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Abstract In the realm of ferroelectric memories, HfO2-based ferroelectrics stand out because of their exceptional CMOS compatibility and scalability. Nevertheless, their switchable polarization and switching speed are not on par with those of perovskite ferroelectrics. It is widely acknowledged that defects play a crucial role in stabilizing the metastable polar phase of HfO2. Simultaneously, defects also pin the domain walls and impede the switching process, ultimately rendering the sluggish switching of HfO2. Herein, we present an effective strategy involving acceptor-donor co-doping to effectively tackle this dilemma. Remarkably enhanced ferroelectricity and the fastest switching process ever reported among HfO2 polar devices are observed in La3+-Ta5+ co-doped HfO2 ultrathin films. Moreover, robust macro-electrical characteristics of co-doped films persist even at a thickness as low as 3 nm, expanding potential applications of HfO2 in ultrathin devices. Our systematic investigations further demonstrate that synergistic effects of uniform microstructure and smaller switching barrier introduced by co-doping ensure the enhanced ferroelectricity and shortened switching time. The co-doping strategy offers an effective avenue to control the defect state and improve the ferroelectric properties of HfO2 films.

In this investigation, the impact of texture characteristics and the degree of crystallinity of the bunsenite phase (NiO) on the mechanical performance and fire resistivity of the geopolymeric composites is addressed for the first time. NiO with different characteristics is prepared by applying two calcination-temperatures (400 and 600 °C) to obtain NiO-400 and NiO-600, respectively. Seven mixes were prepared; the control specimen was fabricated by mixing 50% slag+50%fly-ash + NaOH-solution and the other six mixes contained the same component modified with 0.5, 1, 2% NiO-400 or NiO-600. The compressive-strength at 3 and 28-days and fire resistivity up to 1000 °C were studied. Also, the phase composition and micro-structure were examined using XRD and TGA/DTG as well as SEM, respectively. The results showed that increasing calcination-temperature leads to decreasing surface area and increasing the degree of crystallinity of NiO. The composites modified with NiO-400 significantly enhanced the strength and fire resistivity of the control specimen, while NiO-600 demonstrated a lower effect. This refers to increasing the calcination-temperature is accompanied by decreasing the degree of reactivity, which reflects on the properties of geopolymeric composites. Regardless of the NiO-type, 1 w.% exhibited the highest strength. Adding NiO induced the formation of NiAl2O4, CaNi(SiO3)2 and NaAlSi2O6.H2O, which is compatible with enhancing mechanical and fire resistivity results.

Abstract Spintronic terahertz (THz) emitters (STEs) based on magnetic heterostructures have emerged as promising THz sources. However, it is still a challenge to achieve a higher intensity STE to satisfy all kinds of practical applications. Herein, we report a STE based on Pt0.93(MgO)0.07/CoFeB nanofilm by introducing dispersed MgO impurities into Pt, which reaches a 200% intensity compared to Pt/CoFeB and approaches the signal of 500 μm ZnTe crystal under the same pump power. We obtain a smaller spin diffusion length of Pt0.93(MgO)0.07 and an increased thickness-dependent spin Hall angle relative to the undoped Pt. We also find that the thickness of a Pt layer leads to a drastic change in the interface role in the spintronic THz emission, suggesting that the underlying mechanism of THz emission enhancement is a combined effect of enhanced bulk spin hall angle and the interfacial skew scattering by MgO impurities. Our findings demonstrate a simple way to realize high-efficiency, stable, advanced spintronic THz devices.

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been linked with various acute and chronic neurodegenerative diseases. We previously found that optic nerve (ON) injury and diseases induce neuronal ER stress in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). We further demonstrated that germline deletion of CHOP preserves the structure and function of both RGC somata and axons in mouse glaucoma models. Here we report that RGC-specific deletion of CHOP and/or its upstream regulator ATF4 synergistically promotes RGC and ON survival and preserves visual function in mouse ON crush and silicone oil-induced ocular hypertension (SOHU) glaucoma models. Consistently, topical application of the ATF4/CHOP chemical inhibitor ISRIB or RGC-specific CRISPR-mediated knockdown of the ATF4 downstream effector Gadd45a also delivers significant neuroprotection in the SOHU glaucoma model. These studies suggest that blocking the neuronal intrinsic ATF4/CHOP axis of ER stress is a promising neuroprotection strategy for neurodegeneration.

Optic neuropathy is a group of optic nerve (ON) diseases with progressive degeneration of ON and retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). The lack of neuroprotective treatments is a central challenge for this leading cause of irreversible blindness. SARM1 (sterile α and TIR motif-containing protein 1) has intrinsic nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) hydrolase activity that causes axon degeneration by degrading axonal NAD+ significantly after activation by axon injury. SARM1 deletion is neuroprotective in many, but not all, neurodegenerative disease models. Here, we compare two therapy strategies for SARM1 inhibition, antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) and CRISPR, with germline SARM1 deletion in the neuroprotection of three optic neuropathy mouse models. This study reveals that, similar to germline SARM1 knockout in every cell, local retinal SARM1 ASO delivery and adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated RGC-specific CRISPR knockdown of SARM1 provide comparable neuroprotection to both RGC somata and axons in the silicone oil-induced ocular hypertension (SOHU) glaucoma model but only protect RGC axons, not somata, after traumatic ON injury. Surprisingly, neither of these two therapy strategies of SARM1 inhibition nor SARM1 germline knockout (KO) benefits RGC or ON survival in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE)/optic neuritis model. Our studies therefore suggest that SARM1 inhibition by local ASO delivery or AAV-mediated CRISPR is a promising neuroprotective gene therapy strategy for traumatic and glaucomatous optic neuropathies but not for demyelinating optic neuritis.

Abstract Designing efficient catalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is of importance for energy conversion devices. The anionic redox allows formation of O-O bonds and offers higher OER activity than the conventional metal sites. Here, we successfully prepare LiNiO2 with a dominant 3d 8 L configuration (L is a hole at O 2p) under high oxygen pressure, and achieve a double ligand holes 3d 8 L 2 under OER since one electron removal occurs at O 2p orbitals for NiIII oxides. LiNiO2 exhibits super-efficient OER activity among LiMO2, RMO3 (M = transition metal, R = rare earth) and other unary 3d catalysts. Multiple in situ/operando spectroscopies reveal NiIII→NiIV transition together with Li-removal during OER. Our theory indicates that NiIV (3d 8 L 2) leads to direct O-O coupling between lattice oxygen and *O intermediates accelerating the OER activity. These findings highlight a new way to design the lattice oxygen redox with enough ligand holes created in OER process.

Abstract The origin of insulating ferromagnetism in epitaxial LaCoO3 films under tensile strain remains elusive despite extensive research efforts are devoted. Surprisingly, the spin state of its Co ions, the main parameter of its ferromagnetism, is still to be determined. Here, the spin state in epitaxial LaCoO3 thin films is systematically investigated to clarify the mechanism of strain‐induced ferromagnetism using element‐specific X‐ray absorption spectroscopy and dichroism. Combining with the configuration interaction cluster calculations, it is unambiguously demonstrated that Co3+ in LaCoO3 films under compressive strain (on LaAlO3 substrate) is practically a low‐spin state, whereas Co3+ in LaCoO3 films under tensile strain (on SrTiO3 substrate) have mixed high‐spin and low‐spin states with a ratio close to 1:3. From the identification of this spin state ratio, it is inferred that the dark strips observed by high‐resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy indicate the position of Co3+ high‐spin state, i.e., an observation of a spin state disproportionation in tensile‐strained LaCoO3 films. This consequently explains the nature of ferromagnetism in LaCoO3 films. The study highlights the importance of spin state degrees of freedom, along with thin‐film strain engineering, in creating new physical properties that do not exist in bulk materials.

Abstract Thin ferroelectric layers are capable of generating large dielectric and electromechanical responses at relatively low voltages, thus can be utilized in various applications including energy storage, energy harvesting, sensors, and actuators. Among ferroelectrics, relaxor ferroelectrics (1 − x)Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 − xPbTiO3 are particularly interesting due to their superior dielectric and piezoelectric properties. However, dielectric and piezoelectric responses of the ferroelectric thin films are significantly suppressed relative to their bulk counterparts. The physical mechanism of the properties degradation still remains elusive, which greatly hinders their technological applications. Herein, this work systematically investigates the dielectric nonlinearity and the relationship between composition and intrinsic/extrinsic contributions of high‐quality (1 − x)Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 − xPbTiO3 epitaxial thin films (x = 0, 0.1, 0.32) fabricated by pulsed laser deposition. Through the Rayleigh analysis, it is found that the suppression of domain wall motion by substrate clamping is the main cause of thin film performance degradation and is further confirmed by continuous application of background dc bias to extract the dielectric response's intrinsic and extrinsic contributions. This work will pave the way for practical applications of (1 − x)Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 − xPbTiO3 thin films in energy storage and electromechanical devices.

ER stress is associated with various neurodegenerative diseases. This study found that FDA approved drug, maprotiline, inhibits histamine receptor H1-mediated ER stress and provides significant neuroprotection in mouse glaucoma model.

This study is undertaken to explore the relationship between the reaction products and the drying shrinkage of alkali-activated slag (AAS) with the varying hydroxide dosage. AAS pastes were firstly produced with either Al(OH)3 or Mg(OH)2 to investigate the effects of hydroxide on the composition of reaction products and the drying shrinkage of AAS. Secondly, the main reaction products formed in AAS pastes, viz. C4AH13, M4AH10, C-S-H, C-A-S-H and C-M-S-H, were synthesized individually. Synthetic products were then taken to cast the respective paste sample to examine the performance against the drying exposure. The results show that adding Mg(OH)2 indeed improved the shrinkage resistance of AAS. This is primarily connected to the increased crystalline phases, namely the hydrotalcite-like phases and the unreacted Mg(OH)2. Whereas adding Al(OH)3 did not relieve the drying shrinkage of AAS as the interlayer spacing of C-A-S-H was enlarged, which in turn allowed for more shrinkage. Further, the investigation of individual synthetic products illustrates that their drying shrinkage scales satisfied the following order: C4AH13

Calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cement-calcined clay blends have shown great potential as new lower CO2 footprint cementitious materials. The influences of metakaolin and calcined montmorillonite on the hydration of CSA cement were studied from aspects of setting time, physical strength and drying shrinkage, while fly ash was chosen for comparison. Meanwhile, hydration heat evolution and the microstructure of hydrates of modified CSA cement paste at early age were determined by means of calorimetry, XRD, SEM and DTA-TG. Results show that both metakaolin and calcined montmorillonite do not contribute to the formation of new kinds of hydrates. They shorten the setting time and reduce the strength, while effectively reduce the cumulative hydration heat within 24 h and inhibit the drying shrinkage of CSA cement mortars. By contrast, calcined montmorillonite has a better shrinkage compensation than metakaolin, owing to that it contributes to the formation of ettringite. It is notable that low dosage of calcined montmorillonite can effectively decline the drying shrinkage of CSA cement mortar, whereas higher content is detrimental to the strength development. It lies in that calcined montmorillonite dramatically accelerates the initial heat evolution rate of CSA cement paste in 0.4 h and leads to a rapid setting. On the contrary, increasing amount of metakaolin prominently reduces the drying shrinkage of CSA cement mortar, with a slight shortening on the setting time.

Abstract Recently, we established silicone oil-induced ocular hypertension (SOHU) mouse model with significant glaucomatous neurodegeneration. Here we characterize two additional variations of this model that simulate two distinct glaucoma types. The first is a chronic model produced by high frequency (HF) pupillary dilation after SO-induced pupillary block, which shows sustained moderate IOP elevation and corresponding slow, mild glaucomatous neurodegeneration. We also demonstrate that although SO removal quickly returns IOP to normal, the glaucomatous neurodegeneration continues to advance to a similar degree as in the HF group without SO removal. The second, an acute model created by no pupillary dilation (ND), shows a greatly elevated IOP and severe inner retina degeneration at an early time point. Therefore, by a straightforward dilation scheme, we extend our original SOHU model to recapitulate phenotypes of two major glaucoma forms, which will be invaluable for selecting neuroprotectants and elucidating their molecular mechanisms.

Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) is potentially an important therapy for central nervous system (CNS) trauma. However, its clinical application remains controversial, hampered by two major factors: (1) Many of the CNS injury sites, such as the optic nerve (ON), are deeply buried, preventing access for local TH. The alternative is to apply TH systemically, which significantly limits the applicable temperature range. (2) Even with possible access for ‘local refrigeration’, cold-induced cellular damage offsets the benefit of TH. Here we present a clinically translatable model of traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) by applying clinical trans-nasal endoscopic surgery to goats and non-human primates. This model faithfully recapitulates clinical features of TON such as the injury site (pre-chiasmatic ON), the spatiotemporal pattern of neural degeneration, and the accessibility of local treatments with large operating space. We also developed a computer program to simplify the endoscopic procedure and expand this model to other large animal species. Moreover, applying a cold-protective treatment, inspired by our previous hibernation research, enables us to deliver deep hypothermia (4 °C) locally to mitigate inflammation and metabolic stress (indicated by the transcriptomic changes after injury) without cold-induced cellular damage, and confers prominent neuroprotection both structurally and functionally. Intriguingly, neither treatment alone was effective, demonstrating that in situ deep hypothermia combined with cold protection constitutes a breakthrough for TH as a therapy for TON and other CNS traumas.

Both the discrete and continuous particle packing models are used to design UHPC, but the influences of a water film covering the particle surfaces on the compactness of the particle system were not considered in these models. In fact, the water film results in a certain distance between solid particles (DSP), which affects the compactness of the particle system, especially for cementitious materials with small particle sizes. In the present study, the mixture design method for UHPC was proposed based on the Fuller distribution model modified using the DSP. Then, the components of cementitious materials and aggregates were optimized, and the UHPC matrices with high solid concentrations were obtained. The results showed that the solid concentration, slump flow, and compressive strength of the UHPC matrix reached 77.1 vol.%, 810 mm, and 162.0 MPa, respectively. By replacing granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) with quartz powder (QP), the flexural strength of the UHPC matrix was increased without reducing its compressive strength. When the steel fiber with a volume fraction of 1.5% was used, the slump flow, compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength of the UHPC reached 740 mm, 175.6 MPa, 9.7 MPa, and 22.8 MPa, respectively. After 500 freeze–thaw cycles or 60 dry–wet cycles under sulfate erosion, the mechanical properties did not deteriorate. The chloride diffusion coefficients in UHPCs were lower than 3.0 × 10−14 m2/s, and the carbonation depth of each UHPC was 0 mm after carbonization for 28 days. The UHPCs presented ideal workability, mechanical properties, and durability, demonstrating the validity of the method proposed for UHPC design.

The Topological Hall Effect (THE) has been considered a hallmark of magnetic skyrmions in SrRuO3 single films and heterostructures. Alternative interpretations suggest that the THE-like anomalies could also originate from multi-channel anomalous Hall effects (AHEs) induced by structural inhomogeneity. Here, we reveal another type of THE-like anomaly in SrRuO3 films that was rarely reported previously. By scanning minor loops of the Hall resistivity of ultrathin SrRuO3 films, we demonstrate that the increased saturation resistivity and reversed polarity with decreasing a scanning field cannot be explained by THE, while it shows consistence with spatially inhomogeneous AHE. Our research provides a simple but effective way to quantitatively distinguish between THE and inhomogeneous AHE in those magnetic systems even beyond SrRuO3.

Previously, we developed a simple procedure of intracameral injection of silicone oil (SO) into mouse eyes and established the mouse SOHU (SO-induced ocular hypertension under-detected) glaucoma model with reversible intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation and significant glaucomatous neurodegeneration. Because the anatomy of the non-human primate (NHP) visual system closely resembles that of humans, it is the most likely to predict human responses to diseases and therapies. Here we tried to replicate the mouse SOHU glaucoma model in rhesus macaque monkeys. All six animals that we tested showed significant retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death, optic nerve (ON) degeneration, and visual functional deficits at both 3 and 6 months. In contrast to the mouse SOHU model, however, IOP changed dynamically in these animals, probably due to individual differences in ciliary body tolerance capability. Further optimization of this model is needed to achieve consistent IOP elevation without permanent damage of the ciliary body. The current form of the NHP SOHU model recapitulates the severe degeneration of acute human glaucoma, and is therefore suitable for assessing experimental therapies for neuroprotection and regeneration, and therefore for translating relevant findings into novel and effective treatments for patients with glaucoma and other neurodegenerations.

Optic neuritis, inflammation, and demyelination of the optic nerve (ON), is one of the most common clinical manifestations of multiple sclerosis; affected patients suffer persistent visual symptoms due to ON degeneration and secondary retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death. The mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model replicates optic neuritis and significant RGC soma and axon loss. Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferases (NMNATs) are NAD+-synthetic enzymes that have been shown to be essential for axon integrity, activation of which significantly delays axonal Wallerian degeneration. NMNAT2, which is enriched in axons, has been proposed as a promising therapeutic target for axon injury-induced neurodegeneration. We therefore investigated whether activation of NMNAT2 can be used as a gene therapy strategy for neuroprotection in EAE/optic neuritis. To avoid the confounding effects in inflammatory cells, which play important roles in EAE initiation and progression, we used an RGC-specific promoter to drive the expression of the long half-life NMNAT2 mutant in mouse RGCs in vivo. However, optical coherence tomography in vivo retina imaging did not reveal significant protection of the ganglion cell complex, and visual function assays, pattern electroretinography, and optokinetic response also showed no improvement in mice with NMNAT2 overexpression. Postmortem histological analysis of retina wholemounts and semithin sections of ON confirmed the in vivo results: NMNAT2 activation in RGCs does not provide significant neuroprotection of RGCs in EAE/optic neuritis. Our studies suggest that a different degenerative mechanism than Wallerian degeneration is involved in autoimmune inflammatory axonopathy and that NMNAT2 may not be a major contributor to this mechanism.

The influence of organic solvents on the structural integrity and properties of activated kaolinite were compared and analyzed via characterization techniques and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The results revealed that the organic intercalators can be easily inserted into the interlayer spaces of activated kaolinite within a short time of the wet ball milling. The DMSO intercalated kaolinites maintained structural integrity due to the high intercalation rate and the excellent buffering effect against the crushing force of milling during the delamination/exfoliation process. The delaminated layers of the DMSO–kaolinite complex exhibited a high specific surface area of 99.12 m2/g and a low average thickness of 35.21 nm. The calculated elastic properties of the organo-kaolinite complex manifested the intercalation of DMSO into a kaolinite interlayer, which could improve the compressibility and structural integrity of kaolinite nanosheets. The DMSO–kaolinite complex was easier to peel off when compared to the other organic intercalators due to its more intercalated molecules.

Using an admixed organic corrosion inhibitor is one of the most efficient strategies to enhance the corrosion resistance and durability of reinforced concrete. However, traditional admixed organic corrosion inhibitors only increase the corrosion resistance of the embedded reinforcing steel, and the optimization effect on the pore structure and the impermeability of concrete is very limited. In this study, in order to evaluate the corrosion-inhibition effect of a novel hydrophobic functional organic corrosion inhibitor, the adsorption behavior of a hydrophobic functional organic corrosion inhibitor and its related effect on the electrochemical behavior of the reinforcing steel was investigated. In addition, this paper further discusses the effect of a hydrophobic functional organic corrosion inhibitor on pore structure and hydrophobic properties, as well as the impermeability of concrete. The results indicated that the hydrophobic functional organic corrosion inhibitor was effectively adsorbed on the surface of the steel bar, and the higher adsorption content was relevant to the higher inhibitor dosage. On one hand, the hydrophobic functional organic corrosion inhibitor exhibited both a pore-blocking effect and a hydrophobic effect on concrete, leading to a refined pore structure and reduced capillary water absorption amount; on the other hand, the hydrophobic functional organic corrosion inhibitor exhibited an excellent corrosion-inhibition effect on the reinforcement embedded in the concrete, presenting an inhibition efficiency higher than 90% with a concentration of 4 wt.%.

We demonstrate a broadband and polarization selective terahertz modulator with ultrafast modulation speed, based on the Si grating metasurface on the Sapphire substrate. The Si layer is implanted with B+ and subsequently annealed, which significantly reduces the lifetime of carriers and increases the carrier density, and thus realizes ultrafast and efficient modulation. Our modulator achieves modulation depth up to 60% for the x-polarized THz wave and less than 1% for the y-polarized THz wave in the frequency ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 THz, with switch-on and switch-off time of modulation in 20 ps and around 300 ps, respectively. The carrier dynamics of the fabricated Si grating is also studied to illustrate the ultrafast modulated mechanism. Our results pave the way for ultrafast manipulation of terahertz spectrum and shows great potential in terahertz communication.

Electric field controlled magnetism provides an energy efficient way for the operations in the spintronic devices. Here the authors show strain induced, reversible, nonvolatile electric field control of magnetization and magnetoresistance in a magnetic tunnel junction on a ferroelectric substrate at room temperature and zero magnetic field.

Surface damages usually occur in concrete structures. In order to restore the functions and prolong the service life of concrete structures, their surface damages should be repaired in time. This paper reviews the main requirements for repair materials for concrete structures and the most used inorganic repair materials, such as cement-based materials, alkali-activated materials and polymer modified inorganic repair materials. Moreover, techniques to characterize and even improve the interfaces between these repair materials and concrete substrate are summarized. Cement-based material has the advantages of good mechanical properties and consistency with concrete substrate while having the problems of high shrinkage and low flexibility. Polymer modified materials were found as having lower shrinkage and higher flexural strength. Increasing the roughness or humidity of the surface, adding fibers and applying interfacial agents can improve the bond strength between cement-based repair materials and concrete substrates. All of these repair materials and techniques can help to build a good interfacial bonding, and mechanisms of how they improve the interface are discussed in this article. These are of great importance in guaranteeing the effectiveness of the repair of the concrete surface and to guide the research and development of new repair materials.

Summary: After optic nerve crush (ONC), the cell bodies and distal axons of most retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) degenerate. RGC somal and distal axon degenerations were previously thought to be controlled by two parallel pathways, involving activation of the kinase dual leucine-zipper kinase (DLK) and loss of the axon survival factor nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase-2 (NMNAT2), respectively. Here, we report that palmitoylation of both DLK and NMNAT2 by the palmitoyl acyltransferase ZDHHC17 couples these signals. ZDHHC17-dependent palmitoylation enables DLK-dependent somal degeneration after ONC and also ensures NMNAT-dependent distal axon integrity in healthy optic nerves. We provide evidence that ZDHHC17 also controls survival-versus-degeneration decisions in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, and we identify conserved motifs in NMNAT2 and DLK that govern their ZDHHC17-dependent regulation. These findings suggest that the control of somal and distal axon integrity should be considered as a single, holistic process, mediated by the concerted action of two palmitoylation-dependent pathways.

To assess the effect of relative humidity (RH) on drying-induced damage in concrete, the non-uniform strains and microcracks in concrete under different RH conditions were obtained using the digital image correlation (DIC) technique and lattice fracture model. The simulated non-uniform displacements were consistent with those captured using DIC. A new damage index was proposed by considering all the subsets with equivalent strain larger than the threshold tensile strength. The calculated damage index showed good correlation with the microcracks' total area and indicated that RH equal or lower than 55% could cause relatively high cracking risk. This work provides an attractive method for quantifying drying-induced damage in concrete using the DIC technique.

The mouse optic nerve crush (ONC) model has been widely used to study optic neuropathies and central nervous system (CNS) axon injury and repair. Previous histological studies of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) somata in retina and axons in ON demonstrate significant neurodegeneration after ONC, but longitudinal morphological and functional assessment of RGCs in living animals is lacking. It is essential to establish these assays to provide more clinically relevant information for early detection and monitoring the progression of CNS neurodegeneration. Here, we present in vivo data gathered by scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and pattern electroretinogram (PERG) at different time points after ONC in mouse eyes and corresponding histological quantification of the RGC somata and axons. Not surprisingly, direct visualization of RGCs by SLO fundus imaging correlated best with histological quantification of RGC somata and axons. Unexpectedly, OCT did not detect obvious retinal thinning until late time points (14 and 28-days post ONC) and instead detected significant retinal swelling at early time points (1–5 days post-ONC), indicating a characteristic initial retinal response to ON injury. PERG also demonstrated an early RGC functional deficit in response to ONC, before significant RGC death, suggesting that it is highly sensitive to ONC. However, the limited progression of PERG deficits diminished its usefulness as a reliable indicator of RGC degeneration.

It is fundamental to predict or estimate the rheological behavioural evolutions of binders and mixture to ensure a durability service life of the whole infrastructure. This study compared the long-term ageing kinetics of hot mix asphalt (HMA) and warm mix asphalt (WMA) produced with the same base bitumen. The difference in the component was that the WMA contained 1% of Cecabase warm agent and 5.5% of water by the weight of bitumen, to obtain a large expansion ratio (47 times). Rolling thin-film oven test (RTFOT) and pressure ageing vessel (PAV) laboratory ageing were carried out on the binder with or without the warm agent. The oven ageing procedure was conducted on the loose HMA and WMA mixtures for 0, 3, 6, and 9 days. Research results indicated that the dual effect of the studied warm agent and the foaming water sharply decreased the viscosity of the binder at a high temperature. Compared with the HMA, the warm agent improved the ageing resistance of the asphalt binder. However, higher content, such as 5.5 wt.%, of foaming water deteriorated viscosity due to a thinner bitumen film, which was more susceptible to oxidation. Therefore, less than 2 wt.% of warm agent and foaming water was recommended in the foamed WMA preparation.

The smart release of healing agents is a key factor determining the inhibition efficiency of microcapsules-based corrosion inhibitors for reinforced concrete. In this study, the release behavior of benzotriazole (BTA) in microcapsule-based inhibitors was investigated in mortar sample to clarify the influence of different hydration products on the release process. The results indicated that under high pH environment (pH > 12.4), only about 5% reserved BTA was released from the mortar sample. pH drop resulted in the increased release of BTA from mortar sample. Most BTA in the microcapsule-based inhibitors was released from mortar sample in low pH environment, which was closely related to morphology/composition alterations of hydration products caused by pH drop of the environment. The smart release of BTA dramatically delayed corrosion initiation of reinforced mortar and halted corrosion product accumulation on the steel surface. Therefore, the corrosion resistance of the reinforced mortar was improved after corrosion initiation.

The autogenous healing potential of cement-based materials is affected by multiple factors, such as mix composition, crack width, pre-cracking age and external environmental conditions. In this study, the effects of curing conditions and supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) on autogenous self-healing of early age cracks in cement mortar were investigated. Three curing conditions, i.e., standard curing, wet–dry cycles and incubated in water, and two SCMs, i.e., fly ash (FA) and blast furnace slag (BFS) with various contents (cement replacement ratio at 0%, 20%, and 40%) were examined. A single early age crack (pre-cracking age of 3 days) with a width of 200~300 μm was generated in cylindrical mortar specimens. Autogenous crack self-healing efficiency of mortar specimens was evaluated by performing a visual observation and a water permeability test. Moreover, microstructure analysis (XRD, SEM and TG/DTG) was utilized to characterize the healing products. The results indicated that the presence of water was essential for the autogenous self-healing of early age cracks in cement mortar. The efficiency of self-healing cracks was highest in specimens incubated in water. However, no significant self-healing occurred in specimens exposed to standard curing. For wet–dry cycles, a longer healing time was needed to obtain good self-healing compared to samples incubated in water. SCMs type and content significantly affected the autogenous self-healing ability of early age cracks. The self-healing efficiency of early age cracks decreased with increases in FA and BFS content. BFS mortars exhibited greater recovery in relation to water penetration resistance compared to the reference and FA mortars. Almost the same regain of water tightness and a lower crack-healing ratio after healing of 28 days in FA mortars were observed compared to the reference. The major healing product in the surface cracks of specimens with and without SCMs was micron-sized calcite crystals with a typical rhombohedral morphology.

Abstract Recent achievements in semiconductor surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates have greatly expanded the application of SERS technique in various fields. However, exploring novel ultra‐sensitive semiconductor SERS materials is a high‐priority task. Here, a new semiconductor SERS‐active substrate, Ta2O5, is developed and an important strategy, the “coupled resonance” effect, is presented, to optimize the SERS performance of semiconductor materials by energy band engineering. The optimized Mo‐doped Ta2O5 substrate exhibits a remarkable SERS sensitivity with an enhancement factor of 2.2 × 107 and a very low detection limit of 9 × 10−9 m for methyl violet (MV) molecules, demonstrating one of the highest sensitivities among those reported for semiconductor SERS substrates. This remarkable enhancement can be attributed to the synergistic resonance enhancement of three components under 532 nm laser excitation: i) MV molecular resonance, ii) photoinduced charge transfer resonance between MV molecules and Ta2O5 nanorods, and iii) electromagnetic enhancement around the “gap” and “tip” of anisotropic Ta2O5 nanorods. Furthermore, it is discovered that the concomitant photoinduced degradation of the probed molecules in the time‐scale of SERS detection is a non‐negligible factor that limits the SERS performance of semiconductors with photocatalytic activity.

Understanding the molecular mechanism of glaucoma and development of neuroprotectants is significantly hindered by the lack of a reliable animal model that accurately recapitulates human glaucoma. Here, we sought to develop a mouse model for the secondary glaucoma that is often observed in humans after silicone oil (SO) blocks the pupil or migrates into the anterior chamber following vitreoretinal surgery. We observed significant intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation after intracameral injection of SO, and that SO removal allows IOP to return quickly to normal. This simple, inducible and reversible mouse ocular hypertension model shows dynamic changes of visual function that correlate with progressive retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss and axon degeneration. It may be applicable with only minor modifications to a range of animal species in which it will generate stable, robust IOP elevation and significant neurodegeneration that will facilitate selection of neuroprotectants and investigating the pathogenesis of ocular hypertension-induced glaucoma.

Excessive heat accumulation in backfill materials causes thermal fatigue damage in underground power cable systems that significantly affects the cable carrying capacity. To improve the thermal conditions of the system, two types of composite phase change materials (CPCMs) were prepared by incorporating paraffin into porous ceramsite (CS)/expanded graphite (EG) in this study. EG and CS can carry 90 and 40 wt.% paraffin, respectively. The phase change temperature of paraffin/CS and paraffin/EG CPCMs was approximately 65 °C, and the corresponding latent heats were 63.38 J/g and 156.4 J/g, respectively. Furthermore, the temperature regulation by CPCMs was evaluated experimentally by designing a setup to simulate the underground power cable system. The reduction in the maximum temperature of the backfill materials with paraffin/CS CPCM and paraffin/EG CPCM was approximately 7.1 °C and 17.1 °C, respectively, compared to reference samples. A similar conclusion was drawn from the heat flux curves. Therefore, the prepared CPCMs could significantly alleviate temperature fluctuations, where the paraffin/EG CPCM provided better temperature regulation than paraffin/CS CPCM. Both materials have potential applications for use in backfill materials for underground power cable systems.

In the nearly 10 years since PTEN was identified as a prominent intrinsic inhibitor of CNS axon regeneration, the PTEN negatively regulated PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway has been intensively explored in diverse models of axon injury and diseases and its mechanism for axon regeneration is becoming clearer. It is therefore timely to summarize current knowledge and discuss future directions of translational regenerative research for neural injury and neurodegenerative diseases. Using mouse optic nerve crush as an in vivo retinal ganglion cell axon injury model, we have conducted an extensive molecular dissection of the PI3K-AKT pathway to illuminate the cross-regulating mechanisms in axon regeneration. AKT is the nodal point that coordinates both positive and negative signals to regulate adult CNS axon regeneration through two parallel pathways, activating mTORC1 and inhibiting GSK3ββ. Activation of mTORC1 or its effector S6K1 alone can only slightly promote axon regeneration, whereas blocking mTORC1 significantly prevent axon regeneration, suggesting the necessary role of mTORC1 in axon regeneration. However, mTORC1/S6K1-mediated feedback inhibition prevents potent AKT activation, which suggests a key permissive signal from an unidentified AKT-independent pathway is required for stimulating the neuron-intrinsic growth machinery. Future studies into this complex neuron-intrinsic balancing mechanism involving necessary and permissive signals for axon regeneration is likely to lead eventually to safe and effective regenerative strategies for CNS repair.

The reversible topotactic phase transformation between brownmillerite SrCoO2.5 to perovskite SrCoO3 has attracted more and more attention for potential applications as solid oxide fuels and electrolysis cells. However, the relatively easy transformation result from small thermal stable energy barriers between the two phases leads to unstable the structures. In the paper, amounts of SrCoO3-δ films have been prepared by pulsed laser deposition at optimized growth conditions with the temperature range of 590-720°C. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results demonstrated that a phase competition emerged around 650°C. The Gibbs free energies of two phases at high temperature revealed the difference of stability of these two phases under different growth temperature. The optical spectroscopies and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies were used to verify the electronic structure and chemical state differences between the two phases with distinct crystal structures.

This study investigated the strength and toughness of reactive powder concrete (RPC) made with various steel fiber lengths and concrete strengths. The results indicated that among RPC samples with strength of 150 MPa, RPC reinforced with long steel fibers had the highest compressive strength, peak strength, and toughness. Among the RPC samples with strength of 270 MPa, RPC reinforced with short steel fibers had the highest compressive strength, and peak strength, while RPC reinforced with medium-length steel fibers had the highest toughness. As a result of the higher bond adhesion between fibers and ultra-high-strength RPC matrix, long steel fibers were more effective for the reinforcement of RPC with strength of 150 MPa, while short steel fibers were more effective for the reinforcement of RPC with strength of 270 MPa.

The effects of Ca/Si ratio, aluminum and magnesium on the carbonation behavior of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) were investigated by using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). The results showed that the Ca/Si ratio, Al/Si ratio and Mg/Si ratio had a significant influence on the structure, carbonation products and carbonation resistance of C-(M)-(A)-S-H. The mean chain length of silicate chains in C-S-H increased as the Ca/Si ratio decreased. Aluminum uptake in C-S-H increased the content of bridging silicate tetrahedron (Q2). A cross-linked structure (Q3) appeared when magnesium uptake in C-S-H. The carbonation product of C-S-H was vaterite if the Ca/Si ratio was lower than 0.87. The carbonation products of C-S-H were vaterite and calcite if the Ca/Si ratio was higher than 1.02. C-M-S-H had more polymerized units, stronger bond strength and better carbonation resistance than C-S-H.

Injured mature CNS axons do not regenerate in mammals. Deletion of PTEN, the negative regulator of PI3K, induces CNS axon regeneration through the activation of PI3K-mTOR signaling. We have conducted an extensive molecular dissection of the cross-regulating mechanisms in axon regeneration that involve the downstream effectors of PI3K, AKT and the two mTOR complexes (mTORC1 and mTORC2). We found that the predominant AKT isoform in CNS, AKT3, induces much more robust axon regeneration than AKT1 and that activation of mTORC1 and inhibition of GSK3β are two critical parallel pathways for AKT-induced axon regeneration. Surprisingly, phosphorylation of T308 and S473 of AKT play opposite roles in GSK3β phosphorylation and inhibition, by which mTORC2 and pAKT-S473 negatively regulate axon regeneration. Thus, our study revealed a complex neuron-intrinsic balancing mechanism involving AKT as the nodal point of PI3K, mTORC1/2 and GSK3β that coordinates both positive and negative cues to regulate adult CNS axon regeneration.

In this research, self-healing due to further hydration of unhydrated cement particles is taken as an example for investigating the effects of capsules on the self-healing efficiency and mechanical properties of cementitious materials. The efficiency of supply of water by using capsules as a function of capsule dosages and sizes was determined numerically. By knowing the amount of water supplied via capsules, the efficiency of self-healing due to further hydration of unhydrated cement was quantified. In addition, the impact of capsules on mechanical properties was investigated numerically. The amount of released water increases with the dosage of capsules at different slops as the size of capsules varies. Concerning the best efficiency of self-healing, the optimizing size of capsules is 6.5 mm for capsule dosages of 3%, 5%, and 7%, respectively. Both elastic modulus and tensile strength of cementitious materials decrease with the increase of capsule. The decreasing tendency of tensile strength is larger than that of elastic modulus. However, it was found that the increase of positive effect (the capacity of inducing self-healing) of capsules is larger than that of negative effects (decreasing mechanical properties) when the dosage of capsules increases.

We studied using organic liquids (cyclohexane, n-butanol, and ethylene glycol) to modulate the transport properties at room temperature of an epitaxial VO2 film on a VO2/Al2O3 heterostructure. The resistance of the VO2 film increased when coated with cyclohexane or n-butanol, with maximum changes of 31% and 3.8%, respectively. In contrast, it decreased when coated with ethylene glycol, with a maximum change of −7.7%. In all cases, the resistance recovered to its original value after removing the organic liquid. This organic-liquid-induced reversible resistance switching suggests that VO2 films can be used as organic molecular sensors.

Large scale electronic phase separation (EPS) between ferromagnetic metallic and charge-ordered insulating phases in La5/8-yPryCa3/8MnO3 (y = 0.3) (LPCMO) is very sensitive to the structural changes. This work investigates the effects of post-annealing on the strain states and electrical transport properties of LPCMO films epitaxially grown on (001)pc SrTiO3 (tensile strain), LaAlO3 (compressive strain) and NdGaO3 (near-zero strain) substrates. Before annealing, all the films are coherent-epitaxial and insulating through the measured temperature range. Obvious change of film lattice is observed during the post-annealing: the in-plane strain in LPCMO/LAO varies from −1.5% to −0.1% while that in LPCMO/STO changes from 1.6% to 1.3%, and the lattice of LPCMO/NGO keeps constant because of the good lattice-match between LPCMO and NGO. Consequently, the varied film strain leads to the emergence of metal-insulator transitions (MIT) and shift of the critical transition temperature in the electrical transport. These results demonstrate that lattice-mismatch combined with post-annealing is an effective approach to tune strain in epitaxial LPCMO films, and thus to control the EPS and MIT in the films.

The metal-insulator transition (MIT) in strong correlated electron materials can be induced by external perturbation in forms of thermal, electrical, optical, or magnetic fields. We report on the DC current induced MIT in epitaxial Sm0.6Nd0.4NiO3 (SNNO) thin film deposited by pulsed laser deposition on (001)-LaAlO3 substrate. It was found that the MIT in SNNO film not only can be triggered by thermal, but also can be induced by DC current. The TMI of SNNO film decreases from 282 K to 200 K with the DC current density increasing from 0.003 × 109 A•m−2 to 4.9 × 109 A•m−2. Based on the resistivity curves measured at different temperatures, the MIT phase diagram has been successfully constructed.