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The present study deals with the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of one ayurvedic formulation Drakshadi Lehyam, which is prescribed for liver-related diseases. Materials and Methods: The medicine was procured from the standard ayurvedic vendor and subjected to GC-MS analysis following standard protocol. Results: It was observed that some important medicinal molecules such as cyclohexanamine, N-3-butenyl-N-methyl-, cyclopentane, 1-acetyl-1, 2-epoxy-, 4H-Pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-, benzoic acid, heptane diamide, N,N’-di-benzoyloxy-, p-hydrazinobenzamidoxime, hexanediamide, N,N’-di-benzoyloxy-, Benzoic acid, ethyl ester, coumarin, 2-Amino-4-tert-butylphenol, cyclopentan-1-al, 4-isopropylidene-2-methyl-, 1-Adamantanamine, N,N-dimethyl-, Tetradecanoic acid, 1,1-Diphenyl-4-phenylthiobut-3-en-1-ol, 1H-2-Indenone,2,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-3-(1-methylethyl)-7a-methyl, n-Hexadecanoic acid, 1-Heptatriacotanol, cis-13-Octadecenoic acid, Octadecanoic acid, benzoic acid, 3,4,5-trimethoxy-2-nitro-, methyl ester, 3-(3-Hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-l-alanine, and hexadecanoic acid, 1-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2-ethanediyl ester were present, which are indicative of the medicinal role of Drakshadi Lehyam. Conclusions: The medicinal roles of the majority of the molecules do represent the medicinal properties of Drakshadi Lehyam as a potent liver tonic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The present study deals with the Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC MS) study of one Ayurvedic Rasayana formulation, Narasimha Rasayanam. Materials and Methods: The GC MS of Narasimha Rasayanam was performed by standard protocol. Results: It is observed that some compounds such as cyclobutane-1,1-dicarboxamide, N,N’-di-benzoyloxy-, benzaldehyde, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-, octanediamide, N,N’-di-benzoyloxy-, N-cyclohexyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, benzaldehyde, 3-hydroxy-4-methoxy- and 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, mono(2-ethylhexyl) ester do show some medicinal roles which augur well with the claim of Ayurveda toward the function of this formulation. Conclusion: The knowledge of the molecules present in this Rasayanam throws some light on the mechanism of action of this health tonic used for vigor and good health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The present study deals with the Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of one ayurvedic Rasayana formulation, “Brahma Rasayanam,” which is a health rejuvenating tonic prescribed in Ayurveda. Materials and Methods: Brahma Rasayanam was procured from ayurvedic vendor at Chennai and subjected to GC-MS procedure by following standard protocol. Results: The GC-MS profile indicated the presence of some very important biomolecules such as 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural, 2H-Pyran-2-one, tetrahydro-6-nonyl-, n-hexadecanoic acid, tetradecanoic acid, and n-decanoic acid. Conclusion: The medicinal roles of the molecules represent that of Brahma Rasayanam itself, further work to standardize the medicine is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The present study deals with three antioxidant assays for one Ayurvedic medicine, Mahanarayana Thailam which is used to treat diseases such as arthritis, paralysis, facial palsy, hearing loss, tremors, wasting of muscles, insanity, oligospermia, female infertility, headache, psychosis, humpback, and eye diseases. Materials and Methods: 2,2’-azino-bis-3- ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP), and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays were conducted following standard protocols. Results: Mahanarayana Thailam showed very good antioxidant potential at very low concentrations in FRAP assay as compared to ABTS and DPPH assays. Conclusion: These results clearly indicate the medicinal efficacy of Mahanarayana Thailam as a very good antioxidant formula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The present study deals with the three antioxidant assays, namely, 2, 2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) by standard protocols for one Ayurvedic medicine, Drakshadi Kashayam which is used to cure a number of ailments. Materials and Methods: Drakshadi Kashayam was procured from standard Ayurvedic vendor at Chennai, India, and was subjected to GC-MS analysis following standard protocol. Results: It was observed that among the three assays, Drakshadi Kashayam indicated excellent results at very low concentrations in FRAP assay as compared to ABTS and DPPH assays which indicated moderate antioxidant activities of the medicine. Conclusion: These results clearly indicate the antioxidant potentials of Drakshadi Kashayam proving its medicinal efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The present study deals with the finding of the nicotine content in various smoking articles available in the market by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) method. Methods: Various solvent systems were used to find the spots of alkaloid, nicotine, by TLC by standard procedures. Results: It was observed that in all the samples studied, the nicotine content was almost same as visualized by the resolution front values of each spot. Conclusion: It was concluded that although there are a number of smoking article available in the market, the nicotine content seems to be the same. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: β-galactosidase (β-D-galactoside galactohydrolase; E. C. 3.2.1.23), or lactase, catalyzes the breakdown of lactose into glucose and galactose. They are naturally available and are produced by many microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and yeast. The present study is to explore the possibility of production of this enzyme by Lactobacilli fermentum. Materials and Methods: A loop of inoculum was used for inoculating the culture medium and was incubated at pH 4 and temperature 30°C at 125 rpm. The enzyme activity was checked for at 540 nm in DNS assay, and then, the optimized enzyme was partially purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation. The concentrated enzyme was dialyzed and purified and the molecular weight of the enzyme was measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Response surface methodology showed good significance in the optimization of culture medium parameters. Results: In the present study, it was found that the extracellular β-galactosidase production by the L. fermentum in a submerged skim milk broth was maximum 7.99 U/mL/min enzyme units under optimized the culture medium of its carbon and nitrogen source. Conclusion: This method could be exploited for commercial production of beta-galactosidase enzyme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was undertaken to test the chemopreventive effects of one herbal medicinal plant, Indigofera aspalathoides, on chemically induced carcinogenesis in rats. A well-known polyaromatic hydrocarbon, namely, 20-methylcholanthrene, which is a known carcinogenic substance, was used to induce fibrosarcoma in Wistar strain of male albino rats. Fibrosarcoma rats were treated with aqueous extracts of Indigofera aspalathoides. The rats were divided into four groups, each consisting of six animals. Group I served as normal control, Group II served as fibrosarcoma-induced animals, Group III were fibrosarcoma-bearing animals treated with aqueous extracts of Indigofera aspalathoides, and Group IV animals, which were normal healthy animals treated with Indigofera aspalathoides aqueous extract, served as drug control set. Group III and Group IV animals were treated with aqueous extract of Indigofera aspalathoides intraperitoneally at a dose of 250 mg/kg. b.w. for 30 days. The fibrosarcoma was proved by pathological examinations. The activity levels of nucleic acids such as total DNA and RNA and hexose, hexosamine, and sialic acid in liver and kidney of treated rats were used to monitor the chemopreventive role of the plant extract. The observed increase in the levels of DNA, RNA, hexose, hexosamine, and sialic acid in liver and kidney tissues of fibrosarcoma-bearing animals reached near normal state after the treatment with aqueous extracts of Indigofera aspalathoides, suggesting that Indigofera aspalathoides does have a chemotherapeutic role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The present deals with the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of one Ayurvedic digestive formulation, Ashtachurnam. Materials and Methods: Ashtachurnam was procured from standard Ayurvedic vendor from Chennai and was subjected to GC-MS analysis following standard procedure. Results: Some important biomolecules such as cycloheximide, piperine, 1-heptatriacotanol., beta.-sitosterol, Thymol, and n-decanoic acid with medicinal values were found in the GC-MS profile. Conclusion: The types of molecules present in the GC-MS indicate their overall medicinal role correlating to Ashtachurnam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The study envisages finding the molecules present in one Ayurvedic medicine, Avipathi churnam, which is prescribed to treat digestive disorders by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Materials and Methods: Avipathi churnam was procured from standard Ayurvedic medicine vendor at Chennai, India, and was subjected to GC-MS analysis following standard procedures. Results: The GC-MS profile shows the presence of some important biomolecules of medicinal importance such as cis-5,8,11-Eicosatrienoic acid, methyl ester, 6,6-Dimethyl-2-(2-methyl-allyl)-1,6-dihydropyrimidine4-Carbonitrile, 3-Cyclohexene-1-methanol., alpha., alpha., 4-trimethyl-, acetate, 2(1H)-Isoquinolinecarboximidamide, 3,4-dihydro-., beta.-ylangene, Caryophyllene oxide, 7-Methyl-Z-tetradecen-1-ol acetate, 12-Hydroxy-14-methyl-oxacyclotetradec-6-en-2-one., beta.-sitosterol, 9, 19-Cyclolanost-24-en-3-ol, acetate, (3.beta.)-, Ursodeoxycholic acid, Butyl 9.cis., and 11.trans.-octadecadienoate which augur well with the medicinal properties of Avipathi churnam. Conclusion: The GC-MS analysis results indicate the medicinal efficacy of Avipathi churnam as a good digestive formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The present work deals with the gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis of Ksheerabala Thailam which is an Ayurvedic oil used for the treatment of Vata disorders such as neuromuscular pains, sciatica, spondylitis, paralysis, myalgia, for nerve regeneration, cataract, earache, and headache. Materials and Methods: Ksheerabala Thailam was bought from a standard Ayurvedic vendor at Chennai and subjected to GC–MS analysis by standard procedures. The medicinal roles of the biomolecules indicated in the GC–MS profile were screened for their various medicinal roles using Dr. Duke’s phytochemical and ethnobotanical data and other data. Results: GC–MS profile of the Ksheerabala Thailam indicated the presence of important biomolecules such as n-Hexadecanoic acid, 15-Hydroxypentadecanoic acid, Hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl ester, (3-Fluorophenyl)carbamic acid, 2-isopropyl-5-methylphenyl ester, Hexadecanoic acid, 1-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2-ethanediyl ester, Hexadecanoic acid, 2-(octadecyloxy)ethyl ester,. gamma.-Tocopherol, and gamma.-Sitosterol; these molecules do have medicinal roles which relate to that of Ksheerabala Thailam. Conclusions: It is concluded that Ksheerabala Thailam, which is an important Ayurvedic medicine, does contain some very important molecules showing its efficacy. Further research is required for a better understanding of the medicinal roles of Ksheerabala Thailam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study aims to know the types of biomolecules present in Eladi Kera Thailam and to correlate their possible medicinal roles supporting Eladi Kera Thailam’s role as medicine. Methods: Eladi Kera Thailam was bought from a standard Ayurvedic vendor at Chennai and subjected to gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis by standard procedures. The medicinal roles of the biomolecules indicated in the GC/MS profile were screened for their various medicinal roles using Dr. Duke’s phytochemical and ethnobotanical data and other data. Results: The presence of some important biomolecules such as dodecanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester, dodecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl) ethyl ester, octadecanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester, and dodecanoic acid, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester does have medicinal roles which contribute to Eladi Kera Thailam as a medicine for skin ailments. Conclusions: The GC/MS profile indicated the presence of some important biomolecules which have medicinal properties contributing to the role of Eladi Kera Thailam as a skin cure medicine. The study is a step in the direction of understanding the molecular mechanism of contemporary and alternative medicines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The present study deals with the gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis of an Ayurvedic oil Triphaladi Thailam, which is used to treat spilt hair, headache, sinusitis, and rhinitis and also for diseases related to neck, eyes, ear, and throat and to understand the molecular roles of this medicine. Methods: Triphaladi Thailam was bought from a standard Ayurvedic vendor at Chennai and subjected to GC–MS analysis by standard procedures. The medicinal roles of the biomolecules indicated in the GC–MS profile were screened for their various medicinal roles using Dr. Duke’s phytochemical and ethnobotanical data and other data. Results: GC–MS profile of the Triphala Rasayana indicated the presence of important biomolecules such as 2-[4-methyl-6-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)hexa-1,3,5-, á-Sitosterol, 1-Monolinoleoylglycerol trimethylsilyl ether, 1H-2,8a-Methanocyclopenta[a]cyclopropa[e]cyclodecen-11-one, and oleic acid. Conclusions: It is concluded that Triphala, which an age-old multipurpose folklore medicine does have a scientific efficacy. Further research is required for a better understanding of the medicinal roles of Triphaladi Thailam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The present study deals with the gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis of an anti-obesity Ayurvedic medicine, Lohasava. Methods: Lohasava was bought from a standard Ayurvedic vendor at Chennai and subjected to GC–MS analysis by standard procedures. The medicinal roles of the biomolecules indicated in the GC–MS profile were screened for their various medicinal roles using Dr. Duke’s phytochemical and ethno-botanical data and other data. Results: The GC–MS profile of Lohasava indicated the presence of important biomolecules such as butanoic acid, 3-hydroxy-, ethyl ester, phenylethyl alcohol, ethyl hydrogen succinate, thymol, 4-hydroxy-2-methylacetophenone, hydrocinnamic acid, 2,6-dimethoxyphenyl-beta-phenylpropionate, bisphenol C, benzeneethanamine, 2,5-dimethoxy-alpha.,4-dimethyl-and piperine. Conclusions: It is concluded that Lohasava does have a scientific efficacy toward its claimed role as a medicine in Ayurveda. Further research is required for a better understanding of the medicinal roles of Lohasava. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The present work deals with the gas chromatography (GC)–mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of Drakshadi Kashayam, which is used in the treatment of Panduroga (anemia), jaundice, and diseases caused due to imbalance in Pitta (bile) consistency. Methods: Drakshadi Kashayam was bought from a standard Ayurvedic vendor at Chennai and subjected to GC–MS analysis by standard procedures. The medicinal roles of the biomolecules indicated in the GC–MS profile were screened for their various medicinal roles using Dr. Duke’s phytochemical and ethnobotanical data and other data. Results: GC–MS profile of Drakshadi Kashayam indicated the presence of important biomolecules such as carbonic acid, pentyl phenyl ester, bisphenol C, histamine, N-benzoyl-2-cyano-, o-Methoxy-.alpha.-phenethylamine, benzenethanamine, 3,4-dimethoxy-.alpha.-methyl-, cis-Z-.alpha.-Bisabolene epoxide, and 1,3-Dimethoxy-5-(1-methyl-heptyl)-benzene which have medicinal roles supporting the efficacy of Drakshadi Kashayam as a liver tonic. Conclusions: It is concluded that Drakshadi Kashayam, which is an important Ayurvedic medicine, does contain some very important molecules showing its efficacy. Further research is required for a better understanding of the medicinal roles of this medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The present work deals with the gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of Kutajarishtam which is used in the treatment of diarrhea, dysentery, irritable bowel syndrome, Crohn’s disease, hemorrhoids, etc. Materials and Methods: Kutajarishtam was bought from a standard Ayurvedic vendor at Chennai and subjected to GC-MS analysis by standard procedures. The medicinal roles of the biomolecules indicated in the GC-MS profile were screened for their various medicinal roles using Dr. Duke’s Phytochemical and ethnobotanical data and other data. Results: GC-MS profile of Kutajarishtam indicated the presence of important biomolecules such aso-Acetyl-L-serine, 4H-Pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-, 2-Furanethanol., beta.-ethoxy-, Acetic acid, 1-(2-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-3-methoxymethoxy-2-methyl-propyl ester and Cyclohexan-1,4,5-triol-3-one-1-carboxylic acid which have medicinal roles which correlated well with that of Kutajarishtam. Conclusions: It is concluded that Kutajarishtam, which is an important Ayurvedic medicine, contains some very important molecules showing its efficacy. Further research is required for a better understanding of the medicinal roles of this medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Anuthailam, an Ayurvedic oil used for the treatment of diseases related to the brain, nose, sinus, eyes, head, neck, shoulders, and arms. Anuthailam is subjected to Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis to understand the molecules present therein. Materials and Methods: Anuthailam was bought from a standard Ayurvedic vendor at Chennai and subjected to GC-MS analysis by the standard procedures. The medicinal roles of the biomolecules indicated in the GC-MS profile were screened for their various medicinal roles using Dr. Duke’s Phytochemical and ethno-botanical data and other data. Results: GC-MS profile of the Anuthailam indicated the presence of important biomolecules such as 15-Hydroxypentadecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl ester, trans-13-Octadecenoic acid, 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl ester, 1-Heptatriacotanol., gamma.-Tocopherol, (3-Fluorophenyl)carbamic acid, 2-isopropyl-5-methylphenyl ester, Stigmasterol, Hexadecanoic acid, 1-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2-ethanediyl ester, etc. Conclusions: It is concluded that Anuthailam, does have a scientific efficacy toward its claimed role as a medicine in Ayurveda. Further research is required for a better understanding of the medicinal roles of Anuthailam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The present study aims at the gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis of one Ayurvedic liver tonic, Devadarvyarishtam. Materials and Methods: Devadarvyarishtam was procured from a standard Ayurvedic vendor from Chennai and was subjected to GC–MS analysis following standard procedures. Results: It was observed that some molecules of extremely important liver tonic function were indicated in the GC–MS report. Conclusion: It is clear from the results that Devadarvyarishtam is a potent liver tonic medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims at knowing the presence of biomolecules present in one Ayurvedic medicine, Madhukasavam, by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis. Materials and Methods: Madhukasavam was procured from a standard Ayurvedic medicine vendor ant Chennai and was subjected to GC–MS analysis by standard procedure. Results: Important biomolecules such as phenyl-beta-D-glucoside, eucalyptol.,alpha-methyl 4-O-methyl-D-mannoside, pentanoic acid, 2-ethylhexyl ester, phenylethyl alcohol, L-alpha-terpineol, 2-furanethanol., beta-ethoxy-, Quinolin-2-ol, 6-methoxy-4-methyl-, 3-(3,3-Dimethyloxiran-2-yl)-2,2-dimethylpropionic acid, ethyl ester, decane, 5-ethyl-5-methyl-, (1Ar-(1aalpha,4abeta,8as(*)))-4a,8,8-trimethyloctahydrobenzo(c)cyclopropa(d)pyran-2,4-dione, n-hexadecanoic acid, trans-geranylgeraniol, and N,N-dimethyl-4-nitroso-3-(trimethylsilyl)aniline were shown in the GC–MS profile, which have far-reaching medicinal roles. Conclusion: This is evident that the molecules do represent the medicinal role of Madhukasavam as a digestive formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The study aims at understanding the types of molecules present in one Ayurvedic formulation, Dantyarishtam by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Materials and Methods: Dantyarishtam was procured from standard Ayurvedic vendor at Chennai and was subjected to GC-MS analysis by standard procedure. Results: The GC-MS profile indicated the presence of some important biomolecules of medicinal importance such as heptanoic acid, L-Isoleucine, ethyl ester, Ethyl hydrogen succinate, 4-Ethyl hydrogen itaconate, 3-(3,3-Dimethyloxiran-2-yl)-2,2-dimethylpropionic acid, ethyl ester, pentanoic acid, 2-ethylhexyl ester, acetic acid, (3-methyl-2-nitrophenyl)methyl ester, Benzeneethanol, 4-hydroxy-, 2,5-di-tert-Butylaniline, Disulfide, di-tert-dodecyl, Methyl 4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoate, octadecanoic acid, 3-Hydroxy-4-decenoic acid, 9-(tetrahydropyran-2-yl)oxy-, 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl ester, and Z-10-Methyl-11-tetradecen1-ol propionate. Conclusion: The biomolecules present do have medicinal roles which represent the role of Dantyarishtam as a potent digestive formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]