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This paper reviews existing approaches to inclusive, co-produced and agentic research in disability, and shares related reflections from a co-produced digital storytelling project. The project, which included self-advocates with intellectual disabilities, academics, and support staff was undertaken in Queensland, Australia, in 2018. This paper reflects on the potential and limitations of inclusive research methods by, and with, people with intellectual disabilities. We reflect on and analyse our experiences using a co-production framework and consider how this project increased participation and agency by, with, and for people with intellectual disabilities. The paper concludes with a summary of learnings and recommendations for future co-produced research activities including the importance of taking time to build capacity and establish the required foundations for more inclusive research. Historically, researchers tended to conduct research on people with intellectual disabilities instead of researching with people as co-researchers. Time and deliberate efforts are needed for all people involved in co-produced research, be they people with disabilities, family and carers, advocates, disability workers or academic researchers, to work together in ways which share power and decision-making. This project reflects on the processes used to co-produce individual digital stories and a group digital story about the activities of a long-established group of self-advocates. This includes reflecting on how the digital stories were shared and received; and how the research findings have been communicated, to date, including at a national conference about intellectual disability. The project demonstrates the value of co-production methods and the extended benefits that can arise from this way of working collaboratively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: While the putative benefits of "fitness trackers" continue to fuel a booming consumer market, results of device-based clinical interventions remain remarkably mixed. This study will explore factors influencing wearable physical activity (PA) sensor use in the context of stroke prevention and rehabilitation for older adults. The findings of this thematic synthesis will provide insights into factors influencing the use of PA sensors in stroke which may inform more effective device-based interventions. Methods and analysis: Thematic synthesis as a formal method described by Thomas and Arden can be used within a systematic review to synthesize primary qualitative research. Accordingly, the proposed study will systematically search bibliographic databases for relevant peer-reviewed papers and synthesize coded thematic data within included papers. The quality of papers will be assessed using the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Qualitative Research. Patterns in the text will be coded, preliminary data visualised, and higher-level analytical themes discerned to explain factors influencing the use of PA sensors in older stroke patients. Discussion: This study does not require ethics approval. Results are expected to be available by June 2024. Data from the thematic synthesis will provide insights into barriers and facilitators influencing the use of wearable PA sensors in stroke and older adults at risk, and implications these factors have for the design of effective device-based interventions. Trial registration: Systematic review registration: PROSPERO registration number: CRD42020211472. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42020211472. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a novel spatially varying coefficient (SVC) regression through a Geographical Gaussian Process GAM (GGP-GAM): a Generalized Additive Model (GAM) with Gaussian Process (GP) splines parameterised at observation locations. A GGP-GAM was applied to multiple simulated coefficient datasets exhibiting varying degrees of spatial heterogeneity and out-performed the SVC brand-leader, Multiscale Geographically Weighted Regression (MGWR), under a range of fit metrics. Both were then applied to a Brexit case study and compared, with MGWR marginally out-performing GGP-GAM. The theoretical frameworks and implementation of both approaches are discussed: GWR models calibrate multiple models whereas GAMs provide a full single model; GAMs can automatically penalise local collinearity; GWR-based approaches are computationally more demanding; MGWR is still only for Gaussian responses; MGWR bandwidths are intuitive indicators of spatial heterogeneity. GGP-GAM calibration and tuning are also discussed and areas of future work are identified, including the creation of a user-friendly package to support model creation and coefficient mapping, and to facilitate ease of comparison with alternate SVC models. A final observation that GGP-GAMs have the potential to overcome some of the long-standing reservations about GWR-based regression methods and to elevate the perception of SVCs amongst the broader community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated cross-cultural similarities and variations in children's developing understanding of mixed emotions. Four- to 9-year-old US (n = 56) and Chinese (n = 98) children listened to stories in which the protagonist encountered a situation combining positive and negative components. Children were asked whether the story protagonist would feel the appropriate positive emotion as well as the appropriate negative emotion. Despite being able to recall the positive and negative components of the stories, both US and Chinese children often agreed to only one emotion. However, when children did not agree to only one emotion, US children were more likely than Chinese children to agree to both emotions, whereas Chinese children were more likely than US children to deny both emotions. Overall, the findings confirm that the recognition of mixed emotions is challenging for children under the age of 10. They also suggest, however, that mixed emotions are conceptualized differently in the two cultures: US children tend to assume that positive and negative emotions can coexist whereas Chinese children tend to assume that they neutralize each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses articles in the issue on topics includes challenging conventional Anthropocene discourse, critique chronostratigraphy, question the geos versus anthropos divide, and challenge the assumed geological time stasis.

Given the legacy of John Bowlby, Attachment theory has often portrayed separation from a caregiver as likely to provoke protest, despair, and ultimately detachment in infants and young children. Indeed, the emotional challenge of separation is built into a key measurement tool of Attachment theory, the Strange Situation. However, James Robertson, one of Bowlby's leading collaborators, voiced dissent. He argued that young children can cope with separations—even when they last for several days or weeks. They are able to keep the absent person in mind provided an alternative, familiar caregiver remains available. Observational and experimental findings lend support to Robertson's claim. Recent analyses of natural language provide further support. Although young toddlers (ranging from 20 to 26 months) often make contact- or attachment-related comments about absent caregivers, such comments become less frequent with age whereas reflective references to absent caregivers—comments that do not express contact-related concerns about their absence—are often produced by young toddlers and remain frequent throughout early childhood. Children's early-emerging ability to keep an absent attachment figure in mind raises intriguing questions about their responses to the permanent absence of an attachment figure—as in the case of death. Consistent with contemporary research showing that many grieving adults report continuing bonds to a deceased attachment figure—rather than a gradual process of emotional detachment—children also report such continuing bonds. By implication, children and adults are prone to construe the death of a loved one not just as a biological endpoint that terminates the possibility of any continuing relationship but instead as a departure that can be bridged by a continuation of the earlier bond in an altered form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we examined visual processing within primary visual areas (V1) in normal and visually impaired individuals who exhibit significant visual symptomology due to sports-related mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Five spatial frequency stimuli were applied to the right, left and both eyes in order to assess the visual processing of patients with sports-related mild traumatic brain injuries who exhibited visual abnormalities, i.e., photophobia, blurriness, etc., and controls. The measurement of the left/right eye and binocular integration was accomplished via the quantification of the spectral power and visual event-related potentials. The principal results have shown that the power spectral density (PSD) measurements display a distinct loss in the alpha band-width range, which corresponded to more instances of medium-sized receptive field loss. Medium-size receptive field loss may correspond to parvocellular (p-cell) processing deprecation. Our major conclusion provides a new measurement, using PSD analysis to assess mTBI conditions from primary V1 areas. The statistical analysis demonstrated significant differences between the mTBI and control cohort in the Visual Evoked Potentials (VEP) amplitude responses and PSD measurements. Additionally, the PSD measurements were able to assess the improvement in the mTBI primary visual areas over time through rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As we say in the RM, multiscale GWR (MGWR) should be the default GWR. GWR is an inherently exploratory approach and provides a mechanism to quantifying how and where regression relationships may vary (i.e., via mapping the intercept and the predictor coefficient estimates), including scales of variation through multiscale GWR bandwidths. What the RM says In brief, the GWR Route Map (RM) by Comber et al. ([2]) argues that an ordinary least squares (OLSs) regression and a multiscale GWR should always be undertaken initially. [Extracted from the article]

The article explores Pierre Jardin's pursuit of lithic and lithospheric rock and geologic respirations. Topics discussed are aerial imagination that inspired the geologic aspirations of Jardin, contemplation of atmospheric compositions, effect of altitude or elevation on the changes in breathing conditions and possibilities, stone as a form of terrestrial breathing, respiration cycle of the Earth, breathing of mountains in relation to different timescales, and role of faults in rock formations.

Children's ability to reason about junctures leading to two different destinations emerges slowly, with convergent evidence for a conceptual watershed at approximately 4 years. Young children and great apes misrepresent such junctures, planning for only one expected outcome. However, singular possibilities, as opposed to two mutually exclusive possibilities, are readily imagined, shared and acted upon by 2- and 3-year-olds. Analysis of three domains supports this claim. First, 2- and 3-year-olds respond appropriately to pretend spatial displacements enacted for them by a play partner. Second, they not only respond accurately to claims regarding an alleged but unwitnessed spatial displacement, they also ask their interlocutors about the possible whereabouts of missing objects and absent persons. Third, in ordinary conversation, they appropriately mark some of their assertions as possibilities rather than actualities. In summary, although the ability to reason about mutually inconsistent possibilities develops slowly in the preschool years, the ability to imagine and share information about possibilities is evident among 2- and 3-year-olds. Nothing comparable has been observed in great apes. Young children's ability to entertain shared possibilities diverges from that of non-human primates well before any potential watershed at 4 years with respect to the understanding of mutually exclusive possibilities. This article is part of the theme issue 'Thinking about possibilities: mechanisms, ontogeny, functions and phylogeny'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People with intellectual disabilities tend to be subjugated to social roles which make them feel invisible and misunderstood. This study examines the digital stories of self‐advocates with intellectual disabilities and explores their experiences of becoming leaders. The digital stories of self‐advocates show how people made themselves visible and heard to others through their individual questioning, forming important alliances and collective achievements. Their stories, articulated through the digital platform, were analysed using constructivist grounded theory. These digital stories demonstrated how individual self‐advocates overcame adversity and found ways to have their voices heard and personal problems addressed. Each self‐advocate possessed the insight to question unfair treatment and discrimination, and in turn was strengthened in their efforts to make change by becoming involved in a self‐advocacy group. Self‐advocacy can nurture both individual leadership capacities in people with intellectual disabilities and facilitate a safe space for people to come together, support one another and make positive change. Digital stories can illustrate how people with intellectual disabilities become self‐advocates. The use of this technology has the potential to strengthen advocacy efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT: This article is linked to Broeders et al paper. To view this article, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17414 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent work has probed the developmental mechanisms that promote fair sharing. This work investigated 2.5‐ to 5.5‐year‐olds' (N = 316; 52% female; 79% White; data collected 2016–2018) sharing behavior in relation to three cognitive correlates: number knowledge, working memory, and cognitive control. In contrast to working memory and cognitive control, number knowledge was uniquely associated with fair sharing even after controlling for the other correlates and for age. Results also showed a causal effect: After a 5‐min counting intervention (vs. a control), children improved their fair sharing behavior from pre‐test to post‐test. Findings are discussed in light of how social, cognitive, and motivational factors impact sharing behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research with adults has increasingly moved beyond the focus on a small set of allegedly basic emotions, each associated with a signature facial expression. That expansion has been accompanied by a greater emphasis on the potential variability of emotion concepts across different cultural settings. In this conceptual review of children's understanding of emotion, we argue that it is also important in developmental research to look beyond the small set of emotions associated with distinctive facial expressions. At the same time, we caution against any premature rejection of a universalist approach to children's understanding of emotion. We review three different lines of evidence in support of this stance: (1) children's ability to appropriately cite situational elicitors for emotions beyond the basic set; (2) their developing understanding of the relations between emotions and other mental processes; and (3) their realization that a person's facially expressed emotion may not indicate their felt emotion. In each of these three domains, we target studies that have included children from a variety of cultures to assess how far they respond similarly or differently. We conclude that there is robust evidence for similar conceptual progress in children's understanding of emotion across a range of cultural settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developmental research has long sought to understand children's social ideas, and particularly how those ideas influence their judgments and behaviors toward other people. We examine the idea of common humanity, a social idea that has been investigated historically and philosophically, to re-consider what is already known about children's notions of social equality and difference and to suggest how research in this area might be expanded. We review the social cognition literature to argue that studying the idea of common humanity—which combines abstract notions of universal equality with explicit attention to social group differences—could substantially advance our understanding of children's social-cognitive frameworks. We then discuss a subset of the literature related to children's prejudice and describe how the study of common humanity could shed light on the mechanisms behind interventions that successfully reduce prejudice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This qualitative study explores the perspectives and experiences of Black male student-athletes with particular focus on their interactions with school counselors. It draws on nine participants selected through purposive and snowball sampling techniques. The Black male participants were current or former student-athletes at the high school and Division I levels. We developed and analyzed the semistructured interview questions through the lens of critical race theory. Using deductive data analysis techniques, we identified key factors that appear to shape interactions between Black male student-athletes and school counselors, including the perception of the school counselor role, a village of support, and prior experiences with school counselors. The results of this study have implications for school counselor practice, policy, and research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ankle sprains are common occurrences in athletic and general populations. High volumes of ankle sprains elevate the clinical burden on athletic trainers (ATs). The National Athletic Trainers' Association (NATA) published a position statement regarding the treatment and management of ankle sprains, but certain factors might affect an AT's ability to effectively implement the recommendations. To evaluate ATs' current understanding, perceptions, and difficulties regarding the treatment, management, and long-term effects of ankle sprains. Cross-sectional study. Online survey instrument. A total of 796 ATs (years certified = 12.1 ± 9.2) across all athletic training job settings. Participants completed a 38-question survey that addressed their demographic characteristics, as well as their perceptions and knowledge of the epidemiology, treatment, and management of ankle sprains. The survey was also used to document participants' patient education practices and attitudes toward the NATA position statement regarding ankle sprains, along with the challenges of and pressures against implementation. Descriptive statistics, correlations, and analyses of variance were used to analyze the data and evaluate group differences and relationships. Of the participants, 83% demonstrated a moderate understanding of fundamental ankle sprain epidemiology. Group differences regarding patient education were seen by education levels, years certified, and job setting. Overall, 38.1% of ATs were either unsure or unaware of the NATA position statement, but those who were aware rated its usefulness at 3.89 on a scale of 1 to 5, with 1 being not useful at all; 3, neutral; and 5, very useful. On average, 1.9 ± 0.88 challenges to implementing effective treatment practices were documented, and 2.0 ± 0.95 pressures to return athletes to play after ankle sprain were reported. Nearly 40% of the ATs were either unaware or unsure of the current recommendations regarding how patients with ankle sprains are treated, which could affect how care is delivered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) is a serious post-infectious immune sequelae of Group A streptococcus (GAS). Pathogenesis remains poorly understood, including the events associated with collagen autoantibody generation. GAS express streptococcal collagen-like proteins (Scl) that contain a collagenous domain resembling human collagen. Here, the relationship between antibody reactivity to GAS Scl proteins and human collagen in ARF was investigated. Serum IgG specific for a representative Scl protein (Scl1.1) together with collagen-I and collagen-IV mimetic peptides were quantified in ARF patients (n  = 36) and healthy matched controls (n  = 36). Reactivity to Scl1.1 was significantly elevated in ARF compared to controls (P < 0.0001) and this was mapped to the collagen-like region of the protein, rather than the N-terminal non-collagenous region. Reactivity to collagen-1 and collagen-IV peptides was also significantly elevated in ARF cases (P < 0.001). However, there was no correlation between Scl1.1 and collagen peptide antibody binding, and hierarchical clustering of ARF cases by IgG reactivity showed two distinct clusters, with Scl1.1 antigens in one and collagen peptides in the other, demonstrating that collagen autoantibodies are not immunologically related to those targeting Scl1.1. Thus, anti-collagen antibodies in ARF appear to be generated as part of the autoreactivity process, independent of any mimicry with GAS collagen-like proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A considerable body of research has shown that preschoolers who have a better understanding of emotions also have better social competence. In the present study, we focused on the potential roles that verbal ability and working memory may play in the relationship. A total of 187 4- to 6-year-old preschoolers completed: (i) the Test of Emotion Comprehension for emotion understanding; (ii) the Counting and Labelling test for working memory; and (iii) the Core Vocabulary scales of the WPPSI for verbal ability. Two teachers assessed each participant's social competence. The results showed that preschoolers' emotional understanding is a predictor of their social competence but verbal ability fully mediated the relationship. Furthermore, verbal ability positively predicted children's social abilities only when they also had superior working memory. These findings help us to understand how verbal ability and working memory affect the relationship between emotion understanding and social competence in preschoolers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I consider three aspects of children's thinking about religious phenomena. It displays intriguing parallels with their thinking about scientific phenomena; it has an impact on their moral behavior; and it is likely to impact their religious experience. Children's gradual conceptual progress in the domain of religion resembles their conceptual progress in the domain science. These parallels suggest the disarming possibility that older children's apparently more advanced thinking in the domain of science might be best interpreted, not as a gain in objectivity, but rather as an acceptance of the prevailing orthodoxy regarding the scientific issue in question. Nevertheless, despite these parallels between the two domains, children resemble their parents in expressing more confidence in the existence of scientific as compared religious phenomena. An increasingly plausible explanation for that differential confidence is that children hear adults take the existence of scientific phenomena for granted but hear them express occasional doubt regarding religious phenomena. With respect to moral behavior, children who show a better understanding of God's special cognitive and observational abilities act more generously when left alone. Finally, recent work on adults' religious experience suggests that it would be fruitful to look for links between children's conceptualization of the boundedness and porosity of the mind (both the human and the supernatural mind) and the frequency and nature of their religious experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) is widely used because of its adaptation to recreational spaces in the Intermountain West and elsewhere. It is considered salt sensitive and therefore is a good candidate for breeding improvement for this trait. However, improvement in Kentucky bluegrass is difficult because of apomictic reproduction and dosage effects from high polyploidy. The objective of this study was to evaluate salinity tolerance of Kentucky bluegrass hybrids and their parental lines and identify those with above mid‐parent trait values for salt tolerance to identify lines for future breeding. Fifteen hybrid progeny from five paired crosses were previously identified, their apomictic offtype characterized with flow cytometry, and their turf quality (TQ) and electrolyte leakage (EL) traits measured over time and under salt treatment. There was significant variation in salinity tolerance among the different parents and hybrids, with most hybrids showing trait values between the two parents. The salt‐tolerant parents PI440603 and PI371768 produced hybrids with greater than mid‐parent tolerance when crossed with elite Kentucky bluegrass cultivars. Seven hybrids [('Washington' × PI440603)‐3 and ‐5, (PI499557 × PI440603)‐1 and ‐2, (PI578827 × PI371768)‐1 and ‐2, and ('North Star' × PI371768)‐1] had above mid‐parent averages, significantly better TQ and EL than their respective salt‐sensitive parent, or the smallest change in TQ or EL values between control and salt‐treated plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The imagination of young children has notable constraints. The outcomes and possibilities that they imagine rarely deviate from the everyday regularities they have observed and remembered. Their reality‐based imagination is evident in a variety of contexts: early pretend play, envisioning the future, judgments about what is possible, the instructive role of thought experiments, tool making, and figurative drawing. Overall, the evidence shows that children's imagination helps them to anticipate reality and its close alternatives. This perspective invites future research on the scope of children's thinking about counterfactual possibilities, their ability to make discoveries about reality on the basis of thought experiments, and the ways in which cultural input can expand the scope of the possibilities that they entertain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a numerical method for modelling cell migration and aggregation due to chemotaxis where the cell is attracted towards the direction in which the concentration of a chemical signal is increasing. In the model presented here, each cell is represented by a system of springs connected together at node points on the cell's membrane and on the boundary of the cell's nucleus. The nodes located on a cell's membrane are subject to a force which is proportional to the gradient of the concentration of the chemical signal which mimics the behaviour of the chemical receptors in the cell's membrane. In particular, the model developed here will consider what happens when two (or more) cells collide and how their membranes connect to each other to form clusters of cells. The methods described in this paper will be illustrated with a number of typical examples simulating cells moving in response to a chemical signal and how they combine to form clusters. • Motion of cells in response to a diffusing chemical signal. • Cells emitting the chemical signal rather that it being in the environment. • Formation of clusters after the cells have collided. • Numerical examples which simulate the behaviour of real cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is concerned with the semantics associated with the statistical analysis of spatial data. It takes the simplest case of the prediction of variable y as a function of covariate(s) x, in which predicted y is always an approximation of y and only ever a function of x, thus, inheriting many of the spatial characteristics of x, and illustrates several core issues using "synthetic" remote sensing and "real" soils case studies. The outputs of regression models and, therefore, the meaning of predicted y, are shown to vary due to (1) choices about data: the specification of x (which covariates to include), the support of x (measurement scales and granularity), the measurement of x and the error of x, and (2) choices about the model including its functional form and the method of model identification. Some of these issues are more widely recognized than others. Thus, the study provides definition to the multiple ways in which regression prediction and inference are affected by data and model choices. The article invites researchers to pause and consider the semantic meaning of predicted y, which is often nothing more than a scaled version of covariate(s) x, and argues that it is naïve to ignore this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Secondary schools in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) provide health promotion, preventive, and early intervention services. Nevertheless, literature indicates that the modules of these services are either adapted or modified from existing mental health programs in developed countries. The literature also highlights the provision of non-comprehensive services (mental health promotion, prevention, and early intervention), in LMICs. These findings inform the need for undertaking this systematic literature review. The aim of this review was thus to identify the modules of school-based mental health programs (SBMHP) that have been implemented in LMICs to guide the development of a culturally sensitive comprehensive mental health program for adolescents in a LMIC country.Methods: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement was used to guide this review. The following databases were searched in September 2018, to identify the relevant literature: PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and ERIC. The search was conducted by the first author and reviewed by the authors.Results: Following the screening process, a total of 11 papers were identified and reviewed for quality. The systematic review highlighted that the mental health programs provided in schools included: an introduction module, a communication and relationship module, a psychoeducation module, a cognitive skills module, a behavioral skills module, establishing social networks for recovery and help seeking behavioral activities and a summary/conclusion module.Conclusion: This review sheds light on the characteristics of the programs in LMICs. Two programs were found to be universal in nature. Five programs were directed at key risk factors or at-risk groups, and four were early intervention programs. The review also revealed that only one program out of the 11 programs included modules for parents. The synthesis indicated that all the identified programs were adapted or modified from existing programs. The dearth of comprehensive programs in LMICs was also revealed. Lastly, the review revealed seven modules that can be useful for developing a SBMHP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability to modify peptides and proteins chemoselectively is of continued interest in medicinal chemistry, with peptide conjugation, lipidation, stapling, and disulfide engineering at the forefront of modern peptide chemistry. Herein we report a robust method for the on‐resin preparation of allenamide‐modified peptides, an unexplored functionality for peptides that provides a versatile chemical tool for chemoselective inter‐ or intramolecular bridging reactions with thiols. The bridging reaction is biocompatible, occurring spontaneously at pH 7.4 in catalyst‐free aqueous media. By this "click" approach, a model peptide was successfully modified with a diverse range of alkyl and aryl thiols. Furthermore, this technique was demonstrated as a valuable tool to induce spontaneous intramolecular cyclisation by preparation of an oxytocin analogue, in which the native disulfide bridge was replaced with a vinyl sulfide moiety formed by thia‐Michael addition of a cysteine thiol to the allenamide handle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability to modify peptides and proteins chemoselectively is of continued interest in medicinal chemistry, with peptide conjugation, lipidation, stapling, and disulfide engineering at the forefront of modern peptide chemistry. Herein we report a robust method for the on‐resin preparation of allenamide‐modified peptides, an unexplored functionality for peptides that provides a versatile chemical tool for chemoselective inter‐ or intramolecular bridging reactions with thiols. The bridging reaction is biocompatible, occurring spontaneously at pH 7.4 in catalyst‐free aqueous media. By this "click" approach, a model peptide was successfully modified with a diverse range of alkyl and aryl thiols. Furthermore, this technique was demonstrated as a valuable tool to induce spontaneous intramolecular cyclisation by preparation of an oxytocin analogue, in which the native disulfide bridge was replaced with a vinyl sulfide moiety formed by thia‐Michael addition of a cysteine thiol to the allenamide handle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children learn about good and bad people from storybooks and cultural representations of heroes and villains. To probe their ideas about good and bad people, two experiments were conducted. In Experiment 1, 8-year-olds in China proved able to conceptualize goodness and badness in a graded rather than a dichotomous fashion. They located heroes at the upper end of a vertical scale, villains at the lower end, and ordinary children in between. In Experiment 2, a wider age range of children evaluated five figures (a hero; a villain; the self; a best friend; and an ordinary child). Children again showed a non-dichotomous scaling. They positioned the hero at the upper end and the villain at the lower end. In the intervening space, children positioned a best friend above the self and the self above an ordinary child. With age, children's differentiation between the self and an ordinary child decreased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports that the discussion highlights the decades-old concern that the college sports landscape exploits student athletes, and in particular Black male student athletes. Topics include examines that scholars argue that Black males are only deceived by such endeavors and ultimately lock themselves into their low-status positions in society by pursuing sports rather than academia.

What does it take know a moral truth or principle? Although testimony is an undisputed source of empirical knowledge of contingent facts, it is less clear whether it is possible to acquire "second-hand moral knowledge" (Jones, 1999; Wolff, 1998). In the present studies, 3- to 5-year-old Chinese (N = 124) and U.S. American (N = 90) children were asked to judge whether novel, distress-inducing actions were morally permissible, both independently and after either 1 or 3 adult informants had made counterintuitive judgments. Although participants made appropriate moral judgments independently, children from both countries were affected by the counterintuitive testimony provided by the adult informant(s). Moreover, Chinese children were especially receptive to such counterintuitive claims. These findings demonstrate that intuitive moral judgments based on perceived harm are common across 2 cultural groups, but adult testimony can potentially shift those judgments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In two experiments, 3‐ to 5‐year‐old children were tested for their preferences when seeking and accepting information about novel animals. In Experiment 1, children watched as two adults named unfamiliar animals – one adult was predominantly accurate, whereas the other was predominantly inaccurate, as judged by a teacher. In a subsequent test phase, participants viewed additional unfamiliar animals and were invited to endorse one of two conflicting names. Either the predominantly accurate or the predominantly inaccurate adult proposed one name, whereas a majority of three unfamiliar adults proposed the other name. Children were more likely to endorse the predominantly accurate adult as compared to the majority but showed no significant preference for the predominantly inaccurate adult as compared to the majority. In Experiment 2, participants watched two adults correctly name three familiar animals, but only one named three additional unfamiliar animals whereas the other expressed uncertainty. On subsequent test trials, children preferred the apparently well‐informed adult to the less‐informed adult but, contrary to the results of Experiment 1, children preferred the information provided by a majority instead of the apparently well‐informed adult. The implications of these results are discussed in the light of previous research on children's selective trust in an accurate informant as compared to a consensus. Statement of contributionWhat is already known on the subject?Young children monitor past accuracy and use this epistemic cue to decide whom to trust;Children are receptive to information coming from a consensus;Non‐epistemic cues, such as familiarity and accent, also influence children's deferenceWhat does this study adds?Children favour a dissenter over a majority if the dissenter's past accuracy has been publicly highlighted.They favour a majority if a dissenter's past accuracy has not been publicly highlighted.A confident informant is preferred to a hesitant informant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obsessive‐compulsive disorder is a disabling condition that can severely affect daily activities in both adults and children. This article discusses the psychological and drug treatments available, and highlights instances where referral for specialised treatment is appropriate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To determine the normal mesopic and photopic contrast sensitivity function in young, healthy individuals with a sinusoidal bull's-eye with and without glare. Methods: Contrast sensitivity (CS) was measured on 105 healthy volunteers with 20/20 BCVA. A sinusoidal bull's-eye target was used for all tests. After dark adaptation, four different spatial frequencies under mesopic and five different spatial frequencies under photopic conditions were presented in a two-choice, forced-choice paradigm. Each of the nine conditions was tested under three different levels of glare and without glare. The targets were varied in each trial from high contrast to threshold using a staircase method. Results: The without-glare condition demonstrated the expected CS curve; each of the different glare conditions dropped CS statistically significantly. Low- and medium-glare levels dropped CS by similar amounts, showing a 0.1 log (NOTE: all log units in this paper are log10) decrease under both conditions. The high-glare condition dropped the CS by greater than an additional 0.1 log compared with the low and medium conditions. Standard deviations were small in each condition tested, which leads to the conclusion that in this group of 105 healthy subjects, the differences seen from condition to condition are demonstrable. Conclusion: Glare testing, combined with the sinusoidal bull's-eye target, may become a valuable clinical and research tool to aid in the diagnosis of visual conditions affecting the CSF, as well as for measuring the effects of optical and medical interventions on visual performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Young children judge that violations of ordinary, causal constraints are impossible. Yet children's religious beliefs typically include the assumption that such violations can occur via divine agency in the form of miracles. We conducted two studies to examine this potential conflict. In Study 1, we invited 5- and 6-year-old Colombian children attending either a secular or a religious school to judge what is and is not possible. Children made their judgments either following a minimal prompt or following a reminder of God's extraordinary powers. Irrespective of their education, and whether or not they had been reminded of God's extraordinary powers, children systematically judged violations of ordinary, causal constraints to be impossible. In Study 2, we asked if more extensive reminders of God's special powers would prompt religious children to say that the impossible can happen. Five- and 6-year-old Colombian children attending either a secular or a religious school were presented with narratives in which the protagonist desired an ordinarily impossible outcome. In half the stories, the protagonist prayed to God for the desired outcome. Irrespective of education and of whether the protagonist prayed, children systematically concluded that the desired outcome would not occur and justified that conclusion by reference to ordinary causal constraints. Nevertheless, in a minority of their replies children did assert that violations of ordinary causality are possible. Overall, irrespective of their religious education, young children judge that events rarely deviate from their natural course; only occasionally do they acknowledge exceptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this simulation study, regressions specified with autocorrelation effects are compared against those with relationship heterogeneity effects, and in doing so, provides guidance on their use. Regressions investigated are: (1) multiple linear regression, (2) a simultaneous autoregressive error model, and (3) geographically weighted regression. The first is nonspatial and acts as a control, the second accounts for stationary spatial autocorrelation via the error term, while the third captures spatial heterogeneity through the modeling of nonstationary relationships between the response and predictor variables. The geostatistical‐based simulation experiment generates data and coefficients with known multivariate spatial properties, all within an area‐unit spatial setting. Spatial autocorrelation and spatial heterogeneity effects are varied and accounted for. On fitting the regressions, that each have different assumptions and objectives, to very different geographical processes, valuable insights to their likely performance are uncovered. Results objectively confirm an inherent interrelationship between autocorrelation and heterogeneity, that results in an identification problem when choosing one regression over another. Given this, recommendations on the use and implementation of these spatial regressions are suggested, where knowledge of the properties of real study data and the analytical questions being posed are paramount. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on the development of selective trust has shown that young children do not indiscriminately trust all potential informants. They are likely to seek and endorse information from individuals who have proven competent or benign in the past. However, research on trust among adults raises the possibility that children might also be influenced by the emotions expressed by potential informants. In particular, they might trust individuals expressing more positive emotion. Indeed, young children's trust in particular informants based on their past behaviour might be undermined by their currently expressed emotions. To examine this possibility, we tested the selective trust of fifty 4- and 5-year-olds in two steps. We first confirmed that children are likely to invest more trust in individuals expressing more positive emotion. We then showed that even if children have already formed an impression of two potential informants based on their behavioural record, their choices about whose claims to trust are markedly influenced by the degree of positive emotion currently expressed by the two informants. By implication, the facial emotions expressed by potential informants can undermine young children's selective trust based on the behavioural record of those informants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carolyn Saarni’s pioneering research showed that young children learn how to hide their feelings—to conceal disappointment with a smile or to conceal amusement with a neutral expression. By 6 years of age, children understand the implications of such concealment. They can distinguish between: (i) an individual’s true but hidden emotion; (ii) the emotion that the individual overtly expresses; and (iii) the emotion that other people might mistakenly attribute to the individual. Effectively, young children grasp that the mind is opaque. Its contents can remain hidden from others. We examine two issues raised by this important conceptual insight. First, we ask how it emerges in young children—what experiences lead them to acknowledge the mind’s opacity? Second, in light of Saarni’s emphasis on the impact of cultural beliefs and practices, we discuss anthropological evidence that in certain cultures the mind’s opacity is regarded as a social desideratum so that enquiries into, or speculations about, a person’s private mental states are regarded as inappropriate. We consider the understanding of hidden emotion that children will acquire if they grow up in such a culture. We propose—paradoxically—that they will readily differentiate between what is actually felt and what is overtly expressed. We conclude by reviewing recent cross-cultural evidence lending initial support to that prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a localized approach to elastic net logistic regression, extending previous research describing a localized elastic net as an extension to a localized ridge regression or a localized lasso. All such models have the objective to capture data relationships that vary across space. Geographically weighted elastic net logistic regression is first evaluated through a simulation experiment and shown to provide a robust approach for local model selection and alleviating local collinearity, before application to two case studies: county-level voting patterns in the 2016 USA presidential election, examining the spatial structure of socio-economic factors associated with voting for Trump, and a species presence-absence data set linked to explanatory environmental and climatic factors at gridded locations covering mainland USA. The approach is compared with other logistic regressions. It improves prediction for the election case study only which exhibits much greater spatial heterogeneity in the binary response than the species case study. Model comparisons show that standard geographically weighted logistic regression over-estimated relationship non-stationarity because it fails to adequately deal with collinearity and model selection. Results are discussed in the context of predictor variable collinearity and selection and the heterogeneities that were observed. Ongoing work is investigating locally derived elastic net parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Young children construct a biological conception of death, recognizing that death terminates mental and bodily processes. Despite this recognition, many children are receptive to an alternative conception of death, which affirms that the deceased has an afterlife elsewhere. A plausible interpretation of children's receptivity to this alternative conception is that human beings, including young children, are naturally disposed to remember and keep in mind individuals to whom they are attached even when those individuals leave and are absent for extended periods. This disposition is reflected in the pervasive tendency to talk about death as a departure rather than a terminus. It also enables the living to sustain their ties to the dead, even if, in the case of death, the departure is permanent rather than temporary. Linguistic and developmental evidence for these claims is reviewed. Possible biological origins and implications for archaeological research are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]