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The article presents the discussion on Palmer projectile point, named after Palmer Mountain near the Hardaway site in North Carolina, dating back to the Early Archaic period around 9,500 to 8,000 BP. Topics include identified Palmer points as predecessors to Kirk Corner Notch points, noting their distribution across the North Carolina Piedmont and neighboring region; and characteristics, distribution, and evolutionary relationship of Palmer points.

The article discusses two unusually large stone axes found in western North Carolina, acquired from collector Tommy Beutell, shedding light on prehistoric toolmaking practices in the region.

In the article, the author discusses the Michigan barbed axes and Southern barbed axes and their regional distributions including Southwest Virginia, Western North Carolina and East Tennessee.

The article focuses on Guilford Culture that was prominent in the Piedmont regions of the Carolinas and Virginia during the Middle Archaic Period that ranged from about 6500 –5000 B.P. Topics include considered that the Guilford period was pre-ceramic, meaning clay pottery had not yet been invented or introduced, therefore, no pottery sherds are found in conjunction with artifacts or sites assigned to this time period.

The article offers information on the Yadkin River Sites in the Blue Ridge Mountain Foothills of North Carolina (N.C.), U.S. It further discusses that three clay vessels recovered by Buddy Grubbs in the 1970s at the Forbush Creek Site, the west side of the Yadkin River at the U.S. Highway 421 crossing in eastern Yadkin County, N.C.; and in 1981 John Retherford of Stony Point, N.C., recovered an antler flaker, four triangle points and a relatively short Woodland stone celt.

The author discusses the acquisition of artifacts that had been in storage for several years after getting call from collector Donald Oakes and mentions storage of Indian artifact collection of Oakes in garage. Topics discussed include decision of liquidating Oakes' Native American relic collection by Oakes' son, steatite obtuse angle elbow pipe found in western North Carolina, soapstone boiling/cooking vessel recovered in Broad River basin of Rutherford County, South Carolina.

The article illustrate variances in size, material and the quality of celts found in the southeast, specifically North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, Georgia and Kentucky. It mentions about a center celt which is of the Mississippian/Dallas culture and was found on Hiwassee Island. It also mentions about a group of eight celts from sites along the Pigeon River in both Haywood County of western North Carolina and adjoining Cocke County of east Tennessee.

The article discusses huge woodland and Mississippian vessels of the Carolinas. Topics include Archaeology teaching prehistoric potters forming and decorating the vessels in a variety of ways; archaeologists often relating sites in time and space since containing the same ceramic types; and Modern archaeological experiments showing clay pots to air-dry for two weeks before getting them ready for firing.

Structural and geomorphic studies, and lithostratigraphic and biostratigraphic mapping reveal that a giant toreva block (6.125 km3) slid off Mount Timpanogos toward what are now densely populated urban areas along the Wasatch Front of Utah. The block forms a prominent peak known as Big Baldy, which consists of steeply dipping and locally brecciated limestone and quartzarenite over nearly horizontal shale. Preferential erosion of this shale below overlying limestone and quartzarenite cliffs is most likely the cause of this particular landslide and potential future slides along theWasatch Front. The low-angle contact at the base of the giant toreva block was initially mapped as a thrust, then as a low-angle normal fault. In both cases, these faults were inferred to have large amounts of displacement (900 meters), but no traces of such faults are found in adjacent canyons. The Baldy slide is associated with geomorphologic features, such as faceted spurs, landslide scarps, sackungen, and hummocky terrain. Limestone and quartzarenite beds in the block are back-rotated up to 80° and are locally broken and brecciated. No evidence of hydro-fracturing is found in the breccia or of multiple brecciation episodes, which indicates surficial rather than deep-crustal processes and perhaps a single event of slip. We speculate based on structural reconstructions of the slide block, and interpolation of maximum downcutting rates on nearby streams, that the slide initiated between 700 and 500 ka. Discovery of the Baldy slide attests to the importance of recognizing the influence of surficial processes in mountain front development and demonstrate the ongoing geologic hazard of mass wasting to communities along the seismically activeWasatch Front and similar horst blocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on grooved axes of exceptional workmanship from east Tennessee, southwest Virginia and some from western North Carolina. It mentions specimens now in the author's collection are herein pictured in vivid colored detail and further described as follows. It also mentions South Carolina are known to have fashioned well-developed grooved stone axes many with exceptional surface polish.

The article offers information related to the Chesapeake Diamond point commonly found in Virginia and eastern North Carolina. It informs that cultural period for the Chesapeake Diamond point is the Middle Archaic period dating to 4000 - 3000 BC. It also informs that point type was named in 1988 for Chesapeake Bay by Virginia archaeologists Floyd Painter and Wm. Jack Hranicky.

The article offers information on the archaeological finds of barbed axes, Nashville Type II Triskele gorget, and spatulate celt belonging to native Americans, found within the Tennessee region. The topics addressed include information on the dimensions of the artifacts along with details on their archaeological expedition and search.

The article focuses on North Carolina quartz crystal points which are considered as exotic materials used by Native Americans during the Paleo-Indian, Archaic, Woodland and Historic periods in the southeast. Topics discussed include the characteristics of quartz crystal, several specimens that represent typical artifact types from the mentioned Native American cultures, and several quartz crystal collectors like Bruce Absher and Malvin Beane.

The article presents information about the Stanly Culture in the North Carolina Piedmont. It mention that Stanly point belong to mid Archaic period and how it evolved from earlier Kirk tradition and progressed into the later Savannah River tradition. It discusses the various Stanly culture artifacts including classic Stanly points and banner stones.

The article presents information related to two large full-grooved stone axes of the Late Archaic period, acquired by artifact collector Mike McCoy of Mt. Juliet, Tennessee. It refers to the curation of the axes in the Beutell collection for an additional 32 years until May 25, 2016. It highlights the rediscovery of the axes in the late 1960s by cleaning workers.

The article offers information on the archaeological finds of raised-ridge axes belonging to native Americans, found within the Southwest Virginia. The topics addressed include information on the eastern raised ridge type axes along with details on their exhibited traits and grooved axe artifacts repressing a small sampling of the diverse ways that ancient Native Americans created objects or tools used in their everyday lives.

The article focuses on Appalanchian Blades represented throughout Tennessee River Valley which are biface blades with squared stems and mention association of blades with steatite. Topics discussed include finding of the Appalachian quartzite biface blades in field along Mulberry Creek in Caldwell County in North Carolina, Appalancian type made of lithic material such as rhyolite and quartz and blades stored in cache context.

The article provides information on the Decatur corner-notched projectile point found with infrequency in some areas of the North Carolina Piedmont region and into Virginia. Topics discussed include a comparison illustrating similarities of the Carolina Decatur type and Palmer points, the unique basal treatment of a Decatur point as its most characteristic trait, and reason that shoulders on most Carolina Decatur points are often barbed.

The article offers information on the history of ancient Native Americans who lived along the Upper Yadkin River in Wilkes County, North Carolina. It mentions several Native American tribes that lived along the river including Paleo Indians, Cherokee Indians, and Moravians. It discusses discovery of various stone age tools created by the Indian tribes.

The article offers information on the Mississippian flint arrow points that were useful in hunting wild game and beneficial in battle with enemies. It mentions that John H. Retherford accumulated these 14 exquisite triangular points in the 1980s. It states that southeastern ancient native grave sites have revealed a number of arrow points found in such a position as to suggest they were originally arrow points included in a leather quiver at time of burial, hence called “Quiver Points.”.

The article offers information on the duck-bill style stone axes discovered in North Carolina dated to the Late Archaic period.

The article provides information on artistic shell ornaments created by Southern Appalachian Mississippians. Topics discussed include skillful in making potters, skilled flint-knappers and stone work; representations of prehistoric era shell ornaments at the North Carolina, central South Carolina, and eastern Kentucky; and Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency.

The article focuses on Southern Barbed stone axe with raised-ridges that was recovered several years ago in the Blue Ridge Mountains of Ashe County, in northwestern North Carolina.

Highlights: [•] Direct test of lithospheric versus crustal mechanisms of uplift in active collision. [•] Surface uplift rate of 0.5m/ka calculated for Kisar Island in Banda Arc. [•] May be one of the youngest exhumed metamorphic complexes on earth. [•] Active emergence and uplift attributed to combination of thrusting and domal extrusion along shear zone. [•] “Fresh” coral fragments represent possible tsunami deposits. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The Greater Himalayan Sequence in the Garhwal Region of India is a 14–20km thick succession of various pelitic and psammitic metasediments which contain individual units that are traceable for at least 250km along the strike of the Himalayan range in northwestern India. Bulk rock geochemical analyses show a chemical index of alteration (CIA) values of 57–93 with an average of 67, average (La/Yb) N =18.6, average (La/Sm) N =3.7, Cr/Th range between 0.2 and 214.5, and Th/Sc range between 0.2 and 10.3. The various geochemical tectonic indicators reveal a signature akin to an active continental margin. A low degree of weathering and high concentrations of incompatible/compatible element ratios respectively point to a proximal and primarily a silicic source region. The occurrence of three-phase halite bearing primary fluid inclusions in the quartz grains of metasediments indicate their provenance from a magmatic terrain. Potential source regions of the Greater Himalayan Sequence are the East African Orogeny, the East Antarctic Orogeny, and/or the Bhimpedian Orogeny of Northern India. Fluid inclusions in the Greater Himalayan Sequence (three-phase halite bearing inclusions, moderately high temperature bi-aqueous inclusions, and carbonic-aqueous inclusions) estimate maximum salinity at ∼33wt.% NaCl. This occurrence of fluid inclusions is also consistent with a magmatic terrain. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Field mapping and analysis of foraminifera from synorogenic pelagic units of Rote and Savu Islands, Indonesia reveals high rates of surface uplift of the incipient Banda arc-continent collision during the past 1.8 myr. New geological maps of these islands document accretion to the Banda forearc of Triassic through Tertiary sedimentary cover units from the down-going Australian continental margin. Foraminifera-rich synorogenic deposits of the Batu Putih Formation unconformably overlie these accreted units. We use paleodepth versus time estimates from benthic and planktic foraminifera''s to measure long-term surface uplift rates for the accretionary wedge. Although strong currents in the region cause some problems with reworking, several distinctive species have been found. Synorogenic deposits in Savu and Rote yield foraminifer''s of biozone Neogene (N) 18 to N22 (5.6–1.0 myr) that were deposited at estimated depths of around 3000 m. These deposits are unconfomrably overlain by uplifted coral terraces. The highest coral terraces in Savu are >300 m above sea level and perhaps as old as 0.8 myr. In Rote the highest coral terrace is 200 above sea level and ~0.2 myr old. These data indicate that collision of the Australian continental margin with the Banda Arc, which initiated much earlier in Timor, has propagated westward towards Rote where it is in the initial stages of accretionary wedge emergence. Collision of the Scott Plateau propagated SE from Sumba (2–3 Ma) to Savu (1.0–0.5 Ma) and then to Rote (0.2 Ma). Average rates of surface uplift of the Batu Putih Formation pelagic deposits during the past 2 myr in Rote and Savu are ~1.5 and 2.3 mm/a, respectively. The rise of these islands is clogging the Indo-Pacific seaway. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: New GPS measurements reveal that large sections of the SE Asian Plate are progressively accreting to the edge of the Australian continent by distribution of strain away from the deformation front to forearc and backarc plate boundary segments. The study was designed to investigate relative motions across suspected plate boundary segments in the transition from subduction to collision. The oblique nature of the collision provides a way to quantify the spatial and temporal distribution of strain from the deformation front to the back arc. The 12 sites we measured from Bali to Timor included some from an earlier study and 7 additional stations, which extended the epoch of observation to ten years at many sites. The resulting GPS velocity field delineates at least three Sunda Arc–forearc regions around 500 km in strike-length that shows different amounts of coupling to the Australian Plate. Movement of these regions relative to SE Asia increases from 21% to 41% to 63% eastward toward the most advanced stages of collision. The regions are bounded by the deformation front to the south, the Flores–Wetar backarc thrust system to the north, and poorly defined structures on the sides. The suture zone between the NW Australian continental margin and the Sunda–Banda Arcs is still evolving with more than 20 mm/yr of movement measured across the Timor Trough deformation front between Timor and Australia. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: An integrated multidisciplinary investigation of the Lolotoi Complex of East Timor (Timor Leste) indicates that it is part of the Banda forearc that was metamorphosed and rapidly exhumed during the Eocene and accreted to the NW Australian continental margin during Late Miocene to present arc–continent collision. Greenschist, graphitic phyllite, quartz–mica schist, amphibolite and pelitic schist dominate metamorphic rock types. Mineral, whole rock, and trace element geochemical analyses of metabasites indicate protolith compositions consistent with tholeiitic basalt and basaltic andesite with mixed MORB and oceanic arc affinities. Metapelite schist is mostly composed of metasedimentary units derived from mafic to intermediate rocks with oceanic to continental volcanic arc provenance. Thermobarometric calculations show peak metamorphic conditions of 530 °C to 680 °C for garnet–biotite pairs and amphibole, and peak pressures of 5 to 10 kbar for garnet–aluminosilicate–quartz–plagioclase assemblages. Peak metamorphism occurred at 45.36±0.63 Ma, as indicated by Lu–Hf analyses of garnet. Detrital zircon grains have a U/Pb age distribution with spikes at 663, 120 and 87 Ma, which is typical of detrital zircon ages throughout the Great Indonesian Arc of Asia, but is distinct from Australian affinity units. These data indicate deposition and later metamorphism occurred after 87 Ma. Structural analyses of the metamorphic rocks and their sedimentary and volcanic cover units reveals 5–6 deformational phases of alternating shortening and extension. There is little to no evidence of strike-slip deformation. Phases 1–4 are inferred as pre-Oligocene from age determinations. Phases 5 and 6 are most likely related to latest Miocene to Pliocene nappe emplacement and Pliocene to present collisional deformation. Kinematic indicators show mostly top to the SE directed shortening and top to the south and SE extension. Structural mapping indicates that the Lolotoi Complex and some of its cover units are in thrust contact with underlying Gondwana Sequence rocks. Asian affinity volcanic and sedimentary cover units are found mostly in normal fault contact with metamorphic rocks. These data indicate that the Lolotoi Complex of Timor Leste is correlative with the Mutis Complex of West Timor and both form part of the Banda Terrane, which is composed mostly of dispersed fragments of the eastern Great Indonesian Arc. The study demonstrates the complex nature and deformational history of forearc basement. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The focus of this article is on legal-economic institutions that organized early-modern Eurasian trade. It identifies two such institutions that had divergent dispersion patterns, the corporation and the commenda. The corporation ended up as a uniquely European institution that did not migrate until the era of European colonization. The commenda that originated in Arabia migrated all the way to Western Europe and to China. The article explains their divergent dispersion based on differences in their institutional and geographical environments and on dynamic factors, claiming that institutional analysis errs when it ignores migration of institutions and providing building blocks for the modeling of institutional migration. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Field analyses of stratigraphy, structure, and tectonic geomorphology of Savu Island define the age and provenance of accreted Australian continental margin sequences and overlying synorogenic cover, and the structure, kinematics, and uplift history of the transition from subduction to collision in the eastern Sunda-Banda arc. The results highlight the dominant influence of lower plate composition and structure in shaping Savu Island and initiating intraforearc shortening. Provenance and biostratigraphic analyses of rocks accreted to the edge of the Sunda-Banda forearc indicate that they mostly consist of Triassic to Cretaceous synrift and postrift successions of the Australian continental margin. These rocks are similar in composition and provenance to Gondwana sequence units found throughout the Banda arc to the east, such as the Triassic Babulu, Jurassic Wai Luli, and Cretaceous Nakfunu Formations of Timor. Previously unrecognized units of pillow basalt are found interlayered with Jurassic beds and incorporated into mélange and mud diapirs. These basalt occurrences have major and trace element compositions similar to those of Indian Ocean mid-oceanic ridge basalt and are likely associated with Jurassic development of the Scott Plateau volcanic margin. South-directed thrusting of these units via a duplex thrust system detached the Middle Triassic section of the underthrust Scott Plateau. The Savu thrust system consists of a series of active north-directed thrust faults found onshore and offshore the north coast of Savu. Thrust faults mapped onshore, penetrated by the Savu #1 well and imaged in vintage seismic reflection profiles, offset the youngest deposits of Savu. The uplift history and deformation pattern associated with the Savu thrust is investigated at a variety of temporal scales. Foraminifera-rich synorogenic deposits indicate low average surface uplift rates until after 1.9 Ma ago, when pelagic chalk deposits were raised from depths of >2500 m to the surface in fewer than 1 Ma. Island emergence is well documented by uplifted coral terraces that encrust the highest ridges to 338 m elevation. U/Th analysis of uplifted coral yields ages of 122 ka near sea level, indicating slow uplift rates of 0.2 mm/a over the past 400 ka. Most synorogenic deposits are stripped from the south coast, exposing parts of the accretionary wedge. The deeply eroded nature of this part of the island, combined with its steep first-order stream gradients, indicates that it underwent rapid rock uplift and exhumation in the past 1-2 Ma. However, the south coast region is now subsiding, as evidenced by drowned streams and southtilted, submerging coral terraces. Streams draining north over the Savu thrust system show convex-upward patterns with gradients commonly associated with intermediate uplift rates. Flights of coral terraces also document growth of the island to the north above thrust-related folds. These results inform us that the transition from subduction to collision involves (1) strain partitioning away from the subduction zone into the upper plate, (2) forearc closure, (3) structure inherited from the lower plate, (4) initiation of a crustal suture zone, and (5) uplift and exhumation of the accretionary wedge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analysis of internal structures of the Brooks Range ophiolite at the three largest and well-exposed klippen reveals a NE–SW structural grain that may parallel the original axis of magmatism of a slow spreading marginal ocean basin. Sub-parallel directions of lattice fabrics in olivine of mantle peridotite and shape fabrics in pyroxene and plagioclase of layered gabbro indicate that asthenospheric and magmatic flow was closely coupled. These structures, including the petrologic moho, mostly dip steeply to the NW and SE, with slightly oblique flow lineations. Sedimentary and volcanic cover deposits also dip SE. The few exposures found of sheeted dike complexes generally strike parallel, but dip orthogonal to both the petrologic moho and cover deposits. These structural features are locally disturbed by syn- and post-magmatic normal faults emblematic of slow-spreading ridge processes. However, the consistent geometry of structures over a distance of 200 km demonstrates not only that the magmatic system was organized in a similar manner to an oceanic ridge, but that there was little to no rotation of individual klippe during tectonic emplacement.Ductile fabrics related to tectonic emplacement yield top-to-the NNW sense of shear indicators. The basal thrust and accompanying serpentinized shear zone is mostly flat-lying and truncates the steeply dipping ductile fabric of the ophiolite. This relationship and paleomagnetic data from the igneous sequence suggest that flow fabrics were most likely moderately inclined at the time the ophiolite formed. Similar relationships are found at diapiric centers along oceanic ridges and in other ophiolite bodies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objective:This article reports on the evaluation of The School Attendance Demonstration Project (SADP). SADP is an intervention aimed at improving the school attendance rates of 16-to-18 year-olds receiving public assistance. Method: Experimental group students attending school less than 80% of the time received a notice to attend an orientation for services. Students who continued to attend school less than 80%, did not attend the orientation, and could not show good cause for attendance were sanctioned. The study used a control group with random assignment. Results: Data show that in any month, more experimental group students met the attendance rule than did control group students. Logistic regression predicted that females, Hispanics, students from single-parent families, and those attending alternative schools had difficulty meeting attendance requirements. Conclusions: The findings suggest that at-risk teens need alternative strategies from sanctions to encourage school attendance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the involvement of the South Sea in the passage of the Bubble Act of 1720. Factors that supported the conclusion that the act was a special legislation for South Sea; Historical Background on the passage of the bill; Factors that influence the passage of the bill.

Whether the driver of the Indosinian orogeny in the South China block was related to the evolution of the Paleotethyan Ocean or the Paleo-Pacific Ocean has been a point of much debate. We applied detrital zircon U-Pb dating to Permian-Triassic sedimentary rocks from South China to trace sediment provenance and to further test these models. Our results, combined with other published data from the Pingxiang, Youjiang, Yong'an, and Yongding Basins, show that 400-350 Ma and 300-260 Ma zircon grains are ubiquitous throughout the entirety of southern South China. This indicates regional magmatic events as potential sources. The discovery of Middle-Late Devonian and Early Permian igneous rocks, tuffs, and volcaniclastic rocks in Southeast Asia and Hainan Island implies the presence of two magmatic events (400-350 Ma and 300-260 Ma) within or beyond the southern margin of South China. This information, together with the mostly negative εHf(t) values of 400-350 Ma and 300-260 Ma zircon grains, arc-like geochemical signatures of the possible source rocks, and the regional geology of East Asia, suggests that they originated from sources related to Paleotethyan and even Proto-Tethyan subduction. Thus, Permian-Triassic sedimentation and the Indosinian orogeny in South China were largely controlled by the evolution of the Tethyan Ocean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the Uranium-Lead (U-Pb) and Lutetium-Hafnium (Lu-Hf) isotopes in zircons from the orthogneiss and paragneiss units of the Greater Himalayan Sequence (GHS), as well as from the Lesser Himalayan Crystalline Sequence (LHCS) in the Garhwal region of India. It then compares the U-Pb and Lu-Hf data from the Garhwal region to the data taken from various source regions in Gondwanaland for a clearer understanding of the tectonic provenance of the Himalayan Metamorphic Core (HMC).

Comments on R.W. Saltus and colleagues' model for rooted versus ophiolitic mafic and ultrafamic rocks throughout the Cordillera based on a local geophysical anomaly in part of the southwest Brooks Range. Petrochemical and age relations; Incompatibility of the model with geologic relations.

Detailed analyses of slopes and arcuate planform morphologies of Titan’s equatorial mountain ridge belts are consistent with formation by contractional tectonism. However, contractional structures in ice require large stresses (4–10 MPa), the sources of which are not likely to exist on Titan. Cassini spacecraft imagery reveals a methane-based hydrological cycle on Titan that likely includes movement of fluids through the subsurface. These crustal liquids may enable contractional tectonic features to form as groundwater has for thrust belts on Earth. In this study, we show that liquid hydrocarbons in Titan’s near subsurface can lead to fluid overpressures that facilitate contractional deformation at smaller stresses (<1 MPa) by significantly reducing the shear strength of materials. Titan’s crustal conditions with enhanced pore fluid pressures favor the formation of thrust faults and related folds in a contractional stress field. Thus, surface and near-surface hydrocarbon fluids made stable by a thick atmosphere may play a key role in the tectonic evolution of Titan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cassini RADAR mapper has imaged elevated mountain ridge belts on Titan with a linear-to-arcuate morphology indicative of a tectonic origin. Systematic geomorphologic mapping of the ridges in Synthetic Aperture RADAR (SAR) images reveals that the orientation of ridges is globally E–W and the ridges are more common near the equator than the poles. Comparison with a global topographic map reveals the equatorial ridges are found to lie preferentially at higher-than-average elevations. We conclude the most reasonable formation scenario for Titan’s ridges is that contractional tectonism built the ridges and thickened the icy lithosphere near the equator, causing regional uplift. The combination of global and regional tectonic events, likely contractional in nature, followed by erosion, aeolian activity, and enhanced sedimentation at mid-to-high latitudes, would have led to regional infilling and perhaps covering of some mountain features, thus shaping Titan’s tectonic landforms and surface morphology into what we see today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comments on the association between the mentally ill and suicide. Pattern of mental difficulties; Application of medical ethics on psychiatric treatment of patient; Factors contributing decision making of suicide.