925 results on '"Goiter, Endemic epidemiology"'
Search Results
2. The laywoman church builder Lucrezia Agliarti Vertova (ca 1484-March 24th 1557) had endemic goitre.
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Bianucci R, Perciaccante A, and Nerlich AG
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- Humans, History, 16th Century, Italy epidemiology, Female, Goiter, Endemic epidemiology, Goiter, Endemic history, Goiter, Endemic prevention & control
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- 2024
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3. Incidental thyroid carcinoma in an endemic goiter area in Italy: histopathological features and predictors of a common finding.
- Author
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Chiefari E, Innaro N, Gervasi R, Mirabelli M, Giuliano S, Donnici A, Obiso S, Brunetti FS, Foti DP, and Brunetti A
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- Humans, Female, Male, Middle Aged, Italy epidemiology, Adult, Retrospective Studies, Aged, Prevalence, Thyroidectomy, Thyroid Gland pathology, Thyroid Gland surgery, Adenocarcinoma, Follicular pathology, Adenocarcinoma, Follicular epidemiology, Adenocarcinoma, Follicular surgery, Thyroid Neoplasms pathology, Thyroid Neoplasms epidemiology, Thyroid Neoplasms surgery, Incidental Findings, Goiter, Endemic epidemiology, Goiter, Endemic pathology
- Abstract
Purpose: The occurrence and histopathological features of incidental thyroid carcinoma (ITC) vary considerably among populations from different geographical regions. The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence and histopathological characteristics of ITC in patients who underwent thyroid surgery for apparently benign thyroid diseases in an endemic goiter area in Italy., Methods: A total of 649 consecutive patients (531 females and 118 males; mean age, 52.9 ± 11.0 years), who underwent thyroid surgery at the Endocrine Surgery Unit of the tertiary care "Renato Dulbecco" University Hospital (Catanzaro, Italy) in the period between years 2017 and 2022, were included in this retrospective study. A comprehensive histopathological examination was performed on surgically excised thyroid tissue. Logistic regression analysis was employed to identify potential predictors of ITC., Results: The histopathological examination revealed the presence of ITC in 81 patients, accounting for 12.5% of the total study population. The female to male ratio was found to be 6.4 to 1. Among the patients with ITC, 72 had papillary carcinoma (PTC), with 53 of these tumors being microcarcinomas (microPTC). Additionally, 5 patients had follicular thyroid carcinoma, 2 patients had low-risk follicular cell-derived thyroid neoplasms, 1 patient had an oncocytic carcinoma, and 1 patient had a medullary thyroid carcinoma. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated a significant association between female sex and incidental microPTC., Conclusions: These findings provide further evidence of the common occurrence of ITC, typically in the form of microPTC, among individuals who undergo thyroid surgery for apparently benign thyroid diseases., (© 2024. The Author(s).)
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- 2024
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4. Endemic goiter in two masterpieces by Piero della Francesca (c.1415-1492).
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Trimarchi F and Martino E
- Subjects
- Humans, Goiter, Endemic epidemiology, Goiter, Nodular, Paintings, Goiter
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- 2023
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5. The Prevention of Iodine Deficiency: A History.
- Author
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Pearce EN and Zimmermann MB
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- Female, Pregnancy, Humans, Sodium Chloride, Dietary, Goiter epidemiology, Goiter, Endemic complications, Goiter, Endemic epidemiology, Goiter, Endemic prevention & control, Iodine therapeutic use, Congenital Hypothyroidism complications, Malnutrition
- Abstract
Iodine is an essential component of the hormones produced by the thyroid gland and is, therefore, essential for mammalian life. A landmark trial in the early 20th century definitively demonstrated that iodine supplementation could prevent what was then known as "endemic goiter." Subsequent studies over the next decades demonstrated that iodine deficiency causes a spectrum of disease, including not just goiter, but also cretinism, intellectual impairment, and adverse obstetric outcomes. Salt iodization, first used in Switzerland and the United States in the1920s, has become the mainstay of iodine deficiency prevention efforts. The dramatic reduction in the global prevalence of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) over the past 30 years represents an outstanding and under-recognized public health achievement. This narrative review provides an overview of critical scientific discoveries and advances in public health nutrition related to the prevention of IDD in the United States and worldwide. This review was written to commemorate the centennial of the founding of the American Thyroid Association.
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- 2023
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6. [Epidemiology of benign thyroid disorders in the adult population of the Republic of Belarus: analysis of nationwide statistics 2009 to 2019].
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Yakubouski SU, Kandratsenka HH, Salko OB, and Kuz'menkova EI
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- Humans, Republic of Belarus epidemiology, Goiter, Endemic complications, Goiter, Endemic epidemiology, Goiter, Nodular complications, Goiter, Nodular epidemiology, Graves Disease complications, Iodine, Thyroid Neoplasms epidemiology, Thyroid Neoplasms etiology, Thyroiditis complications
- Abstract
Background: Nowadays, the Republic of Belarus belongs to the countries with sufficient iodine supply, which made it possible to reduce the incidence of non-toxic goiter and congenital hypothyroidism. However, even a slight change in iodine consumption influences the pattern of thyroid diseases. In addition to iodine deficiency, other environmental conditions, as well as genetic factors, play a significant role in the etiology of thyroid diseases., Aim: To analyze the dynamics of the main epidemiological indicators of benign thyroid diseases from 2009 to 2019 in the adult population of the Republic of Belarus, using the data of official state statistics., Materials and Methods: The indicators of the incidence and prevalence of benign thyroid diseases were studied on the basis of state statistics for 2009-2019. To analyze the dynamics of the studied indicators, regression analysis was used with the construction of linear and polynomial models., Results: A decrease in the incidence and prevalence of diffuse euthyroid goiter and an increase in the incidence and prevalence of nodular euthyroid goiter, thyroiditis, acquired hypothyroidism, Graves' disease, as well as the incidence of nodular toxic goiter were revealed., Conclusion: Obtained data indicate, that there is an increase in the prevalence of most of the studied thyroid diseases, despite the adequate iodine supply. The above justifies the need for further study of the causes of the identified trends, as well as the necessity of developing new methods of diagnosis and treatment of thyroid diseases.
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- 2022
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7. The Virgin Mary with a small goiter breastfeeding the Child.
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Trimarchi F, Martino E, and Bartalena L
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- Breast Feeding, Child, Preschool, Famous Persons, Female, Goiter, Endemic epidemiology, Goiter, Endemic history, History, Medieval, Humans, Male, Nutritional Status, Paintings history, Sicily epidemiology, Christianity history, Goiter, Endemic pathology, Medicine in the Arts history
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- 2021
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8. Thiocyanate in excess develops goiter followed by auto immune thyroid diseases even after effective salt iodization in a rural community of north east India.
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Singh LH, Chandra AK, Yumnam SD, Sarkar D, Manglem RK, Dhabali T, Mookerjee S, and Ray I
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- Adult, Autoantibodies blood, Bambusa adverse effects, Bambusa chemistry, Child, Dietary Exposure statistics & numerical data, Female, Goiter, Endemic diagnosis, Goiter, Endemic epidemiology, Goiter, Endemic immunology, Humans, India epidemiology, Iodine urine, Male, Prevalence, Rural Health statistics & numerical data, Thiocyanates urine, Thyroid Gland pathology, Thyroid Gland physiopathology, Thyroid Hormones blood, Thyrotropin blood, Dietary Exposure adverse effects, Goiter, Endemic chemically induced, Iodine administration & dosage, Sodium Chloride, Dietary administration & dosage, Thiocyanates adverse effects
- Abstract
Purpose: Salt iodization in Manipur of north-east India failed to prevent endemic goiter, therefore an in depth study carried out to evaluate thyroid functions of goitrous subjects in a randomly selected region., Methods: Goiter survey conducted in children and women of reproductive ages by palpation followed by measurement of urinary iodine, thiocyanate and house-hold salt iodine to evaluate iodine nutritional status and consumption pattern of bamboo-shoots (BS). In all grade-2 goitrous subjects, free thyroxine, triiodothyronine, TSH, TPO and Tg antibodies, thyroid volume and echogenecity by ultrasonography and cytomorphology of thyroid by FNAC studied., Results: Study population was 2486 children and 1506 women, goiter prevalence was 12.59% and 16.27% respectively; median urinary iodine and mean thiocyanate were 166 µg/l and 0.729 ± 0.408 mg/dl while salt iodine was ≥30 ppm. Serum thyroid hormones and TSH profiles of all grade-2 goitrous subjects showed 16.21% were subclinically hypothyroid, 2.16% overt hypothyroid, 4.86% subclinically hyperthyroid and 6.48% overt hyperthyroid, serum TPO- and Tg-antibodies found positive in 41.62%. Ultrasonographic results showed 24% had enlarged thyroid and 86.4% hypoechoic. Cytomorphological studies showed prevalence of colloid goiter (41.08%), lymphocytic thyroiditis (37.83%), Hashimoto's thyroiditis (8.10%), autoimmune thyroiditis (4.32%), sub-acute thyroiditis (2.16%) and 1.62% each papillary, medullary carcinoma, simple diffused hyperplasia and adenomoid nodular goiter., Conclusions: Grade-2 goitrous individuals in this mild goiter endemic region were affected by hypo- and hyperthyroidism with hypoechoic thyroid and thyroiditis. Thiocyanate that originates from BS even in presence of adequate iodine developed goiter and led goitrous population towards such diseases., (Copyright © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2021
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9. Evaluation of the Bethesda System and the ACR TIRADS in an Endemic Goiter Region.
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Karaagac M, Sarigoz T, Ertan T, and Topuz O
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- Adult, Aged, Biopsy, Fine-Needle, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Retrospective Studies, Risk, Risk Assessment methods, Thyroid Neoplasms epidemiology, Thyroid Nodule diagnosis, Thyroid Nodule epidemiology, Thyroid Nodule pathology, Thyroidectomy, Turkey epidemiology, Ultrasonography, Goiter, Endemic epidemiology, Risk Assessment standards, Thyroid Neoplasms diagnosis, Thyroid Neoplasms pathology
- Abstract
Background: Various factors can affect incidence of thyroid disorders and disease profiles may show abrupt changes in endemic goitrous areas. In this study, it was aimed to analyze the American College of Radiology (ACR) Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TI-RADS) and the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (BSRTC) in terms of risk of malignancy and general recommendations in an endemic goiter region (EGR)., Methods: In this retrospective study, a total of 500 patients who had thyroidectomy following thyroid fine needle aspiration biopsy were enrolled. For the assessment of thyroid cytology, BSRTC was used and for the evaluation of ultrasound features of thyroid nodules, ACR TIRADS lexicon was adopted. For the assessment of thyroid cytology, Bethesda classification was used and for the evaluation of ultrasound features of thyroid nodules, ACR TIRADS lexicon was adopted., Results: In the EGR setting, benign category of BSRTC had a cancer risk of 6.2% which was two times more than the 2017 BSRTC revision reported. Nodules 10-14.9 mm in diameter had nearly 4 times higher malignancy risk than nodules >15 mm. In this group of patients, the risk of malignancy for TIRADS level 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 was 1.16%, 2.94%, 7%, 45.64% and 94.44%, respectively. The malignancy rates for Bethesda system category I, II, III, IV, V and VI were as follows: 14.43%, 6.2%, 19.05%, 36.73%, 75.68% and 100%., Conclusions: There are slight differences between the common set of standards and this study results regarding risk of malignancy. This brings up the question whether there is need for revision for the use of categories and the appropriate management in endemic goiter regions.
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- 2020
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10. Familial Aggregation of Endemic Congenital Hypothyroidism Syndrome in Congo (DR): Historical Data.
- Author
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Weichenberger CX, Rivera MT, and Vanderpas J
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- Adolescent, Adult, Child, Child, Preschool, Cohort Studies, Congenital Hypothyroidism genetics, Democratic Republic of the Congo epidemiology, Environmental Exposure adverse effects, Female, Goiter, Endemic genetics, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Pedigree, Phenotype, Prevalence, Thiocyanates toxicity, Young Adult, Congenital Hypothyroidism epidemiology, Goiter, Endemic epidemiology, Iodine deficiency, Selenium deficiency
- Abstract
Familial aggregation of endemic congenital hypothyroidism (CH) in an iodine-deficient population from northern Congo (Democratic Republic (DR)) was analysed on data collected four decades ago (1979-1980). During a systematic survey of 62 families, 46 endemic CH subjects (44 myxedematous and 2 neurological) were identified based on clinical evidence within a village cohort of 468 subjects. A distribution analysis showed that two families presented significant excess of cases versus a random background distribution. Both families were characterised by two healthy parents having all of their five offspring affected by some form of endemic CH. Goitre prevalence in endemic CH was lower than that in the general population, while goitre prevalence in the unaffected part of the cohort (parents and siblings) was similar to that of the general population. Some unidentified genetic/epigenetic factor(s) could contribute to the evolution of some iodine-deficient hypothyroid neonates through irreversible and progressive loss of thyroid functional capacity during early childhood (<5 years old). Besides severe iodine deficiency, environmental exposure to thiocyanate overload and selenium deficiency, factors not randomly distributed within families and population, intervened in the full expression of endemic CH. Further exploration in the field will remain open, as iodine deficiency in Congo (DR) was eliminated in the 1990s.
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- 2020
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11. Endemic Goiter and Iodine Prophylaxis in Calabria, a Region of Southern Italy: Past and Present.
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Giordano C, Barone I, Marsico S, Bruno R, Bonofiglio D, Catalano S, and Andò S
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- Humans, Italy epidemiology, Retrospective Studies, Goiter, Endemic epidemiology, Goiter, Endemic prevention & control, Iodine administration & dosage, Iodine pharmacology, Sodium Chloride, Dietary administration & dosage
- Abstract
Iodine, a micronutrient that plays a pivotal role in thyroid hormone synthesis, is essential for proper health at all life stages. Indeed, an insufficient iodine intake may determine a thyroid dysfunction also with goiter, or it may be associated to clinical features such as stunted growth and mental retardation, referred as iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs). Iodine deficiency still remains an important public health problem in many countries, including Italy. The effective strategy for the prevention and control of IDDs is universal salt iodization, which was implemented in Italy in 2005 as a nationwide program adopted after the approval of an Italian law. Despite an improvement in the iodine intake, many regions in Italy are still characterized by mild iodine deficiency. In this review, we provide an overview of the historical evolution of the iodine status in the Calabria region, located in the South of Italy, during the past three decades. In particular, we have retraced an itinerary from the first epidemiological surveys at the end of the 1980s to the establishment of the Regional Observatory of Endemic Goiter and Iodine Prophylaxis, which represents an efficient model for the surveillance of IDDs and monitoring the efficacy of iodine prophylaxis., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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- 2019
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12. Assessment of Iodine Nutritional Status of School-Age Children in Kolkata District of West Bengal State in Post-Iodation Scenario.
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Bhattacharya U and Chandra AK
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- Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, India epidemiology, Iodine urine, Male, Prevalence, Goiter, Endemic epidemiology, Iodine deficiency, Nutritional Status, Thiocyanates urine
- Abstract
To evaluate the state of iodine nutrition in post-iodation scenario, 3500 children were examined clinically for endemic goitre. Iodine and thiocyanate were measured in 240 urine samples; iodine content in 210 salt samples was measured. Total goitre prevalence was 6.1%. Median urinary iodine level was 21.80 µg/dl, and mean (±SD) urinary thiocyanate was 0.89 ± 0.49 mg/dl. Iodine content of only 11.9% salt samples was below recommended level of 15 ppm, 25.2% was between 15 and 30 ppm and 62.9% was >30 ppm. Iodine deficiency disorders are thus clinically mild public health problem of the studied population; however, they have no biochemical iodine deficiency. Studied population found exposed to thiocyanate load that might be the possible cause for persistence of endemic goitre. People of Kolkata should be advised to eat commonly consumed goitrogenic foods after boiling and decanting the water. Periodical monitoring and evaluation of iodine status should be mandatory.
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- 2019
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13. The Krakow Declaration: The last chance for Europe to eradicate iodine deficiency.
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Vila L and Puig-Domingo M
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- Animal Feed standards, Commerce legislation & jurisprudence, Congenital Hypothyroidism epidemiology, Congenital Hypothyroidism etiology, Europe epidemiology, European Union, Food Industry legislation & jurisprudence, Food Industry standards, Food, Fortified standards, Goiter, Endemic epidemiology, Health Promotion organization & administration, Humans, Information Dissemination, Iodine administration & dosage, Public Health Administration, Spain, Congenital Hypothyroidism prevention & control, Goiter, Endemic prevention & control, Iodine deficiency, Sodium Chloride, Dietary administration & dosage
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- 2018
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14. Endemic goiter and iodine deficiency status among Guinea-Bissau school-age children.
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Carvalho AC, Machado A, Embalo AR, and Bordalo AA
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- Adolescent, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Deficiency Diseases complications, Diet, Drinking Water chemistry, Family Characteristics, Female, Goiter, Endemic etiology, Guinea-Bissau epidemiology, Humans, Iodine urine, Male, Prevalence, Sodium Chloride, Dietary analysis, Deficiency Diseases epidemiology, Goiter, Endemic epidemiology, Iodine deficiency, Nutritional Status
- Abstract
Background/objectives: Iodine deficiency disorders are estimated to affect 25% of all school-age children around the world. Current policies concerning iodine deficiency disorders in many countries are not based on robust or recent national data. Our objective was to evaluate the current status of iodine nutrition in Guinea-Bissau (West Africa)., Subject/methods: A cross-sectional survey including 299 school-age children, aged 6-14 years old, from four distinct regions of Guinea-Bissau across a coast-hinterland gradient (Bolama, Bissau, Cambaju-Bafatá, and Gabú) was performed. Several iodine deficiency disorders indicators were used: total goiter rate, median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and regional iodine content in household salt and drinking water samples. Data on the total goiter rate were obtained by thyroid ultrasound., Results: Goiter was found in 73.5% (CI 95%, 68.5-78.2%) of the school-age children. We observed a median urinary iodine concentration of 110 mcg/l, with 7.3% of the studied population presenting urinary iodine concentration < 50 mcg/l. Only 12.5% of the household salt samples revealed iodine content ≥ 15 mg/kg. Median well water iodine concentration was 11.7 mcg/l., Conclusions: Guinea-Bissau presents high rates of goiter in school-age children despite satisfactory median urinary iodine concentration population levels. Salt and drinking water iodine median content cannot explain these findings. Further studies following the progress in iodine deficiency status and the presence of potential goitrogens in diet of this vulnerable population are in needed.
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- 2018
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15. The effect of 17 years of increased salt iodization on the prevalence and nature of goiter in Croatian schoolchildren.
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Vučinić M, Kušec V, Dundović S, Ille J, and Dumić M
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- Adolescent, Child, Croatia epidemiology, Female, Goiter, Endemic prevention & control, Humans, Male, Prevalence, Goiter, Endemic epidemiology, Iodine deficiency, Sodium Chloride, Dietary
- Abstract
Background High goiter prevalence caused by iodine deficiency (medium content 5.6 mg potassium iodide [KI]/kg of salt, median urine iodine concentration [UIC] 68 μg/L) in Croatia was observed in 1991 and 1995 when salt was iodized with 10 mg KI/kg. A new regulation introduced in 1996, specified 25 mg KI/kg of salt resulting in an increase of median UIC to 248 μg/L. Afterwards, goiter prevalence was only assessed in two small studies. Methods In this study, we investigated the prevalence and etiology of goiter in 3594 schoolchildren 17 years after an increase in salt iodization in Croatia. Thyroid size was determined by palpation in 1777 girls and 1817 boys aged 10-18 years. In goitrous children, a thyroid ultrasound and thyroid-stimulating hormone, free thyroxine (fT4), free triiodothyronine (fT3), thyroid peroxidase (TPO) and thyroglobulin (TG) antibody measurements were performed. Results Goiter was found in 32 children (0.89% vs. 2.8% in 1991, p<0.00001 and 27% in 1995, p<0.00001), simple goiter (SG) in 18/32 (56%) goitrous children vs. 126/152 (82.8%) in 1991 p<0.00001, autoimmune thyroiditis (AT) in 13/32 (40.6%) vs. 19/152 (12.5%) in 1991 p<0.0009, nodules in four: two cysts, toxic adenoma and carcinoma (in 1991 two adenomas and one cyst), Graves' disease was not found (four in 1991). Subclinical hypothyroidism was found in three children. Thyroid disease was diagnosed in four of 32 children before the investigation. Increased iodine supply decreased goiter prevalence and SG/AT ratio in goitrous patients. Conclusions As thyroid abnormalities were found in 0.89% of children and some required treatment, thyroid examination is important in apparently healthy children regardless of sufficient iodization.
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- 2018
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16. Iodine Deficiency and Toxicity Among School Children in Damoh District, Madhya Pradesh, India.
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Bali S, Singh AR, and Nayak PK
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- Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Goiter, Endemic diagnosis, Humans, India epidemiology, Male, Nutritional Status, Prevalence, Sodium Chloride, Dietary, Goiter, Endemic epidemiology, Iodine deficiency, Iodine toxicity
- Abstract
Objective: To estimate the prevalence of Iodine Deficiency Disorders, and household consumption of adequately iodized salt in Damoh district, Madhya Pradesh in 2016., Methods: Cross-sectional study with cluster sampling method was used among school-going children. 30 clusters, each with 90 children were selected to access Total Goiter rate (TGR). 540 salt samples were collected to estimate salt iodine content from their household and 270 on the spot urine samples were collected to estimate Urine Iodine Excretion level., Results: TGR was 2.08%. The prevalence of iodine deficiency, adequate iodine nutrition, and either more than adequate or toxic level of Iodine was 26%, 28% and 46 %, respectively. 72.4% people were consuming adequately iodized salt., Conclusion: Damoh district is no more an endemic area for iodine deficiency. We recommend continuous monitoring to assess IDDs as well Iodine-induced toxicity in future.
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- 2018
17. [Iodine prophylaxis, voices from the past after 65 years].
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Santiago Fernández P
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- Adult, Child, Congenital Hypothyroidism epidemiology, Diet, Female, Goiter, Endemic epidemiology, History, 20th Century, Humans, Male, Prevalence, Sodium Chloride, Dietary, Spain epidemiology, Goiter, Endemic history, Goiter, Endemic prevention & control, Iodine history, Iodine therapeutic use
- Abstract
In 1953, Dr. Felipe Rodríguez Moreno joined the Granada Research Group on Endemic Goiter, which was led by Dr. Ortiz de Landázuri. A high goiter prevalence (62% in women) was found out within the area, and that prevalence was observed to be related to the dietary habits of the time, being the most disadvantaged those who were showing a greater prevalence. A relationship between the high goiter prevalence and the family of the subjects with goiter was also found out, as they usually had a first-degree relative with affection. Iodine content of drinking water was poor throughout the area, so the prevalence was not significantly different between individuals who drank from different water sources. There were only two females with cretinism and two males affected by "idiocy", so the goiters were probably euthyroid. After introducing iodine prophylaxis with iodized salt in Güejar-Sierra, prevalence decreased from 53% to 13% between 1953 and 1958.
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- 2017
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18. Elimination of iodine deficiency disorders from the Americas: a public health triumph.
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Pretell EA, Pearce EN, Moreno SA, Dary O, Kupka R, Gizak M, Gorstein J, Grajeda R, and Zimmermann MB
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- Americas, Goiter, Endemic epidemiology, Humans, Public Health, Goiter, Endemic prevention & control, Iodine deficiency
- Published
- 2017
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19. The way forward in Italy for iodine.
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Olivieri A, DI Cosmo C, DE Angelis S, DA Cas R, Stacchini P, Pastorelli A, and Vitti P
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- Congenital Hypothyroidism prevention & control, Goiter, Endemic prevention & control, Humans, Iodine administration & dosage, Iodine supply & distribution, Italy epidemiology, Program Development, Sodium Chloride, Dietary administration & dosage, Trace Elements administration & dosage, Congenital Hypothyroidism epidemiology, Goiter, Endemic epidemiology, Iodine deficiency, Sodium Chloride, Dietary supply & distribution, Trace Elements deficiency
- Abstract
Italy is dealing with iodine deficiency since ancient times. In 1848 an ad hoc committee appointed by the king of Sardinia, identified extensive areas afflicted by endemic goiter and endemic cretinism in Piedmont, Liguria and Sardinia. Since then many epidemiological studies have been conducted in our country. These showed that iodine deficiency was present not only in mountain areas but also in coastal areas. In 1972 the iodization of salt at 15 mg/kg was allowed by law and iodized salt was distributed on request to selected endemic areas. Five years later the distribution was extended to the whole country. However the sale of iodized salt was not mandatory at that time and only a small fraction of the Italian population started using iodized salt. In 1991 the content of iodine in the salt was raised to 30 mg/kg and in 2005 a nationwide salt iodization program was finally implemented. Some years later a nationwide monitoring program of iodine prophylaxis was also implemented. Since 2005 the sale of iodized salt in Italian supermarkets has increased (34% in 2006, 55% in 2012), although it has been observed that the use of iodized salt is still low in the communal eating areas and in the food industry. These data are coherent with recent epidemiological studies showing that some regions in our country are still characterized by mild iodine deficiency and a high frequency of goiter and other iodine deficiency disorders. This implies that further efforts should be made to successfully correct iodine deficiency in Italy.
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- 2017
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20. Iodine deficiency and nutrition in Scandinavia.
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Manousou S, Dahl L, Heinsbaek Thuesen B, Hulthén L, and Nyström Filipsson H
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- Adolescent, Adult, Child, Denmark epidemiology, Female, Geography, Medical, Goiter, Endemic epidemiology, Goiter, Endemic prevention & control, Humans, Iodine urine, Male, Norway epidemiology, Pregnancy, Sex Factors, Sodium Chloride, Dietary administration & dosage, Sweden epidemiology, Trace Elements urine, Dietary Supplements, Iodine administration & dosage, Iodine deficiency, Trace Elements administration & dosage, Trace Elements deficiency
- Abstract
Iodine nutrition is a result of geological conditions, iodine fortification and monitoring strategies within a country together with the dietary habits of the population. This review summarizes the basis for the current iodine situation in the Scandinavian countries in order to identify gaps in knowledge, determine necessary future steps, highlight landmarks in Scandinavian iodine research and consider ongoing studies in Scandinavian countries with high international impact. Historically, iodine deficiency disorders such as goiter were common in Norway and Sweden, but not in Denmark. Different strategies have been used in Scandinavia to improve iodine nutrition. The major source of iodine is iodized salt in Sweden and from milk and dairy products in Norway. In Denmark, drinking water, milk, dairy products and iodized salt used in commercial production of bread are the important sources of iodine. The current iodine status in Scandinavia is not optimal and action is ongoing to increase iodination in Denmark, where there is mild iodine deficiency in the general population. Data from all three countries indicate insufficient iodine nutrition during pregnancy and there is a need for data from children, adolescents and young women. Monitoring a population's iodine status and dietary iodine sources is necessary to secure iodine nutrition in Scandinavia. Ongoing studies in Scandinavia will contribute significantly to the knowledge about the effects of mild to moderate iodine deficiency.
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- 2017
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21. [The iodine prophylaxis: the experience in the Autonomous Province of Bolzano (South Tyrol).]
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Franzellin F and Lucchin L
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Child, Female, Goiter, Endemic epidemiology, Humans, Iodine deficiency, Italy epidemiology, Male, Middle Aged, Prevalence, Thyroid Neoplasms epidemiology, Thyroiditis epidemiology, Young Adult, Goiter, Endemic prevention & control, Iodine administration & dosage, Sodium Chloride, Dietary administration & dosage
- Abstract
Since ancient times in South Tyrol there was evidence of endemic goitre caused by iodine deficiency. In the early 80's an epidemiological research on adults and primary and secondary school children reported in the least a prevalence of goitre from grade 1 B-3 (WHO) of 23,66% (limits WHO >5%) and an urinary iodine of 10,2 µgI/L. Therefore South Tyrol population presented heavy endemic goitre. In 1982 started a generalized iodine prophylaxis with alimentary iodined salt after an intense prevention campaign. In 1990 it has been done another epidemiological research on primary and secondary school children of the province (neck palpation, thyroid ultrasound, blood and urine tests) which revealed a prevalence of goitre from grade 1 B (WHO) of 1,6% (limits WHO >5%) and an urinary iodine of 137,1 µgI/L. Therefore in South Tyrol there was no more evidence of endemic goitre. In 2001 another research over primary and secondary school children, of the same areas and with the same approaches of the previous researches reported a prevalence of goitre of 1,5% and a median of urinary iodine of 230 µgI/L. On the basis of the data of Istituto Superiore di Sanità (National Institute of Health) can be stated that in the Province of Bolzano there's a low presence of congenital hypothyroidism. It has been observed an increase in the thyroiditis and in the diagnosis of thyroid cancer was marked an accentuation of papillar forms, less aggressive than the follicula. Unfortunately since 2001 no new epidemiological researches were done, due to lack of financial resources and the raising of other sanitary problems of higher priority.
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- 2017
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22. Concomitant thyroid cancer in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism in an endemic goitre region.
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Simsek B, Guldogan CE, Ozden S, Saylam B, Karabeyoglu SM, and Tez M
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- Adenoma complications, Adenoma epidemiology, Adenoma, Oxyphilic diagnosis, Adenoma, Oxyphilic surgery, Adult, Biopsy, Fine-Needle, Female, Goiter, Endemic epidemiology, Humans, Hyperparathyroidism, Primary epidemiology, Hyperparathyroidism, Primary etiology, Male, Middle Aged, Parathyroid Neoplasms complications, Parathyroid Neoplasms epidemiology, Prevalence, Retrospective Studies, Thyroid Neoplasms diagnosis, Thyroid Neoplasms surgery, Thyroidectomy methods, Treatment Outcome, Turkey epidemiology, Adenoma diagnosis, Adenoma surgery, Goiter, Endemic complications, Hyperparathyroidism, Primary diagnosis, Parathyroid Neoplasms diagnosis, Parathyroid Neoplasms surgery, Parathyroidectomy methods
- Abstract
Objective: Primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) is often accompanied by underlying thyroid pathology and 1 to 36% of these thyroid pathologies are malignant. How the identification of these lesions affects patient management is unclear. We present a single-center experience with the prevalence of concomitant thyroid cancer in patients who underwent parathyroidectomy for pHPT., Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study. Two hundred-two patients with primary hyperparathyroidism included study. Demographic data, clinical findings, and final histopathological diagnosis were recorded retrospectively., Results: Preoperative cervical ultrasound examination revealed co-existent thyroid abnormalities in 117 (57.9%) patients. Mean age of these patients was 57.8 ± 12.2 years and 88% were female. Sixty-three (53.9%) of the patients with thyroid abnormalities, underwent preoperative fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB). Cytology result was malignant in one (1.6%) patient, benign in 47(85.7%) patients, indeterminate in six (9.5%) patients and Hurthle cell neoplasm in two (3.2%) patients. Ninety-four (80.3%) of the patients underwent simultaneous thyroid surgery. Final pathology of the thyroid specimen was malignant in 26 (12.9%) patients. Sixteen of the malignant patients had preoperative FNAB. Preoperative FNAB result of these patients was malignant in one patient, indeterminate in two patients and benign in 13 patients., Conclusion: By implementing a comprehensive approach to patients with pHPT who present with thyroid disease, concomitant pathology may be elucidated preoperatively. But, this approach will not facilitate the detection of otherwise unsuspected thyroid cancer in an endemic goitre region., Key Words: Cancer, Parathyroid adenoma, Parathyroidectomy, Thyroid, Thyroidectomy.
- Published
- 2017
23. Iodisation of Salt in Slovenia: Increased Availability of Non-Iodised Salt in the Food Supply.
- Author
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Žmitek K and Pravst I
- Subjects
- Databases, Factual, Deficiency Diseases epidemiology, Deficiency Diseases etiology, Deficiency Diseases physiopathology, European Union, Food Labeling, Goiter, Endemic epidemiology, Goiter, Endemic etiology, Goiter, Endemic prevention & control, Health Promotion, Humans, Iodine analysis, Iodine chemistry, Iodine economics, Iodine therapeutic use, Patient Compliance, Potassium Iodide analysis, Potassium Iodide economics, Potassium Iodide therapeutic use, Slovenia epidemiology, Sodium Chloride, Dietary analysis, Sodium Chloride, Dietary economics, Sodium Chloride, Dietary therapeutic use, Deficiency Diseases prevention & control, Food Supply economics, Iodine deficiency, Nutrition Policy, Sodium Chloride, Dietary adverse effects
- Abstract
Salt iodisation is considered a key public health measure for assuring adequate iodine intake in iodine-deficient countries. In Slovenia, the iodisation of all salt was made mandatory in 1953. A considerable regulatory change came in 2003 with the mandatory iodisation of rock and evaporated salt only. In addition, joining the European Union's free single market in 2004 enabled the import of non-iodised salt. The objective of this study was to investigate the extent of salt iodising in the food supply. We examined both the availability and sale of (non-)iodised salt. Average sales-weighted iodine levels in salt were calculated using the results of a national monitoring of salt quality. Data on the availability and sales of salts were collected in major food retailers in 2014. Iodised salt represented 59.2% of the salt samples, and 95.9% of salt sales, with an average (sales-weighted) level of 24.2 mg KI/kg of salt. The average sales-weighted KI level in non-iodised salts was 3.5 mg KI/kg. We may conclude that the sales-weighted average iodine levels in iodised salt are in line with the regulatory requirements. However, the regulatory changes and the EU single market have considerably affected the availability of non-iodised salt. While sales of non-iodised salt are still low, non-iodised salt represented 33.7% of the salts in our sample. This indicates the existence of a niche market which could pose a risk of inadequate iodine intake in those who deliberately decide to consume non-iodised salt only. Policymakers need to provide efficient salt iodisation intervention to assure sufficient iodine supply in the future. The reported sales-weighting approach enables cost-efficient monitoring of the iodisation of salt in the food supply.
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- 2016
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24. Prevalence and Factors Associated with Goitre among 6-12-year-old Children in a Rural Area of Karnataka in South India.
- Author
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Manjunath B, Suman G, Hemanth T, Shivaraj NS, and Murthy NS
- Subjects
- Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, India epidemiology, Iodine, Male, Prevalence, Public Health, Risk Factors, Sodium Chloride, Dietary, Goiter, Endemic epidemiology
- Abstract
In India, endemic goitre is present in sub-Himalayan region and in pockets in states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Gujarat. Being a public health problem amenable for prevention, the assessment of prevalence of endemic goitre in an area helps in understanding whether the preventive strategies under National Iodine Deficiency Disorder Control Program (NIDDCP) have any impact on the control of endemic goitre. Hence, the current study was carried out to determine the prevalence, distribution and factors associated with iodine deficiency goitre among 6-12-year-old children in a rural area in south Karnataka. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 838 children, using a questionnaire adopted from Iodized Salt Program Assessment Tool and the tools prescribed by WHO for goitre survey. The prevalence of goitre in the study area was 21.9% (95% CI 19.2-24.8). There was higher prevalence of goitre among those having salt iodine <15 ppm than those with >15 ppm (P = 0.01; OR 1.59; 95% CI 1.10-2.29). In 10% of the children, urinary iodine excretion (UIE) was assessed and prevalence was higher among those with <100 μg/l of UIE than those with normal UIE, which was not statistically significant (P = 0.8, OR 1.36; 95% CI 0.62-2.96). Multiple logistic regression revealed that gender (P = 0.002; OR 1.7; 95% CI 1.21-2.35) was an independent variable associated with goitre. The study area was found to be moderately endemic for goitre based on the WHO criteria. Higher prevalence of goitre was found to be still associated with consumption of low iodized salt (<15 ppm) necessitating emphasis on monitoring of salt iodine levels in the study area. Though NIDDCP is being implemented since five decades in India, the burden of iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs) is still high demanding further impetus to the monitoring systems of the programme.
- Published
- 2016
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25. Maternal Overt Hypothyroidism and Neurobehavioral Outcome of Neonates: A Cohort Study from an Iodine-deficient Area of Northern India.
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Ganaie MA, Charoo BA, Sofi RA, Ahmed A, and Bhat JI
- Subjects
- Adult, Cohort Studies, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Goiter, Endemic epidemiology, Humans, Hypothyroidism epidemiology, India, Infant, Newborn, Infant, Newborn, Diseases epidemiology, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications epidemiology, Prospective Studies, Reference Values, Thyroid Function Tests, Developing Countries, Goiter, Endemic diagnosis, Hypothyroidism diagnosis, Infant, Newborn, Diseases diagnosis, Iodine deficiency, Neurodevelopmental Disorders diagnosis, Neurodevelopmental Disorders epidemiology, Pregnancy Complications diagnosis
- Abstract
Objective: To study the relation between maternal overt hypothyroidism and neurodevelopmental outcome of neonates in iodine-deficient region of Northern India (Kashmir Valley)., Design: Prospective cohort study., Setting: Endocrinology department of a tertiary-care hospital., Participants: 82 hypothyroid pregnant women were enrolled and followed up till delivery. The neonates born to this group represented the case neonates. 51 euthyroid healthy pregnant women were selected as control group. The neonates born to these mothers served as controls., Main Outcome Measures: Early neonatal behavioral assessment at 3-4 weeks of age., Results: The mean TSH and free T4 in neonates of mothers with well controlled hypothyroidism was significantly different from those born to mothers with poorly controlled hypothyroidism and controls in 1st trimester, but the difference was statistically insignificant for 2nd and 3rd trimester values., Conclusion: Overt maternal hypothyroidism in iodine-deficient area constitutes a risk factor for an abnormal neurobehavioral development of affected child.
- Published
- 2015
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26. Iodine-deficiency disorders in the Aseer region, south-western Saudi Arabia: 20 years after the national survey and universal salt iodization.
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Abbag FI, Abu-Eshy SA, Mahfouz AA, Al-Fifi SA, El-Wadie H, Abdallah SM, Musa MG, Devansan CS, and Patel A
- Subjects
- Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Deficiency Diseases urine, Drinking Water chemistry, Female, Goiter, Goiter, Endemic urine, Health Surveys, Humans, Iodine analysis, Iodine urine, Male, Nutrition Assessment, Prevalence, Recommended Dietary Allowances, Saudi Arabia epidemiology, Deficiency Diseases epidemiology, Diet, Goiter, Endemic epidemiology, Iodine deficiency, Nutritional Status, Sodium Chloride, Dietary analysis
- Abstract
Objective: To study (i) the current prevalence of iodine-deficiency disorders among schoolchildren in south-western Saudi Arabia after universal salt iodization and (ii) the iodine content of table salts and water., Design: Cross-sectional study on a stratified proportional allocation sample of children. Thyroid gland enlargement was assessed clinically and by ultrasound scanning. Urine, table salt and water samples were taken to measure iodine content. Settings The Aseer region, south-western Saudi Arabia., Subjects: Schoolchildren aged 8-10 years., Results: The study included 3046 schoolchildren. The total goitre rate amounted to 24·0 %. Prevalence of enlarged thyroid by ultrasound was 22·7 %. The median urinary iodine concentration of the study sample amounted to 17·0 µg/l. The iodine content of table salt ranged from 0 to 112 mg/kg; 22·5 % of the table salt samples were below the recommended iodine content (15 mg/kg) set by WHO. The total goitre rate increased significantly from 19·8 % among children using table salt with iodine content ≥15 mg/kg to reach 48·5 % among children using table salt with 0 mg iodine/kg. Analysis of water samples taken from schools showed that the majority of water samples (78·8 %) had an iodine content of 0 µg/l., Conclusions: The study documented that 18 years after the national study, and after more than a decade of universal salt iodization in Saudi Arabia, the problem of iodine-deficiency disorders is still endemic in the Aseer region. Efforts should focus on fostering advocacy and communication and ensuring the availability of adequately iodized salt.
- Published
- 2015
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27. Epidemiology of goitre in Sri Lanka in the post-iodization era.
- Author
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Fernando R, Pathmeswaran A, and Pinto MD
- Subjects
- Adult, Age Distribution, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Geographic Mapping, Goiter etiology, Goiter, Endemic etiology, Humans, Iodine, Male, Middle Aged, Prevalence, Sex Distribution, Sri Lanka epidemiology, Young Adult, Goiter epidemiology, Goiter, Endemic epidemiology
- Abstract
Introduction: Previous studies of goitre in Sri Lanka proposed the presence of a goitre belt, which was refuted subsequently. Epidemiology of goitre in the post iodization era needs re-evaluation. Objectives To describe the epidemiology of goitre in Sri Lanka., Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in designated zones except in conflict areas in 2006/2007. An interviewer administered questionnaire was used and patients were evaluated clinically, biochemically and cytologically., Results: Among 5200 participans 426 had goitre. Mean age was 36.3 (SD 17.3) years. Goitre was commonest in the age group 40-49 years with a female pre-ponderance. The prevalence was similar in all zones with pockets of high prevalence in each zone. Overall islandwide adjusted prevalence was 6.8% (95% CI = 6.0-7.6)., Conclusions: There was no identifiable goitre belt.There were pockets of high prevalence in all zones. Goitre remains a public health issue despite universal iodization.
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- 2015
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28. Iodine nutritional status in Brazil: a meta-analysis of all studies performed in the country pinpoints to an insufficient evaluation and heterogeneity.
- Author
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Campos Rde O, Barreto Idos S, Maia LR, Rebouças SC, Cerqueira TL, Oliveira CA, Santos CA, Mendes CM, Teixeira LS, and Ramos HE
- Subjects
- Adult, Aged, Brazil epidemiology, Child, Preschool, Female, Geography, Goiter, Endemic epidemiology, Humans, Iodine urine, Male, Pregnancy, Prevalence, Socioeconomic Factors, Iodine deficiency, Nutritional Status, Population, Publication Bias
- Abstract
Objectives: Iodine deficiency disorder (IDD) is the result of an inadequate dietary intake of iodine, which physiological consequences are endemic goiter and thyroid dysfunction. The objective of this study was to a analyze studies that assessed the status of Brazil's population iodine nutrition and IDD prevalence., Materials and Methods: Systematic review using PRISMA statement. Electronic database: PubMed, Medline, SciELO and Lilacs. Quality of studies: Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Meta-analysis was carried out with R Core Team Statistical Software, version 3.1.0 (2014). The summary measure (WMD) and its confidence interval (CI) of 95% were calculated. The "Funnel plot" graph assessed publication bias and heterogeneity., Results: Seventeen papers were eligible: pregnant women (2), school children (9), adults/elderly (4) and preschool children/infants (2). Geographic distribution: North (1), Northeast (1), Midwest (2), Southeast (13), South (3). Twenty-three thousand two hundred seventy-two subjects were evaluated between 1997 and 2013 and all have use urinary iodine (UI) measurement. However, only 7 studies could be included in meta-analysis, all from Southeast region. The overall prevalence of IDD in school children in southeast region was 15.3% (95% CI, 13-35%), however this data had an important heterogeneity, expressed by the I2 Statistic of 99.5%., Conclusion: Only few studies have been performed and enrolled populations from south/southeast region of Brazil. The actual IDD prevalence analysis is complex because it was detected bias due influence of individual studies and very high heterogeneity. IDD might still be high in some areas but this remained unknown even after this meta-analysis evaluation. The generation of a national program for analysis of iodine status in all regions is urgently required.
- Published
- 2015
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29. [Effectiveness of the program "School Milk" for the prevention of iodine deficiency].
- Author
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Danilenko AL, Kamilov FKh, Mamtsev AN, Kozlov VN, and Ponomarev EE
- Subjects
- Animals, Bashkiria epidemiology, Child, Goiter, Endemic epidemiology, Health Promotion, Humans, Iodine urine, Milk supply & distribution, Prevalence, Program Evaluation, Rural Population, School Health Services, Urban Population, Food, Fortified supply & distribution, Goiter, Endemic prevention & control, Iodine administration & dosage, Iodine deficiency, Milk chemistry
- Abstract
Republic of Bashkortostan refers to iodine-deficient regions of Russia. The incidence of endemic multinodular goiter in 2012 in the Republic amounted to 33.2 per 100 thousand of the population. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of group iodine prophylaxis of schoolchildren through the use of iodized milk. The study included 181 children of primary school (pre-pubertal) age (8-10 years), it has been carried out in accordance with the recommendations of the WHO and the International Council for Control of iodine deficiency disorders using a unified system of identification of iodine deficiency states. Level of physical development was assessed according to anthropometric measurements, which were conducted by centile distribution tables according to age and sex, and the individual assessment of physical development was determined by the level of feature by its position in a number of centile. Assessment of iodine deficiency was carried out by determining levels of iodine excretion in a single urine sample. Iodine concentration in urine was determined by ceric ion-arsenious acid method. Frequency of iodine deficiency varying degrees before the iodine prophylaxis among urban children was 57.0%, among rural-92.3%. Urban junior schoolchildren showed severe iodine deficiency in 12.7% and moderate one in 16.4% of the cases, while in the countryside their prevalence was higher--27.4 and 35.2%, respectively. It was revealed that the number of children whose body growth values are within the average values is 36% in urban children, and 48.4% in rural areas. It should be noted that the low and very low body height predominate in rural students, it makes up 16.1% (while in the town it makes-up 2.3%). Iodine prophylaxis contributed to a significant reduction of iodine deficiency in children. In the town the median urinary iodine exceeded 100 mg/L and amounted to 159.4 mg/L. After iodine prophylaxis 82.5% of urban children and 72.1% of rural showed normal urinary iodine. When comparing the results of clinical and laboratory studies before and after the group prevention of iodine deficiency there has been revealed a positive trend in terms of reflecting the tensions of thyroid status.
- Published
- 2015
30. [Hygienic characteristics of the population's morbidity rate associated with iodine deficiency in the Republic of Mordovia].
- Author
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Blinov DS, Chemova NN, Balykova OP, Liapina SA, and Chugunova LA
- Subjects
- Goiter, Endemic blood, Humans, Morbidity trends, Retrospective Studies, Russia epidemiology, Goiter, Endemic epidemiology, Hygiene, Iodine deficiency, Rural Population, Urban Population
- Abstract
In the article there are presented the results of research on naturally conditioned insufficiency of trace elements, particularly iodine, in the Republic of Mordovia. Iodine deficiency disorders are referred to the most common non-infectious human pathology. According to WHO data, about two billion people on Earth live in conditions of in iodine deficiency. In the Russian Federation there are no areas in which the population would not be at risk for the development of iodine deficiency disorders. To these regions and the Republic of Mordovia is referred. The prevalence of diseases caused by iodine deficiency among the urban population accounted for 100-150, among rural--130-350. In some regions of endemic goiter rate reaches 800. Analysis of the morbidity rate of the population in the Republic of Mordovia, associated with the iodine deficiency, shows that in the structure of diseases related to micronutrient deficiency, by 2013 diffuse goiter plays a leading role, beingfollowed by a multi-node (endemic) goiter onward thyroiditis, subclinical hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. Thus, the analysis of indices of new cases of diseases associated with the iodine deficiency, allows to make the conclusion that diffuse goiter is the most significant pathology. In the structure of diseases related to the micronutrient deficiency, out of the most frequently detected iodine deficiency disorders, the greatest fraction are diffuse and multinodular goiter. The study was conducted with the support of the project, performed in the framework of the basic part of the State assignment (project 2859) and a RHSF grant.
- Published
- 2015
31. [From Geomorphological Research in the Canton of Aargau to European Military Pathologies. Entangling Anthropological Discourses of Crisis through the Army, 1860-1900].
- Author
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Hartmann H
- Subjects
- Goiter, Endemic epidemiology, Goiter, Endemic etiology, Goiter, Endemic pathology, History, 19th Century, Military Personnel statistics & numerical data, Switzerland epidemiology, Geology history, Goiter, Endemic history, Military Medicine history, Military Personnel history
- Abstract
Military statistics and medical research were closely related over the 19th century. The army not only made use of these new forms of knowledge, but also provided an important institutional setting through the military medicine, which was of crucial importance to medical research in the 19th century. Besides that, Swiss military also played a crucial role in new geographical and geological research, resulting in a series of new mapping projects. This article looks on the ways, in which military context gained influence on scientific research practices in the second half of the 19th century, by analyzing the case of Heinrich Bircher's work on military recruiting statistics and the endemic goiter. New mapping projects and statistical practices were linked, transforming big parts of the country into pathological spaces. Coming from this point, the article discusses in how far the military context lead to politicizing medical discourses and, furthermore, linked them to discourses of an anthropological crisis, common in many European countries.
- Published
- 2015
32. An assessment of iodine nutritional status and thyroid hormone levels in children aged 8-10 years living in Zhejiang Province, China: a cross-sectional study.
- Author
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Zou Y, Lou X, Ding G, Mo Z, Zhu W, Mao G, and Zhou J
- Subjects
- Child, China epidemiology, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Goiter, Endemic epidemiology, Goiter, Endemic prevention & control, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Prevalence, Thyroid Gland diagnostic imaging, Ultrasonography, Iodine urine, Nutritional Status, Thyroid Gland physiology, Thyroid Hormones blood
- Abstract
Unlabelled: Iodine is an essential nutrient for the synthesis of thyroid hormones that are critical for brain development. Iodine deficiencies were prevalent in China until the introduction of universal salt iodization (USI) in 1995. USI has been considered as the world's best achievements. This study aims to assess children's iodine nutrition and goiter status in Zhejiang Province in order to provide reasonable suggestions to the government for policy-making under the USI period. A cross-sectional survey in Zhejiang Province was conducted to children aged 8-10 years by stage cluster random sampling method. Spot urine samples were collected and analyzed. Thyroid ultrasonography examination was performed by special trained technicians using a 7.5-MHz transducer. Fasting venous blood samples were collected and analyzed for thyroid functional status. The median urinary iodine concentration was found to be 173.3 μg/L. The percentage of urine samples with iodine concentration <100 μg/L, 100-300 μg/L, and >300 μg/L was 15.5, 42.0, and 13.3 %, respectively. Goiter prevalence rate with iodine concentration <100 μg/L, 100-300 μg/L, and >300 μg/L was 6.8, 10.0, and 14.9 %, respectively, with no significant difference. Children with goiter have lower serum FT3 and T3 concentrations compared to those without goiter (p < 0.05)., Conclusions: The median urinary iodine concentration of children aged 8-10 years falls in optimal iodine status as recommended by WHO/UNICEF/ICCIDD. Maintaining USI at an appropriate level is an important part of preventing iodine deficiency disorders and should always be based on routine monitoring urinary iodine concentration by the province.
- Published
- 2014
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33. Spectrum and prevalence of nodular thyroid diseases detected by ultrasonography in the Western Black Sea region of Turkey.
- Author
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Aydin Y, Besir FH, Erkan ME, Yazgan O, Gungor A, Onder E, Coşkun H, and Aydin L
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Black Sea, Cohort Studies, Cross-Sectional Studies, Early Diagnosis, Female, Humans, Hypothyroidism diagnostic imaging, Hypothyroidism epidemiology, Iodine deficiency, Male, Mass Screening, Middle Aged, Organ Size physiology, Prospective Studies, Sensitivity and Specificity, Thyrotoxicosis diagnostic imaging, Thyrotoxicosis epidemiology, Thyrotropin blood, Thyroxine blood, Turkey, Ultrasonography, Young Adult, Goiter, Endemic diagnostic imaging, Goiter, Endemic epidemiology, Goiter, Nodular diagnostic imaging, Goiter, Nodular epidemiology
- Abstract
Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate thyroid diseases and the prevalence of goiter by ultrasonography (US) in a moderately iodine deficient area., Material-Methods: The MELEN Study is a prospective cohort study on the prevalence of thyroid diseases in Turkish adults. A total of 2233 subjects with a mean age of 50 (age range 18 to 92) were submitted to study. Thyroid US was performed and interpreted by the same experienced physician. Goiter prevalence was defined according to Gutekunst's criteria., Results: The most common thyroid disease was multinodular goiter (MNG) (42%), followed by nodular goiter (NG) (14.6%). The crude prevalence of nodular disease in the region was 56.6%. In the study cohort, thyrotoxicosis (TSH <0.35 μIU/ml) prevalence was 12 % and subclinical and overt hypothyroidism (TSH > 4.5 μIU/ml) prevalence was 6.5 %., Conclusion: We found that thyrotoxicosis and nodular thyroidal diseases are more important public health issues in moderate iodine deficient geographical areas. We recommend the increased rates of US screening especially in the endemic regions in order to detect thyroidal nodules earlier.
- Published
- 2014
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34. The effect of iodine-deficiency disorders on academic achievement of schoolchildren in Southern Ethiopia.
- Author
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Wolka E, Shiferaw S, and Biadgilign S
- Subjects
- Age Factors, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Ethiopia epidemiology, Female, Humans, Male, Odds Ratio, Prevalence, Sex Factors, Students, Achievement, Deficiency Diseases complications, Educational Status, Goiter, Endemic epidemiology, Iodine deficiency, Schools
- Abstract
Objective: The present study aimed to assess the effect of iodine deficiency on academic achievement of schoolchildren in Wolaita Sodo town, Southern Ethiopia., Design: School-based comparative cross-sectional study., Settings: Primary school in Sodo town, Southern Ethiopia., Subjects: A sample population of 270 children with goitre and 264 without goitre. All students in each class were examined for the presence of goitre and classified based on WHO recommendations., Results: Among children with goitre, a higher proportion (54·8 %) was female and the proportion increased with age. The odds of scoring low on school performance was higher among children whose fathers were illiterate (adjusted OR = 1·9; 95 % CI 1·1, 3·5) and those who were absent for more than 5 d in the last academic year (adjusted OR = 1·5; 95 % CI 1·1, 2·3). Goitre was significantly associated with low academic achievement (adjusted OR = 1·8; 95 % CI 1·2, 2·5)., Conclusions: The study showed that the presence of goitre has a negative effect on academic achievement even after accounting for parental education and absenteeism from school. Awareness of endemic goitre and its impact on school performance, and an emphasis on prevention and control by concerned bodies, are recommended to alleviate the problem.
- Published
- 2014
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35. Bioavailability of iodine in the UK-Peak District environment and its human bioaccessibility: an assessment of the causes of historical goitre in this area.
- Author
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Mehra A, Saikat SQ, and Carter JE
- Subjects
- Goiter, Endemic epidemiology, Humans, Micronutrients, Prevalence, United Kingdom epidemiology, Environmental Monitoring, Goiter, Endemic etiology, Iodine analysis, Trace Elements analysis
- Abstract
Iodine is an essential micronutrient for human health. Its deficiency causes a number of functional and developmental abnormalities such as goitre. The limestone region of Derbyshire, UK was goitre-endemic until it declined from the 1930s and the reason for this has escaped a conclusive explanation. The present study investigates the cause(s) of goitre in the UK-Peak District area through an assessment of iodine in terms of its environmental mobility, bioavailability, uptake into the food chain and human bioaccessibility. The goitre-endemic limestone area is compared with the background millstone grit area of the UK-Peak District. The findings of this study show that 'total' environmental iodine is not linked to goitre in the limestone area, but the governing factors include iodine mobility, bioavailability and bioaccessibility. Compared with the millstone grit area, higher soil pH and calcium content of the limestone area restrict iodine mobility in this area, also soil organic carbon in the limestone area is influential in binding the iodine to the soil. Higher calcium content in the limestone area is an important factor in terms of strongly fixing the iodine to the soil. Higher iodine bioaccessibility in the millstone grit than the limestone area suggests that its oral bioaccessibility is restricted in the limestone area. Iodine taken up by plant roots is transported freely into the aerial plant parts in the millstone grit area unlike the limestone area, thus providing higher iodine into the human food chain in the millstone grit area through grazing animals unlike the goitre-prevalent limestone area.
- Published
- 2014
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36. Goitre and urinary iodine excretion survey in schoolchildren of Kashmir Valley.
- Author
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Masoodi SR, Ali A, Wani AI, Bashir MI, Bhat JA, Mudassar S, and Zargar AH
- Subjects
- Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, India epidemiology, Male, Prevalence, Goiter, Endemic epidemiology, Goiter, Endemic urine, Iodine urine
- Abstract
Background: An extensive survey on schoolchildren in Kashmir Valley in 1995 showed a high prevalence of goitre, making it imperative to have a relook at our iodine status, 15 years postiodization., Objective: To study the total prevalence of goitre and urinary iodine excretion (UIE) in Kashmiri schoolchildren, 15 years postiodization., Design: A cross-sectional survey, covering 9576 schoolchildren, aged 5-15 years (5988 in 6-12 year age group) was conducted. Goitres were graded as per WHO/UNICEF/ICCIDD. UIE was measured by the arsenic acid reduction in ceric ions method and was estimated in 208 subsampled children. Results were compared with that of 1995 survey., Results: The overall prevalence of goitre in the present study was 3·8% (95% CI: 3·4-4·2) and 3·7% (95% CI: 3·2-4·2) in those aged 6-12 years. No significant difference in prevalence of goitre was observed between boys and girls overall (3·6% vs 4·1%. P > 0·2), nor in the 6-12 year age group (3·3% vs 4·0%, P > 0·1). There was a significant trend of increasing prevalence of goitre with age (P < 0·005). UIE ranged from 12 to 397 μg/g.creatinine (median, 104); 11% subjects had UIE of <50 μg/g.creatinine. Overall, prevalence of goitre was significantly lower (3·8% vs 45·2%, P < 0·001), and mean UIE was significantly higher (123·6 ± 5·3 vs 49·60 ± 3·55 μg/g.creatinine, P < 0·001), compared to that in the 1995 survey., Conclusion: The marked improvement in overall iodine nutrition in Kashmir Valley- one and a half decades after implementation of salt iodization should encourage healthcare providers to make tangible efforts for implementation of iodization programmes in areas with iodine deficiency., (© 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
- Published
- 2014
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37. Increase in iodine deficiency disorder due to inadequate sustainability of supply of iodized salt in District Solan, Himachal Pradesh.
- Author
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Kapil U, Pandey RM, Jain V, Kabra M, Sareen N, Bhadoria AS, Vijay J, Nigam S, and Khenduja P
- Subjects
- Child, Cluster Analysis, Female, Humans, India epidemiology, Iodine supply & distribution, Iodine urine, Male, Prevalence, Risk Factors, Goiter, Endemic epidemiology, Iodine deficiency, Sodium Chloride, Dietary supply & distribution
- Abstract
Himachal Pradesh is a known endemic area for iodine deficiency disorders. A study was conducted in district Solan with the objective of assessing the prevalence of iodine deficiency disorders in school-age children. Thirty clusters were selected by using the probability-proportionate-to-size cluster sampling methodology. Clinical examination of the thyroid of 1898 children in the age-group of 6-12 years was conducted. Urine and salt samples were collected. The total goiter rate was found to be 15.4%. Median urinary iodine excretion level was 62.5 μg/l. Only 39% of the salt samples had iodine content of ≥15 ppm. Mild iodine deficiency was present in the subjects studied.
- Published
- 2013
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38. [Changes of the spectrum on thyroid disease after the ten-year implementation of universal salt iodization in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region].
- Author
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Zhang JY, Li SM, Leng JL, Chen YJ, Pu J, Li JM, Pang FX, Huang YH, Nong J, Cen YZ, He H, Li R, Wei LN, and He HY
- Subjects
- Case-Control Studies, China epidemiology, Goiter, Endemic epidemiology, Hashimoto Disease epidemiology, Humans, Iodides urine, Iodine adverse effects, Sodium Chloride, Dietary adverse effects, Thyroid Diseases epidemiology
- Abstract
Objective: To reveal the relationship between iodine nutrition and the change of spectrum on thyroid diseases through comparing the different iodine environments pre- and post- the universal salt iodization(USI)campaign., Methods: To compare the urinary iodine concentration between 1000 normal people and 5998 patients with thyroid disease who had undergone surgical operations, from 4 major cities, including iodine deficient and rich areas of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region., Results: After USI was put into practice, the urinary iodine concentration of patients with thyroid appeared higher than those of normal people(324.3 µg/L vs. 238.5 µg/L, P < 0.05). The urinary iodine concentrations of nodular goiter,Graves disease, toxic nodular goiter, thyroid papillary carcinoma and Hashimoto's thyroiditis were higher than those before the USI was taken(263.8 µg/L vs. 69.75 µg/L, 289.7 µg/L vs. 228.3 µg/L, 346.8 µg/L vs. 268.4 µg/L, 350.3 µg/L vs. 316.2 µg/L and 378.5 µg/L vs. 305.8 µg/L). The proportions of toxic nodular goiter, thyroid papillary carcinoma and Hashimoto's thyroiditis appeared as 7.59% vs. 4.80%, 5.85% vs. 4.02% and 3.88% vs. 2.46%, all higher than those before the implementation of USI, except the nodular goiter which showed a reduction (63.56% vs. 69.75%)., Conclusion: The spectrum of thyroid diseases appeared an obvious change in Guangxi within the last 10-year implementation of USI. However, the excessive intake of iodine might serve as a risk factor for toxic nodular goiter, thyroid papillary carcinoma and Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
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- 2013
39. Undifferentiated (anaplastic) thyroid carcinoma and iodine intake in Salta, Argentina.
- Author
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Harach HR, Galíndez M, Campero M, and Ceballos GA
- Subjects
- Adult, Aged, Argentina epidemiology, Female, Goiter, Endemic epidemiology, Goiter, Endemic prevention & control, Humans, Incidence, Male, Middle Aged, Sodium Chloride, Dietary therapeutic use, Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic, Young Adult, Eating physiology, Iodine deficiency, Iodine therapeutic use, Iodine urine, Thyroid Neoplasms epidemiology
- Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the natural history of undifferentiated thyroid carcinoma (UTC) in the iodine-deficient province of Salta, Argentina, in relation to salt iodization and health care standards. Five hundred ninety-three thyroid cancers diagnosed from 1958 to2012 were reviewed based mainly on the WHO classification and grouped into three periods, one before and two after iodine prophylaxis. The incidence of UTC was analyzed in relation to changing concentrations of potassium iodide (KI) in salt during the prophylaxis period (from 40 to 33.3 mg KI/kg salt), establishment of primary health care centers throughout the region, and use of fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology. Twenty-nine UTCs were found in the whole series. The frequency of UTC decreased from 15.2 % (9/59 cases) in the first period to 2.6 % (10/381 cases) well after salt iodination (x (2) Fisher's test, p < 0.0002), and the incidence from 1.4/10(6)/year to 0.1/10(6)/year (Student's t test, p < 0.06), respectively. The decline of UTC after iodine prophylaxis occurred even after decreasing concentrations of KI in salt and timely coincided with the establishment of primary health care centers throughout the region and routine use of FNA. The lower rate of UTC after iodine prophylaxis in the province of Salta is mostly related to earlier detection of more differentiated thyroid tumors rather than higher salt iodization.
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- 2013
- Full Text
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40. Control of iodine-deficiency disorders following universal salt iodization in Shenzhen, China, 1997-2011.
- Author
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Huang W, Peng C, Huang H, Zhang J, Liu J, Mao L, Luo R, and Xiao Y
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Biomarkers urine, Child, China epidemiology, Female, Goiter, Endemic epidemiology, Goiter, Endemic urine, Health Promotion methods, Health Promotion statistics & numerical data, Humans, Iodine administration & dosage, Iodine urine, Male, Organ Size, Population Surveillance methods, Program Evaluation methods, Program Evaluation statistics & numerical data, Thyroid Gland diagnostic imaging, Ultrasonography, Urban Population statistics & numerical data, Young Adult, Goiter, Endemic prevention & control, Iodine deficiency, Sodium Chloride, Dietary administration & dosage
- Abstract
Background: Since universal salt iodization (USI) was implemented in Shenzhen, China, in 1996, evaluation of the time trend of USI to indicate the control of iodine-deficiency disorders has not been performed., Objective: To assess the time trend of median urinary iodine and total goiter rates from 1997 to 2011., Methods: Probability-proportionate-to-size sampling was employed in the surveillance of iodine-deficiency disorders, for which schoolchildren aged 8 to 10 years were randomly selected from five districts of the city during each iodine-deficiency disorders survey. Urinary iodine content and thyroid size were measured by ammonium persulfate oxidation and B ultrasound, respectively., Results: The coverage of iodized salt increased from 73.2% in 1997 to more than 90% in 2011. The median urinary iodine of children aged 8 to 10 years varied between 207.1 and 278.8 microg/L; these levels were above the urinary iodine level in 1995. The proportion of urine samples with iodine content above 300 microg/L was 45.6% in 1997 and decreased to 20.8% in 2011, indicating excessive consumption of iodine by the children. The goiter rate among children dropped from 10.8% in 1997 to 1.3% in 2011; both values were lower than the goiter rate in 1995, indicating that the spread of endemic goiter was under control., Conclusions: Preliminary elimination of iodine-deficiency disorders was achieved by USI in Shenzhen. Nevertheless, some problems still existed, such as over-iodization. To clarify the causes of excessive urinary iodine content, the various sources of iodine from the diet need to be investigated in the future.
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- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) control in India.
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Pandav CS, Yadav K, Srivastava R, Pandav R, and Karmarkar MG
- Subjects
- Goiter, Endemic epidemiology, Humans, India epidemiology, Prevalence, Goiter, Endemic prevention & control
- Abstract
Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) constitute the single largest cause of preventable brain damage worldwide. Majority of consequences of IDD are invisible and irreversible but at the same time these are preventable. In India, the entire population is prone to IDD due to deficiency of iodine in the soil of the subcontinent and consequently the food derived from it. To combat the risk of IDD, salt is fortified with iodine. However, an estimated 350 million people do not consume adequately iodized salt and, therefore, are at risk for IDD. Of the 325 districts surveyed in India so far, 263 are IDD-endemic. The current household level iodized salt coverage in India is 91 per cent with 71 per cent households consuming adequately iodized salt. The IDD control goal in India was to reduce the prevalence of IDD below 10 per cent in the entire country by 2012. What is required is a "mission approach" with greater coordination amongst all stakeholders of IDD control efforts in India. Mainstreaming of IDD control in policy making, devising State specific action plans to control IDD, strict implementation of Food Safety and Standards (FSS) Act, 2006, addressing inequities in iodized salt coverage (rural-urban, socio-economic), providing iodized salt in Public Distribution System, strengthening monitoring and evaluation of IDD programme and ensuring sustainability of IDD control activities are essential to achieve sustainable elimination of IDD in India.
- Published
- 2013
42. Excessive iodine intake, water chemicals and endemic goitre in a Sudanese coastal area.
- Author
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Medani AM, Elnour AA, and Saeed AM
- Subjects
- Biomarkers blood, Calcium analysis, Child, Chlorides analysis, Cross-Sectional Studies, Goiter, Endemic blood, Goiter, Endemic urine, Hardness, Humans, Hypothyroidism blood, Hypothyroidism epidemiology, Hypothyroidism urine, Iodine urine, Magnesium analysis, Prevalence, Sudan epidemiology, Drinking Water chemistry, Goiter, Endemic epidemiology, Hypothyroidism etiology, Iodine administration & dosage, Nutritional Status, Thyroid Gland pathology
- Abstract
Objective: To study the associations between intakes of iodine and water chemicals and the thyroid gland status of schoolchildren living in the coastal city of Port Sudan., Design: In our previous nationwide study on goitre, it was observed that the prevalence of goitre was high in Port Sudan city despite high urinary iodine excretion. A cross-sectional study including schoolchildren aged 6–12 years was designed. Measurements determined the prevalence of goitre, urinary iodine concentration and thiocyanate secretion in casual urine samples, serum levels of thyroxine, triiodothyronine, thyroid-stimulating hormone and thyroglobulin, as well as the levels of Cl⁻, F⁻, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and total hardness of drinking water., Subjects: Schoolchildren (n 654) aged 6–12 years., Setting: Port Sudan city is located at the western bank of the Red Sea. The city is surrounded by a mountainous area known as the Red Sea Hills. It is the main sea port in the Sudan, inhabited by ethnically and socio-economically heterogeneous populations., Results: The prevalence of goitre in Port Sudan was 34.86% while the median urinary iodine concentration was 46,4μg/dl. Out of thirty-one pupils from Port Sudan, twenty-four (77.42 %) were found to have urinary iodine concentration greater than 30μg/dl and twelve (38.71 %) had different degrees of biochemical hypothyroidism. Excessive concentrations of Cl⁻, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and water hardness (369.2, 116.48, 60.21 and 539.0mg/l, respectively) were detected in drinking water samples collected from Port Sudan that exceeded levels permitted by the WHO., Conclusions: The coastal city of Port Sudan is a goitre-endemic area. In contrast to other Sudanese cities in which endemic goitre is related to iodine deficiency, goitre in Port Sudan is associated with iodine excess. Water chemicals seemed to have no effects on thyroid status.
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- 2013
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43. Status of iodine deficiency in district Kangra, Himachal Pradesh after 60 years of salt iodization.
- Author
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Kapil U, Pandey RM, Kabra M, Jain V, Sareen N, Bhadoria AS, Vijay J, Nigam S, and Khenduja P
- Subjects
- Child, Deficiency Diseases urine, Female, Goiter urine, Goiter, Endemic epidemiology, Goiter, Endemic urine, Humans, India epidemiology, Iodine administration & dosage, Iodine urine, Male, Prevalence, Deficiency Diseases epidemiology, Diet, Goiter epidemiology, Iodine deficiency, Sodium Chloride, Dietary administration & dosage, Thyroid Gland pathology
- Abstract
Background/objectives: District Kangra, Himachal Pradesh(HP), India is a known endemic area for iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) since 1956. The present study was conducted in district Kangra, Himachal Pradesh with the objective to assess the prevalence of iodine deficiency in school-age children., Subjects/methods: A total of 1864 children in the age group of 6-12 years were included. Clinical examination of thyroid of all children was undertaken. 'On the spot' urine samples were collected from 463 children. The salt samples were collected from 327 children., Results: The total goiter prevalence of 15.8% was found. The proportion of children with urinary iodine excretion (UIE) levels <50.0, 50.0-99.9 and ≥ 100 μg/l was 2.2, 14.3 and 83.5%, respectively. The median UIE level was 200 μg/l. About 82.3% of the families were consuming salt with iodine content ≥ 15 ppm., Conclusion: The population in district Kangra is possibly in a transition phase from iodine deficient (as revealed by total goiter rate of 15.8%) to iodine sufficiency (as revealed by median UIE levels of 200 μg/l).
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- 2013
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44. [Analysis on the epidemic feature of iodine deficiency disorders in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, 2005 and 2009].
- Author
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Jiang JY, Ya LK, Zhang L, Ma PJ, and Wang Z
- Subjects
- Child, China epidemiology, Humans, Students, Goiter, Endemic epidemiology, Iodine deficiency
- Published
- 2013
45. Impaired glucose metabolism is a risk factor for increased thyroid volume and nodule prevalence in a mild-to-moderate iodine deficient area.
- Author
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Anil C, Akkurt A, Ayturk S, Kut A, and Gursoy A
- Subjects
- Autoantibodies blood, Case-Control Studies, Female, Goiter, Endemic complications, Goiter, Endemic epidemiology, Goiter, Endemic metabolism, Humans, Immunoglobulins, Thyroid-Stimulating analysis, Iodine urine, Male, Middle Aged, Organ Size, Prevalence, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Thyroid Gland immunology, Thyroid Gland metabolism, Thyroid Nodule complications, Thyroid Nodule epidemiology, Thyroid Nodule metabolism, Thyrotropin blood, Thyrotropin metabolism, Turkey epidemiology, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 complications, Goiter, Endemic pathology, Insulin Resistance, Iodine deficiency, Prediabetic State complications, Thyroid Gland pathology, Thyroid Nodule pathology
- Abstract
Objective: Insulin resistance (IR) is a key factor involved in the pathogenesis of impaired glucose metabolism. IR is associated with increased thyroid volume and nodule prevalence in patients with metabolic syndrome. Data on the association of thyroid morphology and abnormal glucose metabolism are limited. This prospective study was carried out to evaluate thyroid volume and nodule prevalence in patients with pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) in a mild-to-moderate iodine deficient area., Materials and Methods: Data were gathered on all newly diagnosed patients with pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus between May 2008 and February 2010. 156 patients with pre-diabetes and 123 patients with type 2 DM were randomly matched for age, gender, and smoking habits with 114 subjects with normal glucose metabolism. Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid ultrasonography was performed in all participants., Results: Mean TSH level in the diabetes group (1.9±0.9 mIU/L) was higher than in the control group (1.4±0.8 mIU/L) and the pre-diabetes group (1.5±0.8 mIU/L) (P<0.0001 for both). Mean thyroid volume was higher in the pre-diabetes (18.2±9.2mL) and diabetes (20.0±8.2mL) groups than in controls (11.4±3.8mL) (P<0.0001 for both). Percentage of patients with thyroid nodules was also higher in the pre-diabetes (51.3%) and diabetes groups (61.8%) than in controls (23.7%) (P<0.0001 for both)., Conclusions: The results suggest that patients with impaired glucose metabolism have significantly increased thyroid volume and nodule prevalence., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2013
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46. India moving from iodine deplete to replete status--whether rural or urban.
- Author
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Kaur J, Gupta S, Jaswal S, Kaur H, and Aggarwal N
- Subjects
- Female, Humans, Male, Diet, Goiter, Endemic epidemiology, Goiter, Endemic prevention & control, Health Education, Iodine, Rural Health, Sodium Chloride, Dietary
- Published
- 2013
47. [Analysis of urine iodine level and its influencing factors in Zhejiang from 2009 to 2011].
- Author
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Mao GM, Ding GQ, Lou XM, Zhu WM, Wang XF, Mo Z, and Zhou JS
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, China epidemiology, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Goiter, Endemic epidemiology, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pregnancy, Young Adult, Drinking Water analysis, Iodine analysis, Iodine urine, Sodium Chloride, Dietary analysis, Sodium Chloride, Dietary urine
- Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the iodine nutrition level of population in Zhejiang province and to analyze the relevant influencing factors from 2009 to 2011., Methods: From October 2009 to October 2011, a total of 19 517 subjects were recruited in this cross sectional survey, by multistage stratified cluster random sampling method. The subjects were all living over three years in Zhejiang province. The basic information and life styles were interviewed by questionnaires; and the samples of drinking water, edible salt and urines were separately collected from the subjects to test the content of iodine. In total, 16 228 subjects answered the questionnaire, and 265 samples of drinking water, 7811 samples of edible salt and 19 517 samples of urine were collected. Then, we analyzed the distribution of iodine in water, edible salt and urine samples, as well as the relevance., Results: The median (25% - 75% percentile) of water iodine was 2.42 (1.17 - 6.28) µg/L in drinking water among Zhejiang residents; while separately 2.79 (1.60 - 6.87) µg/L in city and 2.04 (1.03 - 5.29) µg/L in country side (Z = 2.07, P < 0.05). The figures turned out to be 2.17 (1.22 - 5.73) µg/L, 2.77 (1.88 - 6.87) µg/L, and 1.40 (0.77 - 5.65) µg/L, respectively, in coastal areas, coastal periphery areas and inland areas (χ(2) = 11.16, P < 0.05). The median (25% - 75% percentile) of salt iodine was 28.80 (22.93 - 32.40) mg/kg; while separately 29.00 (24.50 - 32.60) mg/kg and 28.50 (13.90 - 32.29) mg/kg in city and country side (Z = 6.32, P < 0.05). The figures turned out to be 25.19 (0.00 - 30.20) mg/kg, 29.00 (26.60 - 31.70) mg/kg and 32.40 (28.94 - 36.30) mg/kg, respectively, in coastal areas, coastal periphery areas and inland areas (χ(2) = 1581.62, P < 0.05). The coverage rate of iodized salt was 79.54% (6213/7811) in all province. The urinary iodine median was 160.74(97.20 - 247.00) µg/L, while the urinary iodine median in pregnant women was 137.99 (82.40 - 215.30) µg/L, lower than the recommended optimal levels, which was 150 - 249 µg/L. The figures turned out to be 153.45(92.00 - 237.50) µg/L in city and 168.00 (102.18 - 257.00) µg/L in country side (Z = -9.25, P < 0.05); while in coastal, coastal periphery place and inland areas, the median were separately 156.00 (94.29 - 242.80) µg/L, 150.14 (94.70 - 227.00) µg/L and 187.70 (109.00 - 276.80) µg/L (χ(2) = 194.12, P < 0.05). The analysis of relevance between urine iodine, water iodine and iodized salt showed that the urine iodine would increase as long as the iodized salt increased; and the difference had statistical significance (χ(2) = 440.88, P < 0.01). And there were no relevance between urine iodine level and the water iodine level (χ(2)cmh = 0.57, P = 0.45). The analysis of the influencing factors showed that education background (χ(2) = 14.17, P < 0.05), different styles of career (χ(2) = 16.15, P < 0.01) and diet habits (χ(2) = 108.63, P < 0.01) could influence the level of urine iodine., Conclusion: Iodine was deficient in Zhejiang province. The nutrition level of iodine was fine in Zhejiang in 2009, however, the coverage rate of iodine was commonly low in coastal areas, especially the pregnant women suffered from iodine deficiency. In our study, the factors influencing the urine iodine level included iodized salt, age, education background and diet habits.
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- 2013
48. [Brain bioelectric activity forming in adolescents living in different endemic goiter area of European North].
- Author
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Demin DB
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Female, Humans, Male, Russia epidemiology, Brain physiopathology, Electroencephalography, Goiter, Endemic epidemiology, Goiter, Endemic physiopathology
- Abstract
Unlabelled: Northern European regions are goiter endemic and iodine-deficient areas, and also differ in the degree of extreme weather conditions in the Polar and Subpolar latitudes. The age formation of the nervous system in adolescents depends on these discomfort climatic factors., Aim: The study of functional brain activity depending on the thyroid profile in adolescents living in the European North., Patients and Methods: 211 adolescents (male and female) aged 15-16 years living in the Subpolar (64 degrees 30' N) and Polar (67 degrees 40' N) Russian regions were observed. An electroencephalogram in a state of quiet wakefulness with eyes closed monopolar 16 standard leads was recorded. Electroencephalogram characteristic were performed by the values: of the wave amplitudes, index and absolute spectral power in each frequency band: 4-7 Hz, 8-12 Hz and 13-24 Hz. In serum samples by immune-enzyme assay thyrotropin, triiodothyronine and thyroxine levels were determined. All the described changes were statistically significant at p < 0.05-0.001., Results: A higher activity of diencephalic subcortical brain structures, expressed in the form of increased -activity and photic driver reactions were determined in adolescents living in Polar region. Background thyroid status determines the age formation of brain activity. In adolescents living in the Polar region a high concentration of thyrotropin in the blood and the availability of significant relations with thyroid hormones levels with a brain theta-activity were detected. In adolescents living in Subpolar region is more intense age optimization of neural processes, as well as the greatest number of neuro-endocrine relationships.
- Published
- 2013
49. [History of the endemic cretinism in Csallóköz, Hungary].
- Author
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Kiss L
- Subjects
- Academic Dissertations as Topic history, Congenital Hypothyroidism epidemiology, Female, Goiter, Endemic epidemiology, History, 18th Century, History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century, Humans, Hungary epidemiology, Intellectual Disability history, Iodine deficiency, Male, Manuscripts as Topic history, Research Report history, Textbooks as Topic history, Congenital Hypothyroidism history, Goiter, Endemic history, Iodine history, Public Health history
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Accuracy of ultrasound elastography in the diagnosis of thyroid cancer in a low-risk population.
- Author
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Vidal-Casariego A, López-González L, Jiménez-Pérez A, Ballesteros-Pomar MD, Kyriakos G, Urioste-Fondo A, Álvarez-San Martín R, Cano-Rodríguez I, and Jiménez-García de la Marina JM
- Subjects
- Adult, Aged, Biopsy, Fine-Needle, Carcinoma epidemiology, Carcinoma pathology, Carcinoma surgery, Carcinoma, Papillary, Elasticity, Elasticity Imaging Techniques, Female, Goiter, Endemic diagnostic imaging, Goiter, Endemic epidemiology, Goiter, Endemic pathology, Goiter, Nodular diagnostic imaging, Goiter, Nodular epidemiology, Goiter, Nodular pathology, Hospitals, University, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Risk, Sensitivity and Specificity, Spain epidemiology, Thyroid Cancer, Papillary, Thyroid Gland immunology, Thyroid Gland pathology, Thyroid Gland surgery, Thyroid Neoplasms epidemiology, Thyroid Neoplasms pathology, Thyroid Neoplasms surgery, Thyroid Nodule epidemiology, Thyroid Nodule pathology, Thyroid Nodule surgery, Thyroiditis diagnostic imaging, Thyroiditis epidemiology, Thyroiditis pathology, Carcinoma diagnostic imaging, Thyroid Gland diagnostic imaging, Thyroid Neoplasms diagnostic imaging, Thyroid Nodule diagnostic imaging
- Abstract
Objective: Stiffness has been associated to malignancy in prostate and breast, as well as thyroid. Ultrasound elastography objectively measures tissue elasticity, and previous studies have described it as a high sensitivity and specificity technique for the detection of malignant thyroid nodules in high-risk populations. The aim was to assess the accuracy of elastography in a population with low risk of malignancy., Design and Patients: 128 consecutive patients with nodular goiter were recruited. Elastography and ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration were performed. When malignancy was suspected by citology, surgery was recommended. Thyroid nodules were classified by elastography according the criteria described by Ueno, and an alternative classification. Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and odds ratio were calculated., Results: Most patients were female, aged 56.1 year, with single nodule (52.0%) or multinodular goiter (45.6%), and a few thyroiditis (2.4%). The majority of nodules were mostly elastic. Fine-needle aspiration found 86% of benign nodules, 9.3% of indeterminate, and 4.7% possibly malignant. After surgery, 3 malignant nodules were confirmed, all of them being papillary carcinomas. All the malignant nodules were mostly elastic, as well as 75% of indeterminate nodules. Low values of sensitivity and specificity were found for elastic nodules being benign and hard nodules malignant., Conclusion: In a low-risk population for thyroid cancer, elastography lacks accuracy for the diagnosis of malignant nodules., (© J. A. Barth Verlag in Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.)
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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