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The stability of fractures of the middle and lower 1/3 of the displaced humeral shaft is poor, and surgery is currently the main treatment. The posterolateral approach to the upper arm has many advantages but it is not widely used in clinical applications. The aim of the study was to investigate the clinical effect of open reduction and internal fixation with a steel plate through the triceps approach in the treatment of fractures of the middle and lower 1/3 of the humerus.A retrospective analysis was performed on 26 patients with fractures of the middle and lower 1/3 of the humerus who were admitted to our hospital from January 2018 to December 2021. According to the AO ASIF classification, 12 patients had type A, 8 patients had type B, and 6 patients had type C fractures. The posterior transtriceps approach was used for open reduction and internal fixation with a steel plate to evaluate its clinical efficacy.All patients were followed completely, and the follow-up time was 6.0-18.0 months. Fracture nonunion occurred in 1 patient after the operation, and the other 25 patients healed well; 2 patients showed symptoms of radial nerve injury and numbness in the tiger's mouth area, which improved after 2 weeks. The average healing time of the fracture was 12.3 weeks. There were no infections or complications such as plate fractures. Elbow joint function according to Mayo scoring standards was as follows: 19 cases were excellent, 3 cases were good, 2 cases were fair, and 2 cases were poor. The excellent and good rate was 84.6%.Open reduction through the triceps approach and internal fixation with a steel plate for the treatment of the middle and lower 1/3 of the humerus can directly expose and protect the radial nerve and its branches and reduce radial nerve damage, and plate fixation on the tension side is biomechanical and worthy of clinical application.

Research on flight emissions at airports is very important for environmental policymaking. This study analysed the trend of aircraft air pollutant emissions at mainland China airports from 1990 to 2017, mainly focusing on standard landing and take-off (LTO) cycles. Total flight movements increased 29-fold from 1990 to 2017 at Chinese airports. Over the same period, the emissions of NOx, SOx, CO, hydrocarbons (HC), and particulate matter (PM) increased 46, 27, 12, 5, and 4 times, respectively. Emissions at the 216 public airports showed a growth trend. It was estimated that in 2017, Chinese airports emitted 12,875 kilotons of CO2, 59 kilotons of NOx, 3 kilotons of SOx, 38 kilotons of CO, 5 kilotons of HC, and 0.4 kilotons of PM. The largest 30 airports produced 68.2% of the total emissions. Emissions from B737-800, A320, A321, B737-700, A330-300, and A319 aircraft accounted for more than 75% of aircraft LTO emissions at Chinese airports in 2017. Results show that average emissions per passenger have decreased for CO2, CO, HC, SOx, PM, and NOx from 1990 to 2017.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the microtensile bond strength of resin composite to glass ceramic, and the effect of surface treatment of resin composite and thermal cycling aging on the microtensile bond strength. METHODS: Rectangular blocks were made with dentin of extracted molars, resin composite or feldspathic glass ceramic respectively. The bonding surfaces of these rectangular blocks were sanded by 600-grit silicon carbide paper before luting. A self-etching resin cement was used as luting agent. The specimens were divided into groups according to the types of substrates of adhesion (dentin/glass ceramic or resin composite/glass ceramic), the way of surface treatments and whether thermal cycling aging ocurred. The dentin blocks were adhered to ceramic blocks as controls (group A1 and A2). The resin composite blocks were adhered to the ceramic blocks as experiment groups. The resin composite surfaces were treated by different ways before luting: no extra surface treatment (group B1 and B2), treated by ethyl methacrylate solution (group C1 and C2) or silane coupling agent (group D1 and D2), coarsened by 360-grit silicon carbide paper (group E1 and E2) or polished by 1 200-grit silicon carbide paper (group F1 and F2). After luting, the microtensile bond strength of the specimens were tested before (group A1-F1) or after (group A2-F2) thermal cycling aging. After microtensile bond strength test, the fracture bonding surfaces of the specimens were observed by a scanning electron microscopy to determine the type of bonding failure. The data were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance. RESULTS: The microtensile bond strength of resin composite to glass ceramic with no extra treatment achieved high bond values before and after thermal cycling [B1 (30.02±3.85) MPa, B2 (26.83±3.14) MPa], which were statistically different from those of the control groups [A1 (20.55±4.51) MPa, A2 (12.94±0.69) MPa, P < 0.05]. The microtensile bond strength between the glass ceramic and resin composite did not increase after different surface treatments of resin composite. CONCLUSIONS: The microtensile bond strength between resin composite and glass ceramic achieved as similar bond strength as that between dentin and glass ceramic and even better. Surface treatment of resin composite via methyl methacrylate solution, silane coupling agent, coarsening, or polishing did not increase the microtensile bond strength effectually.

This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation into the punching shear behavior of an innovative simple and effective shear connection method between steel-tubular column ...

Fluid motion has two well-known fundamental processes: the vector transverse process characterized by vorticity, and the scalar longitudinal process consisting of a sound mode and an entropy mode, characterized by dilatation and thermodynamic variables. The existing theories for the sound mode involve the multi-variable issue and its associated difficulty of source identification. In this paper, we define the source of sound inside the fluid by the objective causality inherent in dynamic equations relevant to a longitudinal process, which naturally favours the material time-rate operator rather than the local time-rate operator , and describes the sound mode by inhomogeneous advective wave equations. The sources of sound physical production inside the fluid are then examined at two levels. For the conventional formulation in terms of thermodynamic variables at the first level, we show that the universal kinematic source can be condensed to a scalar invariant of the surface deformation tensor. Further, in the formulation in terms of dilatation at the second level, we find that the sound mode in viscous and heat-conducting flow has sources from rich nonlinear couplings of vorticity, entropy and surface deformation, which cannot be disclosed at the first level. Preliminary numerical demonstration of the theoretical findings is made for two typical compressible flows, i.e. the interaction of two corotating Gaussian vortices and the unsteady type IV shock/shock interaction. The results obtained in this study provide a new theoretical basis for, and physical insight into, understanding various nonlinear longitudinal processes and the interactions therein.

The ${p}$ -GaN gate capacitors with a metal/ ${p}$ -GaN/AlGaN/GaN structure are demonstrated on an enhancement-mode (E-mode) GaN-on-Si power device platform. High capacitance density of >170 nF/cm2 is obtained with an operating voltage range of 0 ~ 7 V. Frequency response of the ${p}$ -GaN gate capacitors with circular and interdigitated layout design are characterized. It is found that the interdigitated layout can suppress the distribution effect and reduce the equivalent series resistance, and thus can significantly enhance the capacitor’s high-frequency performance. The fabrication process of the ${p}$ -GaN gate capacitors is fully compatible with the E-mode GaN power transistors, and thus can be seamlessly implemented as one of the on-chip peripheral components for GaN-based power integrated circuits.

Ovarian cancer is prone to chemoresistance, leading to poor outcomes in patients. MicroRNA 1301 plays a regulatory role in multiple tumors. However, whether microRNA 1301 regulates cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer cells remains unclear.The ovarian cancer SKOV3 cell line and the human ovarian cancer cisplatin-resistant strain cell SKOV3/DDP were cultured in vitro and microRNA1301 expression was analyzed by Real time PCR. MicroRNA1301 mimics and microRNA 1301 were transfected into SKOV3/DDP, respectively followed by analysis of cell proliferation by MTT assay, cell invasion, expression of autophagy genes ATG5 and Beclin1 and EMT-related transcription factors Snail and Slug by Real time PCR, expression of NF-κB and E-cadherin and N-cadherin by Western blot.MicroRNA 1301 expression was significantly increased in SKOV3/DDP cells compared with that in SKOV3 cells (p0.05). MicroRNA1301 mimics transfection into SKOV3/DDP up-regulated microRNA1301 expression, promoted cell proliferation, and invasion, inhibited ATG5 and Beclin1 expression, and promoted Snail and Slug expression, decreased E-cadherin expression and increased N-cadherin and NF-κB expression, compared with the control group, the differences were statistically significant (p0.05). MicroRNA1301 inhibitor transfection into SKOV3/DDP cells could down-regulate the expression of microRNA1301 and significantly reversed the above changes. Compared with the control group, differences were statistically significant (p0.05).Targeting microRNA1301 can inhibit the proliferation of cisplatin-resistant cells and the development of EMT in human ovarian cancer cells by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway, thereby inhibiting the occurrence and development of drug-resistant ovarian cancer.

收集2012年5月-2016年5月收治的重型乙型肝炎恢复期患者（重肝组）和慢性乙型肝炎患者（慢肝组）共57例。重肝组分重肝无肝硬化组和重肝伴肝硬化组，慢肝组分慢肝轻度组和慢肝重度组。免疫组织化学法分析肝组织凝血酶原酶（FGL2）的表达，将其与患者肝脏病理变化、肝功能、凝血酶原活动度行相关性分析，并比较重肝组和慢肝组以及各组间FGL2的表达。结果示重肝组肝组织病理相当于以G3-4 S3-4为主，存在坏死后明显的肝纤维化或坏死后的肝硬化，且肝组织炎症及纤维化同时表现。FGL2在重型乙型肝炎恢复期高表达，与并发肝硬化正相关。.

The circular (CPGE) and linear photogalvanic effect (LPGE) of a three-dimensional topological insulator Bi

To accelerate GaN adoption, beyond-JEDEC system-level reliability should be done to prove the robustness of GaN in applications. In this paper, a new hard switching test vehicle (half-bridge RC load) was proposed & demonstrated to achieve system-like stress, flexibility of acceleration test, low system power consumption with large sample size, easy setup & control which can meet system-level reliability requirement.

MicroRNA (miRNA) plays vital roles in the development of different cancers. In the current work, we explored the function of miR-126-3p in the growth and metastasis of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell in vitro and in vivo.The expressions of miR-126-3p in NSCLC cell lines were assessed using the quantitative Real Time-Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) assay. 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT), colony formation, wound healing and transwell invasion were applied to reveal the role of miR-126b-3p on NSCLC cell growth, migration and invasion. The expressions of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) associated markers (E-cadherin and N-cadherin) were assessed by immunofluorescence staining. The Xenograft model and lung metastasis model were applied to explore the impact of miR-126-3p on the growth and aggressiveness of NSCLC cell in vivo.MiR-126-3p was significantly down-regulated in NSCLC cell lines and tissues. The up-regulation of miR-126-3p inhibited the growth, colony formation, migration and invasion of NSCLC cell. Furthermore, the xenograft model indicated that miR-126-3p suppressed NSCLC cell growth and lung metastasis by targeting chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 1 (CCR1). In addition, we demonstrated that the over-expression of CCR1 rescued the inhibitory effects of miR-126-3p on NSCLC cells growth, migration and invasion. Finally, knocked-down of CCR1 was able to mimic the inhibitory effects of miR-126-3p on the progression of NSCLC cell.These findings indicate that miR-126-3p plays an important role in the growth, migration and invasion of NSCLC by targeting CCR1.

An enhancement-mode GaN power switch with monolithically integrated gate driver is demonstrated on a 650-V GaN-on-Si power device platform. The integrated GaN-based gate driver features advanced designs such as bootstrapped gate-charging current source that enables high current driving capability during the entire turn-on process and rail-to-rail output. The GaN power transistor with integrated gate driver was characterized up to 300 V/15 A switching operations using a double pulse tester, and exhibits suppressed gate ringing and fast switching speed. The peak drain voltage slew rate d V/dt is above 125 V/ns during turn-on, and 336 V/ns during turn-off.

Explosion characteristics of PMMA particles with three different diameters (100 nm, 800 nm, and 30 μm) are studied experimentally. The explosion severity including the maximum explosion pressure and the pressure rise rate of 100-nm PMMA particles significantly exceed those of 800-nm and 30-μm PMMA particles at low concentrations due to a greater specific surface area. However, the explosion severity of 100-nm PMMA particles gradually decreases below that of 800-nm PMMA particles once the dust concentration reaches 250 g/m3 and above because 100-nm PMMA particles are prone to agglomerate, but it is still higher than that of 30-μm PMMA particles. In addition, the maximum explosion pressures increase with increasing concentrations of PMMA particles of all sizes, peaking at 250 g/m3, while they do not change significantly as the concentrations go beyond 500 g/m3. According to the explosion classification based on the deflagration index, nano-PMMA particles indicate a higher explosion risk and more serious explosion severity than those of micro-particles.

This paper explores the next stage of GaN power devices with 2-level integration of peripheral low voltage active and passive devices. The 1st level consists of protection/control/driving circuits, which potentially improves the performance and overcomes the challenges to the power devices. The 2nd level integration has high-low side on-chip integration on a 100V technology platform. The challenge of channel modulation due to substrate bias sharing is effectively eliminated by the invented new scheme. The system efficiency of DC-DC buck converter using such scheme is enhanced with lower on-state resistance and good stability.

To analyze the accuracy of the digital imaging fiber optic transillumination (DIFOTI) on diagnosis of caries lesions depth using DIAGNOcam system.This experiment adopted self-matching design. Seventy-four extracted teeth (molar: sixty-six, premolar: eight) with one caries lesions in proximity which were not damaged in surface marginal ridge were selected. Dental calculus and dental stains were removed from the extracted teeth for standby application. A sign was marked in the middle of the occlusal surface edge at the side of decay. Then the teeth were fixed in the standard model of dentition and cavities were adjacent with the sound tooth surface. Sticky wax was applied to seal the level of 2 mm beyond cemento-enamel junction (CEJ) in the direction of occlusion and interproximal space to imitate gingival margin and gingival papilla. The standard models of dentition was seated in imitation head mold. The lesions depth degree was looked into and checked with DIAGNOcam system. Besides, the pictures on the occlusal surfaces were recorded and saved. The sign above could be seen on the picture. The measuring tool in DIAGNOcam system was used to measure the depth of the caries from the sign (as starting point) to the deepest point of caries in the pictures and its length was recorded for a. The line a was lengthened to the contralateral edge of occlusal surface in the photo and the length was recorded for b. A line from the marked point on the occlusal surface edge of the extracted teeth was draw parallel to the line b on the corresponding photo and its length was recorded for c. The depth of the cavities on the projected images was recorded for d, and calculated d/a=c/b (digital optical fiber measured decay depth/caries damage depth of the image=actual tooth width/tooth width of the image), and d=c/b×a inferred. At last, the teeth were taken out from the standard model dentition. The decay of the tooth was removed completely. The actual depth of the cavity was recorded for D. The difference between d and D was recorded for Δd. The software of SPSS 20.0 was used to test the consistency of the results, and the MedCalc 14.8.1.0 software was used for Bland-Altman analysis.The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) between d and D was 0.951 (ICC75%), P=0.263. There was a function relationship y=0.23+0.91x between d(x) and D(y). Bland-Altman analysis method showed that the mean of Δd (Δdmean) was 0.05 mm, the standard deviation of Δd (ΔdSD)=0.308, and the 95% confidence interval was (-0.55 to 0.65). The amplitude of difference was clinically acceptable. So the consistency of the two measurement modes was high.There was no significant difference between the depth of caries lesions checked with DIAGNOcam system and the depth of the actual cavity, and the consistency was very good. The vitro study suggests that the DIAGNOcam system may be used to assess the depth of caries cavity as a useful tool in diagnosis and treatment.

Problems of decreasing the flame speed resulting from pre-mixed gas explosions and attenuating explosion overpressures are discussed. A cylindrical test pipeline with an 89×4.5 mm cross section is used to study flame propagation characteristics of an acetylene-air mixture both in the empty pipeline and in the presence of aluminum silicate wool attached to the internal wall of the pipeline. Experimental results show that aluminum silicate wool, which is a kind of a fibroid porous material with a high specific surface area, decreases the increment of the outlet flame speed and attenuates drastically the explosion overpressure if the length of the porous insert exceeds the critical length.

To investigate the characteristics and outcomes of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in Chinese term infants population.A national neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis network was established. Neonates as having necrotizing enterocolitis with gestation age ≥37 weeks were identified if they met the accepted diagnostic criterion during the study period from Jan 1(st) 2011 to Dec 31(st) 2011. The data of maternal and neonates' characteristics, the comorbidities, the clinical interventions prior to NEC, the clinical courses and radiology results, the medical and surgical treatment and the outcomes were collected. SPSS 19.0 software was used to do statistic analysis. Logistic-regression models were used to analyze the risk factors for death in infants with NEC, odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated.There were 231 067 newborn infants, 164 307 of them were term infants, admitted to 95 hospitals in main land China. There were 718 term infants were diagnosed as necrotizing enterocolitis with the incidence of 0.44%. There were 294 term infants cases identified as ≥stage 2 necrotizing enterocolitis for the analysis, including 193 cases of stage 2 and 101 cases of stage 3.The mean gestation age was (39.0±1.3) weeks, and the mean birth weight was(3 087.4±548.3)g. The percentage of small for gestation age was 20.4%. The onset age of NEC was 5 (2-11)d. The percentage of cases received breast milk feeding was 23.7%. The most common comorbidities were sepsis (9.5%, 28/294), asphyxia (9.5%, 28/294), pneumonia (7.8%, 23/294) and congenital megacolon (7.5%, 22/294). The bowel perforation rate was 13.9%. The rate of cases who received surgical treatment was 25.2%(76.6% small intestinal necrosis and 65.8% small intestinal perforation). The mortality rate was 28.9%(the mortality rate were 20.7% and 44.6% in stage 2 and stage 3 NEC, respectively). Noninvasive continuous positive airway pressure treatment for NEC (OR=5.278, 95% CI: 2.058-13.533, P0.01) and NEC staging 3 (OR=3.156, 95% CI: 1.766-5.642, P0.01) were statistically significantly associated with mortality of NEC.The term infants with necrotizing enterocolitis usually have the underlying comorbidities. The breastmilk feeding rate is low. Necrotizing enterocolitis remains high mortality in term neonates in Chinese neonatal units. Noninvasive continuous positive airway pressure treatment for NEC is statistically significantly associated with mortality of NEC.

GaN Cascode performance optimization for high efficient power applications is presented in this paper. Analytical equations of Cascode capacitance network (Ciss, Coss, Cgd) is demonstrated and the equations accuracy is verified through experimental measurement. Analysis shows that Cascode Cgd is determined by HV D-MISFETs Cds, LV Si FETs Cgd/Coss ratio, and extra zener diode capacitance. With low intrinsic capacitance HV D-MISFETs [1-2], proper LV Si FETs selection, and extra zener diode protection, optimization for Cascode switching figure-of-merit (FOM, Ron x Qgd) is well demonstrated. 8.8X lower switching figure-of-merit than commercial best-in-class Si SJ FETs [3] is achieved, double pulse test (DPT) and hard switching PFC system verification result all indicate that GaN Cascode is the promising solution and ready for next generation energy systems.

In order to evaluate the movement performance of a human hip joint, a novel parallel manipulator called 3SPS+1PS bionic parallel test platform is proposed in this article. SPS denotes the spherical-prismatic-spherical leg, and PS the prismatic-spherical leg where only the prismatic joint is actuated and hence underlined. For the 3SPS+1PS bionic parallel test platform with four degrees of freedom including three rotations and one translation, the formulae for solving the inverse kinematics equations are derived based on the quaternion method. Unit quaternion is used to represent the position and orientation of a moving platform, and singularities caused by Euler angles are avoided. Combining the topological structure characteristics of the parallel manipulator, the orientation workspace of the moving platform at a given translation position is constructed. Moreover, the procedures to solve and evaluate the orientation workspace of the parallel manipulator are obtained. In order to ensure dexterity and obtain more workspace, the condition index is studied by the condition number and singular values analysis of the dimensionally homogeneous Jacobi matrix. The parallel manipulator has three rotations about the Z-axis, the Y-axis, and the X-axis applied to represent three rotation motions (flexion/extension (FE), abduction/adduction (AA), and internal/external (IE) rotation motion) of a human hip joint, respectively. The numerical results illustrate that the 3SPS + 1PS bionic parallel test platform generates ±25° to ±108° in FE, −20° to 20° in AA, and −21° to 21° in IE rotation where the maximum permissible condition numbers of Jacobi matrix are set within the range 15–20 and the parallel manipulator can provide full-scale friction motion for hip joint simulator. In the dexterous orientation workspace, the slide track on the friction counterface of hip joint prostheses can be varied consistently. By verifying the lengths of the SPS-type active legs, the parallel manipulator can provide cross-path multidirectional slide motion for hip joint prostheses. The three-dimensional model and kinematics simulation of the manipulator are established and analysed. The simulation results prove that the 3SPS + 1PS bionic parallel test platform can accurately represent human hip joint motion and provide more reliable experimental data for hip joint prostheses in clinical application. The research builds the theoretical basis for its bionic motion simulation in practical application.

Due to differences in hydraulic conductivity and effects of well construction geometry, ground water flow in a wellbore typically differs from the flow field in the surrounding porous media. These differences must be well understood to use borehole flowmeters for ground water velocity and direction measurement. In this work, a lab-scale sand tank test and a small-scale field test were conducted to explore the differences between average linear velocities in the borehole and in the formation and flow directions. In the sand tank test, six variables were studied, colloidal borescope meters were used to measure flows in wellbores, and correction factors (= linear velocity in center of borehole/average linear velocity in the surrounding formation away from the well) for flow velocity were determined. In these tests, correction factors ranged between 3 and 6 for all conditions studied, without any strong correlation between correction factor and most of the variables studied. The most obvious relationship was that the correction factor appeared to increase with decreasing ground water velocity; when the flow velocity decreased to near or below 2 x 10⁻³ m/s, the value of the correction factors increased to equal or exceed 10. In the field test, two different types of flowmeter--the colloidal borescope meters and heat-pulse flowmeters--were used under natural gradient and forced hydraulic gradient conditions. Field test results showed no differences in correction factors when either type of borehole meters or hydraulic conditions were used. The correction factors remained between 3.9 and 6.0 consistent with other previously published results. The flow directions measured by borehole flowmeters in wellbores were consistent with the flow directions in the geological formation. The results of the sand tank test indicated the larger well screen diameter and the lower hydraulic gradient seem to have the more accurate flow directions measured by borehole flowmeters. Field and lab measurements suggested that the errors of flow direction were less than 15°, with a maximum of 21°.

CMOS-compatible 100 V / 650 V enhancement-mode high electron mobility transistors (E-HEMTs) and 650 V depletion-mode MISFET (D-MISFET) are fabricated on 6-inch GaN-on-Si wafers. These devices show excellent power converter switching performances. Both 100 V and 650 V E-HEMTs had passed industrial reliability qualifications. The importance of bulk leakage, interface quality and gate trapping in dynamic on-resistance is figured out. The device with optimized processes shows a significant reduction of the dynamic on-resistance degradation.

We investigated the effect of progranulin (PGRN) expression on the proliferation and senescence of cervical cancer cells. PGRN small interfering RNA (siRNA) was introduced into the SiHa and HeLa cell lines of human cervical carcinoma using liposome-mediated transfection. The expression levels of PGRN in each cell line after transfection of PGRN siRNA were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Senescence in the cell lines was detected using the β-galactosidase-staining test, and proliferation was detected by clone formation. The RT-PCR assay showed that the expression of PGRN in all of the cell lines transfected with PGRN siRNA markedly decreased. In the clone-forming test, compared with the control group, the colony-forming ability in all cell lines decreased significantly after transfection with PGRN siRNA. The β-galactosidase-staining experiments showed that the phenomenon of cell aging in the PGRN interference group was more obvious than in the control group. After the cervical cancer cells had been transfected with PGRN siRNA, cell senescence was accelerated and clone-forming ability was markedly reduced. This suggests that PGRN can promote the proliferation of the cervical cancer cell line; proliferation of cervical cancer cells is achieved by inhibiting their senescence.

The shape and propagation of unsteady premixed flames in narrow channels with adiabatic and isothermal walls are numerically investigated in the present study. The flame chemistry is modelled by an one-step overall reaction, which simulates the reaction of a stoichiometric acetylene-air mixture. The numerical results show that both ignition methods and thermal boundary conditions affect flame formation and its shape. The flame keeps a single tulip shape in the whole process of propagating through the channel if plane ignition is used and a single mushroom shape if spark ignition is used. For isothermal cold walls, the flame cannot keep a single tulip shape or mushroom shape all the time. Under plane ignition, a transition from a tulip-shaped flame to a mushroom-shaped flame occurs as flames propagate from one end of channel to the other. Under spark ignition, the process is just the contrary. It is also shown that the heat loss at the cold walls has a dual effect on the formation of a tulip-shaped flame. Flame propagation and quenching in narrow channels of different heights are analyzed systematically, and a criterion is proposed to judge the flame states of partial extinction and total extinction. It is called the criterion of flame propagation and quenching in narrow channels.

Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) can be used for phase conjugation mirrors in many laser systems1,5 and it also often appears in long distance optical fiber communication systems because the threshold of SBS is normally inversely proportional to the interaction length.2 In this paper, the effect of phonon loss is investigated. Our study shows that phase conjugation systems do require lower phonon loss and higher nonlinearity as expected but higher phonon loss and lower nonlinearity are actually desirable for long distance optical fiber communications.

CMOS-compatible 100/650 V enhancement-mode FETs and 650 V depletion-mode MISFETs are fabricated on 6-inch AlGaN/GaN-on-Si wafers. They show high breakdown voltage and low specific on-resistance with good wafer uniformity. The importance of epitaxial quality is figured out in a key industrial item: high-temperature-reverse-bias-stress-induced on-state drain curent degradation. Optimization of epitaxial layers shows significant improvement of device reliability.

In this paper, the reliable SiN x /AlGaN/GaN MISHEMTs on silicon substrate with improved trap-related characteristics have been well demonstrated. The devices with our proposed treatment method showed less deep-level traps and more Si surface donors at SiN x -AlGaN interface. The trap related device characteristics are also improved by using our optimized treatment method. The devices with proposed treatment method exhibit less current collapse and better positive bias temperature stability of threshold voltage. All the results suggest that the proposed treatment method is very effective to improve the slow-trap related device reliability.

V TH drift of GaN MISHEMTs under positive gate stress (PBTI) is shown to have a distinct fast component, independent of the gate dielectric material or details of the device architecture. The trap(s) responsible for this V TH degradation component are located at the GaN side of the GaN/dielectric interface. Since these fast traps have capture- and emission -times of the order of 10μs and 1ms respectively, its impact is not evident in the traditional DC characterization, yet it severely impacts device lifetime projections.

CMOS-compatible GaN-on-silicon technology with excellent D-mode MISHFET performance is realized. A low specific contact resistance R c (0.35 Ω-mm) is achieved by Au-free process. MIS-HFET with a gate-drain distance (L GD ) of 15 μm exhibits a large breakdown voltage (BV) (980 V with grounded substrate) and a low specific on-resistance (R ON , sp ) (1.45 mΩ-cm 2 ). The importance of epitaxial quality in a key industrial qualification item: high temperature gate bias (HTGB) stress-induced voltage instability issue is figured out and a breakthrough by optimizing GaN epitaxial layer for improvement of MIS-HFET is demonstrated. A low V th shift of the optimized MIS-HFET is achieved ~ 0.14V with qualification stress condition V G of -15 V at ambient temperature of 150 oC for 128 hours.

C28H38O10S, orthorhombic, P212121 (No. 19), a = 9.1243(6) Å, b = 9.3896(7) Å, c = 33.962(2) Å, V = 2909.6 Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.058, wRref(F2) = 0.149, T = 293 K.

This study investigated the changes of leaf photosynthetic characteristic and chlorophyll fluorescence parameter responding to drought stress (DS) in two species of maize at elongating stage. The results of net photosynthesis rate (Pn) and light intensity response curve indicated that Pn reduced with enhanced light intensity. Photoinhibition in varying degrees appeared in different genotype varieties, and DS intensified the extent of photoinhibition. Results showed that for DS at elongating stage, Pn of the cultivar JD28 was insensitive to highlight. Pmax and Rd decreased, and physiological activity reduced obviously. Compared with JD28, JD261 decreased more. Moreover, DS resulted in decreased light compensation point (LCP) and light saturation point (LSP). And it caused highlight utilization ratio reduced but weak light use efficiency increased. JD28 had higher light use efficiency. Diurnal variation curve of Fv/Fm changed greatly in DS and there was no significant difference between the two species. DS treatments decreased photochemical quenching (qP), PhiPS2 and Fv’/Fm’, while it increased non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). The reduction of PhiPS2 was caused by the decrease of qP and Fv’/Fm’. DS treatments weakened maize leaves’ capability of assimilation, transformation and light energy utilization. JD28 could use more light than JD261 in photosynthesis. While JD261’s light use efficiency was lower, the less light used for photosynthesis and the excessive photon flux energy was dissipated in form of heat. Key words: Elongating stage, maize, drought-tolerance, photosynthesis.

Hybrid resins of unsaturated polyester/urethane were synthesized and characterized. Both the toughness and stiffness of the polyester were improved significantly by incorporating 20 wt% urethane. Unsaturated polyester, styrene, and ethane showed good compatibility during blending and probably formed a simultaneous interpenetrating network (IPN) during polymerization. The resultant IPN morphology possessed a unique glass transition temperature. This IPN morphology not only imparted great fracture resistance to the otherwise brittle polyester, but also changed the fracture mode of new resin composites. The molecular weight of unsaturated polyesters did not have significant effect on the mechanical properties, but did exert an apparent influence on the fracture mode. During the cure process the side reaction, an amine reaction, could be suppressed addition of suitable promoter and catalyst.

In this article, yeast two-hybrid system (YTHS) and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) were used to analyze the interactions of cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus (CABYV)-encoded proteins. P0, P1, P1-2, P3, P4, and P5 were tested by YTHS in all possible pairwise combinations, and only P3/P3 interaction was detected. Results obtained by BiFC further confirmed the self-interaction of P3, and the subcellular localization of reconstituted YFP fluorescence was observed mainly in nuclei of Nicotiana benthamiana leaf epidermal cells. Domains involved in P3/P3 self-interaction were analyzed by YTHS and BiFC using deletion mutants. The results showed that R domain (residues 1-61) in the N-terminus could self-interact, and it also interacted with the S domain (residues 62-199) in the C-terminus of P3. The present work would serve as a molecular basis for further characterization of CABYV proteins, and the regions involved in P3/P3 self-interaction could provide the clue for understanding the capsid assembly pathway of CABYV.

Dietary administration of lactobacilli and certain fibres significantly reduced the severity of methotrexate-induced enterocolitis in rats by improving intestinal mucosal structure, reversing microbiota disruption, possibly also influencing intestinal mucosal immunity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of two Lactobacillus strains and fibres, which have been proven to be effective in enterocolitis of rats, on gut immune response. All rats received continuous intragastric infusion of an elemental diet with or without supplementation of pectin, oatbase, and Lactobacillus reuteri R2LC or Lactobacillus plantarum DSM 9843 from the beginning of the study via a gastrostomy. The control group rats had normal chow throughout the study. On day three, animals received intraperitoneal injections of either methotrexate, 20 mg/kg, or normal saline, and the sampling was done on day six. Administration of methotrexate significantly diminished intestinal secretory IgA level and gut lamina propria CD4/CD8 lymphocyte counts. The addition of L. reuteri R2LC, and L. plantarum DSM 9843, but not of pectin and oatbase, significantly increased the ileal and colonic secretory IgA level, both in soluble and insoluble fractions, and elevated CD4 and CD8 numbers compared with control enterocolitis rats. The enhancement of gut immune function by lactobacilli administration may be one of the important processes through which certain strains of lactobacilli facilitated the recovery from enterocolitis. Keywords: intestinal immunity, enterocolitis, Lactobacillus reuteri , Lactobacillus plantarum , pectin, oat.

Three point bending response of sandwiched double cylindrical tube structures with aluminum foam core was studied numerically using the explicit finite element method. The numerical results are in good agreement with the corresponding experimental results and display the advantage of this new structure in load carrying capacity and energy absorption efficiency over the traditional foam‐filled single tube structure. The deformation and failure mechanism is revealed by comparisons of the strain and stress distributions and the history of the maximum strain. The influence of the inner tube diameter for the structure was explored. It is found that increasing the inner tube diameter enhances the maximum deflection at failure of the foam‐filled double tube within the diameter range considered. With a proper inner tube diameter, a steady load carrying capacity of the foam‐filled double tube structure can be achieved, which shows an excellent crashworthiness with high energy absorption efficiency.

The method of Manual of Clinical Microbiology was used to identify bacteria. We investigated the epidemiological characteristics of bacterial agents and their antimicrobial susceptibility as empirical treatment for neonatal infections. Disk diffusion tests were also done for antimicrobial susceptibility.From January 1987 to December 1998, 2,244 bacterial strains were isolated in our neonatal ward. The first three predominant species were Staphylococcus epidermidis (23.9%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (19.9%) and Escherichia coli (12.6%) in group I (infections acquired outside of hospital). Escherichia coli, Klebsiella and Pseudomonas aeruginosa accounted for 18%, 15.2% and 12.6% respectively in group II (nosocomial infections). The sensitivity rates of those antimicrobials that are seldom used for newborns were found to be higher, while the resistant rates of the commonly used antimicrobial drugs have increased significantly. The resistant rates of bacterial isolate from group II to antimicrobial agents including penicillin and ampicillin were significantly higher than those isolated from group I (p0.05)The sensitivity rate was 82.2% (717/833) by using amikacin only, when combined with penicillin, rose to 89%(741/833).Gram-negative bacteria were mainly responsible for nosocomial infections of neonates in our hospital. Infections acquired outside the hospital were mainly caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Nosocomial pathogens produced drug resistance easily. Combination of amikacin and penicillin can be recommended as the initial antibiotics for treatment of neonatal infections.