, Atique, S, Atkins, LS, Avokpaho, EFGA, Awasthi, A, Quintanilla, BPA, Bacha, U, Badawi, A, Barac, A, Barnighausen, T, Basu, A, Bayou, TA, Bayou, YT, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Beardsley, J, Bedi, N, Bennett, DA, Bensenor, IM, Betsu, BD, Beyene, AS, Bhatia, E, Bhutta, ZA, Biadgilign, S, Bikbov, B, Birlik, SM, Bisanzio, D, Brainin, M, Brazinova, A, Breitborde, NJK, Brown, A, Burch, M, Butt, ZA, Campuzano, JC, Cardenas, R, Carrero, JJ, Castaneda-Orjuela, CA, Rivas, JC, Catala-Lopez, F, Chang, H-Y, Chang, J-C, Chavan, L, Chen, W, Chiang, PP-C, Chibalabala, M, Chisumpa, VH, Choi, J-YJ, Christopher, DJ, Ciobanu, LG, Cooper, C, Dahiru, T, Damtew, SA, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, das Neves, J, de Jager, P, De Leo, D, Degenhardt, L, Dellavalle, RP, Deribe, K, Deribew, A, Jarlais, DCD, Dharmaratne, SD, Ding, EL, Doshi, PP, Driscoll, TR, Dubey, M, Elshrek, YM, Elyazar, I, Endries, AY, Ermakov, SP, Eshrati, B, Esteghamati, A, Faghmous, IDA, Sofia e Sa Farinha, C, Faro, A, Farvid, MS, Farzadfar, F, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fernandes, JC, Fischer, F, Fitchett, JRA, Foigt, N, Fullman, N, Furst, T, Gankpe, FG, Gebre, T, Gebremedhin, AT, Gebru, AA, Geleijnse, JM, Gessner, BD, Gething, PW, Ghiwot, TT, Giroud, M, Gishu, MD, Glaser, E, Goenka, S, Goodridge, A, Gopalani, SV, Goto, A, Gugnani, HC, Guimaraes, MDC, Gupta, R, Gupta, V, Haagsma, J, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hagan, H, Hailu, GB, Hamadeh, RR, Hamidi, S, Hammami, M, Hankey, GJ, Hao, Y, Harb, HL, Harikrishnan, S, Haro, JM, Harun, KM, Havmoeller, R, Hedayati, MT, Heredia-Pi, IB, Hoek, HW, Horino, M, Horita, N, Hosgood, HD, Hoy, DG, Hsairi, M, Hu, G, Huang, H, Huang, JJ, Iburg, KM, Idrisov, BT, Innos, K, Iyer, VJ, Jacobsen, KH, Jahanmehr, N, Jakovljevic, MB, Javanbakht, M, Jayatilleke, AU, Jeemon, P, Jha, V, Jiang, G, Jiang, Y, Jibat, T, Jonas, JB, Kabir, Z, Kamal, R, Kan, H, Karch, A, Karema, CK, Karletsos, D, Kasaeian, A, Kaul, A, Kawakami, N, Kayibanda, JF, Keiyoro, PN, Kemp, AH, Kengne, AP, Kesavachandran, CN, Khader, YS, Khalil, I, Khan, AR, Khan, EA, Khang, Y-H, Khubchandani, J, Kim, YJ, Kinfu, Y, Kivipelto, M, Kokubo, Y, Kosen, S, Koul, PA, Koyanagi, A, Defo, BK, Bicer, BK, Kulkarni, VS, Kumar, GA, Lal, DK, Lam, H, Lam, JO, Langan, SM, Lansingh, VC, Larsson, A, Leigh, J, Leung, R, Li, Y, Lim, SS, Lipshultz, SE, Liu, S, Lloyd, BK, Logroscino, G, Lotufo, PA, Lunevicius, R, Abd El Razek, HM, Mahdavi, M, Majdan, M, Majeed, A, Makhlouf, C, Malekzadeh, R, Mapoma, CC, Marcenes, W, Martinez-Raga, J, Marzan, MB, Masiye, F, Mason-Jones, AJ, Mayosi, BM, Mckee, M, Meaney, PA, Mehndiratta, MM, Mekonnen, AB, Melaku, YA, Memiah, P, Memish, ZA, Mendoza, W, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, TJ, Mhimbira, FA, Miller, TR, Mikesell, J, Mirarefin, M, Mohammad, KA, Mohammed, S, Mokdad, AH, Monasta, L, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Mori, R, Mueller, UO, Murimira, B, Murthy, GVS, Naheed, A, Naldi, L, Nangia, V, Nash, D, Nawaz, H, Nejjari, C, Ngalesoni, FN, Ngirabega, JDD, Quyen, LN, Nisar, MI, Norheim, OF, Norman, RE, Nyakarahuka, L, Ogbo, FA, Oh, I-H, Ojelabi, FA, Olusanya, BO, Olusanya, JO, Opio, JN, Oren, E, Ota, E, Padukudru, MA, Park, H-Y, Park, J-H, Patil, ST, Patten, SB, Paul, VK, Pearson, K, Peprah, EK, Pereira, DM, Perico, N, Pesudovs, K, Petzold, M, Phillips, MR, Pillay, JD, Plass, D, Polinder, S, Pourmalek, F, Prokop, DM, Qorbani, M, Rafay, A, Rahimi, K, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, M, Rahman, MHU, Rahman, SU, Rai, RK, Rajsic, S, Ram, U, Rana, SM, Rao, PV, Remuzzi, G, Rojas-Rueda, D, Ronfani, L, Roshandel, G, Roy, A, Ruhago, GM, Saeedi, MY, Sagar, R, Saleh, MM, Sanabria, JR, Santos, IS, Sarmiento-Suarez, R, Sartorius, B, Sawhney, M, Schutte, AE, Schwebel, DC, Seedat, S, Sepanlou, SG, Servan-Mori, EE, Shaikh, MA, Sharma, R, She, J, Sheikhbahaei, S, Shen, J, Shibuya, K, Shin, HH, Sigfusdottir, ID, Silpakit, N, Santos Silva, DA, Alves Silveira, DG, Simard, EP, Sindi, S, Singh, JA, Singh, OP, Singh, PK, Skirbekk, V, Sliwa, K, Soneji, S, Sorensen, RJD, Soriano, JB, Soti, DO, Sreeramareddy, CT, Stathopoulou, V, Steel, N, Sunguya, BF, Swaminathan, S, Sykes, BL, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Talongwa, RT, Tavakkoli, M, Taye, B, Tedla, BA, Tekle, T, Shifa, GT, Temesgen, AM, Terkawi, AS, Tesfay, FH, Tessema, GA, Thapa, K, Thomson, AJ, Thorne-Lyman, AL, Tobe-Gai, R, Topor-Madry, R, Towbin, JA, Bach, XT, Dimbuene, ZT, Tsilimparis, N, Tura, AK, Ukwaja, KN, Uneke, CJ, Uthman, OA, Venketasubramanian, N, Vladimirov, SK, Vlassov, VV, Vollset, SE, Wang, L, Weiderpass, E, Weintraub, RG, Werdecker, A, Westerman, R, Wijeratne, T, Wilkinson, JD, Wiysonge, CS, Wolfe, CDA, Won, S, Wong, JQ, Xu, G, Yadav, AK, Yakob, B, Yalew, AZ, Yano, Y, Yaseri, M, Yebyo, HG, Yip, P, Yonemoto, N, Yoon, S-J, Younis, MZ, Yu, C, Yu, S, Zaidi, Z, Zaki, MES, Zeeb, H, Zhang, H, Zhao, Y, Zodpey, S, Zoeckler, L, Zuhlke, LJ, Lopez, AD, Murray, CJL, Wang, H, Wolock, TM, Carter, A, Nguyen, G, Kyu, HH, Gakidou, E, Hay, SI, Mills, EJ, Trickey, A, Msemburi, W, Coates, MM, Mooney, MD, Fraser, MS, Sligar, A, Salomon, J, Larson, HJ, Friedman, J, Abajobir, AA, Abate, KH, Abbas, KM, Abd El Razek, MM, Abd-Allah, F, Abdulle, AM, Abera, SF, Abubakar, I, Abu-Raddad, LJ, Abu-Rmeileh, NME, Abyu, GY, Adebiyi, AO, Adedeji, IA, Adelekan, AL, Adofo, K, Adou, AK, Ajala, ON, 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Huang, JJ, Iburg, KM, Idrisov, BT, Innos, K, Iyer, VJ, Jacobsen, KH, Jahanmehr, N, Jakovljevic, MB, Javanbakht, M, Jayatilleke, AU, Jeemon, P, Jha, V, Jiang, G, Jiang, Y, Jibat, T, Jonas, JB, Kabir, Z, Kamal, R, Kan, H, Karch, A, Karema, CK, Karletsos, D, Kasaeian, A, Kaul, A, Kawakami, N, Kayibanda, JF, Keiyoro, PN, Kemp, AH, Kengne, AP, Kesavachandran, CN, Khader, YS, Khalil, I, Khan, AR, Khan, EA, Khang, Y-H, Khubchandani, J, Kim, YJ, Kinfu, Y, Kivipelto, M, Kokubo, Y, Kosen, S, Koul, PA, Koyanagi, A, Defo, BK, Bicer, BK, Kulkarni, VS, Kumar, GA, Lal, DK, Lam, H, Lam, JO, Langan, SM, Lansingh, VC, Larsson, A, Leigh, J, Leung, R, Li, Y, Lim, SS, Lipshultz, SE, Liu, S, Lloyd, BK, Logroscino, G, Lotufo, PA, Lunevicius, R, Abd El Razek, HM, Mahdavi, M, Majdan, M, Majeed, A, Makhlouf, C, Malekzadeh, R, Mapoma, CC, Marcenes, W, Martinez-Raga, J, Marzan, MB, Masiye, F, Mason-Jones, AJ, Mayosi, BM, Mckee, M, Meaney, PA, Mehndiratta, MM, Mekonnen, AB, Melaku, YA, Memiah, P, Memish, ZA, 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HG, Yip, P, Yonemoto, N, Yoon, S-J, Younis, MZ, Yu, C, Yu, S, Zaidi, Z, Zaki, MES, Zeeb, H, Zhang, H, Zhao, Y, Zodpey, S, Zoeckler, L, Zuhlke, LJ, Lopez, AD, and Murray, CJL
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Timely assessment of the burden of HIV/AIDS is essential for policy setting and programme evaluation. In this report from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 (GBD 2015), we provide national estimates of levels and trends of HIV/AIDS incidence, prevalence, coverage of antiretroviral therapy (ART), and mortality for 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2015. METHODS: For countries without high-quality vital registration data, we estimated prevalence and incidence with data from antenatal care clinics and population-based seroprevalence surveys, and with assumptions by age and sex on initial CD4 distribution at infection, CD4 progression rates (probability of progression from higher to lower CD4 cell-count category), on and off antiretroviral therapy (ART) mortality, and mortality from all other causes. Our estimation strategy links the GBD 2015 assessment of all-cause mortality and estimation of incidence and prevalence so that for each draw from the uncertainty distribution all assumptions used in each step are internally consistent. We estimated incidence, prevalence, and death with GBD versions of the Estimation and Projection Package (EPP) and Spectrum software originally developed by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). We used an open-source version of EPP and recoded Spectrum for speed, and used updated assumptions from systematic reviews of the literature and GBD demographic data. For countries with high-quality vital registration data, we developed the cohort incidence bias adjustment model to estimate HIV incidence and prevalence largely from the number of deaths caused by HIV recorded in cause-of-death statistics. We corrected these statistics for garbage coding and HIV misclassification. FINDINGS: Global HIV incidence reached its peak in 1997, at 3·3 million new infections (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·1-3·4 million). Annual incidence has stayed relatively constant at about 2·6 million per year (range 2·5-2·8 mi
Published: 2016

11. Global, regional, and national levels of maternal mortality, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Kassebaum, NJ, Barber, RM, Bhutta, ZA, Dandona, L, Gething, PW, Hay, SI, Kinfu, Y, Larson, HJ, Liang, X, Lim, SS, Lopez, AD, Lozano, R, Mensah, GA, Mokdad, AH, Naghavi, M, Pinho, C, Salomon, JA, Steiner, C, Vos, T, Wang, H, Abajobir, AA, Abate, KH, Abbas, KM, Abd-Allah, F, Abdallat, MA, Abdulle, AM, Abera, SF, Aboyans, V, Abubakar, I, Abu-Rmeileh, NME, Achoki, T, Adebiyi, AO, Adedeji, IA, Adelekan, AL, Adou, AK, Afanvi, KA, Agarwal, A, Kiadaliri, AA, Ajala, ON, Akinyemiju, TF, Akseer, N, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, NKM, Alasfoor, D, Aldhahri, SF, Aldridge, RW, Alhabib, S, Ali, R, Alkerwi, A, Alla, F, Al-Raddadi, R, Alsharif, U, Martin, EA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, AT, Amberbir, A, Amegah, AK, Ammar, W, Amrock, SM, Andersen, HH, Anderson, GM, Antoine, RM, Antonio, CAT, Aregay, AF, Arnlov, J, Arora, M, Arsenijevic, VSA, Al, A, Asayesh, H, Atique, S, Avokpaho, EFGA, Awasthi, A, Quintanilla, BPA, Azzopardi, P, Bacha, U, Badawi, A, Bahit, MC, Balakrishnan, K, Banerjee, A, Barac, A, Barker-Collo, SL, Barnighausen, T, Basu, S, Bayou, TA, Bayou, YT, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Beardsley, J, Bedi, NW, Bekele, T, Bell, ML, Bennett, DA, Bensenor, IM, Berhane, A, Bernabe, E, Betsu, BD, Beyene, AS, Biadgilign, S, Bikbov, B, Bin Abdulhak, AA, Biroscak, BJ, Biryukov, S, Bisanzio, D, Bjertness, E, Blore, JD, Brainin, M, Brazinova, A, Breitborde, NJK, Brugha, TS, Butt, ZA, Campos-Nonato, IR, Campuzano, JC, Cardenas, R, Carrero, JJ, Carter, A, Casey, DC, Castaneda-Oquela, CA, Castro, RE, Catala-Lopez, F, Cavalleri, F, Chang, H-Y, Chang, J-C, Chavan, L, Chibueze, CE, Chisumpa, VH, Choi, J-YJ, Chowdhury, R, Christopher, DJ, Ciobanu, LG, Cirillo, M, Coates, MM, Coggeshall, M, Colistro, V, Colquhoun, SM, Cooper, C, Cooper, LT, Cortinovis, M, Dahiru, T, Damasceno, A, Danawi, H, Dandona, R, Das Neves, J, De Leo, D, Dellavalle, RP, Deribe, K, Deribew, A, Jarlais, DCD, Dharmaratne, SD, Dicker, DJ, Ding, EL, Dossou, E, Dubey, M, Ebel, BE, Ellingsen, CL, Elyazar, I, Endries, AY, Ermakov, SP, Eshrati, B, Esteghamati, A, Faraon, EJA, Farid, TA, Farinha, CSES, Faro, A, Farvid, MS, Farzadfar, F, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fernandes, JC, Fischer, F, Fitchett, JRA, Fleming, T, Gt, NF, Franca, EB, Franklin, RC, Fraser, MS, Friedman, J, Pullman, N, Furst, T, Futran, ND, Gambashidze, K, Gamkrelidze, A, Gebre, T, Gebrehiwot, TT, Gebremedhin, AT, Gebremedhin, M, Gebru, AA, Geleijnse, JM, Gibney, KB, Giref, AZ, Giroud, M, Gishu, MD, Glaser, E, Goenka, S, Gomez-Dantes, H, Gona, P, Goodridge, A, Gopalani, SV, Goto, A, Graetz, N, Gugnani, HC, Guo, Y, Gupta, R, Gupta, V, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hailu, AD, Hailu, GB, Hamadeh, RR, Hamidi, S, Hancock, J, Handal, AJ, Hankey, GJ, Harb, HL, Harikrishnan, S, Harun, KM, Havmoeller, R, Hoek, HW, Horino, M, Horita, N, Hosgood, HD, Hoy, DG, Htet, AS, Hu, G, Huang, H, Huang, JJ, Huybrechts, I, Huynh, C, Iannarone, M, Iburg, KM, Idrisov, BT, Iyer, VJ, Jacobsen, KH, Jahanmehr, N, Jakovljevic, MB, Javanbakht, M, Jayatilleke, AU, Jee, SH, Jeemon, P, Jha, V, Jiang, G, Jiang, Y, Jibat, T, Jonas, JB, Kabir, Z, Kamal, R, Kan, H, Karch, A, Karletsos, D, Kasaeian, A, Kaul, A, Kawakami, N, Kayibanda, JF, Kazanjan, K, Kazi, DS, Keiyoro, PN, Kemmer, L, Kemp, AH, Kengne, AP, Keren, A, Kereselidze, M, Kesavachandran, CN, Khader, YS, Khan, AR, Khan, EA, Khang, Y-H, Khonelidze, I, Khosravi, A, Khubchandani, J, Kim, YJ, Kivipelto, M, Knibbs, LD, Kokubo, Y, Kosen, S, Koul, PA, Koyanagi, A, Krishnaswami, S, Defo, BK, Bicer, BK, Kudom, AA, Kulikoff, XR, Kulkarni, C, Kumar, GA, Kutz, MJ, Lal, DK, Lalloo, R, Lam, H, Lamadrid-Figueroa, H, Lan, Q, Larsson, A, Laryea, DO, Leigh, J, Leung, R, Li, Y, Lipshultz, SE, Liu, PY, Liu, S, Liu, Y, Lloyd, BK, Lotufo, PA, Lunevicius, R, Ma, S, El Razek, HMA, El Razek, MMA, Majdan, M, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Mapoma, CC, Marcenes, W, Margolis, DJ, Marquez, N, Masiye, F, Marzan, MB, Mason-Jones, AJ, Mazorodze, TT, Meaney, PA, Mehari, A, Mehndiratta, MM, Mena-Rodriguez, F, Mekonnen, AB, Melaku, YA, Memish, ZA, Mendoza, W, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, TJ, Mhimbira, FA, Miller, TR, Mills, EJ, Mirarefin, M, Misganaw, A, Ibrahim, NM, Mohammad, KA, Mohammadi, A, Mohammed, S, Mola, GLD, Monasta, L, Monis, JDLC, Hernandez, JCM, Montero, P, Montico, M, Mooney, MD, Moore, AR, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Morawska, L, Mori, R, Mueller, U, Murthy, GVS, Murthy, S, Nachega, JB, Naheed, A, Naldi, L, Nand, D, Nangia, V, Nash, D, Neupane, S, Newton, JN, Ng, M, Ngalesoni, FN, Nguhiu, P, Nguyen, G, Le Nguyen, Q, Nisar, MI, Nomura, M, Norheim, OF, Norman, RE, Nyakarahuka, L, Obermeyer, CM, Ogbo, FA, Oh, I-H, Ojelabi, FA, Olivares, PR, Olusanya, BO, Olusanya, JO, Opio, JN, Oren, E, Ota, E, Oyekale, AS, Pa, M, Pain, A, Papantoniou, N, Park, E-K, Park, H-Y, Caicedo, AJP, Patten, SB, Paul, VK, Pereira, DM, Perico, N, Pesudovs, K, Petzold, M, Phillips, MR, Pillay, JD, Pishgar, F, Polinder, S, Pope, D, Pourmalek, F, Qorbani, M, Rafay, A, Rahimi, K, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, M, Rahman, MHU, Rahman, SU, Rai, RK, Ram, U, Ranabhat, CL, Rangaswamy, T, Rao, PV, Refaat, AH, Remuzzi, G, Violante, FS, Kassebaum, NJ, Barber, RM, Bhutta, ZA, Dandona, L, Gething, PW, Hay, SI, Kinfu, Y, Larson, HJ, Liang, X, Lim, SS, Lopez, AD, Lozano, R, Mensah, GA, Mokdad, AH, Naghavi, M, Pinho, C, Salomon, JA, Steiner, C, Vos, T, Wang, H, Abajobir, AA, Abate, KH, Abbas, KM, Abd-Allah, F, Abdallat, MA, Abdulle, AM, Abera, SF, Aboyans, V, Abubakar, I, Abu-Rmeileh, NME, Achoki, T, Adebiyi, AO, Adedeji, IA, Adelekan, AL, Adou, AK, Afanvi, KA, Agarwal, A, Kiadaliri, AA, Ajala, ON, Akinyemiju, TF, Akseer, N, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, NKM, Alasfoor, D, Aldhahri, SF, Aldridge, RW, Alhabib, S, Ali, R, Alkerwi, A, Alla, F, Al-Raddadi, R, Alsharif, U, Martin, EA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, AT, Amberbir, A, Amegah, AK, Ammar, W, Amrock, SM, Andersen, HH, Anderson, GM, Antoine, RM, Antonio, CAT, Aregay, AF, Arnlov, J, Arora, M, Arsenijevic, VSA, Al, A, Asayesh, H, Atique, S, Avokpaho, EFGA, Awasthi, A, Quintanilla, BPA, Azzopardi, P, Bacha, U, Badawi, A, Bahit, MC, Balakrishnan, K, Banerjee, A, Barac, A, Barker-Collo, SL, Barnighausen, T, Basu, S, Bayou, TA, Bayou, YT, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Beardsley, J, Bedi, NW, Bekele, T, Bell, ML, Bennett, DA, Bensenor, IM, Berhane, A, Bernabe, E, Betsu, BD, Beyene, AS, Biadgilign, S, Bikbov, B, Bin Abdulhak, AA, Biroscak, BJ, Biryukov, S, Bisanzio, D, Bjertness, E, Blore, JD, Brainin, M, Brazinova, A, Breitborde, NJK, Brugha, TS, Butt, ZA, Campos-Nonato, IR, Campuzano, JC, Cardenas, R, Carrero, JJ, Carter, A, Casey, DC, Castaneda-Oquela, CA, Castro, RE, Catala-Lopez, F, Cavalleri, F, Chang, H-Y, Chang, J-C, Chavan, L, Chibueze, CE, Chisumpa, VH, Choi, J-YJ, Chowdhury, R, Christopher, DJ, Ciobanu, LG, Cirillo, M, Coates, MM, Coggeshall, M, Colistro, V, Colquhoun, SM, Cooper, C, Cooper, LT, Cortinovis, M, Dahiru, T, Damasceno, A, Danawi, H, Dandona, R, Das Neves, J, De Leo, D, Dellavalle, RP, Deribe, K, Deribew, A, Jarlais, DCD, Dharmaratne, SD, Dicker, DJ, Ding, EL, Dossou, E, Dubey, M, Ebel, BE, Ellingsen, CL, Elyazar, I, Endries, AY, Ermakov, SP, Eshrati, B, Esteghamati, A, Faraon, EJA, Farid, TA, Farinha, CSES, Faro, A, Farvid, MS, Farzadfar, F, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fernandes, JC, Fischer, F, Fitchett, JRA, Fleming, T, Gt, NF, Franca, EB, Franklin, RC, Fraser, MS, Friedman, J, Pullman, N, Furst, T, Futran, ND, Gambashidze, K, Gamkrelidze, A, Gebre, T, Gebrehiwot, TT, Gebremedhin, AT, Gebremedhin, M, Gebru, AA, Geleijnse, JM, Gibney, KB, Giref, AZ, Giroud, M, Gishu, MD, Glaser, E, Goenka, S, Gomez-Dantes, H, Gona, P, Goodridge, A, Gopalani, SV, Goto, A, Graetz, N, Gugnani, HC, Guo, Y, Gupta, R, Gupta, V, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hailu, AD, Hailu, GB, Hamadeh, RR, Hamidi, S, Hancock, J, Handal, AJ, Hankey, GJ, Harb, HL, Harikrishnan, S, Harun, KM, Havmoeller, R, Hoek, HW, Horino, M, Horita, N, Hosgood, HD, Hoy, DG, Htet, AS, Hu, G, Huang, H, Huang, JJ, Huybrechts, I, Huynh, C, Iannarone, M, Iburg, KM, Idrisov, BT, Iyer, VJ, Jacobsen, KH, Jahanmehr, N, Jakovljevic, MB, Javanbakht, M, Jayatilleke, AU, Jee, SH, Jeemon, P, Jha, V, Jiang, G, Jiang, Y, Jibat, T, Jonas, JB, Kabir, Z, Kamal, R, Kan, H, Karch, A, Karletsos, D, Kasaeian, A, Kaul, A, Kawakami, N, Kayibanda, JF, Kazanjan, K, Kazi, DS, Keiyoro, PN, Kemmer, L, Kemp, AH, Kengne, AP, Keren, A, Kereselidze, M, Kesavachandran, CN, Khader, YS, Khan, AR, Khan, EA, Khang, Y-H, Khonelidze, I, Khosravi, A, Khubchandani, J, Kim, YJ, Kivipelto, M, Knibbs, LD, Kokubo, Y, Kosen, S, Koul, PA, Koyanagi, A, Krishnaswami, S, Defo, BK, Bicer, BK, Kudom, AA, Kulikoff, XR, Kulkarni, C, Kumar, GA, Kutz, MJ, Lal, DK, Lalloo, R, Lam, H, Lamadrid-Figueroa, H, Lan, Q, Larsson, A, Laryea, DO, Leigh, J, Leung, R, Li, Y, Lipshultz, SE, Liu, PY, Liu, S, Liu, Y, Lloyd, BK, Lotufo, PA, Lunevicius, R, Ma, S, El Razek, HMA, El Razek, MMA, Majdan, M, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Mapoma, CC, Marcenes, W, Margolis, DJ, Marquez, N, Masiye, F, Marzan, MB, Mason-Jones, AJ, Mazorodze, TT, Meaney, PA, Mehari, A, Mehndiratta, MM, Mena-Rodriguez, F, Mekonnen, AB, Melaku, YA, Memish, ZA, Mendoza, W, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, TJ, Mhimbira, FA, Miller, TR, Mills, EJ, Mirarefin, M, Misganaw, A, Ibrahim, NM, Mohammad, KA, Mohammadi, A, Mohammed, S, Mola, GLD, Monasta, L, Monis, JDLC, Hernandez, JCM, Montero, P, Montico, M, Mooney, MD, Moore, AR, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Morawska, L, Mori, R, Mueller, U, Murthy, GVS, Murthy, S, Nachega, JB, Naheed, A, Naldi, L, Nand, D, Nangia, V, Nash, D, Neupane, S, Newton, JN, Ng, M, Ngalesoni, FN, Nguhiu, P, Nguyen, G, Le Nguyen, Q, Nisar, MI, Nomura, M, Norheim, OF, Norman, RE, Nyakarahuka, L, Obermeyer, CM, Ogbo, FA, Oh, I-H, Ojelabi, FA, Olivares, PR, Olusanya, BO, Olusanya, JO, Opio, JN, Oren, E, Ota, E, Oyekale, AS, Pa, M, Pain, A, Papantoniou, N, Park, E-K, Park, H-Y, Caicedo, AJP, Patten, SB, Paul, VK, Pereira, DM, Perico, N, Pesudovs, K, Petzold, M, Phillips, MR, Pillay, JD, Pishgar, F, Polinder, S, Pope, D, Pourmalek, F, Qorbani, M, Rafay, A, Rahimi, K, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, M, Rahman, MHU, Rahman, SU, Rai, RK, Ram, U, Ranabhat, CL, Rangaswamy, T, Rao, PV, Refaat, AH, Remuzzi, G, and Violante, FS
Abstract: BACKGROUND: In transitioning from the Millennium Development Goal to the Sustainable Development Goal era, it is imperative to comprehensively assess progress toward reducing maternal mortality to identify areas of success, remaining challenges, and frame policy discussions. We aimed to quantify maternal mortality throughout the world by underlying cause and age from 1990 to 2015. METHODS: We estimated maternal mortality at the global, regional, and national levels from 1990 to 2015 for ages 10-54 years by systematically compiling and processing all available data sources from 186 of 195 countries and territories, 11 of which were analysed at the subnational level. We quantified eight underlying causes of maternal death and four timing categories, improving estimation methods since GBD 2013 for adult all-cause mortality, HIV-related maternal mortality, and late maternal death. Secondary analyses then allowed systematic examination of drivers of trends, including the relation between maternal mortality and coverage of specific reproductive health-care services as well as assessment of observed versus expected maternal mortality as a function of Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator derived from measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. FINDINGS: Only ten countries achieved MDG 5, but 122 of 195 countries have already met SDG 3.1. Geographical disparities widened between 1990 and 2015 and, in 2015, 24 countries still had a maternal mortality ratio greater than 400. The proportion of all maternal deaths occurring in the bottom two SDI quintiles, where haemorrhage is the dominant cause of maternal death, increased from roughly 68% in 1990 to more than 80% in 2015. The middle SDI quintile improved the most from 1990 to 2015, but also has the most complicated causal profile. Maternal mortality in the highest SDI quintile is mostly due to other direct maternal disorders, indirect maternal disorders, and abortion, ectopic pregnancy
Published: 2016

12. Burden of Diarrhea in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 1990-2013: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

Author: Khalil, I, Colombara, DV, Forouzanfar, MH, Troeger, C, Daoud, F, Moradi-Lakeh, M, El Bcheraoui, C, Rao, PC, Afshin, A, Charara, R, Abate, KH, Abd El Razek, MM, Abd-Allah, F, Abu-Elyazeed, R, Kiadaliri, AA, Akanda, AS, Akseer, N, Alam, K, Alasfoor, D, Ali, R, AlMazroa, MA, Alomari, MA, Al-Raddadi, RMS, Alsharif, U, Alsowaidi, S, Altirkawi, KA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Ammar, W, Antonio, CAT, Asayesh, H, Asghar, RJ, Atique, S, Awasthi, A, Bacha, U, Badawi, A, Barac, A, Bedi, N, Bekele, T, Bensenor, IM, Betsu, BD, Bhutta, Z, Bin Abdulhak, AA, Butt, ZA, Danawi, H, Dubey, M, Endries, AY, Faghmous, IDA, Farid, T, Farvid, MS, Farzadfar, F, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fischer, F, Fitchett, JRA, Gibney, KB, Ginawi, IAM, Gishu, MD, Gugnani, HC, Gupta, R, Hailu, GB, Hamadeh, RR, Hamidi, S, Harb, HL, Hedayati, MT, Hsairi, M, Husseini, A, Jahanmehr, N, Javanbakht, M, Jibat, T, Jonas, JB, Kasaeian, A, Khader, YS, Khan, AR, Khan, EA, Khan, G, Khoja, TAM, Kinfu, Y, Kissoon, N, Koyanagi, A, La, A, Latif, AAA, Lunevicius, R, Abd El Razek, HM, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Mehari, A, Mekonnen, AB, Melaku, YA, Memish, ZA, Mendoza, W, Misganaw, A, Mohamed, LAI, Nachega, JB, Quyen, LN, Nisar, MI, Peprah, EK, Platts-Mills, JA, Pourmalek, F, Qorbani, M, Rafay, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, SU, Rai, RK, Rana, SM, Ranabhat, CL, Rao, SR, Refaat, AH, Riddle, M, Roshandel, G, Ruhago, GM, Saleh, MM, Sanabria, JR, Sawhney, M, Sepanlou, SG, Setegn, T, Sliwa, K, Sreeramareddy, CT, Sykes, BL, Tavakkoli, M, Tedla, BA, Terkawi, AS, Ukwaja, K, Uthman, OA, Westerman, R, Wubshet, M, Yenesew, MA, Yonemoto, N, Younis, MZ, Zaidi, Z, Zaki, MES, Al Rabeeah, AA, Wang, H, Naghavi, M, Vos, T, Lopez, AD, Murray, CJL, Mokdad, AH, Khalil, I, Colombara, DV, Forouzanfar, MH, Troeger, C, Daoud, F, Moradi-Lakeh, M, El Bcheraoui, C, Rao, PC, Afshin, A, Charara, R, Abate, KH, Abd El Razek, MM, Abd-Allah, F, Abu-Elyazeed, R, Kiadaliri, AA, Akanda, AS, Akseer, N, Alam, K, Alasfoor, D, Ali, R, AlMazroa, MA, Alomari, MA, Al-Raddadi, RMS, Alsharif, U, Alsowaidi, S, Altirkawi, KA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Ammar, W, Antonio, CAT, Asayesh, H, Asghar, RJ, Atique, S, Awasthi, A, Bacha, U, Badawi, A, Barac, A, Bedi, N, Bekele, T, Bensenor, IM, Betsu, BD, Bhutta, Z, Bin Abdulhak, AA, Butt, ZA, Danawi, H, Dubey, M, Endries, AY, Faghmous, IDA, Farid, T, Farvid, MS, Farzadfar, F, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fischer, F, Fitchett, JRA, Gibney, KB, Ginawi, IAM, Gishu, MD, Gugnani, HC, Gupta, R, Hailu, GB, Hamadeh, RR, Hamidi, S, Harb, HL, Hedayati, MT, Hsairi, M, Husseini, A, Jahanmehr, N, Javanbakht, M, Jibat, T, Jonas, JB, Kasaeian, A, Khader, YS, Khan, AR, Khan, EA, Khan, G, Khoja, TAM, Kinfu, Y, Kissoon, N, Koyanagi, A, La, A, Latif, AAA, Lunevicius, R, Abd El Razek, HM, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Mehari, A, Mekonnen, AB, Melaku, YA, Memish, ZA, Mendoza, W, Misganaw, A, Mohamed, LAI, Nachega, JB, Quyen, LN, Nisar, MI, Peprah, EK, Platts-Mills, JA, Pourmalek, F, Qorbani, M, Rafay, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, SU, Rai, RK, Rana, SM, Ranabhat, CL, Rao, SR, Refaat, AH, Riddle, M, Roshandel, G, Ruhago, GM, Saleh, MM, Sanabria, JR, Sawhney, M, Sepanlou, SG, Setegn, T, Sliwa, K, Sreeramareddy, CT, Sykes, BL, Tavakkoli, M, Tedla, BA, Terkawi, AS, Ukwaja, K, Uthman, OA, Westerman, R, Wubshet, M, Yenesew, MA, Yonemoto, N, Younis, MZ, Zaidi, Z, Zaki, MES, Al Rabeeah, AA, Wang, H, Naghavi, M, Vos, T, Lopez, AD, Murray, CJL, and Mokdad, AH
Abstract: Diarrheal diseases (DD) are leading causes of disease burden, death, and disability, especially in children in low-income settings. DD can also impact a child's potential livelihood through stunted physical growth, cognitive impairment, and other sequelae. As part of the Global Burden of Disease Study, we estimated DD burden, and the burden attributable to specific risk factors and particular etiologies, in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) between 1990 and 2013. For both sexes and all ages, we calculated disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), which are the sum of years of life lost and years lived with disability. We estimate that over 125,000 deaths (3.6% of total deaths) were due to DD in the EMR in 2013, with a greater burden of DD in low- and middle-income countries. Diarrhea deaths per 100,000 children under 5 years of age ranged from one (95% uncertainty interval [UI] = 0-1) in Bahrain and Oman to 471 (95% UI = 245-763) in Somalia. The pattern for diarrhea DALYs among those under 5 years of age closely followed that for diarrheal deaths. DALYs per 100,000 ranged from 739 (95% UI = 520-989) in Syria to 40,869 (95% UI = 21,540-65,823) in Somalia. Our results highlighted a highly inequitable burden of DD in EMR, mainly driven by the lack of access to proper resources such as water and sanitation. Our findings will guide preventive and treatment interventions which are based on evidence and which follow the ultimate goal of reducing the DD burden.
Published: 2016

13. Measuring performance on the Healthcare Access and Quality Index for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational locations: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author: Nancy, Fullman, Jamal, Yearwood, Solomon, M, Abay, Cristiana, Abbafati, Foad, Abd-Allah, Jemal, Abdela, Ahmed, Abdelalim, Zegeye, Abebe, Teshome, Abuka, Abebo, Victor, Aboyans, Haftom, Niguse, Abraha, Daisy, M, X, Abreu, Laith, Abu-Raddad, J, Akilew, Awoke, Adane, Rufus, Adesoji, Adedoyin, Olatunji, Adetokunboh, Tara, Ballav, Adhikari, Mohsen, Afarideh, Ashkan, Afshin, Gina, Agarwal, Dominic, Agius, Anurag, Agrawal, Sutapa, Agrawal, Aliasghar, Ahmad, Kiadaliri, Miloud, Taki, Eddine, Aichour, Mohammed, Akibu, Rufus, Olusola, Akinyemi, Tomi, Akinyemiju, F, Nadia, Akseer, Faris, Hasan, Lami, Al, Fares, Alahdab, Ziyad, Al-Aly, Khurshid, Alam, Tahiya, Alam, Deena, Alasfoor, Mohammed, I, Albittar, Kefyalew, Addis, Alene, Ayman, Al-Eyadhy, Syed, Danish, Ali, Mehran, Alijanzadeh, Syed, M, Aljunid, Ala’A, Alkerwi, François, Alla, Peter, Allebeck, Christine, Allen, Mahmoud, A, Alomari, Rajaa, Al-Raddadi, Ubai, Alsharif, Khalid, A, Altirkawi, Nelson, Alvis-Guzman, Azmeraw, T, Amare, Kebede, Amenu, Walid, Ammar, Yaw, Ampem, Amoako, Nahla, Anber, Catalina, Liliana, Andrei, Sofia, Androudi, Carl, Abelardo, Antonio, T, Valdelaine, E, Araújo, M, Olatunde, Aremu, Johan, Ärnlöv, Artaman, Al, Krishna, Kumar, Aryal, Hamid, Asayesh, Ephrem, Tsegay, Asfaw, Solomon, Weldegebreal, Asgedom, Rana, Jawad, Asghar, Mengistu, Mitiku, Ashebir, Netsanet, Abera, Asseffa, Tesfay, Mehari, Atey, Sachin, R, Atre, Madhu, Atteraya, S, Leticia, Avila-Burgos, Euripide, Frinel, Arthur, G, Avokpaho, Ashish, Awasthi, Beatriz, Paulina, Ayala, Quintanilla, Animut, Alebel, Ayalew, Henok, Tadesse, Ayele, Rakesh, Ayer, Tambe, Betrand, Ayuk, Peter, Azzopardi, Natasha, Azzopardi-Muscat, Tesleem, Kayode, Babalola, Hamid, Badali, Alaa, Badawi, Maciej, Banach, Amitava, Banerjee, Amrit, Banstola, Ryan, M, Barber, Miguel, Barboza, A, Suzanne, L, Barker-Collo, Till, Bärnighausen, Simon, Barquera, Lope, H, Barrero, Quique, Bassat, Sanjay, Basu, Bernhard, T, Baune, Shahrzad, Bazargan-Hejazi, Neeraj, Bedi, Ettore, Beghi, Masoud, Behzadifar, Meysam, Behzadifar, Bayu, Begashaw, Bekele, Abate, Bekele, Belachew, Saba, Abraham, Belay, Yihalem, Abebe, Belay, Michelle, L, Bell, Aminu, Bello, K, Derrick, A, Bennett, James, Bennett, R, Isabela, M, Bensenor, Derbew, Fikadu, Berhe, Eduardo, Bernabé, Robert, Steven, Bernstein, Mircea, Beuran, Ashish, Bhalla, Paurvi, Bhatt, Soumyadeep, Bhaumik, Zulfiqar, A, Bhutta, Belete, Biadgo, Ali, Bijani, Boris, Bikbov, Charles, Birungi, Stan, Biryukov, Hailemichael, Bizuneh, Ian, W, Bolliger, Kaylin, Bolt, Ibrahim, R, Bou-Orm, Kayvan, Bozorgmehr, Oliver, Jerome, Brady, Alexandra, Brazinova, Nicholas, J, Breitborde, K, Hermann, Brenner, Gabrielle, Britton, Traolach, S, Brugha, Zahid, Butt, A, Lucero, Cahuana-Hurtado, Ismael, Ricardo, Campos-Nonato, Julio, Cesar, Campuzano, Josip, Car, Mate, Car, Rosario, Cárdenas, Juan, Jesus, Carrero, Felix, Carvalho, Carlos, A, Castañeda-Orjuela, Jacqueline, Castillo, Rivas, Ferrán, Catalá-López, Kelly, Cercy, Julian, Chalek, Hsing-Yi, Chang, Jung-Chen, Chang, Aparajita, Chattopadhyay, Pankaj, Chaturvedi, Peggy, Pei-Chia, Chiang, Vesper, Hichilombwe, Chisumpa, Jee-Young, J, Choi, Hanne, Christensen, Devasahayam, Jesudas, Christopher, Sheng-Chia, Chung, Liliana, G, Ciobanu, Cirillo, Massimo, Danny, Colombara, Sara, Conti, Cyrus, Cooper, Leslie, Cornaby, Paolo, Angelo, Cortesi, Monica, Cortinovis, Alexandre, Costa, Pereira, Ewerton, Cousin, Michael, H, Criqui, Elizabeth, Cromwell, A, Christopher, Stephen, Crowe, John, Crump, A, Alemneh, Kabeta, Daba, Berihun, Assefa, Dachew, Abel, Fekadu, Dadi, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Dandona, Paul, I, Dargan, Ahmad, Daryani, Maryam, Daryani, Jai, Das, Siddharth, Kumar, Das, José, Das, Neves, Nicole, Davis, Weaver, Kairat, Davletov, Barbora, De, Courten, Diego, Leo, De, Jan-Walter, De, Neve, Robert, Dellavalle, P, Gebre, Demoz, Kebede, Deribe, Don, C, Des, Jarlais, Subhojit, Dey, Samath, D, Dharmaratne, Meghnath, Dhimal, Shirin, Djalalinia, David, Teye, Doku, Kate, Dolan, Ray, E, Dorsey, Kadine, Priscila, Bender, Dos, Santos, Kerrie, E, Doyle, Tim, Driscoll, R, Manisha, Dubey, Eleonora, Dubljanin, Bruce, Bartholow, Duncan, Michelle, Echko, Dumessa, Edessa, David, Edvardsson, Joshua, R, Ehrlich, Erika, Eldrenkamp, Ziad, El-Khatib, Matthias, Endres, Aman, Yesuf, Endries, Babak, Eshrati, Sharareh, Eskandarieh, Alireza, Esteghamati, Mahdi, Fakhar, Tamer, Farag, Mahbobeh, Faramarzi, Emerito, Jose, Aquino, Faraon, André, Faro, Farshad, Farzadfar, Adesegun, Fatusi, Mir, Sohail, Fazeli, Valery, Feigin, L, Andrea, B, Feigl, Netsanet, Fentahun, Seyed-Mohammad, Fereshtehnejad, Eduarda, Fernandes, João, C, Fernandes, Daniel, Obadare, Fijabi, Irina, Filip, Florian, Fischer, Christina, Fitzmaurice, Abraham, D, Flaxman, Luisa, Sorio, Flor, Nataliya, Foigt, Kyle, J, Foreman, Joseph, Frostad, J, Thomas, Fürst, Neal, D, Futran, Emmanuela, Gakidou, Silvano, Gallus, Ketevan, Gambashidze, Amiran, Gamkrelidze, Morsaleh, Ganji, Abadi, Kahsu, Gebre, Tsegaye, Tewelde, Gebrehiwot, Amanuel, Tesfay, Gebremedhin, Yalemzewod, Assefa, Gelaw, Johanna, M, Geleijnse, Demeke, Geremew, Peter, W, Gething, Reza, Ghadimi, Khalil, Ghasemi, Falavarjani, Maryam, Ghasemi-Kasman, Paramjit, Singh, Gill, Ababi, Zergaw, Giref, Maurice, Giroud, Melkamu, Dedefo, Gishu, Giorgia, Giussani, William, W, Godwin, Srinivas, Goli, Hector, Gomez-Dantes, Philimon, N, Gona, Amador, Goodridge, Sameer, Vali, Gopalani, Yevgeniy, Goryakin, Alessandra, Carvalho, Goulart, Ayman, Grada, Max, Griswold, Giuseppe, Grosso, Harish, Chander, Gugnani, Yuming, Guo, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Tanush, Gupta, Tarun, Gupta, Vipin, Gupta, Juanita, A, Haagsma, Vladimir, Hachinski, Nima, Hafezi-Nejad, Gessessew, Bugssa, Hailu, Randah, Ribhi, Hamadeh, Samer, Hamidi, Graeme, J, Hankey, Hilda, Harb, L, Heather, C, Harewood, Sivadasanpillai, Harikrishnan, Josep, Maria, Haro, Hamid, Yimam, Hassen, Rasmus, Havmoeller, Caitlin, Hawley, Simon, I, Hay, Jiawei, He, Stephen, J, Hearps, C, Mohamed, I, Hegazy, Behzad, Heibati, Mohsen, Heidari, Delia, Hendrie, Nathaniel, J, Henry, Victor, Hugo, Herrera, Ballesteros, Claudiu, Herteliu, Desalegn, Tsegaw, Hibstu, Molla, Kahssay, Hiluf, Hans, W, Hoek, Enayatollah, Homaie, Rad, Nobuyuki, Horita, Dean, H, Hosgood, Mostafa, Hosseini, Seyed, Reza, Hosseini, Mihaela, Hostiuc, Sorin, Hostiuc, Damian, G, Hoy, Mohamed, Hsairi, Aung, Soe, Htet, Guoqing, Hu, John, J, Huang, Kim, Moesgaard, Iburg, Fachmi, Idris, Ehimario, Uche, Igumbor, Chad, Ikeda, Bogdan, Vasile, Ileanu, Olayinka, Ilesanmi, S, Kaire, Innos, Seyed, Sina, Naghibi, Irvani, Caleb, M, Irvine, S, Farhad, Islami, Troy, A, Jacobs, Kathryn, Jacobsen, H, Nader, Jahanmehr, Rajesh, Jain, Sudhir, Kumar, Jain, Mihajlo, Jakovljevic, M, Moti, Tolera, Jalu, Amr, Jamal, A, Mehdi, Javanbakht, Achala, Upendra, Jayatilleke, Panniyammakal, Jeemon, Ravi, Prakash, Jha, Vivekanand, Jha, Jacek, Józwiak, Oommen, John, Sarah, Charlotte, Johnson, Jost, Jonas, B, Vasna, Joshua, Mikk, Jürisson, Zubair, Kabir, Rajendra, Kadel, Amaha, 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Maria Jesu, Rivera, Juan A., Roever, Leonardo, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Rostami, Ali, Roth, Gregory A., Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Roy, Ambuj, Roy, Nobhojit, Ruhago, George Mugambage, Sabde, Yogesh Damodar, Sachdev, Perminder S., Sadat, Nafi, Safdarian, Mahdi, Safiri, Saeid, Sagar, Rajesh, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Sajadi, Haniye Sadat, Salama, Joseph, Salamati, Payman, De Freitas Saldanha, Raphael, Salimzadeh, Hamideh, Salomon, Joshua A., Samy, Abdallah M., Sanabria, Juan Ramon, Sancheti, Parag K., Sanchez-Niño, Maria Dolore, Santomauro, Damian, Santos, Itamar S., Santric Milicevic, Milena M., Sarker, Abdur Razzaque, Sarrafzadegan, Nizal, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Saxena, Sonia, Saylan, Mete I., Schaeffner, Elke, Schmidhuber, Josef, Schmidt, Maria Inê, Schneider, Ione J.C., Schumacher, Austin E., Schutte, Aletta E., Schwebel, David C., Schwendicke, Falk, Sekerija, Mario, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Servan-Mori, Edson 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Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steel, Nichola, Stein, Dan J., Stokes, Mark Andrew, Sturua, Lela, Sufiyan, Muawiyyah Babale, Suliankatchi, Rizwan Abdulkader, Sunguya, Bruno F., Sur, Patrick J., Sykes, Bryan L., Sylaja, P.N., Szoeke, Cassandra E.I., Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar, Tadesse, Andualem Henok, Taffere, Getachew Redae, Tandon, Nikhil, Tariku, Amare Tariku, Taveira, Nuno, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Temam Shifa, Girma, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tesema, Azeb Gebresilassie, Tesfaye, Dawit Jember, Tessema, Belay, Thakur, J.S., Thomas, Nihal, Thompson, Matthew J., Tillmann, Taavi, To, Quyen G., Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Topouzis, Foti, Torre, Anna, Tortajada, Miguel, Tran, Bach Xuan, Tran, Khanh Bao, Tripathi, Avnish, Tripathy, Srikanth Prasad, Troeger, Christopher, Truelsen, Thoma, Tsoi, Derrick, Tudor Car, Lorainne, Tuem, Kald Beshir, Tyrovolas, Stefano, Uchendu, Uche S., Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Ullah, Irfan, Updike, Rachel, Uthman, Olalekan A., Uzochukwu, Benjamin S. Chudi, Valdez, Pascual Rubén, Van Boven, Job F.M., Varughese, Santosh, Vasankari, Tommi, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Violante, Francesco S., Vladimirov, Sergey K., Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Vos, Theo, Wagnew, Fasil, Waheed, Yasir, Wallin, Mitchell T., Walson, Judd L., Wang, Yafeng, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Wassie, Molla Mesele, Weaver, Marcia R., Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G., Weiss, Jordan, Weldegwergs, Kidu Gidey, Werdecker, Andrea, West, T. 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Sd, Aljunid, Sm, Alomari, Ma, Altirkawi, Ka, Amare, At, Amoako, Ya, Andrei, Cl, Antonio, Cat, Araújo, Vem, Aryal, Kk, Asfaw, Et, Asgedom, Sw, Asghar, Rj, Ashebir, Mm, Asseffa, Na, Atey, Tm, Atre, Sr, Avokpaho, Efga, Ayala Quintanilla, Bp, Ayalew, Aa, Ayele, Ht, Ayuk, Tb, Babalola, Tk, Barber, Rm, Barboza, Ma, Barker-Collo, Sl, Barrero, Lh, Baune, Bt, Bekele, Bb, Belachew, Ab, Belay, Sa, Belay, Ya, Bell, Ml, Bello, Ak, Bennett, Da, Bennett, Jr, Bensenor, Im, Berhe, Df, Bhutta, Za, Bolliger, Iw, Bou-Orm, Ir, Brady, Oj, Breitborde, Njk, Butt, Za, Campos-Nonato, Ir, Campuzano, Jc, Carrero, Jj, Castañeda-Orjuela, Ca, Chang, Hy, Chang, Jc, Chiang, Pp, Chisumpa, Vh, Choi, Jj, Christopher, Dj, Chung, Sc, Ciobanu, Lg, Cortesi, Pa, Criqui, Mh, Cromwell, Ea, Crump, Ja, Daba, Ak, Dachew, Ba, Dadi, Af, Dargan, Pi, Das, Sk, De Neve, Jw, Dellavalle, Rp, Des Jarlais, Dc, Dharmaratne, Sd, Doku, Dt, Dorsey, Er, Dos Santos, Kpb, Doyle, Ke, Driscoll, Tr, Duncan, Bb, Ehrlich, Jr, El-Khatib, Zz, Endries, Ay, Faraon, Eja, Feigin, Vl, Feigl, Ab, Fereshtehnejad, Sm, Fernandes, Jc, Fijabi, Do, Flaxman, Ad, Foreman, Kj, Frostad, Jj, Futran, Nd, Gebre, Ak, Gebrehiwot, Tt, Gebremedhin, At, Gelaw, Ya, Geleijnse, Jm, Gething, Pw, Giref, Az, Gishu, Md, Godwin, Ww, Gona, Pn, Gopalani, Sv, Goulart, Ac, Gugnani, Hc, Haagsma, Ja, Hailu, Gb, Hamadeh, Rr, Hankey, Gj, Harb, Hl, Harewood, Hc, Haro, Jm, Hassen, Hy, Hay, Si, Hearps, Sjc, Hegazy, Mi, Henry, Nj, Herrera Ballesteros, Vh, Hibstu, Dt, Hiluf, Mk, Hoek, Hw, Hosgood, Hd, Hosseini, Sr, Hoy, Dg, Huang, Jj, Iburg, Km, Igumbor, Eu, Ileanu, Bv, Irvani, Ssn, Irvine, Cm, Jacobs, Ta, Jacobsen, Kh, Jain, Sk, Jakovljevic, Mb, Jalu, Mt, Jamal, Aa, Jayatilleke, Au, Jha, Rp, Johnson, Sc, Jonas, Jb, Karema, Ck, Karimi, Sm, Kassa, Dh, Kassa, Gm, Kassa, Td, Kassebaum, Nj, Katikireddi, Sv, Keiyoro, Pn, Kemp, Gr, Kengne, Ap, Ketema, Eb, Khafaie, Ma, Khalil, Ia, Khan, Ea, Khan, Mn, Khan, Ma, Khanal, Mn, Khang, Yh, Khater, Mm, Khoja, Ata, Kibret, Gd, Kiirithio, Dn, Kim, Yj, Kimokoti, Rw, Kopec, Ja, Koul, Pa, Krohn, Kj, Kumar, Ga, Kyu, Hh, Lad, Dp, Lal, Dk, Lang, Jj, Lansingh, Vc, Lazarus, Jv, Leasher, Jl, Lee, Ph, Leshargie, Ct, Liben, Ml, Lim, Ll, Lopez, Ad, Lorch, Sa, Lotufo, Pa, Lucas, Tcd, Lyons, Ra, Macarayan, Erk, Mackay, Mt, Maddison, Er, Malta, Dc, Mamun, Aa, Mansournia, Ma, Mantovani, Lg, Mapoma, Cc, Martins, Sco, Martins-Melo, Fr, Massenburg, Bb, Mathur, Mr, Maulik, Pk, Mcgrath, Jj, Mehta, Km, Meles, Kg, Memish, Za, Mengiste, Da, Mengistu, Dt, Menota, Bg, Mensah, Ga, Meretoja, Tj, Mezgebe, Hb, Miller, Tr, Mini, Gk, Mirrakhimov, Em, Mitchell, Pb, Mlashu, Fw, Mohammad, Ka, Mohammed, Ma, Mokdad, Ah, Mola, Gl, Montañez Hernandez, Jc, Morrison, Sd, Mousavi, Sm, Mueller, Uo, Murthy, Gv, Musa, Ki, Naik, Ga, Nansseu, Jrn, Narayan, Kv, Nascimento, Br, Negoi, Ri, Newton, Cr, Ngunjiri, Jw, Nguyen, Th, Ningrum, Dna, Nong, Vm, Norheim, Of, Noubiap, Jjn, Obermeyer, Cm, Ogbo, Fa, Oh, Ih, Olagunju, At, Olagunju, To, Olivares, Pr, Oliveira, Ppv, Olsen, He, Olusanya, Bo, Olusanya, Jo, Opio, Jn, Ortega-Altamirano, Dv, Pain, Aw, Palone, Mrt, Pandian, Jd, Park, Ek, Patil, St, Patton, Gc, Paturi, Vr, Pedroso, Mm, Pedroza, Sp, Pereira, Dm, Phillips, Mr, Piel, Fb, Pigott, Dm, Pillay, Jd, Piradov, Ma, Pond, Cd, Postma, Mj, Prasad, Nm, Quintana, Hk, Rahman, Ma, Rahman, Su, Rai, Rk, Raju, Sb, Rana, Sm, Rawaf, Dl, Ray, Se, Razo-García, Ca, Reiner, Rc, Reitsma, Mb, Renzaho, Amn, Ribeiro, Al, Rios Blancas, Mj, Rivera, Ja, Roth, Ga, Ruhago, Gm, Sabde, Yd, Sahraian, Ma, Saldanha, Rf, Salomon, Ja, Samy, Am, Sanabria, Jr, Sancheti, Pk, Sanchez-Niño, Md, Santric Milicevic, Mm, Sarker, Ar, Saylan, Mi, Schmidt, Mi, Schneider, Ijc, Schumacher, Ae, Schutte, Ae, Schwebel, Dc, Sepanlou, Sg, Servan-Mori, Ee, Shaikh, Ma, Shariful Islam, Sm, Shfare, Mt, Shrime, Mg, Shukla, Sr, Sigfusdottir, Id, Silberberg, Dh, Silva, Da, Silva, Jp, Silveira, Dga, Singh, Ja, Singh, Np, Sinha, Dn, Sinke, Ah, Soares Filho, Am, Sobaih, Bha, Sorensen, Rjd, Soriano, Jb, Soyiri, In, Sposato, La, Sreeramareddy, Ct, Stanaway, Jd, Stein, Dj, Stokes, Ma, Sufiyan, Mb, Suliankatchi, Ra, Sunguya, Bf, Sur, Pj, Sykes, Bl, Sylaja, Pn, Tadakamadla, Sk, Tadesse, Ah, Taffere, Gr, Tariku, At, Temsah, Mh, Tesema, Ag, Tesfaye, Dj, Thompson, Mj, To, Qg, Tran, Bx, Tran, Kb, Tripathy, Sp, Tuem, Kb, Ukwaja, Kn, Uthman, Oa, Uzochukwu, Bsc, Valdez, Pr, van Boven, Jfm, Vladimirov, Sk, Vlassov, Vv, Vollset, Se, Wallin, Mt, Walson, Jl, Wang, Yp, Wassie, Mm, Weaver, Mr, Weintraub, Rg, Weldegwergs, Kg, West, Te, White, Rg, Whiteford, Ha, Wolfe, Cd, Wondimkun, Ya, Wyper, Gma, Yan, Ll, Yimer, Nb, Yirsaw, Bd, Yoon, Sj, Younis, Mz, Zaki, Me, Zaman, Sb, Zenebe, Zm, Zimsen, Srm, Zuhlke, Lj, Murray, Cjl, and Lozano, R.
Subjects: Peformance, Coverage, Dánartíðni, Lífslíkur, Life expectancy, GBD, Background A key component of achieving universal health coverage is ensuring that all populations have access to quality health care. Examining where gains have occurred or progress has faltered across and within countries is crucial to guiding decisions and strategies for future improvement. We used the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) to assess personal health-care access and quality with the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index for 195 countries and territories, as well as subnational locations in seven countries, from 1990 to 2016. Methods Drawing from established methods and updated estimates from GBD 2016, we used 32 causes from which death should not occur in the presence of effective care to approximate personal health-care access and quality by location and over time. To better isolate potential effects of personal health-care access and quality from underlying risk factor patterns, we risk-standardised cause-specific deaths due to non-cancers by location-year, replacing the local joint exposure of environmental and behavioural risks with the global level of exposure. Supported by the expansion of cancer registry data in GBD 2016, we used mortality-to-incidence ratios for cancers instead of risk-standardised death rates to provide a stronger signal of the effects of personal health care and access on cancer survival. We transformed each cause to a scale of 0–100, with 0 as the first percentile (worst) observed between 1990 and 2016, and 100 as the 99th percentile (best), universal health coverage, Article, access quality health care, health care access and quality index, Nations, Healthcare Acce, Cause-specific mortality, Psychology, Healthcare Access and Quality Index, Mælitæki, States, Medicine (all), Health care, Þjóðir, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Quality, Heilbrigðisþjónusta, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Sálfræði, Indicator, Amenable mortality, Transition, we set these thresholds at the country level, and then applied them to subnational locations. We applied a principal components analysis to construct the HAQ Index using all scaled cause values, providing an overall score of 0–100 of personal health-care access and quality by location over time. We then compared HAQ Index levels and trends by quintiles on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary measure of overall development. As derived from the broader GBD study and other data sources, we examined relationships between national HAQ Index scores and potential correlates of performance, such as total health spending per capita. Findings In 2016, HAQ Index performance spanned from a high of 97·1 (95% UI 95·8–98·1) in Iceland, followed by 96·6 (94·9–97·9) in Norway and 96·1 (94·5–97·3) in the Netherlands, to values as low as 18·6 (13·1–24·4) in the Central African Republic, 19·0 (14·3–23·7) in Somalia, and 23·4 (20·2–26·8) in Guinea-Bissau. The pace of progress achieved between 1990 and 2016 varied, with markedly faster improvements occurring between 2000 and 2016 for many countries in sub-Saharan Africa and southeast Asia, whereas several countries in Latin America and elsewhere saw progress stagnate after experiencing considerable advances in the HAQ Index between 1990 and 2000. Striking subnational disparities emerged in personal health-care access and quality, with China and India having particularly large gaps between locations with the highest and lowest scores in 2016. In China, performance ranged from 91·5 (89·1–93·6) in Beijing to 48·0 (43·4–53·2) in Tibet (a 43·5-point difference), while India saw a 30·8-point disparity, from 64·8 (59·6–68·8) in Goa to 34·0 (30·3–38·1) in Assam. Japan recorded the smallest range in subnational HAQ performance in 2016 (a 4·8-point difference), whereas differences between subnational locations with the highest and lowest HAQ Index values were more than two times as high for the USA and three times as high for England. State-level gaps in the HAQ Index in Mexico somewhat narrowed from 1990 to 2016 (from a 20·9-point to 17·0-point difference), whereas in Brazil, disparities slightly increased across states during this time (a 17·2-point to 20·4-point difference). Performance on the HAQ Index showed strong linkages to overall development, with high and high-middle SDI countries generally having higher scores and faster gains for non-communicable diseases. Nonetheless, countries across the development spectrum saw substantial gains in some key health service areas from 2000 to 2016, most notably vaccine-preventable diseases. Overall, national performance on the HAQ Index was positively associated with higher levels of total health spending per capita, as well as health systems inputs, but these relationships were quite heterogeneous, particularly among low-to-middle SDI countries. Interpretation GBD 2016 provides a more detailed understanding of past success and current challenges in improving personal health-care access and quality worldwide. Despite substantial gains since 2000, many low-SDI and middle-SDI countries face considerable challenges unless heightened policy action and investments focus on advancing access to and quality of health care across key health services, especially non-communicable diseases. Stagnating or minimal improvements experienced by several low-middle to high-middle SDI countries could reflect the complexities of re-orienting both primary and secondary health-care services beyond the more limited foci of the Millennium Development Goals. Alongside initiatives to strengthen public health programmes, the pursuit of universal health coverage hinges upon improving both access and quality worldwide, and thus requires adopting a more comprehensive view—and subsequent provision—of quality health care for all populations, Trends, Inequalities
Abstract: Background A key component of achieving universal health coverage is ensuring that all populations have access to quality health care. Examining where gains have occurred or progress has faltered across and within countries is crucial to guiding decisions and strategies for future improvement. We used the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) to assess personal health-care access and quality with the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index for 195 countries and territories, as well as subnational locations in seven countries, from 1990 to 2016. Methods Drawing from established methods and updated estimates from GBD 2016, we used 32 causes from which death should not occur in the presence of effective care to approximate personal health-care access and quality by location and over time. To better isolate potential effects of personal health-care access and quality from underlying risk factor patterns, we risk-standardised cause-specific deaths due to non-cancers by location-year, replacing the local joint exposure of environmental and behavioural risks with the global level of exposure. Supported by the expansion of cancer registry data in GBD 2016, we used mortality-to-incidence ratios for cancers instead of risk-standardised death rates to provide a stronger signal of the effects of personal health care and access on cancer survival. We transformed each cause to a scale of 0-100, with 0 as the first percentile (worst) observed between 1990 and 2016, and 100 as the 99th percentile (best); we set these thresholds at the country level, and then applied them to subnational locations. We applied a principal components analysis to construct the HAQ Index using all scaled cause values, providing an overall score of 0-100 of personal health-care access and quality by location over time. We then compared HAQ Index levels and trends by quintiles on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary measure of overall development. As derived from the broader GBD study and other data sources, we examined relationships between national HAQ Index scores and potential correlates of performance, such as total health spending per capita. Findings In 2016, HAQ Index performance spanned from a high of 97.1 (95% UI 95.8-98.1) in Iceland, followed by 96.6 (94.9-97.9) in Norway and 96.1 (94.5-97.3) in the Netherlands, to values as low as 18.6 (13.1-24.4) in the Central African Republic, 19.0 (14.3-23.7) in Somalia, and 23.4 (20.2-26.8) in Guinea-Bissau. The pace of progress achieved between 1990 and 2016 varied, with markedly faster improvements occurring between 2000 and 2016 for many countries in sub-Saharan Africa and southeast Asia, whereas several countries in Latin America and elsewhere saw progress stagnate after experiencing considerable advances in the HAQ Index between 1990 and 2000. Striking subnational disparities emerged in personal health-care access and quality, with China and India having particularly large gaps between locations with the highest and lowest scores in 2016. In China, performance ranged from 91.5 (89.1-936) in Beijing to 48.0 (43.4-53.2) in Tibet (a 43.5-point difference), while India saw a 30.8-point disparity, from 64.8 (59.6-68.8) in Goa to 34.0 (30.3-38.1) in Assam. Japan recorded the smallest range in subnational HAQ performance in 2016 (a 4.8-point difference), whereas differences between subnational locations with the highest and lowest HAQ Index values were more than two times as high for the USA and three times as high for England. State-level gaps in the HAQ Index in Mexico somewhat narrowed from 1990 to 2016 (from a 20.9-point to 17.0-point difference), whereas in Brazil, disparities slightly increased across states during this time (a 17.2-point to 20.4-point difference). Performance on the HAQ Index showed strong linkages to overall development, with high and high-middle SDI countries generally having higher scores and faster gains for non-communicable diseases. Nonetheless, countries across the development spectrum saw substantial gains in some key health service areas from 2000 to 2016, most notably vaccine-preventable diseases. Overall, national performance on the HAQ Index was positively associated with higher levels of total health spending per capita, as well as health systems inputs, but these relationships were quite heterogeneous, particularly among low-to-middle SDI countries. Interpretation GBD 2016 provides a more detailed understanding of past success and current challenges in improving personal health-care access and quality worldwide. Despite substantial gains since 2000, many low-SDI and middle-SDI countries face considerable challenges unless heightened policy action and investments focus on advancing access to and quality of health care across key health services, especially non-communicable diseases. Stagnating or minimal improvements experienced by several low-middle to high-middle SDI countries could reflect the complexities of re-orienting both primary and secondary health-care services beyond the more limited foci of the Millennium Development Goals. Alongside initiatives to strengthen public health programmes, the pursuit of universal health coverage upon improving both access and quality worldwide, and thus requires adopting a more comprehensive view and subsequent provision of quality health care for all populations., Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Barbora de Courten is supported by a National Heart Foundation Future Leader Fellowship (100864). Ai Koyanagi’s work is supported by the Miguel Servet contract financed by the CP13/00150 and PI15/00862 projects, integrated into the National R + D + I and funded by the ISCIII —General Branch Evaluation and Promotion of Health Research—and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF-FEDER). Alberto Ortiz was supported by Spanish Government (Instituto de Salud Carlos III RETIC REDINREN RD16/0019 FEDER funds). Ashish Awasthi acknowledges funding support from Department of Science and Technology, Government of India through INSPIRE Faculty scheme Boris Bikbov has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 703226. Boris Bikbov acknowledges that work related to this paper has been done on the behalf of the GBD Genitourinary Disease Expert Group. Panniyammakal Jeemon acknowledges support from the clinical and public health intermediate fellowship from the Wellcome Trust and Department of Biotechnology, India Alliance (2015–20). Job F M van Boven was supported by the Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology of the University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Netherlands. Olanrewaju Oladimeji is an African Research Fellow hosted by Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), South Africa and he also has honorary affiliations with Walter Sisulu University (WSU), Eastern Cape, South Africa and School of Public Health, University of Namibia (UNAM), Namibia. He is indeed grateful for support from HSRC, WSU and UNAM. EUI is supported in part by the South African National Research Foundation (NRF UID: 86003). Ulrich Mueller acknowledges funding by the German National Cohort Study grant No 01ER1511/D, Gabrielle B Britton is supported by Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación and Sistema Nacional de Investigación de Panamá. Giuseppe Remuzzi acknowledges that the work related to this paper has been done on behalf of the GBD Genitourinary Disease Expert Group. Behzad Heibati would like to acknowledge Air pollution Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran. Syed Aljunid acknowledges the National University of Malaysia for providing the approval to participate in this GBD Project. Azeem Majeed and Imperial College London are grateful for support from the Northwest London National Insititute of Health Research (NIHR) Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research & Care. Tambe Ayuk acknowledges the Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies for office space provided. José das Neves was supported in his contribution to this work by a Fellowship from Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Portugal (SFRH/BPD/92934/2013). João Fernandes gratefully acknowledges funding from FCT–Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (grant number UID/Multi/50016/2013). Jan-Walter De Neve was supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. Kebede Deribe is funded by a Wellcome Trust Intermediate Fellowship in Public Health and Tropical Medicine (201900). Kazem Rahimi was supported by grants from the Oxford Martin School, the NIHR Oxford BRC and the RCUK Global Challenges Research Fund. Laith J Abu-Raddad acknowledges the support of Qatar National Research Fund (NPRP 9-040-3-008) who provided the main funding for generating the data provided to the GBD-IHME effort. Liesl Zuhlke is funded by the national research foundation of South Africa and the Medical Research Council of South Africa. Monica Cortinovis acknowledges that work related to this paper has been done on the behalf of the GBD Genitourinary Disease Expert Group. Chuanhua Yu acknowleges support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 81773552 and grant number 81273179) Norberto Perico acknowledges that work related to this paper has been done on behalf of the GBD Genitourinary Disease Expert Group. Charles Shey Wiysonge’s work is supported by the South African Medical Research Council and the National Research Foundation of South Africa (grant numbers 106035 and 108571). John J McGrath is supported by grant APP1056929 from the John Cade Fellowship from the National Health and Medical Research Council and the Danish National Research Foundation (Niels Bohr Professorship). Quique Bassat is an ICREA (Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies) research professor at ISGlobal. Richard G White is funded by the UK MRC and the UK Department for International Development (DFID) under the MRC/DFID Concordat agreement that is also part of the EDCTP2 programme supported by the European Union (MR/P002404/1), the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (TB Modelling and Analysis Consortium: OPP1084276/OPP1135288, CORTIS: OPP1137034/OPP1151915, Vaccines: OPP1160830), and UNITAID (4214-LSHTM-Sept15; PO 8477-0-600). Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos was supported in part by grant number PROMETEOII/2015/021 from Generalitat Valenciana and the national grant PI17/00719 from ISCIII-FEDER. Mihajlo Jakovljevic acknowleges contribution from the Serbian Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (grant OI 175 014). Shariful Islam is funded by a Senior Fellowship from Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University and received career transition grants from High Blood Pressure Research Council of Australia. Sonia Saxena is funded by various grants from the NIHR. Stefanos Tyrovolas was supported by the Foundation for Education and European Culture, the Sara Borrell postdoctoral program (reference number CD15/00019 from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII–Spain) and the Fondos Europeo de Desarrollo Regional. Stefanos was awarded with a 6 months visiting fellowship funding at IHME from M-AES (reference no. MV16/00035 from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III). S Vittal Katikreddi was funded by a NHS Research Scotland Senior Clinical Fellowship (SCAF/15/02), the MRC (MC_UU_12017/13 & MC_ UU_12017/15) and the Scottish Government Chief Scientist Office (SPHSU13 & SPHSU15). Traolach S Brugha has received funding from NHS Digital UK to collect data used in this study. The work of Hamid Badali was financially supported by Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. The work of Stefan Lorkowski is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (nutriCARD, Grant agreement number 01EA1411A). Mariam Molokhia’s research was supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health. We also thank the countless individuals who have contributed to GBD 2016 in various capacities.
Published: 2018

14. Child and Adolescent Health From 1990 to 2015: Findings From the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2015 Study.

Author: Kassebaum N, Kyu HH, Zoeckler L, Olsen HE, Thomas K, Pinho C, Bhutta ZA, Dandona L, Ferrari A, Ghiwot TT, Hay SI, Kinfu Y, Liang X, Lopez A, Malta DC, Mokdad AH, Naghavi M, Patton GC, Salomon J, Sartorius B, Topor-Madry R, Vollset SE, Werdecker A, Whiteford HA, Abate KH, Abbas K, Damtew SA, Ahmed MB, Akseer N, Al-Raddadi R, Alemayohu MA, Altirkawi K, Abajobir AA, Amare AT, Antonio CAT, Arnlov J, Artaman A, Asayesh H, Avokpaho EFGA, Awasthi A, Ayala Quintanilla BP, Bacha U, Betsu BD, Barac A, Bärnighausen TW, Baye E, Bedi N, Bensenor IM, Berhane A, Bernabe E, Bernal OA, Beyene AS, Biadgilign S, Bikbov B, Boyce CA, Brazinova A, Hailu GB, Carter A, Castañeda-Orjuela CA, Catalá-López F, Charlson FJ, Chitheer AA, Choi JJ, Ciobanu LG, Crump J, Dandona R, Dellavalle RP, Deribew A, deVeber G, Dicker D, Ding EL, Dubey M, Endries AY, Erskine HE, Faraon EJA, Faro A, Farzadfar F, Fernandes JC, Fijabi DO, Fitzmaurice C, Fleming TD, Flor LS, Foreman KJ, Franklin RC, Fraser MS, Frostad JJ, Fullman N, Gebregergs GB, Gebru AA, Geleijnse JM, Gibney KB, Gidey Yihdego M, Ginawi IAM, Gishu MD, Gizachew TA, Glaser E, Gold AL, Goldberg E, Gona P, Goto A, Gugnani HC, Jiang G, Gupta R, Tesfay FH, Hankey GJ, Havmoeller R, Hijar M, Horino M, Hosgood HD, Hu G, Jacobsen KH, Jakovljevic MB, Jayaraman SP, Jha V, Jibat T, Johnson CO, Jonas J, Kasaeian A, Kawakami N, Keiyoro PN, Khalil I, Khang YH, Khubchandani J, Ahmad Kiadaliri AA, Kieling C, Kim D, Kissoon N, Knibbs LD, Koyanagi A, Krohn KJ, Kuate Defo B, Kucuk Bicer B, Kulikoff R, Kumar GA, Lal DK, Lam HY, Larson HJ, Larsson A, Laryea DO, Leung J, Lim SS, Lo LT, Lo WD, Looker KJ, Lotufo PA, Magdy Abd El Razek H, Malekzadeh R, Markos Shifti D, Mazidi M, Meaney PA, Meles KG, Memiah P, Mendoza W, Abera Mengistie M, Mengistu GW, Mensah GA, Miller TR, Mock C, Mohammadi A, Mohammed S, Monasta L, Mueller U, Nagata C, Naheed A, Nguyen G, Nguyen QL, Nsoesie E, Oh IH, Okoro A, Olusanya JO, Olusanya BO, Ortiz A, Paudel D, Pereira DM, Perico N, Petzold M, Phillips MR, Polanczyk GV, Pourmalek F, Qorbani M, Rafay A, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Rahman M, Rai RK, Ram U, Rankin Z, Remuzzi G, Renzaho AMN, Roba HS, Rojas-Rueda D, Ronfani L, Sagar R, Sanabria JR, Kedir Mohammed MS, Santos IS, Satpathy M, Sawhney M, Schöttker B, Schwebel DC, Scott JG, Sepanlou SG, Shaheen A, Shaikh MA, She J, Shiri R, Shiue I, Sigfusdottir ID, Singh J, Silpakit N, Smith A, Sreeramareddy C, Stanaway JD, Stein DJ, Steiner C, Sufiyan MB, Swaminathan S, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Tabb KM, Tadese F, Tavakkoli M, Taye B, Teeple S, Tegegne TK, Temam Shifa G, Terkawi AS, Thomas B, Thomson AJ, Tobe-Gai R, Tonelli M, Tran BX, Troeger C, Ukwaja KN, Uthman O, Vasankari T, Venketasubramanian N, Vlassov VV, Weiderpass E, Weintraub R, Gebrehiwot SW, Westerman R, Williams HC, Wolfe CDA, Woodbrook R, Yano Y, Yonemoto N, Yoon SJ, Younis MZ, Yu C, Zaki MES, Zegeye EA, Zuhlke LJ, Murray CJL, and Vos T
Subjects: Adolescent, Adolescent Health statistics & numerical data, Age Factors, Cause of Death, Child, Child Health statistics & numerical data, Child Mortality trends, Children with Disabilities statistics & numerical data, Female, Global Burden of Disease statistics & numerical data, Global Health statistics & numerical data, Global Health trends, Humans, Male, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications epidemiology, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Wounds and Injuries etiology, Adolescent Health trends, Child Health trends, Global Burden of Disease trends, Wounds and Injuries epidemiology
Abstract: Importance: Comprehensive and timely monitoring of disease burden in all age groups, including children and adolescents, is essential for improving population health., Objective: To quantify and describe levels and trends of mortality and nonfatal health outcomes among children and adolescents from 1990 to 2015 to provide a framework for policy discussion., Evidence Review: Cause-specific mortality and nonfatal health outcomes were analyzed for 195 countries and territories by age group, sex, and year from 1990 to 2015 using standardized approaches for data processing and statistical modeling, with subsequent analysis of the findings to describe levels and trends across geography and time among children and adolescents 19 years or younger. A composite indicator of income, education, and fertility was developed (Socio-demographic Index [SDI]) for each geographic unit and year, which evaluates the historical association between SDI and health loss., Findings: Global child and adolescent mortality decreased from 14.18 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 14.09 million to 14.28 million) deaths in 1990 to 7.26 million (95% UI, 7.14 million to 7.39 million) deaths in 2015, but progress has been unevenly distributed. Countries with a lower SDI had a larger proportion of mortality burden (75%) in 2015 than was the case in 1990 (61%). Most deaths in 2015 occurred in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Global trends were driven by reductions in mortality owing to infectious, nutritional, and neonatal disorders, which in the aggregate led to a relative increase in the importance of noncommunicable diseases and injuries in explaining global disease burden. The absolute burden of disability in children and adolescents increased 4.3% (95% UI, 3.1%-5.6%) from 1990 to 2015, with much of the increase owing to population growth and improved survival for children and adolescents to older ages. Other than infectious conditions, many top causes of disability are associated with long-term sequelae of conditions present at birth (eg, neonatal disorders, congenital birth defects, and hemoglobinopathies) and complications of a variety of infections and nutritional deficiencies. Anemia, developmental intellectual disability, hearing loss, epilepsy, and vision loss are important contributors to childhood disability that can arise from multiple causes. Maternal and reproductive health remains a key cause of disease burden in adolescent females, especially in lower-SDI countries. In low-SDI countries, mortality is the primary driver of health loss for children and adolescents, whereas disability predominates in higher-SDI locations; the specific pattern of epidemiological transition varies across diseases and injuries., Conclusions and Relevance: Consistent international attention and investment have led to sustained improvements in causes of health loss among children and adolescents in many countries, although progress has been uneven. The persistence of infectious diseases in some countries, coupled with ongoing epidemiologic transition to injuries and noncommunicable diseases, require all countries to carefully evaluate and implement appropriate strategies to maximize the health of their children and adolescents and for the international community to carefully consider which elements of child and adolescent health should be monitored.
Published: 2017
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15. Burden of Diarrhea in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 1990-2013: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.

Author: Khalil I, Colombara DV, Forouzanfar MH, Troeger C, Daoud F, Moradi-Lakeh M, Bcheraoui CE, Rao PC, Afshin A, Charara R, Abate KH, Razek MMAE, Abd-Allah F, Abu-Elyazeed R, Kiadaliri AA, Akanda AS, Akseer N, Alam K, Alasfoor D, Ali R, AlMazroa MA, Alomari MA, Al-Raddadi RMS, Alsharif U, Alsowaidi S, Altirkawi KA, Alvis-Guzman N, Ammar W, Antonio CAT, Asayesh H, Asghar RJ, Atique S, Awasthi A, Bacha U, Badawi A, Barac A, Bedi N, Bekele T, Bensenor IM, Betsu BD, Bhutta Z, Abdulhak AAB, Butt ZA, Danawi H, Dubey M, Endries AY, Faghmous IDA, Farid T, Farvid MS, Farzadfar F, Fereshtehnejad SM, Fischer F, Fitchett JRA, Gibney KB, Ginawi IAM, Gishu MD, Gugnani HC, Gupta R, Hailu GB, Hamadeh RR, Hamidi S, Harb HL, Hedayati MT, Hsairi M, Husseini A, Jahanmehr N, Javanbakht M, Jibat T, Jonas JB, Kasaeian A, Khader YS, Khan AR, Khan EA, Khan G, Khoja TAM, Kinfu Y, Kissoon N, Koyanagi A, Lal A, Latif AAA, Lunevicius R, Razek HMAE, Majeed A, Malekzadeh R, Mehari A, Mekonnen AB, Melaku YA, Memish ZA, Mendoza W, Misganaw A, Mohamed LAI, Nachega JB, Nguyen QL, Nisar MI, Peprah EK, Platts-Mills JA, Pourmalek F, Qorbani M, Rafay A, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Rahman SU, Rai RK, Rana SM, Ranabhat CL, Rao SR, Refaat AH, Riddle M, Roshandel G, Ruhago GM, Saleh MM, Sanabria JR, Sawhney M, Sepanlou SG, Setegn T, Sliwa K, Sreeramareddy CT, Sykes BL, Tavakkoli M, Tedla BA, Terkawi AS, Ukwaja K, Uthman OA, Westerman R, Wubshet M, Yenesew MA, Yonemoto N, Younis MZ, Zaidi Z, Zaki MES, Rabeeah AAA, Wang H, Naghavi M, Vos T, Lopez AD, Murray CJL, and Mokdad AH
Subjects: Child, Child, Preschool, Cost of Illness, Diarrhea economics, Persons with Disabilities, Female, Humans, Male, Mediterranean Region epidemiology, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Risk Factors, Diarrhea epidemiology, Diarrhea mortality, Global Burden of Disease
Abstract: Diarrheal diseases (DD) are leading causes of disease burden, death, and disability, especially in children in low-income settings. DD can also impact a child's potential livelihood through stunted physical growth, cognitive impairment, and other sequelae. As part of the Global Burden of Disease Study, we estimated DD burden, and the burden attributable to specific risk factors and particular etiologies, in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) between 1990 and 2013. For both sexes and all ages, we calculated disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), which are the sum of years of life lost and years lived with disability. We estimate that over 125,000 deaths (3.6% of total deaths) were due to DD in the EMR in 2013, with a greater burden of DD in low- and middle-income countries. Diarrhea deaths per 100,000 children under 5 years of age ranged from one (95% uncertainty interval [UI] = 0-1) in Bahrain and Oman to 471 (95% UI = 245-763) in Somalia. The pattern for diarrhea DALYs among those under 5 years of age closely followed that for diarrheal deaths. DALYs per 100,000 ranged from 739 (95% UI = 520-989) in Syria to 40,869 (95% UI = 21,540-65,823) in Somalia. Our results highlighted a highly inequitable burden of DD in EMR, mainly driven by the lack of access to proper resources such as water and sanitation. Our findings will guide preventive and treatment interventions which are based on evidence and which follow the ultimate goal of reducing the DD burden., (© The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.)
Published: 2016
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16. Health in times of uncertainty in the eastern Mediterranean region, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.

Author: Mokdad AH, Forouzanfar MH, Daoud F, El Bcheraoui C, Moradi-Lakeh M, Khalil I, Afshin A, Tuffaha M, Charara R, Barber RM, Wagner J, Cercy K, Kravitz H, Coates MM, Robinson M, Estep K, Steiner C, Jaber S, Mokdad AA, O'Rourke KF, Chew A, Kim P, El Razek MM, Abdalla S, Abd-Allah F, Abraham JP, Abu-Raddad LJ, Abu-Rmeileh NM, Al-Nehmi AA, Akanda AS, Al Ahmadi H, Al Khabouri MJ, Al Lami FH, Al Rayess ZA, Alasfoor D, AlBuhairan FS, Aldhahri SF, Alghnam S, Alhabib S, Al-Hamad N, Ali R, Ali SD, Alkhateeb M, AlMazroa MA, Alomari MA, Al-Raddadi R, Alsharif U, Al-Sheyab N, Alsowaidi S, Al-Thani M, Altirkawi KA, Amare AT, Amini H, Ammar W, Anwari P, Asayesh H, Asghar R, Assabri AM, Assadi R, Bacha U, Badawi A, Bakfalouni T, Basulaiman MO, Bazargan-Hejazi S, Bedi N, Bhakta AR, Bhutta ZA, Bin Abdulhak AA, Boufous S, Bourne RR, Danawi H, Das J, Deribew A, Ding EL, Durrani AM, Elshrek Y, Ibrahim ME, Eshrati B, Esteghamati A, Faghmous IA, Farzadfar F, Feigl AB, Fereshtehnejad SM, Filip I, Fischer F, Gankpé FG, Ginawi I, Gishu MD, Gupta R, Habash RM, Hafezi-Nejad N, Hamadeh RR, Hamdouni H, Hamidi S, Harb HL, Hassanvand MS, Hedayati MT, Heydarpour P, Hsairi M, Husseini A, Jahanmehr N, Jha V, Jonas JB, Karam NE, Kasaeian A, Kassa NA, Kaul A, Khader Y, Khalifa SE, Khan EA, Khan G, Khoja T, Khosravi A, Kinfu Y, Defo BK, Balaji AL, Lunevicius R, Obermeyer CM, Malekzadeh R, Mansourian M, Marcenes W, Farid HM, Mehari A, Mehio-Sibai A, Memish ZA, Mensah GA, Mohammad KA, Nahas Z, Nasher JT, Nawaz H, Nejjari C, Nisar MI, Omer SB, Parsaeian M, Peprah EK, Pervaiz A, Pourmalek F, Qato DM, Qorbani M, Radfar A, Rafay A, Rahimi K, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Rahman SU, Rai RK, Rana SM, Rao SR, Refaat AH, Resnikoff S, Roshandel G, Saade G, Saeedi MY, Sahraian MA, Saleh S, Sanchez-Riera L, Satpathy M, Sepanlou SG, Setegn T, Shaheen A, Shahraz S, Sheikhbahaei S, Shishani K, Sliwa K, Tavakkoli M, Terkawi AS, Uthman OA, Westerman R, Younis MZ, El Sayed Zaki M, Zannad F, Roth GA, Wang H, Naghavi M, Vos T, Al Rabeeah AA, Lopez AD, and Murray CJ
Subjects: Adult, Africa epidemiology, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Child, Child, Preschool, Diarrhea epidemiology, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Life Expectancy, Middle Aged, Middle East epidemiology, Noncommunicable Diseases epidemiology, Obesity complications, Risk Factors, Cardiovascular Diseases epidemiology, Global Burden of Disease trends, Infections epidemiology, Obesity epidemiology, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Social Problems, Wounds and Injuries epidemiology
Abstract: Background: The eastern Mediterranean region is comprised of 22 countries: Afghanistan, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. Since our Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 (GBD 2010), the region has faced unrest as a result of revolutions, wars, and the so-called Arab uprisings. The objective of this study was to present the burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors in the eastern Mediterranean region as of 2013., Methods: GBD 2013 includes an annual assessment covering 188 countries from 1990 to 2013. The study covers 306 diseases and injuries, 1233 sequelae, and 79 risk factors. Our GBD 2013 analyses included the addition of new data through updated systematic reviews and through the contribution of unpublished data sources from collaborators, an updated version of modelling software, and several improvements in our methods. In this systematic analysis, we use data from GBD 2013 to analyse the burden of disease and injuries in the eastern Mediterranean region specifically., Findings: The leading cause of death in the region in 2013 was ischaemic heart disease (90·3 deaths per 100 000 people), which increased by 17·2% since 1990. However, diarrhoeal diseases were the leading cause of death in Somalia (186·7 deaths per 100 000 people) in 2013, which decreased by 26·9% since 1990. The leading cause of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) was ischaemic heart disease for males and lower respiratory infection for females. High blood pressure was the leading risk factor for DALYs in 2013, with an increase of 83·3% since 1990. Risk factors for DALYs varied by country. In low-income countries, childhood wasting was the leading cause of DALYs in Afghanistan, Somalia, and Yemen, whereas unsafe sex was the leading cause in Djibouti. Non-communicable risk factors were the leading cause of DALYs in high-income and middle-income countries in the region. DALY risk factors varied by age, with child and maternal malnutrition affecting the younger age groups (aged 28 days to 4 years), whereas high bodyweight and systolic blood pressure affected older people (aged 60-80 years). The proportion of DALYs attributed to high body-mass index increased from 3·7% to 7·5% between 1990 and 2013. Burden of mental health problems and drug use increased. Most increases in DALYs, especially from non-communicable diseases, were due to population growth. The crises in Egypt, Yemen, Libya, and Syria have resulted in a reduction in life expectancy; life expectancy in Syria would have been 5 years higher than that recorded for females and 6 years higher for males had the crisis not occurred., Interpretation: Our study shows that the eastern Mediterranean region is going through a crucial health phase. The Arab uprisings and the wars that followed, coupled with ageing and population growth, will have a major impact on the region's health and resources. The region has historically seen improvements in life expectancy and other health indicators, even under stress. However, the current situation will cause deteriorating health conditions for many countries and for many years and will have an impact on the region and the rest of the world. Based on our findings, we call for increased investment in health in the region in addition to reducing the conflicts., Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation., (Copyright © 2016 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY license. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2016
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16 results on '"Gishu MD"'

1. Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of diarrhoea in 195 countries: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

2. Child and Adolescent Health From 1990 to 2015: Findings From the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2015 Study

3. Trends in HIV/AIDS morbidity and mortality in Eastern Mediterranean countries, 1990–2015: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study

4. Maternal mortality and morbidity burden in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study

5. The burden of mental disorders in the Eastern Mediterranean region, 1990-2015: findings from the global burden of disease 2015 study

6. Estimates of global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and mortality of HIV, 1980-2015 : the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

7. Healthcare Access and Quality Index based on mortality from causes amenable to personal health care in 195 countries and territories, 1990–2015: a novel analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

8. Child and adolescent health from 1990 to 2015: findings from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2015 study

9. Health in times of uncertainty in the eastern Mediterranean region, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

10. Estimates of global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and mortality of HIV, 1980-2015: the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

11. Global, regional, and national levels of maternal mortality, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

12. Burden of Diarrhea in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 1990-2013: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

13. Measuring performance on the Healthcare Access and Quality Index for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational locations: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

14. Child and Adolescent Health From 1990 to 2015: Findings From the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2015 Study.

15. Burden of Diarrhea in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 1990-2013: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.

16. Health in times of uncertainty in the eastern Mediterranean region, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.

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