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OBJECTIVE. Using the American College of Radiology (ACR) Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TI-RADS), this study sought to determine whether decreasing the point assignment for punctate echogenic foci in mixed solid and cystic nodules would reduce the number of benign mixed solid and cystic nodules that were biopsied and would not substantially increase the number of missed mixed carcinomas MATERIALS AND METHODS. A multiinstitutional database of 3422 pathologically proven thyroid nodules was evaluated to identify all mixed solid and cystic nodules with punctate echogenic foci. We determined the numbers of mixed benign and malignant nodules that would receive ACR TI-RADS recommendations of fine-needle aspiration, follow-up, and no further evaluation if the points assigned to punctate echogenic foci were changed from 3 points to 1 or 2 points. RESULTS. A total of 287 mixed nodules were adequately characterized for evaluation. When the number of points assigned to punctate echogenic foci was changed from 3 points to 1 point, the point categories changed for 198 mixed nodules. Seven carcinomas would not undergo biopsy, but six of those seven would receive follow-up, and 44 benign nodules would not undergo biopsy. When 2 points were assigned to punctate echogenic foci, the point categories changed for 66 mixed nodules. Three carcinomas would not undergo biopsy, but all three of these would receive follow-up, and eight benign nodules would not undergo biopsy. CONCLUSION. Consideration should be given to decreasing the number of points assigned to punctate echogenic foci in mixed solid and cystic thyroid nodules, given the substantial decrease in the number of benign nodules requiring biopsy and the recommendation of follow-up for any carcinoma 1 cm or larger that did not undergo biopsy.

Background: The American Thyroid Association Sonographic Pattern System (ATASPS) depicts five levels of suspicion for malignancy based on the sonographic appearance of a thyroid nodule. However, 3–...

Nodular thyroid disease is very common, and the vast majority of nodules are benign. Sonography serves as an effective diagnostic tool in identifying nodular features that are concerning for malignancy and those with a benign appearance. The American College of Radiology has developed a risk-stratification system called the Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System, which uses the sonographic appearance of nodules combined with nodule size to determine the need for fine-needle aspiration or sonographic surveillance to diagnose malignancy. Familiarity with the sonographic appearance of diffuse thyroid disease allows differentiation of these conditions from nodular thyroid disease.

Emerging data suggest that the location of thyroid nodules influences malignancy risk. The purpose of this study was to explore the impact of including location in American College of Radiology Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (ACR TI-RADS) scoring. Four of five revised scoring algorithms that added 1 or 2 points to higher-risk locations were associated with lowered accuracy due to lower specificity. However, an algorithm that added 1 point to isthmic nodules did not differ significantly from ACR TI-RADS in accuracy; one additional isthmic cancer was diagnosed for each 10.3 additional benign nodules recommended for biopsy.

OBJECTIVE. Compared with other guidelines, the American College of Radiology (ACR) Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TI-RADS) has decreased the number of nodules for which fine-needle aspiration is recommended. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of malignant nodules that would not be biopsied when the ACR TI-RADS recommendations are followed. MATERIALS AND METHODS. We retrospectively reviewed a total of 3422 thyroid nodules for which a definitive cytologic diagnosis, a definitive histologic diagnosis, or both diagnoses as well as diagnostic ultrasound (US) examinations were available. All nodules were categorized using the ACR TI-RADS, and they were divided into three groups according to the recommendation received: fine-needle aspiration (group 1), follow-up US examination (group 2), or no further evaluation (group 3). RESULTS. Of the 3422 nodules, 352 were malignant. Of these, 240 nodules were assigned to group 1, whereas 72 were assigned to group 2 and 40 were included in group 3. Sixteen of the 40 malignant nodules in group 3 were 1 cm or larger, and, on the basis of analysis of the sonographic features described in the ACR TI-RADS, these nodules were classified as having one of five ACR TI-RADS risk levels (TR1-TR5), with one nodule classified as a TR1 nodule, eight as TR2 nodules, and seven as TR3 nodules. If the current recommendation of no follow-up for TR2 nodules was changed to follow-up for nodules 2.5 cm or larger, seven additional malignant nodules and 316 additional benign nodules would receive a recommendation for follow-up. If the current size threshold (1.5 cm) used to recommend US follow-up for TR3 nodules was decreased to 1.0 cm, seven additional malignant nodules and 118 additional benign nodules would receive a recommendation for follow-up. CONCLUSION. With use of the ACR TI-RADS, most malignant nodules that would not be biopsied would undergo US follow-up, would be smaller than 1 cm, or would both undergo US follow-up and be smaller than 1 cm. Adjusting size thresholds to decrease the number of missed malignant nodules that are 1 cm or larger would result in a substantial increase in the number of benign nodules undergoing follow-up.

OBJECTIVE. The American College of Radiology (ACR) Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TI-RADS) provides guidelines to practitioners who interpret sonographic examinations of thyroid nodules...

CONTEXT: In adults, noninvasive follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (FVPTC) is considered a low risk for metastasis and persistent/recurrent disease. OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to assess the clinical, sonographic, and histopathologic features of FVPTC in a pediatric cohort. DESIGN: A retrospective review of subjects

Thyroid nodules are a frequent finding on neck sonography. Most nodules are benign; therefore, many nodules are biopsied to identify the small number that are malignant or require surgery for a definitive diagnosis. Since 2009, many professional societies and investigators have proposed ultrasound-based risk stratification systems to identify nodules that warrant biopsy or sonographic follow-up. Because some of these systems were founded on the BI-RADS® classification that is widely used in breast imaging, their authors chose to apply the acronym TI-RADS, for Thyroid Imaging, Reporting and Data System. In 2012, the ACR convened committees to (1) provide recommendations for reporting incidental thyroid nodules, (2) develop a set of standard terms (lexicon) for ultrasound reporting, and (3) propose a TI-RADS on the basis of the lexicon. The committees published the results of the first two efforts in 2015. In this article, the authors present the ACR TI-RADS Committee's recommendations, which provide guidance regarding management of thyroid nodules on the basis of their ultrasound appearance. The authors also describe the committee's future directions.

A sonographic examination of the neck performed 6 to 12 months after thyroid surgery in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer is strongly recommended by the American Thyroid Association and considered mandatory by the European Thyroid Association for locoregional surveillance. The aim of this article is to review the normal anatomic changes expected after thyroid surgery and the pathologic mimics of thyroid carcinoma recurrence in post-thyroidectomy patients as they appear on neck sonography. We hope to offer some pearls to increase diagnostic confidence in this setting.

Lymphatic malformations are benign lesions that result from abnormal development of the lymphatic and venous systems. These lesions may be detected during routine prenatal ultrasound screening, and typically demonstrate imaging findings of a multiseptate cystic lesion lacking solid components, vascularity, and calcifications. We report 73 cases of prenatally detected lymphatic malformations and describe greater variability in their prenatal sonographic appearance than previously reported, including purely cystic lesions and mixed cystic and solid lesions with calcifications. Appreciation of this increased variability is important in providing accurate prenatal diagnosis, counseling, and management.

Doppler ultrasound (DUS) is frequently performed as a screening and diagnostic modality to evaluate the transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) for short- and intermediate-term complications of the procedure. However, the clinical significance of initial frequently observed abnormalities in flow velocities, gradient, and direction in patients with covered TIPS is less studied. A retrospective study was performed between January 2005 and December 2014, and all patients undergoing covered TIPS procedure for the management of portal hypertension were included. Abnormal DUS findings were defined as intrashunt peak systolic velocities (PSVs) less than 90 or greater than 190 cm/s, intrashunt gradient greater than 50 cm/s, and abnormal flow direction in the main, right, and/or left portal veins. A total of 283 patients with adequate clinical follow-up and baseline TIPS DUS were included in the study. Median follow-up was 18.2 months. During the follow-up period, portal hypertension symptoms recurred in 83 patients who underwent TIPS angiography and/or revision. Of the 83, 57 had an elevated portosystemic gradient (>12 mm Hg) requiring angioplasty/stenting. With regard to baseline ultrasound, low PSVs were present in 88 patients (31.1%), high PSVs in 44 patients (15.5%), and elevated gradient in 98 patients (34.6%). The rate of developing TIPS stenosis in the future was not higher in patients with abnormal DUS parameters. For example, 26 (19.7%) of 132 patients with abnormal TIPS velocities developed stenosis compared with 31 (20.5%) of 151 patients with normal velocities (P = 0.9). Based on these results, abnormal DUS findings observed on baseline TIPS ultrasound examination have low predictive value for future covered TIPS dysfunction and failure.

Die ultraschallgesteuerte perkutane Biopsie einer Lasion am Hals ist eine kosteneffiziente, sichere und zielfuhrende diagnostische Masnahme ohne Strahlenbelastung. Sie ermoglicht eine Sichtkontrolle der Nadelposition in Echtzeit. Das hat den Vorteil, dass die Vorschubrichtung der Nadel sofort korrigiert und die Gewebeentnahme infolgedessen ohne grosere Risiken an der richtigen Stelle und in kurzer Zeit durchgefuhrt werden kann. Eine effektive ultraschallgesteuerte Biopsie erfordert Erfahrung mit der Technik, Grundlichkeit bei der klinischen Beurteilung und Geschicklichkeit bei der Durchfuhrung der Biopsie. Gute Kenntnisse der Anatomie und Pathologie von Kopf und Hals erlauben dem Neuroradiologen die Korrelierung der Ultraschallbildgebung mit transversalen Schnittbildern und erleichtern deren Interpretation. Vertrautheit mit den gangigen Halsoperationen und -rekonstruktionen und die Fahigkeit zur Beurteilung von Aufnahmen des behandelten Halses in verschiedenen Bildgebungsmodalitaten sind von unschatzbarem Wert bei der Bestimmung des Zieles einer ultraschallgesteuerten Biopsie bei Patienten mit behandlungsbedingten Veranderungen der anatomischen Gegebenheiten. Nach Knoten in der Schilddruse kommen die folgenden Raumforderungen am Hals von Erwachsenen haufig vor: Lymphadenopathien, Kopf-Hals-Malignome, Speicheldrusenneoplasien, Nervenscheidentumoren sowie entzundliche und infektiose Herde. Auch die diagnostische Expertise mit Blick auf die Bildgebungsmerkmale der genannten Erkrankungen und auf ihre Differenzialdiagnose spielt eine wichtige Rolle bei der Wahl der Biopsietechnik und der Gewinnung einer geeigneten Gewebeprobe fur die Diagnose einschlieslich Materials fur zusatzliche Laboruntersuchungen. Einer Einteilung in anatomische Zonen folgend skizziert dieser Artikel die praktischen Uberlegungen bei der Auswahl der Patienten, bei der methodischen Analyse der praprozeduralen Querschnittsbildgebung und deren Korrelierung mit der Beurteilung der Echtzeit-Ultraschallbildgebung sowie bei den allgemeinen Prinzipien zur Optimierung der Ultraschallinstrumentierung und der Biopsietechnik. In geubten Handen ist die Sonografie aufgrund ihrer Vielseitigkeit und ihrer Portabilitat eine wertvolle Modalitat fur die Gewinnung von Gewebeproben von oberflachlichen Kopf- und Halslasionen.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between final outcome of lesions indeterminate for malignancy on ultrasound (US) and patient and imaging characteristics. We identified all patients with indeterminate liver lesions on US between 9/1/2013 and 12/31/2014 using institutional codes based on radiologist opinion. Miscoded lesions (n = 30) and patients with no imaging, pathology, or clinical follow-up at our health system (n = 6) were excluded. Final diagnostic category of malignant, benign, pseudolesion, or indeterminate was assigned using imaging, pathology, and clinical follow-up. Differences in diagnostic categories were compared by patient (age, gender, race, known malignancy. or liver disease) and imaging characteristics (lesion size, echogenicity. and number). Independent likelihood of a benign final diagnostic category was adjusted for significant variables on univariate analysis. Indeterminate liver lesions on US were found in 153/6813 patients (2%). Final diagnostic categories were malignant (11/153, 7%), benign (94/153, 61%), pseudolesion (42/153, 27%). and indeterminate (6/153, 4%). Nearly one-third of hypoechoic masses in patients with known malignancy or liver disease (i.e., high-risk status) ≥ 46 years of age were malignant (9/28, 32%). On multivariate analysis, patients of age ≥ 61 years and high-risk status were associated with decreased likelihood of benign diagnostic category (OR .19 (95% CI .07–.51) and OR .40 (95% CI .18–.88), p values .001 and .022, respectively). 2% of patients undergoing abdominal US have sonographically indeterminate liver lesions, of which 7% are malignant. Older, high-risk patients with hypoechoic lesions should receive short-term follow-up as one-third will have malignant lesions. Younger, low-risk patients should receive conservative follow-up, regardless of US imaging features.

Purpose To compare the biopsy rate and diagnostic accuracy before and after applying the American College of Radiology (ACR) Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TI-RADS) criteria for thyroid nodule evaluation. Materials and Methods In this retrospective study, eight radiologists with 3-32 years experience in thyroid ultrasonography (US) reviewed US features of 100 thyroid nodules that were cytologically proven, pathologically proven, or both in December 2016. The radiologists evaluated nodule features in five US categories and provided biopsy recommendations based on their own practice patterns without knowledge of ACR TI-RADS criteria. Another three expert radiologists served as the reference standard readers for the imaging findings. ACR TI-RADS criteria were retrospectively applied to the features assigned by the eight radiologists to produce biopsy recommendations. Comparison was made for biopsy rate, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. Results Fifteen of the 100 nodules (15%) were malignant. The mean number of nodules recommended for biopsy by the eight radiologists was 80 ± 16 (standard deviation) (range, 38-95 nodules) based on their own practice patterns and 57 ± 11 (range, 37-73 nodules) with retrospective application of ACR TI-RADS criteria. Without ACR TI-RADS criteria, readers had an overall sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 95% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 83%, 99%), 20% (95% CI: 16%, 25%), and 28% (95% CI: 21%, 37%), respectively. After applying ACR TI-RADS criteria, overall sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 92% (95% CI: 68%, 98%), 44% (95% CI: 33%, 56%), and 52% (95% CI: 40%, 63%), respectively. Although fewer malignancies were recommended for biopsy with ACR TI-RADS criteria, the majority met the criteria for follow-up US, with only three of 120 (2.5%) malignancy encounters requiring no follow-up or biopsy. Expert consensus recommended biopsy in 55 of 100 nodules with ACR TI-RADS criteria. Their sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 87% (95% CI: 48%, 98%), 51% (95% CI: 40%, 62%), and 56% (95% CI: 46%, 66%), respectively. Conclusion ACR TI-RADS criteria offer a meaningful reduction in the number of thyroid nodules recommended for biopsy and significantly improve the accuracy of recommendations for nodule management.

Context Thyroid nodules are increasingly recognized in children and are associated with a greater risk for thyroid cancer compared with adults. Thyroid ultrasound is the favored tool for evaluation of thyroid nodules; however, there are limited data regarding the accuracy of thyroid ultrasound to confirm features associated with a low risk of thyroid cancer in children. Objectives We examined whether thyroid ultrasound is capable of accurately identifying thyroid nodules at a low risk of malignancy in children. Design and setting Using a retrospective cohort study design, we identified children age ≤18 years with thyroid nodules and adequate follow-up. Ultrasound images were reviewed independently by two blinded expert radiologists, and ultrasound characteristics were analyzed to determine optimal predictive value and reliability. Patients and results A total of 417 subjects were found to have thyroid nodules, and 152 subjects had adequate follow-up; 59 (38.8%) of these were diagnosed with thyroid cancer. We evaluated 236 individual nodules. Features most consistent with benign nodules included small size, isoechoic echogenicity, partially cystic structure, sharp or noninfiltrative margins, absent Doppler flow, and absent calcifications. Significant variability was found between expert interpretations of ultrasound features. Thyroid nodule composition appears to be the most sensitive and reliable feature for stratifying the risk of thyroid cancer. Ultrasound accurately identified benign thyroid nodules in 80.9% of subjects (95% confidence interval, 74-86.6). Conclusions Ultrasonography is useful for the evaluation of thyroid nodules, but we found no combination of ultrasound features sufficient to exclude thyroid cancer without a biopsy.

Our objective was to assess the role of quantitative Doppler vascularity in differentiating malignant and benign thyroid nodules. Color Doppler images of 100 nodules were analyzed for three metrics: vascular fraction area, mean flow velocity index and flow volume index in three regions (nodule center, nodule rim and surrounding parenchyma). Vascular fraction area and flow volume index were higher in malignant than benign nodules in both the central and rim regions, whereas flow velocity index was equivalent in both regions. Of the three vascularity metrics studied, the vascular fraction area of the central region was most effective in predicting malignancy, with a sensitivity of 0.90 ± 0.05, specificity of 0.88 ± 0.13, positive predictive value of 0.84 ± 0.14, negative predictive value of 0.92 ± 0.03 and accuracy of 0.89 ± 0.08. Quantitative Doppler vascularity of the nodule center yielded a high level of discrimination between benign and malignant nodules and, thus, has the greatest potential to contribute to gray-scale assessment of thyroid cancer.

Myelomeningocele (MMC) is one of the most devastating, nonlethal congenital anomalies worldwide. The live birth prevalence of MMC changed dramatically in the 1980s with the introduction of maternal serum screening and the widespread use of prenatal ultrasound imaging. The high-resolution ultrasound affordable today with state-of-the-art equipment allows us to make a very accurate diagnosis of MMC, including details related to the entire fetal central nervous system. Ultrasound can accurately localize the site of the osseous and soft tissue defects. Congenital spinal defects can be characterized definitively as open or closed, which are treated very differently with in utero repair, which is done in some cases, compared to only conservative follow-up with postnatal therapy for occult defects. Additional findings of kyphosis, scoliosis and anomalous vertebrate and associated conditions such as cervical syrinx can be identified. The state of the intracranial structures, including the presence or absence of ventriculomegaly and hindbrain herniation, as well as unexpected complications such as intracranial hemorrhage can be diagnosed. The severity of neurological compromise in some fetuses can be estimated by detailed examination of the lower extremities. As well as searching for talipes, we also now routinely characterize flexion and extension motions at the hip, knee and ankle joints. The information provided by ultrasound plays a crucial role, now more than ever, in patient counseling and pregnancy management. This article emphasizes how we utilize ultrasound in the evaluation of patients with suspected MMC at the Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia.

Guidelines for managing thyroid nodules are highly dependent on risk stratification based on sonographic findings. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the risk stratification system used by the American College of Radiology Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TIRADS).Patients with thyroid nodules who underwent sonography and fine-needle aspiration were enrolled in a multiinstitutional study. The sonographic nodule features evaluated in the study were composition, echogenicity, margins, and echogenic foci. Images were reviewed by two radiologists who were blinded to the results of cytologic analysis. Nodules were assigned points for each feature, and the points were totaled to determine the final TIRADS level (TR1-TR5). The risk of cancer associated with each point total and final TIRADS level was determined.A total of 3422 nodules, 352 of which were malignant, were studied. The risk of malignancy was closely associated with the composition, echogenicity, margins, and echogenic foci of the nodules (p0.0001, in all cases). An increased aggregate risk of nodule malignancy was noted as the TIRADS point level increased from 0 to 10 (p0.0001) and as the final TIRADS level increased from TR1 to TR5 (p0.0001). Of the 3422 nodules, 2948 (86.1%) had risk levels that were within 1% of the TIRADS risk thresholds. Of the 474 nodules that were more than 1% outside these thresholds, 88.0% (417/474) had a risk level that was below the TIRADS threshold.The aggregate risk of malignancy for nodules associated with each individual TIRADS point level (0-10) and each final TIRADS level (TR1-TR5) falls within the TIRADS risk stratification thresholds. A total of 85% of all nodules were within 1% of the specified TIRADS risk thresholds.

Sonographic assessment of nodular features has emerged as the primary imaging means to evaluate the malignant potential of thyroid nodules. Although no single sonographic feature can be used to detect all cancerous nodules, some sonographic features such as microcalcifications, marked hypoechogenicity, infiltrative margins, and taller-than-wide shape are relatively specific for thyroid cancer. Other features, such as an entirely cystic nodule or a mixed cystic and solid nodule with spongiform composition, carry a very low risk of malignancy. By using sonographic criteria to stratify risk of malignancy, invasive and costly evaluations can be avoided in many patients with benign nodules.

The rapid expansion of technology has caused most radiology practices to focus on the so-called “high-tech” diagnostic radiology exams, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), and positron emission tomography (PET). There is likely a subconscious bias among most radiologists (and perhaps non-radiologists), that these complex and expensive exams with hundreds, and sometimes over a thousand images, displayed from multiple imaging planes with the aid of advanced reconstruction platforms, must always be superior for diagnosis as compared to the low-tech radiology exams. As a subspecialist radiologist in diagnostic and interventional sonography for the last 25 years, I can proclaim with pride that for imaging of the thyroid and cervical nodes, sonography completely outperforms all other exams. The superficial location of the majority of the structures in the neck affords an unhindered view with the ultrasound probe and the spatial resolution of sonography surpasses that of MR and CT, uniquely allowing the detection of subtle and critically important findings such as microcalcifications and infiltrative margins within thyroid nodules and tiny cystic regions in cervical nodes. The real time nature of sonography allows for dynamic assessment which can be useful for diagnosis but more importantly provides the safest and most efficient guidance for biopsies and other interventions in the neck. Sonography is unquestionably the most essential imaging tool for the care of patients with thyroid (and in many cases, parathyroid) disease. I must admit that it is a sort of a moral victory that my dedication to and passion for the practice of sonography is affirmed by the superiority of sonography in this clinical context.

The use of high-resolution ultrasound (US) imaging is a mainstay of the initial evaluation and long-term management of thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer. To fully capitalize on the diagnostic capabilities of a US examination in the context of thyroid disease, many clinicians consider it desirable to establish a universal format and standard of US reporting. The goals of this interdisciplinary consensus statement are twofold. First, to create a standardized set of US features to characterize thyroid nodules and cervical lymph nodes accurately, and second, to create a standardized system for tracking sequential changes in the US examination of thyroid nodules and cervical lymph nodes for the purpose of determining risk of malignancy.The Thyroid, Head and Neck Cancer (THANC) Foundation convened a panel of nine specialists from a variety of medical disciplines that are actively involved in the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer. Consensus was achieved on the following topics: US evaluation of the thyroid gland, US evaluation of thyroid nodules, US evaluation of cervical lymph nodes, US-guided fine needle aspiration (FNA) of thyroid nodules, and US-guided FNA of cervical lymph nodes.We propose that this statement represents a consensus within a multidisciplinary team on the salient and essential elements of a comprehensive and clinically significant thyroid and neck US report with regards to content, terminology, and organization. This reporting protocol supplements previous US performance guidelines by not only capturing categories of findings that may have important clinical implications, but also delineating findings that are clinically relevant within those categories as specifically as possible. Additionally, we have included the specific features of diagnostic and therapeutic interventions that have not been previously addressed.

A sonographic examination of the neck performed 6 to 12 months after thyroid surgery in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer is strongly recommended by the American Thyroid Association and considered mandatory by the European Thyroid Association for locoregional surveillance. The aim of this article is to review the normal anatomic changes expected after thyroid surgery and the pathologic mimics of thyroid carcinoma recurrence in post-thyroidectomy patients as they appear on neck sonography. We hope to offer some pearls to increase diagnostic confidence in this setting.

Lymphatic malformations are benign lesions that result from abnormal development of the lymphatic and venous systems. These lesions may be detected during routine prenatal ultrasound screening, and typically demonstrate imaging findings of a multiseptate cystic lesion lacking solid components, vascularity, and calcifications. We report 73 cases of prenatally detected lymphatic malformations and describe greater variability in their prenatal sonographic appearance than previously reported, including purely cystic lesions and mixed cystic and solid lesions with calcifications. Appreciation of this increased variability is important in providing accurate prenatal diagnosis, counseling, and management.

The adult uterine cervix may exhibit a wide variety of pathologic conditions that include benign entities (eg, cervicitis, hyperplasia, nabothian cysts, cervical polyps, leiomyomas, endometriosis, and congenital abnormalities) as well as malignant lesions, particularly cervical carcinoma. In addition, lesions that arise in the uterine body may secondarily involve the cervix, such as endometrial carcinoma and prolapsed intracavitary masses. Many of these conditions can be identified and characterized at ultrasonography (US), which is considered the first-line imaging examination for the female pelvis. However, examination of the cervix is often cursory during pelvic US, such that cervical disease may be overlooked or misdiagnosed. Transabdominal US of the cervix may not afford sufficient spatial resolution to depict cervical disease in many patients; therefore, endovaginal US is considered the optimal technique. Use of supplemental imaging techniques, particularly the application of transducer pressure on the cervix, may be helpful. This review describes the normal appearance of the cervix at US, the appearance of cervical lesions and conditions that mimic abnormalities at US, and optimal US techniques for evaluation of the cervix. This information will help radiologists detect and diagnose cervical abnormalities more confidently at pelvic US. Online supplemental material is available for this article.

Ultrasonographically (US) guided percutaneous biopsy of a neck lesion is a cost-effective, safe, and diagnostically effective procedure without radiation exposure. The benefit of real-time visualization of the needle location allows for instantaneous maneuvering of the needle trajectory for safe and accurate tissue sampling with short procedural time. Effective US-guided biopsy requires technical experience, strong clinical acumen, and skillful biopsy technique. A neuroradiologist's knowledge of head and neck anatomy and pathology allows correlation with cross-sectional imaging and enhances the understanding of US imaging evaluation. Familiarity with a spectrum of neck surgeries and reconstructions and expertise in imaging evaluation of the treated neck are invaluable in accurate identification of the target for biopsy in patients with treatment-related altered anatomy using US guidance. After thyroid nodules, the common adult neck masses are lymphadenopathy, head and neck cancer, salivary neoplasms, nerve sheath tumors, and inflammatory and infectious pseudomasses. Diagnostic expertise in the imaging characteristics of these individual pathologic conditions and their differential diagnoses also play an important role in choosing the biopsy technique and in procuring an adequate sample for diagnosis, including material for ancillary laboratory testing. Using an anatomic zone approach, this article illustrates the practical considerations in patient selection, the methodical analysis of preprocedure cross-sectional imaging and its correlation with real-time US evaluation, general principles for optimizing US instrumentation, and biopsy technique. In skillful hands, the versatility and portability of US make it the valuable modality for histologic sampling of superficial head and neck lesions. Online supplemental material is available for this article.

Thyroid nodules are a common clinical problem and are noted much more commonly on imaging examinations than are apparent by palpation. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNA), which yields a cytology specimen for analysis, is the standard test to determine whether surgical removal of a detected nodule is recommended. This article will review the current guidelines for recommending FNA of thyroid nodules, the technique and risk of the procedure, and the implications for patient care based on FNA results. FNA has an essential role in the evaluation of patients with thyroid nodules to reduce the rate of unnecessary thyroid surgery for patients with benign nodules and triage patients with thyroid cancer to appropriate surgery. Before the routine use of FNA, approximately 14% of resected thyroid nodules were malignant, whereas with the current widespread use of thyroid nodule FNA, >50% of resected thyroid nodules are malignant. 1 Historically, thyroid nodules were identified by physical examination of the neck, with a prevalence of approximately 5%-10% of adults in the United States, and these patients underwent palpation-guided FNA in the physician's office. In recent years, the increased use of sonography to examine the thyroid as well as cross-sectional imaging of the neck by computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging has resulted in the detection of many nonpalpable nodules. In older adults, thyroid nodules may be detected in >67% of people screened by sonography. 2 Fortunately, the vast majority of nodules are benign, but when they are discovered, an assessment regarding the need to exclude malignancy using FNA must be performed.

Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is the most reliable diagnostic tool for diagnosing thyroid cancer and should be performed on nodules considered suspicious. Traditionally, thyroid nodules were discovered by physical examination of the neck and underwent palpation-guided FNA in the physician’s office when malignancy was of concern. In recent years, the use of high-resolution neck sonography to examine the thyroid has resulted in the detection of many nonpalpable nodules. Although the majority of these nodules are benign, their discovery results in the need to determine if FNA should be performed on one or more of these nodules. The goal is to be able to diagnose all biologically significant cancers, while exposing the fewest number of patients with benign disease to unnecessary diagnostic testing. Sonography of the neck has emerged as the primary imaging means to evaluate the malignant potential of thyroid nodules. Although no single sonographic feature can be used to detect all cancerous nodules, some sonogr...

Objective To assess the impact of correlating findings from iodine I 123 (123I) radionuclide scans and thyroid ultrasonography on the decision to perform fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy of thyroid nodules. Methods Iodine 123 scans and sonographic images of adult patients who had both examinations performed within 6 months of each other at our institution were retrospectively reviewed. The presence of 1 or more nodules satisfying imaging-specific criteria for recommending FNA biopsy was recorded. Iodine 123 scan and sonographic images were then directly compared to determine how frequently the FNA recommendation would be affected by discordant findings. Results The study included 97 adult patients, with a total of 291 thyroid lobes (right thyroid lobe, left thyroid lobe, and isthmus). Recommendations for FNA biopsy were concordant in 231 of 291 lobes (79.4%), with both modalities recommending FNA biopsy in 55 lobes and not recommending FNA biopsy in 176 lobes. A discordant recommendation occurred in 60 of 291 lobes (20.6%). Using only ultrasonography findings, a recommendation for FNA biopsy was not indicated for 11 of the 291 lobes (3.8%) with functioning nodules. Using only 123I findings, a recommendation for FNA biopsy was not indicated for 23 of the 291 lobes (7.9%); 13 had nodules, but none that fulfilled sonographic criteria, and 10 had no identifiable nodule on ultrasonography. Iodine 123 scan did not identify 26 lobes with nodules (8.9%) for which FNA biopsy was recommended based on ultrasonography findings. Conclusion Recommendations for FNA biopsy should not be based on the presence of hypofunctioning regions on 123I scan without sonographic confirmation. (Endocr Pract. 2011;17:699-706)

The purpose of this article is to analyze the sonographic appearance of nodular Hashimoto thyroiditis.As part of an ongoing multiinstitutional study, patients who underwent ultrasound examination and fine-needle aspiration of one or more thyroid nodules were analyzed for multiple predetermined sonographic features. Patients completed a questionnaire, including information about thyroid function and thyroid medication. Patients (n = 61) with fine-needle aspiration cytologic results consistent with nodular Hashimoto thyroiditis (n = 64) were included in the study.The mean (+/- SD) diameter of nodular Hashimoto thyroiditis was 15 +/- 7.33 mm. Nodular Hashimoto thyroiditis occurred as a solitary nodule in 36% (23/64) of cases and in the setting of five or more nodules in 23% (15/64) of cases. Fifty-five percent (35/64) of the cases of nodular Hashimoto thyroiditis occurred within a sonographic background of diffuse Hashimoto thyroiditis, and 45% (29/64) of cases occurred within normal thyroid parenchyma. The sonographic appearance was extremely variable. It was most commonly solid (69% [42/61] of cases) and hypoechoic (47% [27/58] of cases). Twenty percent (13/64) of nodules had calcifications (seven with nonspecific bright reflectors, four with macrocalcifications, and three eggshell), and 5% (3/64) of nodules had colloid. Twenty-seven percent (17/64) of nodules had a hypoechoic halo. The margins were well defined in 60% (36/60) and ill defined in 40% (24/60) of nodules. On Doppler analysis, 35% (22/62) of nodules were hypervascular, 42% (26/62) were isovascular or hypovascular, and 23% (14/62) were avascular.The sonographic features and vascularity of nodular Hashimoto thyroiditis were extremely variable.

The purpose of this article is to compare sonographic features of benign and malignant nodules in patients with diffuse Hashimoto thyroiditis.As part of an ongoing multiinstitutional study, patients who underwent ultrasound and fine-needle aspiration of one or more thyroid nodules were analyzed for a variety of predetermined sonographic features. Patients with a sonographic appearance consistent with diffuse Hashimoto thyroiditis and with coexisting nodules that could be confirmed to be benign or malignant by fine-needle aspiration or surgical pathologic analysis were included in the study.Among nodules within diffuse Hashimoto thyroiditis, 84% (69/82) were benign (35 nodular Hashimoto thyroiditis, 32 nodular hyperplasia, and two follicular adenoma), and 16% (13/82) were malignant (12 papillary carcinoma and one lymphoma). Malignant nodules were more likely to be solid and hypoechoic (62% vs 19%). All types of calcifications were more prevalent among malignant nodules, including microcalcifications (39% vs 0%), nonspecific tiny bright reflectors (39% vs 6%), macrocalcifications (15% vs 3%), and eggshell (15% vs 2%). Benign nodules were more likely to be hyperechoic (46% vs 9%), to have a halo (39% vs 15%), and to lack calcifications (88% vs 23%). Benign nodules more often had ill-defined margins (36% vs 8%).Sonographic features of benign and malignant nodules within diffuse Hashimoto thyroiditis are generally similar to the features typical of benign and malignant nodules in the general population. If calcifications of any type are added to the list of malignant sonographic features, the decision to biopsy a nodule in patients with diffuse Hashimoto thyroiditis can be based on recommendations that have been published previously.

Ultrasound is the most commonly used imaging technique for the evaluation of thyroid nodules. Sonographic findings are often not specific, and definitive diagnosis is usually made through fine-needle aspiration biopsy or even surgery. In reviewing the literature, terms used to describe nodules are often poorly defined and inconsistently applied. Several authors have recently described a standardized risk stratification system called the Thyroid Imaging, Reporting and Data System (TIRADS), modeled on the BI-RADS system for breast imaging. However, most of these TIRADS classifications have come from individual institutions, and none has been widely adopted in the United States. Under the auspices of the ACR, a committee was organized to develop TIRADS. The eventual goal is to provide practitioners with evidence-based recommendations for the management of thyroid nodules on the basis of a set of well-defined sonographic features or terms that can be applied to every lesion. Terms were chosen on the basis of demonstration of consistency with regard to performance in the diagnosis of thyroid cancer or, conversely, classifying a nodule as benign and avoiding follow-up. The initial portion of this project was aimed at standardizing the diagnostic approach to thyroid nodules with regard to terminology through the development of a lexicon. This white paper describes the consensus process and the resultant lexicon.

Sonography of the neck is a critical tool in monitoring patients after near-total thyroidectomy for differentiated thyroid cancer. Sonography has proven to be among the most sensitive imaging techniques for the detection of recurrent or residual cancer in the thyroidectomy bed and metastatic cervical lymph nodes. It is important for the sonologist to be familiar with normal postsurgical findings and other disease processes that may imitate malignant lesions. We describe the typical sonographic appearance of benign lesions that can resemble recurrent thyroid cancer.

The purpose of this study was to determine if the use of a picture archiving and communications system (PACS) in ultrasonography increased the number of images acquired per examination. The hypothesis that such an increase does occur was based on anecdotal information; this study sought to test the hypothesis. A random sample of all ultrasound examination types was drawn from the period 1998 through 1999. The ultrasound PACS in use (ACCESS; Kodak Health Information Systems, Dallas, TX) records the number of grayscale and color images saved as part of each study. Each examination in the sample was checked in the ultrasound PACS database,.and the number of grayscale and color images was recorded. The comparison film-based sample was drawn from the period 1994 through 1995. The number of examinations of each type selected was based on the overall statistics of the section; that is, the sample was designed to represent the approximate frequency with which the various examination types are done. For film-based image counts, the jackets were retrieved, and the number of grayscale and color images were counted. The number of images obtained per examination (for most examinations) in ultrasound increased with PACS use. This was more evident with some examination types (eg, pelvis). This result, however, has to be examined for possible systematic biases because ultrasound practice has changed over the time since the authors stopped using film routinely. The use of PACS in ultrasonography was not associated with an increase in the number of images per examination based solely on the use of PACS, with the exception of neonatal head studies. Increases in the number of images per study was otherwise associated with examinations for which changes in protocols resulted in the increased image counts.

The incidental thyroid nodule (ITN) is one of the most common incidental findings on imaging studies that include the neck. An ITN is defined as a nodule not previously detected or suspected clinically, but identified by an imaging study. The workup of ITNs has led to increased costs from additional procedures, and in some cases, to increased risk to the patient because physicians are naturally concerned about the risk of malignancy and a delayed cancer diagnosis. However, the majority of ITNs are benign, and small, incidental thyroid malignancies typically have indolent behavior. The ACR formed the Incidental Thyroid Findings Committee to derive a practical approach to managing ITNs on CT, MRI, nuclear medicine, and ultrasound studies. This white paper describes consensus recommendations representing this committee's review of the literature and their practice experience.

The development of an arterial pseudoaneurysm is a rare but reported complication of pelvic surgery. Typically the lesion is discovered because the patient has symptoms related to delayed rupture of the pseudoaneurysm, causing hemorrhage. We report a case in which an uterine artery pseudoaneurysm was detected 14 days after vaginal hysterectomy by TVUS, which was performed prior to a transvaginal drainage procedure to treat an infected pelvic hematoma.

Our goal was to determine if normal and abnormal pregnancies could be distinguished at smaller sac sizes with a higher frequency transvaginal transducer than with a 5-MHz transducer.Thirty-nine patients with potentially abnormal pregnancies identified with a 5-MHz transvaginal transducer were immediately reimaged with a 9-5-MHz transducer. We compared our ability to visualize the yolk sac, embryo, and cardiac activity relative to mean sac diameter on imaging at both frequencies in women with normal and abnormal pregnancies.Of the 39 pregnancies, 22 (56%) were normal or probably normal. Using the 5-MHz transducer, a yolk sac was first seen in a 6.4-mm gestational sac but was not definitively seen in 12 gestational sacs measuring 5-13 mm. Using the 9-5-MHz transducer, yolk sacs were identified in all gestational sacs measuring 4.6-13 mm, and live embryos were seen in five of eight sacs measuring 8.1-13 mm. The largest normal gestational sac without a live embryo measured 11 mm. When we compared these pregnancies with 17 (44%) abnormal pregnancies, we found that all pregnancies that had no yolk sac by the time the gestational sac measured 5.0 mm or no live embryo by 13 mm had abnormal findings on higher frequency imaging.The ability to visualize the yolk sac and embryo in early pregnancy is critically dependent on transvaginal transducer frequency. Threshold values and discriminatory sizes used to distinguish normal and abnormal pregnancies are smaller on higher frequency than on lower frequency imaging and, therefore, should be redetermined for specific transducer frequencies.

We report the case of a postmenopausal patient presenting with bilateral solid Bartholin's gland lesions. The clinical and sonographic features suggested a nonaggressive process, allowing the surgeon to choose excisional biopsy of 1 of the lesions rather than radical excision to establish the diagnosis of a Bartholin's gland hamartoma. To our knowledge, this is the first sonographic description of a benign solid Bartholin's gland lesion. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 26:465–469, 1998.

Retrospective analysis of pelvic sonograms with colorguided spectral Doppler evaluation of 189 adnexal masses yielded four malignancies, 20 benign neoplasms, 32 cysts, and 14 endometriomas. Fifty-eight masses were presumed benign on additional imaging. Pulsatility index (PI)1.0 was seen in 70% neoplasms, 63% benign cysts and 50% endometriomas. Thirteen percent of benign cysts and no neoplasms had resistive index (RI)0.4. Fifty percent malignancies had PI1.0. None had RI0.4. Both thresholds lack sufficient sensitivity and specificity for distinguishing benign and malignant lesions.

Purpose To evaluate the role of ultrasound (US) in the detection of elevated portosystemic gradients and loss of shunt function in patients with a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS). Materials and Methods The authors' prospectively compared 151 Doppler hepatic sonograms with follow-up portal veno-grams in 64 patients with TIPS. Sonographic data from within the portal system, hepatic arteries, and three areas within the TIPS were collected. Statistical analysis of these parameters was used to establish the US criteria for shunt dysfunction. Results Midshunt velocity thresholds of less than 50 and less than 60 cm/sec yielded sensitivities and specificities of 46% and 93%, and 57% and 89%, respectively, for the detection of portosystemic gradients exceeding 15 mm Hg. Use of a threshold midshunt velocity of less than 60 cm/sec or main portal vein velocity of less than 40 cm/sec raised the shunt dysfunction detection sensitivity to 86%, with a specificity of 54%. Conclusion Doppler US is an effective noninvasive screening tool for detecting elevated portosystemic gradients and evaluating the functional status of a TIPS. Midshunt velocities of less than 60 cm/sec or main portal vein velocities less than 40 cm/sec are a useful threshold for detecting shunt dysfunction.

To test the reliability of established ultrasound (US) parameters in predicting the outcome of first-trimester pregnancy.The authors retrospectively reviewed 2,655 first-trimester US scans in 2,285 patients. Parameters tested against outcome were (a) a yolk sac and mean gestational sac diameter of 8 mm on transvaginal US scans, (b) an embryo and mean sac diameter of 16 mm on transvaginal US scans, and (c) a difference between the mean sac diameter and crown-rump length of less than 5 mm (oligohydramnios) at 5.5-9.0 weeks gestation.Thirty (22%) of 135 patients without yolk sacs and with an 8-mm mean sac diameter developed live embryos: 24 had normal follow-up or delivery; six were lost to follow-up. Five (8%) of 59 patients with no depiction of embryos and with a 16-mm mean sac diameter developed live embryos: Two delivered, one spontaneously aborted, one had death of one twin embryo before being lost to follow-up, and one was lost to follow-up. Seventeen (0.74%) of 2,285 patients had early oligohydramnios: Six (35%) had normal follow-up scans or delivery, two (12%) spontaneously aborted, and nine (53%) were lost to follow-up.Established parameters predictive of early pregnancy failure potentially result in misdiagnosis of nonviability or poor prognosis when applied to a large, unselected patient population. Close follow-up is necessary in cases with borderline abnormal findings.