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The article focuses on the historical significance of Frege's work in logic and the recent challenges to his originality, particularly regarding influences from Stoic logic. Topics include the debate surrounding Frege's connections to Stoic ideas, the historical context of logic leading up to Frege, and the examination of Frege's concepts of judgment and logical notation in comparison to earlier thinkers.

In this paper we give a detailed comparison of the key elements of Frege's formal language of thought and apparently similar views in Stoic formal logic. That is, we compare their views on the following topics: connectives, negation, simple sentences, propositional content, predicates and their incompleteness, and quantifications. We show that in most of these cases the similarities between Frege's views and the Stoic views are only superficial. Frege's views are far more systematic, better developed and can in no case directly or fully be traced back to Stoic ideas. Furthermore, we show that Prantl, pace Bobzien 2021, is in most of these cases not a reliable source with respect to Stoic logic and that it is very unlikely that Frege's views on logic were influenced by Prantl's interpretation of Stoic formal logic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An AND logic gate-based Hg2+ ion colorimetric assay was constructed using the plasmonic and nanozyme dual signal channels of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). This assay increased the judgment criteria for the identification of Hg2+ ions and effectively improved the accuracy of Hg2+ ion detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite research on differences in moral logics across demographic categories, the overall community structure in how Americans share standards of judgment, and hence a fundamental basis for categorical inequalities, remains unclear. To identify communities of shared moral logics, we inductively code judgments in interview transcripts from a probability sample of Americans. We then identify clusters in a network induced by similarities in how Americans judge. We find that competence and prosociality emerge as primary logics by which Americans judge others positively. Gender is the strongest predictor for which moral logics Americans deploy in daily life. Finally, different communities emerge in judgments of institutions, or in negative judgments, suggesting that Americans deploy various moral logics depending on context, which suggests possibilities for bridging categorical divides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper stresses the importance of identifying the nature of an author's conception of logic when using terms from modern logic in order to avoid, as far as possible, injecting our own conception of logic in the author's texts. Sundholm (2012. “‘Inference versus consequence” revisited: Inference, conditional, implication’, Synthese, 187, 943–956) points out that inferences are staged at the epistemic level and are made out of judgments, not propositions. Since it is now standard to read Aristotelian sullogismoi as inferences, I have taken Alexander of Aphrodisias's commentaries to Aristotle's logical treatises as a basis for arguing that the premises and conclusions should be read as judgments rather than as propositions. Under this reading, when Alexander speaks of protaseis, we should not read the modern notion of proposition, but rather what we now call judgments. The point is not just a matter of terminology, it is about the conception of logic this terminology conveys. In this regard, insisting on judgments rather than on propositions helps bring to light Alexander's epistemic conception of logic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On-orbit capturing is a crucial step in the application of dual-arm space robots, aiming to accurately grasp a moving target and avoid damage to the arms terminal parts (i.e. the end effectors) due to contact force saturation. This paper presents a synthetic control method with target sticking for on-orbit capturing using a dual-arm space robot system from the approaching phase to pre-grasping phase. In the approaching phase, an online trajectory planning method based on visual servoing is proposed to obtain the desired trajectories for end effectors in work space. Then the joint torques are designed by the inverse kinematics and inverse dynamics to track the desired trajectories. Different from most of the current research, a new sticking phase is proposed after the approaching phase and before the pre-grasping phase. In the sticking phase, a force and motion control method is designed to maintain a close relative distance between end effectors and the target, which can avoid saturation of contact forces and avoid damage to the end effectors. In what follows, an impedance control method is proposed in the pre-grasping phase to absorb the impact energy and grasp the target accurately. The synthetic control strategy integrates the controllers of all the phases mentioned above. Automatic switching among the phases is realized by using logic judgment according to the system real states, which is more consistent with the real capturing environment. Finally, numerical simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed synthetic control scheme. The results can be applied to the trajectory planning and control of on-orbit capturing, avoiding contact force saturation and ensuring the safety of the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to offer an interpretation, partially novel, of passage 5.54-5.5423 of the Tractatus in which Wittgenstein examines the propositions that represent intentional relations such as judgment. The fundamental idea will be that these propositions are thought of as propositions about complexes and, consequently, should be analyzed in accordance with paragraph 2.0201, which will lead me to develop step by step the proposed analysis. Furthermore, I will argue that Wittgenstein's theory, understood in this way, rules out the possibility of judging nonsense, unlike Russell's theory of judgment as a multiple relation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Classical theories of reasoning equate System 1 with biases and System 2 with correct responses. Refined theories of reasoning propose the parallel model to explain the two systems. The first purpose of the present article is to give a contribution to the debate on the parallel and default-interventionfist models: we hypothesized when logic and belief conflict both logical validity and belief judgments will be affected with greater level of response errors and/or longer response times. The second purpose of this article is to assess the relationship between decisional styles and performance in deductive reasoning. Seventy-two participants participated in the experiment and completed 64 modus ponens and modus tollens syllogistic reasoning tasks. Accordingly, we found that belief and logic judgments were affected by the conflict condition, both in easy syllogisms (i.e., modus ponens) and in complex syllogisms (i.e., modus tollens). Findings showed also that participants with a rational decision-making style were more strongly influenced by logic than belief, whereas those with an intuitive decision-making style were more strongly influenced by belief than logic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Educational researchers often need to construct precise and reliable measurement scales of complex and varied representations such as participants' written work, videoed lesson segments and policy documents. Developing such scales using can be resource-intensive and time-consuming, and the outcomes are not always reliable. Here we present alternative methods based on comparative judgement (CJ) that have been growing in popularity over recent years. We consider the contexts in which CJ-based methods are appropriate before describing in detail what they are and how they can be applied to construct measurement scales in a range of educational research contexts. We also provide an overview to evaluating the reliability and validity of the resultant measurement scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the discussion on introduction to Philosophy course. Topics include reliant on certain conditions analogous to air or gravity in order to be free in our philosophical thought and judgement; and draws on critical phenomenology to think about the ‘new set of conditions' that has come about and puts that phenomenology into dialogue with Marx, anti-racist critique, feminist and queer theory.

This paper examines how science advice can provide policy recommendations in a trustworthy manner. Despite their major political importance, expert recommendations are understudied in the philosophy of science and social epistemology. Matthew Bennett has recently developed a notion of what he calls recommendation trust, according to which well-placed trust in experts' policy recommendations requires that recommendations are aligned with the interests of the trust-giver. While interest alignment might be central to some cases of public trust, this paper argues against the significance of interest-alignment to meritorious public trust. First, political bodies and citizens can have a basic kind of well-placed recommendation trust in science advice based on an all-things-considered judgement regarding the possession of relevant competencies, responsible conduct, and a proper institutional design. Moreover, scientists' policy recommendations can be seen as open-ended and as dynamic proposals that enable inter-institutional reasoning and political deliberation. Finally, by providing conditional recommendations, scientists can expand the scope of feasible policy options from which political bodies can choose, thus making the condition of interest alignment even less significant to the trustworthy provision of recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the formation and characterization of early modern addiction through the interactions of mind, body, and will, focusing particularly on the work of the sixteenth-century Christian philosopher Pierre de La Primaudaye. In La Primaudaye's writings addiction is a wholly internalized behavior, the product of repeated interactions within the mind. Intended for the purpose of cultivating virtuous behaviors, these interactions could become corrupted, resulting in negative addictions formed between overwhelming passions, a clouded judgment, and an inflexible will. The specific types of addiction a person inclined toward were determined by a host of variables, including temperament, age, and gender. As this article reveals, in early modern accounts of addicted behavior young men were associated with lust and old men with contemplation, while women were considered more vulnerable to all addictions, virtuous and sinful. The image of addiction that emerges from this examination is one not of a disease or a disorder, but of a natural function of the body that could on occasion be led astray. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the influence of instructional interventions in mitigating mental accounting bias during capital investment decisions. Initially, we investigate the potential costly errors resulting from mental accounting. Subsequently, we employ instructional strategies to reduce this cognitive bias. Employing an experimental methodology, we employ an 8x2 mixed factorial design to examine the impact of financing sources on mental accounting and the effectiveness of instructional interventions. The findings reveal that managers prone to mental accounting tend to retain debt-financed assets over equity-financed assets. Importantly, instruction proves effective in alleviating this cognitive bias. This research holds significance for both academic scholars and practitioners. It sheds light on the deficiency of instructional resources in accounting education for fostering essential professional judgment skills among students. It is recommended that Finance, Business, and Accounting faculties incorporate modules on mental accounting and related cognitive biases in postgraduate programs. Furthermore, manufacturing industries can benefit from employee training programs to reduce cognitive biases associated with mental accounting in capital budgeting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breaking with Aristotle's Physics, Kant effects a theoretical reconception of teleology. It is this paper's contention that the truth of the Kantian conception of teleology as 'a purposiveness of nature in behalf of our faculty for cognizing it' is not that of being a solution to Hume's problem of induction or the condition for the possibility of subjective cognition of the empirical, but that it is a theoretical means of the subjective domination over the objective. A materialist reading of Hegel's criticism of Kant's antinomy of teleological judgment in the Science of Logic is then proposed. Finally, the non-teleological nature of capital is demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A DNA triangular prism nanomachine (TPN)–based logic device for intracellular AND-gated imaging of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) has been constructed. By using i-motif sequences and ATP-binding aptamers as logic control units, the TPN logic device is qualified to respond to the acidic environment and ATP in cancer cell lysosomes. Once internalized into the lysosome, the specific acidic microenvironment in lysosome causes the i-motif sequence to fold into a tetramer, resulting in compression of DNA tri-prism. Subsequently, the split ATP aptamer located at the tip of the collapsed triangular prism binds stably to ATP, which results in the fluorescent dyes (Cy3 and Cy5) modified at the ends of the split aptamer being in close proximity to each other, allowing Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) to occur. The FRET signals are excited at a wavelength of 543 nm and can be collected within the emission range of 646–730 nm. This enables the precise imaging of ATP within a cell. We also dynamically operate AND logic gates in living cells by modulating intracellular pH and ATP levels with the help of external drugs. Owing to the AND logic unit on TPN it can simultaneously recognize two targets and give corresponding intelligent logic judgment via imaging signal output. The accuracy of molecular diagnosis of cancer can be improved thus eliminating the false positive signal of single target-based detection. Hence, this space-controlled TPN-based logical sensing platform greatly avoids sensitivity to extracellular targets during the cell entry process, providing a useful tool for high-precision imaging of the cancer cell's endogenous target ATP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By playing a crucial role in settling open issues in the philosophical debate about logical consequence, logical evidence has become the holy grail of inquirers investigating the domain of logic. However, despite its indispensable role in this endeavor, logical evidence has retained an aura of mystery. Indeed, there seems to be a great disharmony in conceiving the correct nature and scope of logical evidence among philosophers. In this paper, I examine four widespread conceptions of logical evidence to argue that all should be reconsidered. First, I argue that logical apriorists are more tolerant of logical evidence than empiricists. Second, I argue that evidence for logic should not be read out of natural language. Third, I argue that if logical intuitions are to count as logical evidence, then their evidential content must not be propositional. Finally, I argue that the empiricist proposal of treating experts' judgments as evidence suffers from the same problems as the rationalist conception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I introduce a novel and quite intuitive interpretation of the ternary relation that figures in the relational semantics of many relevance logics. Conceptually, my interpretation makes use only of incompatibility and parthood relations, defined over a set of states. In this way, the proposed interpretation—of the ternary relation and the conditional—extends Dunn's and Restall's works on negation and the Routley star operator. Therefore, the interpretation is unified, and hence not only intuitive but also parsimonious. Additionally, the interpretation provides us with a cogent argument to the effect that a ternary relation is indispensable, and we cannot merely do with a binary relation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article tackles the source of skepticism about the heritage value of culinary items. The four subkinds of culinary items are consumables which are dishes and ingredients, as well as nonconsumables which are abstract things like recipes, techniques and know-how related to the production of concrete culinary items. The two steps for understanding heritage value are to spell out the kinds of attitudes and patterns of behavior for which it provides a reason and spelling out the more formal properties of these reasons. Philosophy professor Erich Hatala Matthes distinguishes the pluralistic and monistic ways of heritage value. The conditions for heritage value outlined include impersonal reasons and nontheoretical outsider's perspective stemming from the heritage value.

When fault occurs on cross-coupling autotransformer (AT) power supply traction network, the up-line and down-line feeder circuit breakers in the traction substation trip at the same time without selectivity, which leads to an extended power failure. Based on equivalent circuit and Kirchhoff's current law, the feeder current characteristic in the substation, AT station and sectioning post when T-R fault, F-R fault, and T-F fault occur are analyzed and their expressions are obtained. When the traction power supply system is equipped with wide-area protection measurement and control system, the feeder protection device in each station collects the feeder currents in other two stations through the wide-area protection channel and a wide-area current differential protection scheme based on the feeder current characteristic is proposed. When a short-circuit fault occurs in the power supply arm, all the feeder protection devices in each station receive the feeder currents with time stamp in other two stations. After data synchronous processing and logic judgment, the fault line of the power supply arm can be identified and isolated quickly. The simulation result based on MATLAB/Simulink shows that the power supply arm protection scheme based on wide-area current differential has good fault discrimination ability under different fault positions, transition resistances, and fault types. The verification of measured data shows that the novel protection scheme will not be affected by the special working conditions of the electrical multiple unit (EMU), and reliability, selectivity, and rapidity of relay protection are all improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The consequence argument purports to show that determinism is true only if no one has free will. Judgments about whether the argument is sound depend on how one understands locutions of the form 'p and no one can render p false'. The main interpretation on offer appeals to counterfactual sufficiency: s can render p false just in case there is something s can do such that, were s to do it, p would be false; otherwise, s cannot render p false. Here I show that, in the context of the consequence argument, this interpretation conflicts with widely endorsed principles governing the logic of counterfactuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Internacional y Comparada de Relaciones Laborales y Derecho del Empleo is the property of ADAPT University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We study the selection of people when unequal payoffs are inevitable, but fair procedures are feasible, as in selecting one person from several candidates for a job. We show that allocators may be influenced by their similarity with a recipient, leading to favoritism in outcomes. We study four interventions to reduce favoritism and induce fair procedures, without restricting the allocator's decisions: transparency of the allocation process; a private randomization device; allowing the allocator to delegate to a public randomization device; and allowing the allocator to avoid information about recipients. Making use of beliefs and fairness judgments, we show why some interventions work, while others do not (JEL D63, J16, J7, C92). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of South Architecture / Nanfang Jianzhu is the property of South Architecture Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper combines rely/guarantee, abstract patterns and matching logic to reason about concurrent programs in a modular and compositional manner. According to the separation property, the state can be divided into two disjoint parts, the local state and the shared state. We use matching logic to deal with the local state, and use rely/guarantee and abstract patterns to deal with the shared state. The power of rely/guarantee is to describe interference between concurrent programs. The advantage of abstract patterns is supporting fictional separation, which indicates that we logically consider abstract patterns to represent disjoint elements, although these elements are not disjoint under a certain implementation. By combining the advantages of rely/guarantee, abstract patterns and matching logic, our approach realize that clients of the module can be verified completely according to the specification of the module, regardless of the implementation of the module. In addition, we use several examples to illustrate our approach, define our logic judgments, and prove the soundness of our logic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Adelaster (2016), A. G. Conte proposes a distinction between de dicto and de re attributions of truth and falsity, which he illustrates mostly with documents of legal standing, but also with an artificial object (a false tooth). The present aim is to propose an analogous distinction between monadic (one-place) and polyadic uses of "true" and "false", and to sketch some features of its logical functioning with closer attention to the monadic pole than is usual. One proposal is that, in these uses, "true" and "false" do not function as opposites under negation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper gives a descriptive account of negation in Jungli (Ao), a Tibeto-Burman language spoken by the Aos in Nagaland, Northeast India. Jungli has two negative markers, the negative prefix 'mə̄-' and the prohibitive marker 'tə̀-'. I examine the occurrence and restriction of these two prefixes in sentence constructions involving tense and aspect markers, modal markers, copulas, interrogatives and converb constructions. A short description of negative words in Jungli is also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Con-textos Kantianos: International Journal of Philosophy is the property of Con-Textos Kantianos (CTK) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Deficiencies identified in complex audit tasks suggest room for improvement in audit judgments. I propose that aligning an auditor's focus (prevention/promotion) and mindset (concrete/abstract) in a compatible way can induce an experience of "regulatory fit" that improves judgments compared to "regulatory non-fit." Results are more complex than previously thought. I find that fit versus non-fit improves judgments, but only for auditors who are initially less engaged in the judgment task. For auditors who are initially more engaged, non-fit versus fit improves judgments. A second experiment provides converging evidence. Prior research finds strong evidence that fit improves performance versus non-fit. The possibility that non-fit could improve performance has received little attention. By conceptualizing initial task engagement and identifying it as a key moderator, my study suggests that non-fit also has value, and that assessing auditor preexisting conditions before prescribing interventions is important for improving judgments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Experimental Technology & Management is the property of Experimental Technology & Management Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, we propose a critical reading of Mawsim al-hijra ilā l-shamāl, a reading through which we attempt to show how Tayeb Sâlih succeeds in instituting a narrative strategy that allows him to achieve two almost antinomic operations: communicating to the reader a strong message and a very clear worldview while constructing a narrative universe according to the principle of narrative polyphony and multiple points of view. Indeed, the reader of Mawsim al-hijra can easily see how this novel is structured in the form of a double functioning, dividing the space of the narrative into two worlds of humanity and values, each with its own logic of perception and judgment of things and events. On the one hand, there is the world of Mustafa Said, a dramatic world, which constitutes the subject-core of the novel but which is assumed and perceived as such only by the narrator. On the other hand, it is the narrator, in fact, who leads us to perceive and grasp the dramatic character of the hero's life. We will try to show how the narration exercises here a metacommunicative function, in the sense that it is not satisfied with reporting and exposing the facts to us but also tries to awaken in us a specific sensibility capable of arranging the facts in the symbolic form of a drama. On the other hand, the text transports us from time to time into the world of some other characters (the people of the village), showing them leading their lives, simply and spontaneously, in the climate of a subjective, if not naive, totality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An editorial is presented on philosophy, politics, critique. Topics include scepticism has often led to a suspicion of political actors, with the results that sceptics are often reluctant to participation in politics; and Kantianism tends to compartmentalize critique, which is to say that it separates epistemological from practical and from aesthetic forms of judgment.

Questions as to how audiences view pornography have been a longstanding topic of academic research. A promising avenue of such research has investigated how pornography viewers perceive the content of pornography as 'real' (or not), and what such perceptions might mean. The interest of the current study is to interrogate pornography's claims to 'realness' and its audiences negotiation of these variously contested claims. Analysing interview data with 30 pornography viewing men, this study investigates assumptions about what realism perceptions might look like for pornography viewers. The findings illustrate how these pornography viewers negotiate the 'reality' of pornography as a part of the pleasure of viewing pornography itself. Specifically, participants described perceptions of reality in complex and sometimes contradictory ways, subscribing to some aspects of reality as essential (i.e. bodily evidence of sexual pleasure) while divesting from others (i.e. contrived scenarios, fake seeming performances, some forms of violence) for their continued enjoyment. Overall the results suggest that viewers can, and must, make judgments about what is, and is not, real about pornography, and that this is an integral part of the pornography viewing experience. In turn, these findings challenge assumptions in public discourse, education, and research about how pornography viewers interact with pornography, and they reveal the central role of an ambiguous 'realness' at the heart of these interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to clarify Husserl's critical remarks about Kant's view of logic by comparing their respective views of logic. In his Formal and Transcendental Logic (1929, §100) Husserl criticizes Kant for not asking transcendental questions about formal logic, but rather ascribing an 'extraordinary apriority' to it. He thinks the reason for Kant's uncritical attitude to logic lies in Kant's view of logic as directed toward the subjective, instead of being concerned with a '"world" of ideal Objects'. Whereas for Kant, general logic is about laws of reasoning. Husserl thinks that formal logic should describe formal structures. Husserl claims that if Kant had had a more comprehensive concept of logic, he would have thought of raising critical questions about how logic is possible. This kind of criticism cannot itself use forms of judgments or syllogisms of logic, nor even the 'inferential' [schliessende] method more generally, but should be descriptive in nature. Husserl's transcendental phenomenology is the method for such criticism. The paper argues that this results in reflection, and possibly revision, of the logical principles with respect to the normative goals governing the investigation in question. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the discussion on contemporary critic of Molière whose identity remaining hidden behind the pseudonym serving as a reference to the judgment of Rochemont.

In recent work, Peter Hanks argues that propositions are types whose tokens are acts of predication such as judgments and assertions. On this view, which I could endorse, it turns out that an agent asserting a first-person proposition cannot share it with anyone else. As a result, nothing could be more challenging than to account for de se communication and reports of de se propositional attitudes. I review several problems with Hanks’ approach and then offer a better account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children often say that strange and improbable events, like eating pickle‐flavored ice cream, are impossible. Two experiments explored whether these beliefs are explained by limits in children's causal knowledge. Participants were 423 predominantly White Canadian 4‐ to 7‐year‐olds (44% female) tested in 2020–2021. Providing children with causal information about ordinary events did not lead them to affirm that improbable events are possible, and they more often affirmed improbable events after merely learning that a similar event had occurred. However, children were most likely to affirm events if they learned how similar events happened (OR = 2.16). The findings suggest that knowledge of causal circumstances may only impact children's beliefs about the possibility after they are able to draw connections between potential events and known events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The estimation of content validity, obtained by rational analysis of expert judges, is usually done with coefficients that standardize between 0.0 and 1.0 the judges' judgment. However, this estimate can also be expressed in the metric of the judges' responses, in the form of the response mean, and with asymmetric confidence intervals around this mean. The aim of the present manuscript is to implement a procedure for these estimates (response mean and asymmetric confidence intervals) in a program written in SPSS syntax. The rationale of the procedure is explained, and an applied example of the calculation is developed. The program is freely distributed upon request to the authors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to Matthew Lipman, one of the founders of the Philosophy for Children (P4C) programme, critical thinking improves reasonableness and the exercise of good judgement, both of which Lipman takes to be necessary to sustaining a democratic society. Against his view, I argue that although critical thinking can be done well or badly, it does not necessarily lead to the exercise of good judgement given that the value of judgements is not purely a matter of mere algorithmic calculation or instrumental means/end reasoning. The fact that Lipman's critical thinking approach does not justify the values that guide the community of inquiry may potentially lead to epistemic injustice within the community. One way to avoid this threat is to justify the programme's meta‐philosophical assumptions by articulating and seeking to justify its epistemological foundations. I discuss different attempts to do this, arguing that none of the epistemological foundations offered can support P4C's basic assumption that critical thinking entails good judgement (where this is conceived of as a constitutively normative ability that meets the standards of 'practical wisdom' or moral virtue). Given these inconsistencies and lacunae, I offer a new perspective on how the process of inquiry could be conceived. Developing ideas outlined by Gilbert Ryle and Ludwig Wittgenstein, I argue that the process of inquiry may be valuable if conceived of as conceptual analysis that aims at perspicuous representations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A vast range of our everyday experiences seem to involve an immediate consciousness of value. We hear the rudeness of someone making offensive comments. In seeing someone risking her life to save another, we recognize her bravery. When we witness a person shouting at an innocent child, we feel the unfairness of this action. If, in learning of a close friend's success, envy arises in us, we experience our own emotional response as wrong. How are these values apprehended? The three most common answers provided by contemporary philosophy explain the consciousness of value in terms of judgment, emotion, or perception. An alternative view endorsed mainly by authors inspired by the phenomenological tradition argues that values are apprehended by an intentional feeling. In this model, it is by virtue of a feeling that objects are presented as being in different degrees and nuances fair or unfair, boring or funny, good or bad. This paper offers an account of this model of feeling and its basic features, and defends it over alternative models. To this end, the paper discusses different versions of the model circulating in current research which until now have developed in parallel rather than in mutual exchange. The paper also applies the proposed account to the moral domain and examines how a feeling of values is presupposed by several moral experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]