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During female adolescence and pregnancy, rising levels of hormones result in a cyclic source of signals that control the development of mammary tissue. While such alterations are well understood from a whole-gland perspective, the alterations that such hormones bring to organoid cultures derived from mammary glands have yet to be fully mapped. This is of special importance given that organoids are considered suitable systems to understand cross species breast development. Here we utilized single-cell transcriptional profiling to delineate responses of murine and human normal breast organoid systems to female hormones across evolutionary distinct species. Collectively, our study represents a molecular atlas of epithelial dynamics in response to estrogen and pregnancy hormones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental medicine is an often-overlooked area of focus when approaching complex, chronically ill patient presentations. This case involves a 64-year-old female who presented to the National University of Natural Medicine teaching clinic with long term complaints of fatigue, brain fog, chronic sinusitis, and gastrointestinal disturbances including small intestine bacterial overgrowth of unknown origin. Both previously completed and newly obtained laboratory evaluation revealed extensive hormonal and gastrointestinal imbalances; the patient was recommended targeted treatments for each separate diagnosis without notable improvements. Upon an ND student's thorough review of the patient's history, it was gathered that she had a long-time exposure to mold and mycotoxins in her home that was verified with testing and ultimately required remediation. The role of mycotoxins in chronic and systemic illness has gained increasing notoriety due to multiple mechanisms and effects on host systems. This report focuses on their role in chronic illness and ways to approach their resolution with a comprehensive approach beyond the use of gastrointestinal binders, as well as highlighting the often-long recovery timeline in these complex cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cadaveric computed tomography (CT) image segmentation is a difficult task to solve, especially when applied to whole‐body image volumes. Traditional algorithms require preprocessing using registration, or highly conserved organ morphologies. These requirements cannot be fulfilled by cadaveric specimens, so deep learning must be used to overcome this limitation. Further, the widespread use of 2D algorithms for volumetric data ignores the role of anatomical context. The use of 3D spatial context for volumetric segmentation of CT scans as well as the anatomical context required to optimize the segmentation has not been adequately explored. Purpose: To determine whether 2D slice‐by‐slice UNet algorithms or 3D volumetric UNet (VNet) algorithms provide a more effective method for segmenting 3D volumes, and to what extent anatomical context plays in the segmentation of soft‐tissue organs in cadaveric, noncontrast‐enhanced (NCE) CT. Methods: We tested five CT segmentation algorithms: 2D UNets with and without 3D data augmentation (3D rotations) as well as VNets with three levels of anatomical context (implemented via image downsampling at 1X, 2X, and 3X) for their performance via 3D Dice coefficients, and Hausdorff distance calculations. The classifiers were trained to segment the kidneys and liver and the performance was evaluated using Dice coefficient and Hausdorff distance on the segmentation versus the ground truth annotation. Results: Our results demonstrate that VNet algorithms perform significantly better (p<0.05$p<0.05$) than 2D models. Among the VNet classifiers, those that use some level of image downsampling outperform (as calculated through Dice coefficients) the VNet without downsampling. Additionally, the optimal amount of downsampling depends on the target organ. Conclusions: Anatomical context is an important component of soft‐tissue, multi‐organ segmentation in cadaveric, NCE CT imaging of the whole body. Different amounts of anatomical contexts are optimal depending on the size, position, and surrounding tissue of the organ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper interrogates whether technical democracy is well-suited to contend with possible technical controversies, including the increasing prevalence of EdTech in public schooling. Drawing across Habermasian 'deliberative democracy' that seeks consensus-derived resolution, as well as more agonistic approaches that embrace conflict as the means for pursuing pluralistic values, we use this paper to problematise technical democracy for its potential to produce agonistic and pluralistic im/possibilities. Drawing on case studies developed from our previous research into digital platforms and infrastructures, we consider what an alternative to technical democracy might offer towards realising democratic ideals through what we call technical agonism. Using these thinking tools, we argue that a move towards technical agonism would centre dissension and scepticism as fundamental features of liberal democratic institutions, while also providing opportunities for schooling to be reimagined in ways that are more democratic and ethical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are still numerous problems with modern joint replacement prostheses, which negatively influence patient health and recovery. For example, it is especially important to avoid failures and complications following hip arthroplasty because the loss of hip joint function is commonly associated with increased demand on the healthcare system, reoperation, loss of independence, physical disability, and death. The current study uses hip arthroplasty as a model system to present a new strategy of computationally generating patient-specific statistical reconstructions of complete healthy anatomical structures from computed tomography (CT) scans of damaged anatomical structures. The 3D model morphological data were evaluated from damaged femurs repaired with prosthetic devices and the respective damaged femurs that had been restored using statistical reconstruction. The results from all morphological measurements (i.e., maximum femoral length, Hausdorff distance, femoral neck anteversion, length of rotational center divergence, and angle of inclination) indicated that the values of femurs repaired with traditional prostheses did not fall within the +/−3 standard deviations of the respective patient-specific healthy anatomical structures. These results demonstrate that there are quantitative differences in the morphology of femurs repaired with traditional prostheses and the morphology of patient-specific statistical reconstructions. This approach of generating patient-specific statistical reconstructions of healthy anatomical structures might help to inform prosthetic designs so that new prostheses more closely resemble natural healthy morphology and preserve biomechanical function. Additionally, the patient-specific statistical reconstructions of healthy anatomical structures might be valuable for surgeons in that prosthetic devices could be selected and positioned to more accurately restore natural biomechanical function. All in all, this contribution establishes the novel approach of generating patient-specific statistical reconstructions of healthy anatomical structures from the CT scans of individuals' damaged anatomical structures to improve treatments and patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development's (OECD) PISA for Schools assessment. Our first substantive focus is a descriptive and analytical account of changes and developments in the functioning of this ground-breaking assessment since its creation in 2012. These changes include an expansion of the number and diversity of participating schools and countries, the introduction of a 'user-pays' model, the enhanced role of edtech firms and an explicit capacity-building focus, which we argue helps to strengthen an instrument constituency for the broader OECD testing regime. The second focus of the paper is the impact of PISA for Schools on changing modes of educational governance, situated against emerging spatialities of globalisation. Here, we provide an analysis using the concept of 'by-passes', which we elaborate as spatial, governance and systemic, to understand the new topological spatialities of globalisation and the global governance effects of these specific by-passes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents topological genealogy (TG) as a methodology to research transnational digital governance, and particularly how digital infrastructures are implicated in enacting such forms of governance. Inspired by the field of social topology, TG is centrally interested in investigating the conjoined production of digital infrastructures and present-day education policymaking as governance; as well as how both produce, and are produced by, processes of flows and change. Notably, the TG methodology helps to disentangle digital governance in, through and as change. Through a worked example of the European Commission's eTwinning platform, the article shows TG in action, and complements the topological analysis with methodological foregroundings. These show how the methodology impacts as much the fabrication of research data and its subsequent analysis as it impacts the doings of the researcher. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reviews the development of the American Board of Medical Specialties subspecialty in neurocritical care (NCC) and describes the requirements for certification and the results of the first certification examination administered in October 2021. The American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology (ABPN) is the administrative board, and the sponsoring boards are the American Board of Anesthesiology (ABA), American Board of Emergency Medicine (ABEM), American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM), and American Board of Neurological Surgery. The American Board of Medical Specialties approved the subspecialty in 2018, and the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education developed and approved the training requirements in 2021. The fellowship programs are either 12 or 24 months in length and may become available in Academic Year 2022–2023. The first NCC examination was developed by a multispecialty group of subject matter experts following established test development procedures and was successfully administered to 1,011 candidates in October 2021. There were 406 (40.2%) ABIM candidates, 356 (35.2%) ABPN candidates, 208 (20.6%) ABA candidates, and 41 (4.1%) ABEM candidates. The end-of-test survey indicated that most examinees were satisfied with their test taking experience, and the.92 reliability index indicated that the test scores were reliable. An established process was also followed to set the criterion-referenced passing standard, and the resulting pass rate of 72.7% was judged to be reasonable. In summary, the combined efforts of representatives from the ABPN, ABA, ABEM, ABIM, and American Board of Neurological Surgery yielded a quality assessment instrument to identify physicians who possess the expertise required to be certified in NCC. The test development committee will continue to expand and improve the pool of test questions for the next examination, which is scheduled for October 2022. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continuing professional development (CPD) is important to ensure teachers continuously maintain and update the best practice knowledge and skills needed for the profession. Limited research into CPD in physical education (PE-CPD) suggests that current provisions are largely ineffective, particularly regarding access, and the specific teaching of motor skills (e.g. throw, catch, run). Improved PE-CPD is clearly needed, and online programmes may provide a promising avenue for more accessible and effective delivery. Digital models of PE-CPD are in the early stages of use, and as yet we know very little about PE teachers' experiences of online CPD. Thus, the present study aimed to (i) explore elementary school PE teachers' perceptions of online PE-CPD; and (ii) provide recommendations on the development and provision of future online PE-CPD, with a particular focus on motor skill instruction and assessment. Twenty-two PE teachers participated in focus group discussions, which were analysed in NVivo 11 using an inductive thematic approach. Three major themes and several subthemes were developed from the data. First, there was significant teacher motivation and perceived need for online PE-CPD, mainly in relation to accessibility. Second, and despite this perceived need, teachers reported considerable caution around its use, especially regarding a perceived lack of a 'community of practice'. Third, teachers provided multiple suggestions for future online PE-CPD design and delivery, including that it: (i) be evidence-based; (ii) provide pedagogical content knowledge and not just content knowledge; (iii) be informed by teachers and translatable to practice; (iv) facilitate communities of practice; (v) be interactive; (vi) be simple to navigate; and (vii) be highly visual. It is clear from teacher feedback that while online PE-CPD provides new opportunities, there are still significant limitations. This research provides novel insights and valuable recommendations that could optimise the success of future online PE-CPD offerings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Water-uptake can be suppressed in methacrylate-based dental composites. • Hydrolytic degradation can be suppressed in methacrylate-based dental composites. • All-hydrocarbon nanogels can be incorporated into labile polymer network. • Incorporated nanogels do not change dental resin formulation. • Water-uptake and degradation depends on nanogel loading level. The objective of this study was to demonstrate an approach with potential to increase the life of dental restorative polymers in water, by maintaining their strength and toughness with varied content of inert or reactive styrenic pre-polymeric additives. It was hypothesized that addition of styrene-co-divinylbenzene nanogels to a conventional dimethacrylate resin (e.g. TEGDMA) would reduce its susceptibility towards hydrolytic degradation, while maintaining equivalent mechanical properties. Polymerization kinetics and functional group conversions were determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Triple-detection gel permeation chromatography was used for nanogel particle characterization. A goniometer was used to measure water contact angle on experimental and control photocured polymers. Hydrolytic degradation and mass loss evaluation was performed after extended water storage of an intentionally hydrolytically degradable polymer. Resin viscosity was determined rheometrically and polymer mechanical properties were evaluated using three-point flexural testing with TEGDMA-nanogel formulations. The polymer network with highest level of nanogel loading (50 wt%) and the highest level of internal nanogel crosslinking (50 mol%) had the lowest degree of equilibrium swelling ratio and mass loss. The flexural modulus and ultimate strength of polymerized TEGDMA and styrenic nanogel-modified TEGDMA were not statistically different (p > 0.05). Due to improved shielding throughout the bulk of methacrylate-based polymers, including an example with an intentionally hydrolytically labile network structure, and a dramatic decrease of water uptake while maintaining equivalent mechanical properties, styrenic nanogel additives especially in high loading levels provide an excellent alternative to eliminate the adverse effects of water and presumably salivary fluids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Future space missions, such as return from Mars, will require entry speeds of the order of 15 km/s. These harsh conditions are dominated by radiative heat flux and have large modeling uncertainties related to radiative coupling, such as precursor radiation and ablation radiation coupling. These conditions have also never been tested in a flight scenario and have limited ground testing data available. This study investigates the feasibility of generating these conditions in the X2 expansion tube at the University of Queensland so that these flows can be tested over scaled test models for the study of shock relaxation, heat flux, shock standoff, or ablation. This paper presents a theoretical performance map of the X2 facility for the generation of these conditions before it presents some of the unique issues that may be encountered when generating and investigating them. Some preliminary experimental data are then presented, showing that these 15 km/s equivalent flight speed test conditions can be generated in X2 within the current performance limits of the facility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global navigation satellite system (GNSS) signals are vulnerable to radio frequency interference (RFI) and spoofing. RFI detection has become trivial with many detection algorithms available and built into GNSS receivers; this is not the case with spoofing. GNSS spoofing can involve generating false GNSS signals with one or more altered components of GNSS satellite transmissions: radio frequency (RF) carrier, pseudorandom noise codes, and/or the broadcast navigation messages. We present GNSS interferometric reflectometry (GNSS‐IR) signature‐based defense: a new methodology to defend wireless space‐based positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) transmissions against spoofing by leveraging existing, fixed GNSS receivers used in GNSS‐dependent critical infrastructure and key resource sectors. GNSS‐IR signature‐enabled defense provides spoofing and RFI detection without any changes to existing architecture by conducting input validation of GNSS receiver observables against the generated GNSS‐IR truth calibration signatures. This paper includes an overview of the theory, methodology, and results of live‐sky signature variability experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our aim in this paper is to examine how standards-based reforms (SBRs) relating to teachers and teaching are being constituted in Australia and the US. Our focus is not the specific impacts of these policies as enacted practices in schools or teacher training institutions, but rather the dynamics of policy production, with a specific focus on how federally-driven policies have been assembled in each country. Bringing together the notion of 'global forms' with the dual concepts of 'political rationality' and 'political technology' from governmentality studies, we consider SBRs as a global techno-scientific form that coheres at the level of political rationality and which can be abstracted across contexts, but which also manifests in unique place-specific assemblages of political technologies. The global form of SBRs thus represents the logics by which policymakers may attempt to align and create commonality across systems in the search for standardisation, even if this can never be fully realised in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses emerging modes of educational governance constituted through new online platforms for teacher professional development. Specifically, I focus here on the OECD's PISA4U ('PISA for you'), an online professional learning platform comprising structured assignment modules and peer-to-peer collaborative activities based on PISA insights. I critically explore how the PISA4U platform, as both a data infrastructure and a new organisational form, forges new relations between otherwise unconnected schooling spaces and actors, and creates new markets and users for the OECD's educational testing, data and professional development services. Rather than simply providing an online forum for teacher dialogue, collaboration and learning, I conclude that PISA4U problematically enables the OECD to consolidate their status as the global expert in education by providing a technical and discursive platform from which to speak to the teaching profession, which risks displacing more professionally oriented forms of teacher knowledge and expertise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collaborative care can treat depression in HIV but existing studies have been limited by excluding patients with acute or severe depression. The purpose of this analysis is to determine if real-world implementation of collaborative care in HIV is associated with improvement in depression, and to identify correlates of depression outcomes. Collaborative care was implemented as part of a large practice transformation initiative. Change in depression, measured by PHQ-9 score, at baseline compared to 12 months post-enrollment was the outcome, which was operationalized as remission, response, and neither response nor remission. Bivariate and multivariate associations were assessed between several variables at baseline and the outcome. Out of 416, 99 (23.79%) patients remitted and 89 (21.39%) responded (without remission). In the bivariate analysis having a documented psychiatric comorbidity was associated with low remission [31 (16.58%)]; p = 0.008. Having generalized anxiety disorder was associated with low remission [18 (15.00%)] and response rates [26 (21.67%)]; p = 0.022. Having a substance use disorder (alcohol, cocaine, or amphetamine) – was associated with poor remission [29 (16.67%)] and response [33 (18.97%)]; p = 0.004. Social isolation was correlated with lower response and remission rates (p = 0.0022). In the multivariate analysis older age was associated with higher remission rates (OR: 1.10; 95% CI: 1.005–1.194) whereas being a Medicaid beneficiary (OR: 0.652; 95% CI: 1.123–2.797), having comorbid generalized anxiety disorder (OR: 0.267; 95% CI: 0.122–0.584) or a stimulant use disorder (cocaine [OR: 0.413; 95% CI: 0.222–0.926] or amphetamines [OR: 0.185; 95% CI: 0.037–0.766]), was associated with lower remission rates. We found that depression improved in our study subjects. We identified several modifiable correlates of depression outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The susceptibility of methacrylates to hydrolytic and enzymatic degradation may be a contributing factor limiting the clinical lifespan of resin composite restorations. The elimination of labile ester bonds is a potential advantage of methacrylamides, which have been shown to produce more stable restorative interfaces. The rationale of this study is to design hydrolytically and enzymatically stable adhesive monomers, with the added benefit of being able to form crosslinked networks. The objective of this study was to synthesize difunctional, hybrid methacrylate-methacrylamide monomers, and evaluate them as potential monomers for dental adhesives. HEMA, TEGDMA (controls) or secondary methacrylamides (HEMAM – commercially available, 2EM and 2dMM – newly synthesized) either bearing a hydroxyl group or a methacrylate functionality (Hybrids-Hy), were added at 40 mass% to bisGMA. The photoinitiator system consisted of 2-dimethoxyphenyl acetophenone (DMPA) and diphenyl iodonium hexafluorophosphate (DPI-PF6) at 0.2 and 0.4 mass%, respectively. Polymerization kinetics were followed in real-time by near-IR spectroscopy during light activation at 630 mW/cm2 for 300 s. Water sorption and solubility (WS, SL) were measured according to ISO 4049. Storage modulus in shear (G ′) for 300 s was obtained by oscillatory rheometry. For the microtensile bond strength (μTBS), fully formulated adhesives containing 40 vol% ethanol were used to restore caries-free human third molars. Bonded specimens with 1 mm2 cross-sectional area were tested after 48 h and 6 months storage in water at 37 °C. Single bond (SB) was tested as a commercial control. Data were analysed with one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test and Student's t -test (α = 0.05). In general, hybrid versions showed lower polymerization rate and degree of conversion, whereas the methacrylate controls, HEMA and TEGDMA, showed the highest values. The hybrid versions showed lower values of WS and SL than their monofunctional versions. HEMAM Hy showed the highest values of G′ and TEGDMA, 2EM, and 2dMM-Hy the lowest. The μTBS values between 48 h and 6 months were statistically reduced only for the HEMA and both 2dMM materials. The formulation containing the monofunctional methacrylamide (HEMAM) showed only 9% reduction in μTBS after 6 months of aging, while the other groups showed a decrease ranging between 18% and 33%. Overall, hybrid monomers showed lower reactivity than their analogous monofunctional versions, but had markedly lower water sorption. Shear storage modulus was affected differently by the addition of the second functionality. HEMAM-containing systems were able to maintain stable long-term dentin bond strength, which demonstrates that bonding stability is a result of the complex interplay among the factors studied. The novel monomers showed here are potential alternatives to the current methacrylate adhesives, with selected formulations presenting greater bond stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two recent jazz films, I Born to Be Blue i and I Miles Ahead i (focused on Chet Baker and Miles Davis, respectively), represent important departures from the standard formulas of jazz biopics. I Miles Ahead i similarly creates space between the protagonist Miles and Miles Davis the jazz icon by dramatizing Davis's efforts not to be rendered irrelevant by his own legend. Meanwhile, in the aforementioned argument, Frances reminds Miles of everything she does to support him, saying "you have never played better a day in your life and you know it."[10] Because Jane and Frances appear in such unambiguously positive lights, Chet and Miles's self-destructive actions come off as selfish rather than romantic. [Extracted from the article]

This paper examines the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development's (OECD) PISA for Schools, a local variant of the more-renowned 'main PISA' test that measures and compares individual school performance on reading, mathematics and science against international schooling systems. Here, I address the governance implications of how PISA for Schools data has been taken up by the transnational European Schools System (ESS). Drawing suggestively across new 'relational' thinking around data-driven modes of governance, as well as interviews with key policy actors within the ESS, I show how PISA for Schools reflects contradictory logics within the ESS, in which the inherently context-based goal of 'becoming European' is juxtaposed with the desire to employ decontextualised international evidence. I conclude by exploring how the perceived need for such data, associated with the global authority of the OECD, can produce a problematic focus on data-driven practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women received <5% of all US pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) prescriptions in 2016. Among 351 heterosexual women surveyed in Cleveland, Ohio, 14.5% were aware of PrEP, 20.5% knew where to access PrEP, 75.9% were willing to try PrEP, and 50.9% expressed interest in more information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present an extension to the Global Positioning System (GPS) broadcast navigation message user equations for computing GPS space vehicle (SV) velocity and acceleration. Although similar extensions have been published, the extension presented herein includes a distinct kinematic method for computing SV acceleration, which significantly reduces the complexity of the equations and improves the mean magnitude results by approximately one order of magnitude by including oblate Earth perturbation effects. Additionally, detailed analyses and validation results using multiple days of precise ephemeris data and multiple broadcast navigation messages are presented. Improvements in the equations for computing SV position are also included, removing ambiguity and redundancy in the existing user equations. The recommended changes make the user equations more complete and more suitable for implementation in a wide variety of programming languages employed by GPS users. Furthermore, relativistic SV clock error rate computation is enabled by the recommended equations. A complete, stand‐alone table of the equations in the format and notation of the GPS interface specification is provided, along with benchmark test cases to simplify implementation and verification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neurology deals with the function and dysfunction of the central and peripheral nervous systems, particularly regarding prophylaxis, therapy, and care, and involves novelty and research in the constant search for improvement. This is an important and powerful opportunity for the perception of neurology and care among age groups and should be an important stimulus to improve overall patient care and advocacy throughout the lifespan. In many countries of the world, pediatric neurology is considered part of neurology, while in some others, particularly in Europe, pediatric neurology is part of pediatrics. [Extracted from the article]

Calculates the structural and vibrational states of a prototype carbon monoxide adsorbate-substrate system from first principles within local density functional theory. Effect of the resonant coupling between adsorbate and substrate motions on the vibrational spectra; Impact of resonant coupling on the Rayleigh wave of the copper.

It is recognised that simulation-based education can be stressful, and this can impact negatively on learning. A fundamental aspect of facilitating simulation is creating a safe educational environment. Edmondson's seminal work on creating psychological safety among interpersonal teams has been embraced by the healthcare simulation community. Psychological safety is an underpinning philosophy for creating simulation experiences in which learners can develop within a stimulating and challenging yet supportive social atmosphere. Through careful design and thoughtful delivery, the introductory phase of simulation, the pre-briefing, can effectively prepare learners for simulation, reduce learner anxiety, and promote psychological safety, to enhance learning experiences. These twelve tips provide guidance for conducting a pre-brief and promoting a psychologically safe environment for simulation-based education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Reactive nanogels can be used as filler surface treatment of resin composites. • Nanogel filler-matrix interphase reduces polymerization stress of composites. • Reduced polymerization stress was obtained without effect on modulus or strength. This study probes how modifiedapproaches for filler surface treatment in dental composites based on alternative silanes and functional nanogel additives affects physicochemical properties of these materials with a focus on polymerization stress development. Nanogels were synthesized from isobornyl methacrylate, ethoxylated bisphenol-A dimethacrylate and isocyanatoethyl methacrylate followed by partial further reaction with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate to provide both isocyanate and methacrylate functionalization. A barium glass filler (˜1 μm particle size) was treated with either γ-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPS), N -methylaminopropyltrimethoxy (MAP) or N -allylaminopropyltrimethoxy (AAP) silanes. The reactive nanogels were then covalently attached to the aminosilane-treated fillers. Surface treatment was characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy (DR-IR). Composites were formulated with 60 wt% of the various functionalized fillers and the materials were evaluated for polymerization kinetics, polymerization stress (PS), volumetric shrinkage, mechanical properties and photorheology. Data were evaluated by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test at 5% significance level. Filler surface treatments were confirmed by TGA and DR-IR analyses. Nanogel-functionalized fillers significantly reduced PS up to 20%, while the degree of conversion and elastic modulus were not compromised. Similar storage modulus development during polymerization was observed among materials by photorheology although the rate of polymerization was significantly increased for nanogel-based treatments. A significant decrease in flexural strength was observed for amino functional silane groups; however, there was no statistical difference in strength for the MPS control group compared with the nanogel-modified composites. Filler surface treatment modified with a reactive nanogel enables significant PS reduction, without compromise to degree of conversion or mechanical properties of dental composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores how data-driven practices and logics have come to reshape the possibilities by which the teaching profession, and teaching professionals, can be known and valued. Informed by the literature and theorising around educational performativity, the constitutive power of numbers, and affective responses to data, it shows how different US educators experienced, and came to embody, new forms of numbers-based accountability. Drawing on interviews with teachers, and school- and district-level leaders, as well as relevant school-based documents, it is argued that such data are now both effective (i.e. they change 'what counts' within the profession) and affective (i.e. they produce new expectations for teachers to profess data-responsive dispositions over actual educative practices). This prevalence and use of data have combined not only to change teaching into a 'data profession', but also to change teachers into 'professors' of data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global Positioning System (GPS) data is vulnerable to radio frequency interference (RFI), spoofing, and cyber‐attacks. We can defend against these types of attacks by having alternate sources of positioning, navigation, and timing information. However, delays in detection can result in cascading, negative consequences to users. This is especially true with GPS‐dependent critical infrastructure and key resources. We propose a solution to close the gap between detection and alerting by leveraging data from existing continuously operating reference station (CORS) networks. Our approach is to develop a service that will utilize a combination of radio frequency (RF) and data integrity monitoring algorithms while addressing cyber hardening and latency needs. The service involves both auto and cross‐correlation of received signal strengths and the GPS broadcast navigation messages within CORS networks. We conducted an experiment monitoring a government approved GPS testing event to demonstrate the ability to use existing CORS networks to detect attacks on GPS data. © 2018 Institute of Navigation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents an analytical theory for low-frequency adsorbate vibration damping through resonant coupling to the substrate phonons. Provision of relaxation rate expression; Importance of resonant coupling in energy relaxation processes of surfaces; Role of the system fundamental properties in vibrational frequency.

Potassium niobate ( KNbO 3) is an important ferroelectric and photorefractive material that finds multiple nonlinear optical and photorefractive applications such as two-beam coupling and dynamic holography. We employ standard Density Functional Theory to examine two defect complexes in KNbO 3 doped with 3-d transition metals. These defect complexes involve the substitution of a Nb with a 3-d transition metal element and (1) a coordinating oxygen vacancy induced in the nearest-neighbor oxygen shell or (2) a non-coordinating oxygen vacancy induced in the supercell as far away as possible from substitution impurity. With the exception of Ti and V, the 3-d transition metal dopants studied here may represent viable dopants for purposes of extending the photorefractive spectral response of KNbO 3. Our results indicate that each of these complexes introduces defect states into the gap of KNbO 3. Furthermore, we notice that the distribution of impurity states changes quite systematically across the 3-d transition metal row, and we note the effects of the disruption of the crystal field in the case of the coordinating O vacancy on the position and ordering of defect states within the gap. Substituting KNbO3 with transition metal ions can, therefore, significantly affect its optical and infrared properties, exemplifying how a detailed understanding of the electronic structure can be an important tool in tailoring the properties of this material for ferroelectric and photorefractive applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines emerging techniques of educational governance - based on time, difference and potential - enabled by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development’s PISA-based Test for Schools (‘PISA for Schools’). I show how PISA for Schools facilitates the production of difference through comparative test data, allowing educators to imagine, and bring about, different potential futures. Drawing on Deleuze’s thinking around forms of difference, and the governance function of potentiality, and informed by interviews with key PISA for Schools policy actors, I illustrate how the visualisation of difference produces a local desire amongst schools and educators to become other than they currently are across multiple temporalities, and how this ‘impetus to action’ makes new actions and futures possible. This constitutes what I theorise as ‘governing through difference and potential’, where the underlying logic is for teachers to work on themselves in the present to continually improve the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research reports how a particular school reform initiative - 'Project 600' - constituted students in one school region Queensland, Australia. Drawing upon topological understandings of power and recent work on the visualisation of data in education, as well as the insights of key staff involved in the project, we reveal the complex and contradictory ways in which so-called 'invisible' (i.e., 'averageperforming') students were made 'visible' through data. On the one hand, Project 600 enabled teachers to see these students as learners and beyond broader pressures to enhance results on standardised testing (i.e., beyond data). However, associated processes of datafication meant that these students' 'visibility' as holistic learners was simultaneously challenged, as their schools and region came to be increasingly governed through data. These students were then at risk of becoming 'invisible' in a different sense, as processes of commensuration and visualisation of data contributed to them being constituted as data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we use the development of the Australian Professional Standards for Teachers (APST) as an illustrative case to examine how national schooling reforms are assembled in Australia’s federal system. Drawing upon an emerging body of research on ‘policy assemblage’ within the fields of policy sociology, anthropology and critical geography, we focus on interactions between three dominant ‘component parts’ in the development of the APST: the Australian federal government; New South Wales state government agencies; and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. While policies like the APST claim to be national in form and scope, our analysis suggests ‘the national’ is much more disjunctive and nebulous, constituted by a heterogeneous and emergent assemblage of policy ideas, practices, actors and organisations, which often reflecttransnationaltraits and impulses. We thus see national reforms such as the APST as having a phantom-like nature, which poses challenges for researchers seeking to understand the making of national policies in federal systems. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper examines the development and administration of Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) for Schools – a new testing instrument of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development – to demonstrate the relevance of heterarchical processes to educational governance. Drawing suggestively across new ‘relational’ thinking around policy networks, and new spatialities associated with globalisation, the research shows how PISA for Schools helps constitute new spaces and relations of, and for, educational governance. Informed by policy documents and interviews conducted with 33 key actors across the PISA for Schools policy cycle, I show how PISA for Schools typifies contemporary educational policy-making and governance via the export of ‘statework’ to private actors and agencies, including intergovernmental organisations, philanthropic foundations and edu-businesses. I conclude by considering how treating PISA for Schools, and other similar education services, as a ‘product’ produces a potentially dangerous blurring of public and private benefits, with the potential that (private) profit might ultimately trump (public) education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As China continues to open up to the transnational circulation of labor, ideas, technology and capital under globalization, we must wonder: will Chinese society's more cosmopolitan and transnational groups continue to be guided by guanxi? The authors conducted 40 in-depth interviews with Chinese physicists at 11 research universities in three cities in order to examine the role of ethics, including guanxi, in the professional lives of one of China's most cosmopolitan populations, the elite scientific community. Analysis reveals, counter-intuitively, that Chinese physicists very much think about guanxi in relation to their research grants and scientific collaboration, that the ethical connotation of guanxi is contextual, and that some see it as a double-edged sword. They realize that guanxi can empower the individual scientist and the scientific community even as it weakens them both. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the causative agent of the sexually transmitted disease gonorrhoeae, possesses several mobile genetic elements (MGEs). The MGEs such as transposable elements mediate intrachromosomal rearrangements, while plasmids and the gonococcal genetic island are involved in interchromosomal gene transfer. Additionally, gonococcal MGEs serve as hotspots for recombination and integration of other genetic elements such as bacteriophages, contribute to gene regulation or spread genes through gonococcal populations by horizontal gene transfer. In this review, we summarise the literature on the structure and biology of MGEs and discuss how these genetic elements may play a role in the pathogenesis and spread of antimicrobial resistance in N. gonorrhoeae. Although an abundance of information about gonococcal MGEs exists (mainly from whole genome sequencing and bioinformatic analysis), there are still many open questions on how MGEs influence the biology of N. gonorrhoeae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides insights into teachers’ and school administrators’ responses to the current ‘fetishisation’ of school performance data in Australian schooling. Specifically, the research investigates the accountability practices that emerged in a Queensland metropolitan primary school in response to this broader focus upon performance data. Drawing upon interviews with teachers and school administrators, literature and theorising on educational performativity and data, and Bourdieu’s theory of practice, the article reveals how performative, data-driven practices play out at the level of the school. This process reveals a ‘field of schooling practices’ characterised by contradictory and contested logics of deifying, delivering and denying data. We describe this as the ‘doublethink of data’, involving teachers engaging with performative processes for purposes of compliance but without any real sense of the value of doing so. The research reveals the extraordinary energy involved in this work, and cautions against these performative practices and associated technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article draws upon recent theorising of the ‘becoming topological’ of space– specifically, how new social spaces are constituted through relations rather than physical locations – to explore how standardised data, and specifically test data, have influenced teachers’ work and learning. We outline the varied ways in which teacher practices at a primary school in Queensland, Australia, were actively constituted through processes of ‘tracking data’ and ‘keeping data on-track’, and how teachers were simultaneously being disciplined, or ‘tracked’, by these very same data. Our analyses suggest that what appear to be more ‘technical’ activities and tasks of ‘using’ data are, in fact, actively constituted modes of governance, enabled through and deployed by ongoing practices of comparison and topological respatialisation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper explores Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) for Schools, a local variant of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD’s) influential PISA that not only assesses an individual school’s performance in reading, mathematics and science against international schooling systems, but also promotes 17 identical examples of ‘best practice’ from ‘world class’ schooling systems (e.g. Shanghai-China, Singapore). Informed by 33 semi-structured interviews with actors across the PISA for Schools policy cycle, and supplemented by the analysis of relevant documents, the paper provides an account of how these concrete examples of best practice are represented in the report received by participating schools. Drawing upon thinking around processes of commensuration and the notion of ‘governing by examples’, the paper argues that PISA for Schools discursively positions participating schools as somehow being commensurable with successful schooling systems, eliding any sense that certain cultural and historical factors – or ‘out of school’ factors – are inexorably linked to student performance. Beyond encouraging the problematic school-level borrowing of policies and practices from contextually distinct schooling systems, I argue that this positions the OECD as both the global expert on education policy and now, with PISA for Schools, the local expert on ‘what works’. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thermal protection system of a reentry vehicle must endure extreme heating loads, leading to high surface temperatures and associated phenomena such as thermochemical ablation. Accurate modeling and prediction of these processes are critical for determining heat-shield sizing requirements; however, large uncertainties still remain. Due to the high costs associated with flight tests, ground testing remains an economical option for addressing these uncertainties. In this study, experiments with electrically preheated graphite samples are conducted in the University of Queensland's X-2 expansion tunnel. Calibrated spectral measurements of the shock-layer emissions are taken in the wavelength region of 353 to 391 nm, targeting the carbon-nitrogen violet band for surface temperatures from 1770 to 2410 K. It is observed that carbon-nitrogen concentrations clearly increased within the boundary layer at higher surface temperatures. Numerical simulations fail to reproduce this behavior and instead indicate that production should be relatively constant. Increased levels of carbon-nitrogen radiation with surface temperature are also found throughout the entire shock layer and even the freestream, another observation that is not predicted by the simulations. It is proposed that this effect is due to spallation; however, further experiments are required to verify this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Apple Teacher users are both producers and consumers of content, or prosumers. • Apple leveraging the need for remote learning during COVID school disruptions. • Apple Teacher repositions Apple as a global education authority and expert. Although COVID-19 has intensified clear global trends towards the digitalisation of schooling and the increasing role of information technology in education, a less obvious consequence has been the shift to online professional learning for teachers themselves. Informed by an emerging critical literature of digital education platforms, this paper will explore how Apple Teacher – the digital learning platform of the US technology giant, Apple Inc. – forges new marketised and platformed relations between schooling spaces and actors. I argue that Apple Teacher helps Apple to maximise its policy relevance, allowing it to leverage its global brand recognition to compellingly promote a particular vision of teacher knowledge and expertise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors discuss the importance of regular physical activity in improving the quality and quantity of life. Topics covered include the number of calories burned per week by brisk walking for twenty minutes a day, the safe performance of resistance training, and the health benefits of resistance training for middle-aged and older adults. Also mentioned are total daily energy expenditure accounted for by resting metabolism and improved appetite control with increased physical activity.

This article examines the OECD's new PISA-based Test for Schools ("PISA for Schools") program. PISA for Schools is part of the expanding education work of the OECD, building upon main PISA to enable school-to-schooling system comparisons. We examine the development of PISA for Schools, the nature of the instrument, and some initial effects of its introduction. Our theoretical framework focuses on new spatialities associated with globalization and the emergence of topological rationalities and heterarchical modes of governance. We analyze 33 interviews with personnel at the OECD and relevant edu-businesses, not-for-profit organizations, and philanthropic foundations. Pertinent documents and web-based media are also analyzed. We suggest that PISA for Schools provides an exemplary demonstration of heterarchical governance, in which vertical policy mechanisms open up horizontal spaces for new policy actors. It also creates commensurate spaces of comparison and governance, enabling the OECD to "reach into " school-level spaces and directly influence local educational practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In its basal state, KEAP1 binds the transcription factor NRF2 (Kd = 5 nM) and promotes its degradation by ubiquitylation. Changes in the redox environment lead to modification of key cysteines within KEAP1, resulting in NRF2 protein accumulation and the transcription of genes important for restoring the cellular redox state. Using phage display and a computational loop grafting protocol, we engineered a monobody (R1) that is a potent competitive inhibitor of the KEAP1–NRF2 interaction. R1 bound to KEAP1 with a Kd of 300 pM and in human cells freed NRF2 from KEAP1 resulting in activation of the NRF2 promoter. Unlike cysteine-reactive small molecules that lack protein specificity, R1 is a genetically encoded, reversible inhibitor designed specifically for KEAP1. R1 should prove useful for studying the role of the KEAP1–NRF2 interaction in several disease states. The structure-based phage display strategy employed here is a general approach for engineering high-affinity binders that compete with naturally occurring interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a serendipitous special issue ofDiscourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, focusing on the rise of large-scale international testing and performance data in school system accountability and the effects that such changes have produced in education policy and research. These developments are theorised in terms of the reworking of the State and networked modes of governance, including the increased involvement of edu-businesses in education policy-making and enactment, and the emergence of new topological spatialities and connectivities associated with globalisation. We contend that the prevalence of international large-scale assessments has greatly enhanced the mutual ‘visibility’ between participating national (and subnational) schooling systems within a commensurate space of measurement, which in turn makes possible new ways of acting in light of ‘evidence-informed’ policy-making. This analysing and theorising serves to both contextualise and introduce the papers included in this special issue. The paper closes by considering the implications of such developments on education policy and research, and how this necessitates the development for a new approach for researchers engaged in policy analysis, now and into the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]