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La industria es un sector central para el desarrollo económico de una región debido al progreso tecnológico que incorpora y el efecto multiplicador que tiene en la economía. Este artículo se propone analizar el comportamiento de la eficiencia técnica de las empresas manufactureras de la ciudad de Villavicencio (Meta) para realizar algunas aproximaciones teóricas y empíricas y comparaciones entre 9 ciudades colombianas. Este es un estudio cuantitativo, que utiliza el método no paramétrico de Análisis Envolvente de Datos (DEA) para estimar la eficiencia técnica a partir de las cifras de la Encuesta Anual Manufacturera que realiza el Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE). Se toman tres inputs: salarios del personal permanente, consumo intermedio y activos fijos; y como output el valor de las ventas. Se encuentra que la eficiencia técnica de las empresas de Villavicencio ha crecido los últimos años, producto de ajustes en los activos fijos y los salarios del personal, y su tasa de crecimiento anual ha sido más alta que el de las 9 ciudades analizadas. Se concluye que la mayor eficiencia está vinculado a la flexibilidad de las empresas para ajustar sus factores a los niveles de producción.

This work uses parametric and semiparametric panel data analysis methodologies to test the hypothesis of the environmental Kuznets curve, in 186 countries in the period 1960-2019. The main results reveal the acceptance of this hypothesis in the relationships of CO2 emissions (kt) and economic growth (GDP) and urbanization (% population) in the parametric models. Using semiparametric methods, the polynomial relations of fourth degree between CO2 emissions and GDP and of third degree between it and urbanization are verified. The economic policy implications derived from these results seem to indicate the need to continue making efforts in the reduction of CO2 emissions, through greater efforts in innovation and research and development, in search of clean and less polluting energies. The relationship between CO2 and economic growth is a major challenge, in terms of achieving a flattening of this relationship.

Adipose tissue is an endocrine organ and has central role in interaction with other organs or tissues while propolis can induce lipolysis. Therefore, the aim of this study is to provide detailed information about adipose tissue homeostasis modifications and body composition during propolis supplement consumption. Twenty male Wistar albino rats (8 weeks) were divided into two groups of 10 animals each and fed for 90 days with two different types of diets: standard for the control group (diet C) and standard diet + 2% propolis (diet P). Thyroid hormones did not show differences, while ghrelin and adiponectin decreased in the group that was fed propolis. Insulin, leptin, and non-esterified fatty acids also increased along with reduced body weight and fat, in addition to increased lean mass when propolis was in the diet. We conclude that propolis could decrease ghrelin and adiponectin but increase non-esterified fatty acids and insulin secretion, which improves body composition.

COVID-19, an acute respiratory disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, has rapidly become a pandemic. On the other hand, obesity is also reaching dramatic dimensions and it is a risk factor for morbidity and premature mortality. Obesity has been linked to a high risk of serious-associated complications to COVID-19, due to the increased risk of concomitant chronic diseases, which highlights the health public relevance of the topic. Obese subjects have a pro-inflammatory environment, which can further exacerbate COVID-19-induced inflammation and oxidative stress, explaining the increased risk of serious complications in these patients. Another factor that favors infection in obese patients is the high expression of ACE2 receptors in the adipose tissue. The negative impact of COVID-19 in obesity is also associated with a decrease in respiratory function, the concurrence of multiple comorbidities, a low-degree chronic inflammatory state, immunocompromised situation, and therefore a higher rate of hospitalization, mechanical ventilation, in-hospital complications such as pneumonia, and death. In this review, the link between obesity and COVID-19 was analyzed, exploring the potential common mechanisms in both diseases, with special attention to oxidative stress and inflammation, due to the crucial role of both pathways in the development of the disease.

Periodontal disease encompasses gingivitis and periodontitis and is one of the most common chronic infections in the adult population. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of Spanish propolis extract (EEP) on the effect of the clinical and microbiological parameters as an adjuvant to scaling and root planning in patients undergoing supportive periodontal therapy (SPT). Forty chronic periodontitis patients were randomly assigned into two groups for the treatment. In the control group (n = 20), the sites were treated by scaling and root planing followed by gingival irrigation with physiological saline and in the test group (n = 20), the sites were treated by scaling and root planing followed by subgingival placement of EEP. At baseline (BL), bleeding on probing positive (BOP+) sites with probing pocket (PPD) ≥ 4 mm were defined as study sites. Plaque index, PPD, BOP, clinical attachment level (CAL), and subgingival plaque were evaluated at BL and 1 month later. The results showed a significant clinical improvement (p &lt, 0.05) in the PPD, CAL and BOP+ comparing them with BL and one month after the periodontal treatment and a significant reduction (p &lt, 0.05) for Tannerella forsythensis, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia and Treponema denticola in both groups. In addition, the improvement of clinical parameters was observed with subgingival use of EEP and also statistically significant differences between groups were observed (p &lt, 0.05) such as reductions of BOP+ % and reduced counts of T. forsythensis and P. gingivalis, considered as the “key pathogens” for the periodontal diseases. Our results suggest prophylactic and therapeutic potential for EEP against periodontal diseases, improving clinical parameters, reducing gingival bleeding and decreasing bacterial counts of T. forsythensis and P. gingivalis. The subgingival use of EEP represents a promising modality as an adjuvant in periodontal therapy to avoid microbial resistance and other adverse effects.

Jorge Moreno-Fernandez was supported by a Postdoctoral Contract (Contrato Puente) from the University of Granada and Maria Jesus Lisbona-Gonzalez thanks to the doctoral program in clinical medicine and public health., This study investigated the antimicrobial effects of a mouthwash containing propolis and the effect of a propolis paste formulation on dental healing after teeth extraction in patients with periodontal disease. In the mouthwash experience, the population comprised 40 patients, which were divided as follows: the control mouthwash, 0.2% chlorhexidine (v/v) mouthwash, 2% (w/v) propolis mouthwash, and propolis + chlorhexidine mouthwash. The study of the propolis paste comprised a population of 60 patients with periodontal disease, and a total of 120 symmetric tooth extractions were performed. Propolis showed antimicrobial activity by itself, and especially with the chlorhexidine association. Three days after surgery in the teeth treated with control paste, only 13.4% had completely healed; however, with propolis paste, in 90% of the periodontal sockets, healing was complete. In addition, a reduction in Streptococci mutans and Lactobacilli cfu was observed with propolis, and especially with the association of chlorhexidine + propolis. Propolis mouthwash reduced bacterial proliferation, especially in association with chlorhexidine. Propolis paste is a viable alternative for socket healing after dental extraction. The knowledge gained from these findings will provide a foundation for similar propolis therapies in order to improve the healing process after dental surgery., University of Granada

This work was supported by the Regional Government of Andalusia, Excellence Research Project No. P11-AGR-7648. M Garcia Burgos was supported by a fellowship from the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport (MECD). J Moreno-Fernandez was supported by a postdoctoral contract (Contrato Puente) from the University of Granada. Funding for open access charge: University of Granada / CBUA., BACKGROUND: Iron deficiency and iron overload can affect the normal functioning of the innate and adaptive immune responses. Fermented milk products may enhance immune functions, but little is known about the effect of fermented milks on modulation of the immune response during iron deficiency anemia and recovery with normal or high dietary iron intake. Eighty male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to a control group fed a standard diet or to an anemic group fed a diet deficit in iron. Control and anemic groups were fed for 30 days with diets based on a fermented goat's or cow's milk product, with normal iron content or iron overload. RESULTS: In general, during anemia recovery lectin and alternative complement pathway activity and lactoferrin decreased, because it improves iron homeostasis, which is critically important in immune system functions. Fermented goat's milk diet enhanced immune function during iron deficiency recovery, suppressed oxidant-induced eotaxin and fractalkine expression due to the concurrent reduction of free radical production and pro-inflammatory cytokines, and decreased monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and monocyte migration and adhesion. The increase in interferon-γ can confer immunological colonization of gut microbiota and downregulate inflammation. CONCLUSION: Fermented goat's milk consumption enhances immune function, modifying complement pathway activity and decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as lactoferrin concentration, due to the improvement of iron homeostasis, which is critically important in the normal function of the immune system., Regional Government of Andalusia, Excellence Research Project P11-AGR-7648, Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport (MECD), University of Granada, University of Granada / CBUA

Maria Jesús Lisbona González desea mostrar su agradecimiento al Programa de Doctorado Medicina Clínica y Salud Pública. Jorge Moreno Fernández desea mostrar su agradecimiento a la Universidad de Granada por el Contrato Puente. Introducción: el propóleo y sus componentes influyen en el metabolismo lipídico; sin embargo, se desconoce su efecto sobre la composición corporal y el metabolismo mineral. Objetivos: determinar el efecto de la suplementación de la dieta con propóleo natural sobre la composición corporal, el metabolismo basal y mineral, y la función endocrina del tejido adiposo. Material y métodos: veinte ratas albinas Wistar macho (8 semanas) se dividieron en dos grupos de 10 animales cada uno. Las ratas fueron alimentadas con dos tipos diferentes de dietas durante 90 días: una dieta estándar para el grupo de control (grupo C) y la misma dieta estándar + un 2 % de propóleo (grupo P). Se determinaron las hormonas tiroideas, la grelina, la leptina, la adiponectina y la insulina, los ácidos grasos no esterificados (AGNE) en el plasma, la composición corporal (masa magra, masa grasa y agua corporal) y el depósito de minerales en órganos diana (bazo, cerebro, corazón, pulmones, testículos, riñones y fémur). Resultados: los niveles plasmáticos de hormona estimulante del tiroides (TSH), triyodotironina (T3) y tiroxina (T4) no mostraron diferencias tras la ingesta del suplemento de propóleo, mientras que los de grelina y adiponectina disminuyeron (p < 0,01 y p < 0,05, respectivamente) y los de insulina (p < 0,01), leptina (p < 0,05) y AGNE (p < 0,05) aumentaron cuando la dieta se suplementó con propóleo al 2 %. Se redujeron el peso y la grasa corporal (p < 0,05), incrementándose la masa magra. Por último, el suplemento de propóleo mejoró el depósito de calcio en el bazo, los pulmones, los testículos y el fémur (p < 0,05). Conclusión: el suplemento de propóleo al 2 % de la dieta produjo una disminución de la secreción de grelina y adiponectina, incrementando la concentración de AGNE y aumentando la tasa de secreción de insulina. Además, el suplemento de propóleo indujo una mejora del depósito de calcio en los órganos diana sin afectar al resto de minerales, lo que en conjunto mejora la composición corporal al inducir una reducción del peso y del tejido adiposo visceral, mejorando la masa magra. Introduction: propolis and its components influence lipid metabolism; however, its effect on body composition and mineral metabolism remains unknown. Objectives: to determine the effect of natural propolis supplementation on body composition, mineral metabolism, and the endocrine function of adipose tissue. Material and methods: twenty albino male Wistar rats (8 weeks old) were divided into two groups of 10 animals each. The rats were fed two different types of diet for 90 days: a standard diet for the control group (group C) and the same standard diet + 2 % propolis (group P). Thyroid hormones, ghrelin, leptin, adiponectin and insulin, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) in plasma, body composition (lean mass, fat mass and body water), and mineral deposition in target organs (spleen, brain, heart, lungs, testicles, kidneys and femur) were assessed. Results: thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) did not show any differences after supplementation with propolis, while ghrelin and adiponectin decreased (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively) and insulin (p < 0.01), leptin (p < 0.05) and NEFA (p < 0.05) increased when 2 % propolis was supplied, while weight and body fat were reduced (p < 0.05) and lean mass increased. Lastly, the propolis supplement improves calcium deposition in the spleen, lungs, testes, and femur (p < 0.05). Conclusion: propolis supplementation of the diet (2 %) causes a decrease in the secretion of ghrelin and adiponectin, increasing the release of non-esterified fatty acids and the rate of insulin secretion. In addition, propolis supplementation induces an improvement in calcium deposition in target organs without affecting the rest of minerals, which improves body composition by inducing a reduction in weight and visceral adipose tissue, and improvement in lean mass.

Experimental and epidemiological evidence has shown that modifications of the intrauterine environment can have deleterious consequences for individuals, expressed as an increased risk of su ering non-communicable pathologies in adult life, which is known as the hypothesis of the early origin of diseases or fetal programming. On the other hand, changes in gene expression patterns through epigenetic modifications can be the basis for long-term maintenance of the e ects of fetal programming. In this sense, epigenetics comprises the study of intrauterine disturbances, which develop diseases in the adult, including celiac disease (CD). In addition, early feeding practices could influence the risk of CD development, such as breastfeeding timing and duration and age of gluten introduction in the diet. Gluten acts as a trigger for CD in genetically predisposed subjects, although approximately 30% of the world population has HLA DQ2 or DQ8, the prevalence of the disease is only 1–3%. It is not known what factors act to modify the risk of disease in genetically at-risk subjects. Taking into account all these considerations, the aim of the current review is to elucidate the role of early programming and the e ect of early nutrition on the development and progression of CD. It is logical that attention has been paid to gluten as a key element in preventing the disease. However, there is no strong evidence in favor of the protective factor of breastfeeding, timing of introduction of gluten during lactation, and the development of CD. Diet, genetic risk, microbiota, and environmental interaction are possible triggers of the change in tolerance to an immune response to gluten, but large-scale cohort studies are needed. Emerging scientific concepts, such as epigenetics, may help us establish the role of these factors., University of Granada

Pablo Mira-Rufino and Jorge Moreno-Fernandez are grateful to the Excellence Ph.D. Program "Nutricion y Ciencias de los Alimentos" from the University of Granada. Jorge Moreno-Fernandez was supported by the fellowship from the Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport (Spain). The authors thank the Fire Department of Granada for their participation in the current study., Bone and energy metabolism are profoundly influenced by exercise. The objective of this study was to determine for the first time whether a short-term supplementation with ubiquinol could have a modulating effect on bone turnover and energy metabolism associated with strenuous exercise. The participants (n= 100 healthy and well-trained firemen) were randomly divided into two groups: ubiquinol group (ubiquinol (200 mg day(-1))) and control group (placebo) for two weeks. The protocol consisted of conducting two identical strenuous exercise tests with a rest period between tests of 24 h. Blood samples were collected before supplementation (basal value) (T1), after supplementation (T2), after the first physical exercise test (T3), after 24 h of rest (T4), and after the second physical exercise test (T5). Parathyroid hormone (PTH), osteocalcin (OC), osteoprotegerin (OPG), osteopontin (OPN), sclerotin (SOST), alkaline phosphatase (AP), adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), insulin, leptin, adrenaline, noradrenaline and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1 alpha) were determined. Our protocol increased ACTH, SOST, PTH and OC levels, while it decreased OPN. This protocol also increased adrenaline, noradrenaline and PCG-1 alpha, and decreased insulin. After ubiquinol supplementation, PTH, OC, OPG, alkaline phosphatase, leptin, insulin, noradrenaline and PGC-1 alpha levels increased in the supplemented group compared to the control group after the exercise protocol. Strenuous exercise has a clear effect on energy metabolism and bone turnover. These effects are modulated by ubiquinol supplementation, which especially increases the biomarkers of bone formation during strenuous exercise. In addition, ubiquinol has a beneficial effect on the mobilization of energy sources, fact that it could represent an ergogenic and physiological advantage for skeletal muscles., Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport (Spain)

Strenuous exercise (any activity that expends six metabolic equivalents per minute or more causing sensations of fatigue and exhaustion to occur, inducing deleterious effects, affecting negatively different cells), induces muscle damage and hematological changes associated with high production of pro-inflammatory mediators related to muscle damage and sports anemia. The objective of this study was to determine whether short-term oral ubiquinol supplementation can prevent accumulation of inflammatory mediators and hematological impairment associated to strenuous exercise. For this purpose, 100 healthy and well-trained firemen were classified in two groups: Ubiquinol (experimental group), and placebo group (control). The protocol was two identical strenuous exercise tests with rest period between tests of 24 h. Blood samples were collected before supplementation (basal value) (T1), after supplementation (T2), after first physical exercise test (T3), after 24 h of rest (T4), and after second physical exercise test (T5). Hematological parameters, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors were measured. Red blood cells (RBC), hematocrit, hemoglobin, VEGF, NO, EGF, IL-1ra, and IL-10 increased in the ubiquinol group while IL-1, IL-8, and MCP-1 decreased. Ubiquinol supplementation during high intensity exercise could modulate inflammatory signaling, expression of pro-inflammatory, and increasing some anti-inflammatory cytokines. During exercise, RBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit, VEGF, and EGF increased in ubiquinol group, revealing a possible pro-angiogenic effect, improving oxygen supply and exerting a possible protective effect on other physiological alterations.

During the first days of life, premature infants have physiological difficulties swallowing, thereby missing out on the benefits of breastfeeding. The aim of this study is to assess the effects of oropharyngeal mother&rsquo, s milk administration in the inflammatory signaling of extremely premature infants. Neonates (n = 100) (&lt, 32 week&rsquo, s gestation and/or &lt, 1500 g) were divided into two groups: mother&rsquo, s milk group (n = 48), receiving 0.2 mL of oropharyngeal mother&rsquo, s milk every 4 h for the first 15 days of life, and a control group (n = 52), not receiving oropharyngeal mother&rsquo, s milk. Serum concentrations of interleukin (IL) IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-1ra, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-&alpha, ), and interfer&oacute, n gamma (IFN-&gamma, ) were assessed at 1, 3, 15, and 30 days of postnatal life. Maternal and neonatal outcomes were collected. The rate of common neonatal morbidities in both groups was similar. The mother&rsquo, s milk group achieved full enteral feeding earlier, and showed a decrease in Il-6 on days 15 and 30, in IL-8 on day 30, and in TNF-&alpha, and INF-&gamma, on day 15, as well as an increase in IL-1ra on days 3 and 15 and in IL-10 on day 30. Oropharyngeal mother&rsquo, s milk administration for 15 days decreases the pro-inflammatory state of preterm neonates and provides full enteral nutrition earlier, which could have a positive influence on the development of the immune system and inflammatory response, thereby positively influencing other developmental outcomes.

Objective: to provide detailed information on iron status, body changes, food intake, hepatosomatic index, and body composition during recovery from severe iron deficiency anemia with fermented cow or goat milk. Material and methods: sixty male Wistar albino rats were divided into two experimental groups (control and anemic) and fed ad libitum an AIN-93G diet for 40 days, receiving a normal Fe diet (45 mg/kg of diet) or a low-Fe diet (5 mg/kg of diet), respectively. After induction of anemia, both the control and anemic groups were additionally fed for 30 days either a fermented cow milk-based or fermented goat milk-based diet with normal Fe content. Hematological and iron-related biochemical parameters, weight changes, food intake, hepatosomatic index, and body composition were assessed. Results: The hepatosomatic index was higher in the anemic group versus the control group. In both groups fed a fermented goat milk-based diet the hepatosomatic index was higher due to lower body weight and a higher liver weight. Food intake, weight gain, and total body fat were lower, whereas lean mass and free and total water were higher in the anemic group as compared to the control group. In both animal groups fed a fermented goat milk-based diet body weight and body fat were lower and the percentages of lean mass and free water and total water were higher. Conclusion: Iron deficiency decreased weight gain, lean mass, and body fat, indicating lower energy stores. Fermented goat milk-based diet recovers more efficiently iron status, decreased adiposity, and increased energy expenditure.Objetivo: determinar la relación entre estatus férrico, cambios ponderales, ingesta, índice hepatosomático y composición corporal durante la recuperación de la anemia ferropénica con dietas basadas en leche fermentada de cabra o vaca. Material y métodos: sesenta ratas macho Wistar albinas se han distribuido en dos grupos experimentales (control y anémico) y se han alimentado durante 40 días con dieta AIN-93G con contenido férrico normal (45 mg/kg de dieta) o bajo (5 mg/kg de dieta). Posteriormente, ambos grupos experimentales se alimentaron durante 30 días con dietas basadas en leche de cabra o vaca fermentada. Se han determinado los parámetros hematológicos y bioquímicos relacionados con el estatus de hierro, así como los cambios ponderales y la ingesta de alimento, relación hepatosomática y composición corporal. Resultados: el índice hepatosomático fue mayor en el grupo anémico . En ambos grupos de animales alimentados con dieta de leche fermentada de cabra, el índice hepatosomático fue mayor debido a menor peso corporal y mayor peso del hígado. La ingesta de alimento, ganancia de peso y grasa corporal fueron menores en el grupo anémico, mientras que la masa magra, el agua libre y el agua total fueron mayores. En ambos grupos de animales alimentados con dieta de leche de cabra fermentada, el peso y la grasa corporal fueron menores, mientras que los porcentajes de masa magra, agua libre y agua total fueron mayores . Conclusión: la ferrodeficiencia disminuyó la ganancia de peso, masa magra y grasa corporal, indicando menores almacenes de energía. La dieta basada en leche de cabra fermentada recupera más eficientemente el nivel de hierro durante la recuperación de la ferrodeficiencia, disminuye la adiposidad y aumenta el gasto energético.

The propagation of artificial light into real environments is complex. To perform its numerical modelling with accuracy one must consider hyperspectral properties of the lighting devices and their geographic positions, the hyperspectral properties of the ground reflectance, the size and distribution of small-scale obstacles, the blocking effect of topography, the lamps angular photometry and the atmospheric transfer function (aerosols and molecules). A detailed radiative transfer model can be used to evaluate how a particular change in the lighting infrastructure may affect the sky radiance. In this paper, we use the new version (v2) of the Illumina model to evaluate a night sky restoration plan for the Teide Observatory located on the island of Tenerife, Spain. In the past decades, the sky darkness was severely degraded by growing light pollution on the Tenerife Island. In this work, we use the contribution maps giving the effect of each pixel of the territory to the artificial sky radiance. We exploit the hyperspectral capabilities of Illumina v2 and show how the contribution maps can be integrated over regions or municipalities according to the Johnson-Cousins photometric bands spectral sensitivities. The sky brightness reductions per municipality after a complete shutdown and a conversion to Light-Emitting Diodes are calculated in the Johnson-Cousins B, V, R bands. We found that the conversion of the lighting infrastructure of Tenerife with LED (1800K and 2700K), according to the conversion strategy in force, would result in a zenith V band sky brightness reduction of about 0.3 mag arcsec-2., Comment: Submitted paper

The recent appearance and rapid spread of the new SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus meant taking unprecedented measures to control the pandemic, which in Spain forced a state of alarm and a very strict confinement, leading the university system to become virtual online teaching. Taking into account the emotional deficiencies originated during the pandemic, among the most powerful tools to achieve engagement along with the identification, control and management of emotions is emotional intelligence (EI). The present study aims to establish the effect of the current confinement on the teaching-learning process and academic performance and the impact of the application of EI on university students. In total, 47 volunteers of the second course of the Degree in Pharmacy of the University of Granada (Spain) took part in this experience. Two temporary periods were established: at the beginning of the confinement period and after teaching several concepts of emotional intelligence online for two months. The Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Survey Inventory (MBI-SS) and the Spanish version of Utrech Work Engagement Scale-Students (UWES-S) were used to evaluate the intervention. In total, 63.5% of the students presented academic burnout during the confinement before the intervention. After the EI workshops and seminars, only 31.1% presented academic burnout. Before the intervention with the emotional intelligence workshops, 44.6% experienced exhaustion, 41.7% cynicism and 60.3% felt it was ineffective in their academic performance. After the emotional intelligence workshops and seminars, 29.1% experienced exhaustion, 30.1% cynicism and 28.8% felt it was ineffective. The scores achieved after the study of EI in physiology classes led to better levels in all the variables studied. Students managed their adaptive processes more adequately and regulated their emotions better, as they felt less academic burnout and more engaged in their academic activities at the end of the study of EI through physiology

Fermented dairy products are obtained from fermentation of milk, through the action of suitable and harmless microorganisms. In addition to lactic acid bacteria, fermented dairy products have bioactive compounds as well as bacteria derived metabolites produced during fermentation. Fermented dairy products, due to their special characteristics, are an excellent matrix for the incorporation of ingredients and/or nutrients that give the final product properties beyond purely nutritional, making them true functional foods, interesting in a healthy diet. This review is focused on existing scientific evidence regarding the consumption of fermented dairy products and their health benefits, principally hypocholesterolemic, antioxidant, bone, hypotensive effects and immunological benefits, such as effects on the hosts intestine and microbiome, anti-carcinogenic, immunomodulation and anti- ́ allergenic effects. This review has extensively assessed the fermented dairy products which could be used as possible nutraceutical agents in food and health industries., Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport (Spain), University of Granada

Early programming is the adaptation process by which nutrition and environmental factors alter development pathways during prenatal growth, inducing changes in postnatal metabolism and diseases. The aim of this narrative review, is evaluating the current knowledge in the scientific literature on the e ects of nutrition, environmental factors, physical activity and sleep on development pathways. If in utero adaptations were incorrect, this would cause a mismatch between prenatal programming and adulthood. Adequate caloric intake, protein, mineral, vitamin, and long-chain fatty acids, have been noted for their relevance in the o spring brain functions and behavior. Fetus undernutrition/malnutrition causes a delay in growth and have detrimental e ects on the development and subsequent functioning of the organs. Pregnancy is a particularly vulnerable period for the development of food preferences and for modifications in the emotional response. Maternal obesity increases the risk of developing perinatal complications and delivery by cesarean section and has long-term implications in the development of metabolic diseases. Physical exercise during pregnancy contributes to overall improved health post-partum. It is also interesting to highlight the relevance of sleep problems during pregnancy, which influence adequate growth and fetal development. Taking into account these considerations, we conclude that nutrition and metabolic factors during early life play a key role of health promotion and public health nutrition programs worldwide to improve the health of the o spring and the health costs of hospitalization., University of Granada

Background Iron (Fe) plays a crucial role in several fundamental processes, including erythropoiesis, cellular metabolism, and in cardiovascular disease. The aim of this work was to contribute to a better understanding of the physiology of and recovery from Fe deficiency by studying how fermented milk consumption affects vascular biomarkers during Fe repletion. Results The deleterious cardiovascular biomarkers cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant 1, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), interleukin-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), inhibitor of tissue plasminogen activator 1 total, metallopeptidase inhibitor 1 (TIMP-1), tumor necrosis factor alpha, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), sE-selectin, and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM-1) decreased after fermented goat milk consumption in groups of fed animals either with normal Fe or Fe overload with respect to rats fed with fermented cow milk. The beneficial cardiovascular biomarkers caveolin-1 and adiponectin were higher in both control and anemic rats fed fermented goat milk either with normal Fe or Fe overload with respect to fermented cow milk. Anemia decreased TIMP-1 in rats fed fermented goat milk with Fe overload, whereas there was increased CTGF and MCP-1 in animals fed fermented cow milk with either normal or Fe overload. In addition, Fe overload increased VEGF. Conclusion Fermented goat milk consumption improves hematological status and promotes beneficial metabolic responses, which may attenuate cardiovascular risk factors during anemia recovery and iron overload to lessen the inflammatory response, macrophages activation and atherosclerosis development. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

Introduction: it is known that diet plays a key role in body composition and affects energy balance. However, scarce information is available in the scientific literature about the influence of food and specific nutrients such us dairy products, a basic food group and an important source of nutrients in the diet. Objective: the objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of fermented dairy products (goat or cow milk) on body composition and appetite regulation in adult animals. Material and methods: twenty adult male Wistar albino rats were fed fermented goat or cow milk-based diets for 30 days. The evolution of body composition and plasma concentrations of adipokines (leptine and adiponectine), intermediary metabolism regulating hormones (ghrelin, insulin, thyroid stimulating hormone, triyodotironine, thyroxine), and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) were analyzed. Results: body weight and body fat percentage were lower (p0.001) in rats fed fermented goat milk versus those fed fermented cow milk, whereas lean mass percentage was higher (p0.01). Plasma thyroid hormone and insulin concentrations did not show significant differences between diets. The fermented goat milk-based diet decreased ghrelin and adiponectin levels (p0.001), and increased leptine and NEFA concentrations (p0.001). Conclusion: fermented goat milk consumption decreases adiposity and body weight in adult rats by increasing energy expenditure, lipolysis, and satiety sensation.Introducción: es conocido que la dieta juega un papel clave en la composición corporal y afecta al balance energético; sin embargo, la información es limitada acerca de la influencia de alimentos y nutrientes específicos como es el caso de los productos lácteos, un grupo básico de alimentos y una importante fuente de nutrientes en la dieta. Objetivos: evaluar la influencia del consumo de leche fermentada de cabra o vaca sobre la composición corporal y la regulación del apetito en animales adultos. Material y métodos: se han utilizado 20 ratas Wistar macho adultas, alimentadas durante 30 días con dietas basadas en leche fermentada de vaca o de cabra. Se analizaron la evolución de la composición corporal y las concentraciones plasmáticas de adipoquinas (leptina y adiponectina), hormonas reguladoras del metabolismo intermediario (grelina, insulina, hormona estimulante de la glándula tiroides, triyodotironina y tiroxina) y ácidos grasos no esterificados (AGNE). Resultados: el peso y el porcentaje de grasa corporal fueron menores (p0,001) y la masa magra fue mayor (p0,01) en los animales alimentados con la dieta basada en leche fermentada de cabra. No se registraron diferencias entre dietas para las concentraciones plasmáticas de hormonas tiroideas y de insulina. Las concentraciones plasmáticas de grelina y adiponectina disminuyeron (p0,001), y las de leptina y AGNE aumentaron (p0,001) con la dieta basada en leche fermentada de cabra. Conclusión: el consumo habitual de leche fermentada de cabra disminuye la adiposidad y el peso corporal en las ratas adultas al incrementar el gasto energético, la lipólisis y la sensación de saciedad.

The aim of the present study was to analyze the influence of a supervised concurrent exercise-training program, from the 17th gestational week until delivery, on cytokines in maternal (at 17th and 35th gestational week, and at delivery) and arterial and venous cord serum. Fifty-eight Caucasian pregnant women (age: 33.5 &plusmn, 4.7 years old, body mass index: 23.6 &plusmn, 4.1kg/m2) from the GESTAFIT Project (exercise (n = 37) and control (n = 21) groups) participated in this quasi-experimental study (per-protocol basis). The exercise group followed a 60-min 3 days/week concurrent (aerobic-resistance) exercise-training from the 17th gestational week to delivery. Maternal and arterial and venous cord serum cytokines (fractalkine, interleukin (IL)&ndash, 1&beta, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, interferon (IFN)&ndash, &gamma, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)&ndash, &alpha, ) were assessed using Luminex xMAP technology. In maternal serum (after adjusting for the baseline values of cytokines), the exercise group decreased TNF-&alpha, (from baseline to 35th week, p = 0.02), and increased less IL-1&beta, (from baseline to delivery, p = 0.03) concentrations than controls. When adjusting for other potential confounders, these differences became non-significant. In cord blood, the exercise group showed reduced arterial IL-6 and venous TNF-&alpha, (p = 0.03 and p = 0.001, respectively) and higher concentrations of arterial IL-1&beta, (p = 0.03) compared to controls. The application of concurrent exercise-training programs could be a strategy to modulate immune responses in pregnant women and their fetuses. However, future research is needed to better understand the origin and clearance of these cytokines, their role in the maternal-placental-fetus crosstalk, and the influence of exercise interventions on them.

Proyecto de Innovación Docente “Elaboración de flashcards de fármacos para facilitar la memorización, la participación y la motivación del alumnado de Farmacia” (PIBD BII 19-46), concedido y financiado por la Unidad de Calidad, Innovación y Prospectiva de la Universidad de Granada.

The aim of this study was to evaluate for the first time the effect of omega-3 LC PUFA supplementation during pregnancy and lactation on bone metabolism in mothers and neonates. 110 pregnant women were divided in two groups: control group (400 mL/day of the control dairy drink); supplemented group (400 mL/day of the fish oil-enriched dairy drink). Plasma bone biomarkers and mineral content in erythrocyte cytosol were assessed. In mothers, DHA supplementation increased OC and OPN levels and decreased IL-6 and TNF-α levels at delivery, increasing PTH levels during lactation. In neonates, DHA supplementation increased ACTH, insulin and leptin, decreasing RANKL and IL-6 in umbilical vein; increased OPG and leptin and diminished TNF-α in umbilical artery; increased OC levels, lowered PTH and TNF-α at birth. DHA supplementation during pregnancy and lactation has beneficial effects on bone turnover in both mother and neonates, representing a non-pharmacological pathway to decrease bone loss.

La investigación desarrollada tenía como objetivo principal determinar el nivel de eco consumo de una población muestral, en este caso, estudiantes de postgrado de las diferentes universidades de Villavicencio.Para llevar a cabo este proceso, era indispensable, primeramente, identificar las variables de eco consumo que circundaban la determinación de la población muestra. De esta manera, la investigación realizada permitió determinar que los estudiantes de postgrado en Villavicencio, para el año 2014, eran eco consumidores pasivos con un valor promedio de eco consumo aproximado a los 3,1 en una escala de 1 a 5. Para estructurar un marco metodológico que facilitara la interrelación entre teoría y análisis de datos, fueron empleados instrumentos econométricos que buscaban identificar las variables que explican tal comportamiento, a través de la aplicabilidad del modelo de regresión lineal múltiple. Este modelo, como resultado final, comprobó que las constantes explicativas para el ecoconsumo son: edad y nivel de estudios. De igual forma, se pudo concluir que las variables demográficas como género, estado civil, ingresos, número de hijos y estrato no son significativas para la estabilidad o inestabilidad del consumo sostenible.

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar las diferencias de eficiencia y sus factores explicativos de los estudiantes, segun su pertenencia a escuelas publicas y privadas utilizando datos PISA 2012 ...

This research analyzes efficiency and explanatory management factors in the municipalities of Meta (Colombia) for the period 2010-2014. In order to provide a global and complementary view, an analysis was performed based on the efficiency estimated by the DNP (National Planning Department) for the period 2006-2014. The study used the methodology of data envelopment analysis (DEA), with an intertemporal border; results reveal that the efficiency levels achieved in various sectors related to municipal activities were 81.3 % and 49.7 % in education; 66.6 % in health; and 52.8 % and 62.2 % in water. These efficiency levels show that, on average, the analyzed municipalities could be able to improve the management of their inputs. A more detailed analysis showed that 16 municipalities (29.6 %) are above the average efficiency level in education; 10 municipalities (18.5 %) in health; and 13 municipalities (24 %) in water. The most important explanatory factors for efficiency have been investment in relation to population in any of the studied activities (education, health, and water), as well as the characteristics of the region to which the municipalities belong, in terms of population, area or altitude. Esta investigación analiza la eficiencia y los factores explicativos en los municipios del Meta, Colombia, para el periodo 2010-2014. Con el fin de ofrecer una visión global y complementaria, se realizó un análisis a partir de la eficiencia estimada por el Departamento Nacional de Planeación (DNP), que comprendió el periodo 2006-2014. Se utilizó una metodología de análisis envolvente de datos DEA, con una frontera intertemporal; los resultados revelan que los niveles de eficiencia alcanzados en los diferentes sectores relacionados con las actividades municipales han sido del 81,3 % y 49,7 % en educación, 66,6 % en salud y 52,8 % y 62,2 % en agua. Estos niveles de eficiencia ponen de manifiesto que, en términos medios, los municipios analizados podrían mejorar la gestión de sus inputs. El estudio realizado con mayor detalle demostró que 16 municipios (29,6 %) se encuentran por encima del nivel de eficiencia media en educación; 10 municipios (18,5 %) lo están en salud, y 13 municipios (24 %), en agua. Como factores explicativos de la eficiencia se encuentran, por un lado, la inversión en relación con la población, en cualquiera de las actividades de educación, salud y agua, y, por otro, las características de la región a la cual pertenecen los ayuntamientos, en términos de población, área o altitud.

In spite of the crucial role of the inflammatory state under anemic conditions, to date, no studies have directly tested the modulation of cytokines during iron overload. The aim of this work was to contribute to a better understanding of the pathophysiology and recovery from iron deficiency, by studying how fermented goat milk consumption affects inflammatory signalling during iron repletion. Eighty male Wistar rats were used for a pre-experimental period of 40 days, by dividing them into two groups (the control group receiving a normal-Fe diet and the Fe-deficient group receiving a low-Fe diet). Later, the rats were fed with a fermented goat or cow milk-based diet, with a normal-Fe content or Fe-overload (450 mg kg-1) for 30 days. After feeding the fermented milk, the anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines were assessed. The anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-13, IL-10 and IL-4) were higher in both groups of animals (control and anemic) fed fermented goat milk either with normal Fe or Fe-overload with respect to the fermented cow milk. With regard to pro-inflammatory signalling, fermented goat milk consumption decreased the pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-2, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-12p70 and IP-10). The Fe overload increased the anti-inflammatory cytokines together with IL-1β and IP-10. Fermented goat milk consumption improves the hematological status and promotes the beneficial metabolic responses related to the inflammatory signaling in nutritional ferropenic anemia recovery, which may be a dietary strategy to lessen the evoked inflammation during iron repletion. Additionally, the parameters of inflammation should therefore be incorporated as routine biomarkers of iron deficiency or overload severity.

Since 2020, the world has been immersed in a change in lifestyle (social, lifestyle, nutri-tion and physical activity patterns), due to the appearance of COVID-19 and the strict mobility measures which were implemented to prevent its spread. All these changes had a nutritional impact on people, modifying their dietary guidelines. This cross-sectional study was carried out to assess whether dietary habits, lifestyle, and adherence to the Mediterranean diet among the Spanish adult population (25–65 years old) during confinement was modified during the post-confinement period, using an e-survey through social networks, involving 510 subjects. A decrease in the intake of ultra-processed products, with a correlation between weekly food delivery orders at home and the consumption of salty snacks, sugary drinks, and processed pastries was also recorded. Most of the subjects performed physical exercise on a regular basis, maintaining the body weight in half of the participants. During the post-confinement period a substantial proportion of the population had healthy lifestyle and dietary habits, including the adequate consumption of fruits, vegetables and legumes, adequate time was spent preparing meals and the population did not regularly order food at home, which in the long term, reduced the risk of several diseases.

To date, no studies are available about adipose tissue modifications during anemia recovery; therefore, the aim of this study is to provide detailed information about adipose tissue homeostasis during anemia recovery with fermented milks. Forty male Wistar rats were placed on a pre-experimental period of 40 days, divided in two groups (normal-Fe diet and Fe-deficient diet). Then rats were fed fermented goat or cow milk-based diets with normal-Fe content during 30 days. Ghrelin and adiponectin decreased in both groups of animals fed fermented goat milk, whereas leptin and NEFA increased. UCP-1 decreased in anemic rats fed either fermented milk, and irisin greatly increased in both groups of animals fed fermented goat milk. Fermented goat milk reduces adiposity, inducing leptin elevation and ghrelin reduction. Conversely, plasma adiponectin concentrations decreased in animals fed fermented goat milk, showing an inverse correlation with NEFA, an important marker of lipid mobilization, indicating increased lipolysis. Irisin up-regulation in animals fed fermented goat milk contributes to a favorable metabolic profile and the browning of adipose tissue during anemia recovery.

Iron is an essential micronutrient that is involved in many functions in humans, as it plays a critical role in the growth and development of the central nervous system, among others. Premature and low birth weight infants have higher iron requirements due to increased postnatal growth compared to that of term infants and are, therefore, susceptible to a higher risk of developing iron deficiency or iron deficiency anemia. Notwithstanding, excess iron could affect organ development during the postnatal period, particularly in premature infants that have an immature and undeveloped antioxidant system. It is important, therefore, to perform a review and analyze the effects of iron status on the growth of premature infants. This is a transversal descriptive study of retrieved reports in the scientific literature by a systematic technique. PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines were adapted for the review strategy. The inclusion criteria for the studies were made using the PICO (population, intervention, comparison, outcome) model. Consequently, the systematic reviews that included studies published between 2008–2018 were evaluated based on the impact of iron status on parameters of growth and development in preterm infants.

Oxidative stress is a harmful factor for male reproductive function, and a major cause of infertility. On the other hand, fermented goat milk has positive effects on anemia recovery and mineral metabolism. This study evaluated the effect of feeding rats with fermented milks during anaemia recovery on molecular mechanisms linked to oxidative stress and inflammatory signalling in rats reproductive system. Forty male Wistar rats were placed on a pre-experimental period of 40 days (control group, receiving normal-Fe diet and Fe-deficient group, receiving low-Fe diet). Lately, rats were fed with fermented goat or cow milk-based diets during 30 days. After feeding the fermented milks, Total antioxidant status (TAS) and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) increased and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), 15-F2t-isoprostanes and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) decreased in testis. DNA oxidative damage in testis germ cells was lower with fermented goat milk. Fermented goat milk reduced IL-6 and TNF-α in control animals, increasing INF-γ in control and anaemic rats. NRF2 and PGC-1α protein levels increased in testis after fermented goat milk consumption in control and anaemic rats. Fermented goat milk also increased TAS and decreased oxidative damage, protecting the main testis cell bioconstituents (lipids, proteins, DNA, prostaglandins) from oxidative damage and reduced inflammatory activity, preventing injuries to testis germinal epithelium. Fermented goat milk enhanced lipolysis, fatty acids degradation and immune response, attenuating inflammatory signalling, representing a positive growth advantage for testicular cells.

Oxidative stress is a harmful factor for male reproductive function, and a major cause of infertility. On the other hand, fermented goat milk has positive effects on anemia recovery and mineral metabolism. This study evaluated the effect of feeding rats with fermented milks during anaemia recovery on molecular mechanisms linked to oxidative stress and inflammatory signalling in rats reproductive system. Forty male Wistar rats were placed on a pre-experimental period of 40 days (control group, receiving normal-Fe diet and Fe-deficient group, receiving low-Fe diet). Lately, rats were fed with fermented goat or cow milk-based diets during 30 days. After feeding the fermented milks, Total antioxidant status (TAS) and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) increased and 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), 15-F2t-isoprostanes and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) decreased in testis. DNA oxidative damage in testis germ cells was lower with fermented goat milk. Fermented goat milk reduced IL-6 and TNF-α in control animals, increasing INF-γ in control and anaemic rats. NRF2 and PGC-1α protein levels increased in testis after fermented goat milk consumption in control and anaemic rats. Fermented goat milk also increased TAS and decreased oxidative damage, protecting the main testis cell bioconstituents (lipids, proteins, DNA, prostaglandins) from oxidative damage and reduced inflammatory activity, preventing injuries to testis germinal epithelium. Fermented goat milk enhanced lipolysis, fatty acids degradation and immune response, attenuating inflammatory signalling, representing a positive growth advantage for testicular cells., Jorge Moreno-Fernandez was supported by fellowship from the Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport (Spain) and is grateful to the Excellence Ph.D. Program “Nutrición y Ciencias de los Alimentos” from the University of Granada. This study was supported by Andalusian Government, Excellence Research Project No. P11-AGR-7648.

Objectives To analyze the association of sedentary time and physical activity (PA) intensity levels with immunometabolic markers during early pregnancy; and to examine if meeting the PA recommendations is associated with the immunometabolic profile of pregnant women. Methods Fifty Caucasian pregnant women (age: 32.8 ± 4.7 years old, body mass index: 24.2 ± 4.1kg/m2 , gestational age: 17 ± 1.5weeks) participated in this cross-sectional study (from September 2015 through May 2016). Sedentary time and PA intensity levels were objectively measured with triaxial accelerometer (seven consecutive valid days). Fasting serum glucose, total cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides were assessed with standard methods. Serum pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines (fractalkine, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, interleukin-10, interferon-γ, and tumor necrosis factor-α) were measured using Luminex xMAP technology. Results Sedentary time and PA were not correlated with any glycemic or lipid marker (P > .05). After adjusting for the potential confounders, vigorous PA showed a positive non-significant association with interleukin-6 (P = .06), and bouts of moderate-vigorous PA was inversely associated with interleukin-1β and interferon-γ (P = .02 and P = .04, respectively). Meeting the PA guidelines was inversely associated with interleukin-1β and positively associated with interleukin-8 (P = .01 and P = .04, respectively). These associations disappeared after controlling for multiplicity. Conclusions Increasing the time spent in moderate-vigorous PA, or meeting the PA recommendations, is associated with the cytokine profile of women without metabolic disruptions in early pregnancy. However, sedentary time and PA do not seem to be associated with glucose or lipid levels. These results should be interpreted cautiously in view of the discrepancies after adjusting for multiple comparisons. Future studies in this novel field of research are warranted before reaching any conclusion.

En la literatura economica existente se ha planteado, desde los clasicos hasta las escuelas de pensamiento actuales, una relacion virtuosa entre riqueza y bienestar. Esta relacion tiene matices que dependen del grado de division y especializacion del trabajo, los avances tecnicos y tecnologicos y los criterios politicos de la distribucion. La investigacion, cuyos resultados se presentan en este libro, considero el bienestar desde la perspectiva del desarrollo humano, refiriendose concretamente a la explotacion de recursos de hidrocarburo y su incidencia en el desarrollo humano en el departamento del Meta para el periodo 1990-2015. El departamento del Meta cuenta con una gran riqueza natural, representada en biodiversidad y recursos energeticos, como la Sierra de la Macarena o las tierras fertiles del alto Ariari, caracterizadas por su potencial en produccion alimentaria y en hidrocarburos. Desde el inicio del proceso de apertura economica en el pais en 1991, la riqueza de hidrocarburos del departamento del Meta desperto el interes del capital nacional y transnacional y ocasiono el movimiento de importantes recursos de capital orientados a la explotacion del petroleo. Como consecuencia de ello, se registraron modificaciones en la vocacion productiva del territorio, en particular en el sector agropecuario, que presenta un declive que hoy por hoy parece irreversible. El nivel de importancia relativa que se registra en la actualidad en la produccion de hidrocarburos, desde la perspectiva de aportes al PIB departamental en el Meta, contrasta con el declive en otros sectores, y no ha significado mejoras en los niveles y condiciones de vida de sus habitantes. En efecto, en el ano 2015 el Meta era el primer productor de hidrocarburos de Colombia. Sin embargo, lejos de observarse que esa posicion haya significado efectos e impactos positivos en el desarrollo humano, lo que se evidencia son los impactos negativos de la actividad petrolera en uso y explotacion de recursos naturales, en la sostenibilidad ambiental, en la vocacion productiva del territorio y en la riqueza cultural. Estos contrastes han constituido el escenario de multiples movilizaciones sociales que denuncian la contradiccion entre el crecimiento impulsado por la explotacion de hidrocarburos y los nulos efectos en el bienestar y el desarrollo humano de la poblacion del departamento. Tal situacion motivo la pregunta central de la investigacion: ?cual fue la incidencia del sector petrolero en el desarrollo humano de los habitantes del departamento del Meta durante el periodo 1990-2015? La hipotesis de trabajo afirmaba que durante el periodo 1990-2015 el auge de la explotacion de hidrocarburos en el departamento del Meta permitio el crecimiento economico del PIB real, pero no lo hizo en terminos de desarrollo humano. Para probar esta hipotesis, la investigacion se desarrollo en cuatro etapas: la primera consistio en revisar los enfoques teoricos y los antecedentes relacionados con el tema de la investigacion crecimiento economico basado en el sector de hidrocarburos vs desarrollo humano; la segunda etapa se oriento al analisis del sector petrolero en la dinamica nacional y departamental; la tercera etapa se destino a la comprobacion empirica de la incidencia del sector petrolero en el desarrollo humano departamental, y la cuarta etapa se dedico a generar propuestas de politica publica en la perspectiva de potenciar el desarrollo humano en el Meta. La investigacion tomo referentes teoricos que permitieron analizar la produccion material de la sociedad, el capitalismo dependiente y el desarrollo humano. Tuvo en cuenta el estado del arte sobre el tema, revisando investigaciones realizadas en Mexico, Peru, Venezuela y Colombia, en las cuales se hacen mediciones al aporte de variables economicas al desarrollo humano, utilizando como proxy de desarrollo humano el capital humano o Indice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH). Asimismo, se realizo una contextualizacion economica de la explotacion petrolera, ubicando la dinamica de la produccion nacional y departamental, la balanza de pagos, los precios internacionales del petroleo y su impacto en la economia metense. Posteriormente, para el desarrollo de comprobacion empirica, se formulo un modelo econometrico a traves del metodo de Minimos Cuadrados Ordinarios (MCO), y se calculo el aporte de la actividad petrolera, industrial, comercial, de construccion y agropecuaria al desarrollo humano, que para esta investigacion estara representado por la variable proxy: Indice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH). Finalmente, se proponen algunas acciones de politica publica, con la perspectiva de incentivar una relacion equilibrada entre el crecimiento economico impulsado por el sector petrolero y los niveles de desarrollo humano, enfatizando en la importancia de invertir la renta petrolera en otros sectores economicos que si explican el mejoramiento de las condiciones de vida de la poblacion y el aumento del desarrollo humano.