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Manganese (Mn) oxides are promising cathode materials for rechargeable aqueous Zn‐ion batteries. However, the Mn dissolution in weakly acidic electrolytes always hinders the development of better aqueous Zn–Mn batteries. Herein, a hydroxylated manganese oxide cathode material (H‐MnO2) is fabricated using an electrochemical method for stable aqueous Zn–Mn batteries without relying on the Mn2+ electrolyte additives. The partial hydroxylation of the oxides leads to charge redistribution of the material, changing the reaction thermodynamics and kinetics. Theoretical simulation suggests that the hydroxylation of manganese oxide promotes both Zn2+ adsorption thermodynamics and diffusion kinetics on the surface of H‐MnO2 but weakens the interaction between H+ and the electrode. Therefore, Zn2+ ions can be more reactive with the hydroxylated manganese oxide than H+ ions. Experimental results show that the Zn2+ insertion mechanism dominates the charge storage process of H‐MnO2, and the H+‐induced Mn dissolution reaction is effectively alleviated. Importantly, H‐MnO2 exhibits good cycling stability with 95% capacity retention over 5000 cycles at the current density of 3.8 A g−1 in the ZnSO4 electrolyte, outperforming the state‐of‐the‐art aqueous Zn–Mn batteries, even those with Mn2+ electrolyte additives. The findings provide new insights for designing stable manganese oxide cathodes in aqueous Zn–Mn batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aqueous batteries with high safety and cost efficiency usually employ metallic cations as charge carriers. Recently, ammonium (NH4+) ion batteries using the nonmetal NH4+ as a charge carrier exhibit distinct electrochemical features from conventional aqueous batteries. Herein, the electrochemical performances of a bimetallic hydroxide material are systematically studied with different charge carriers in the electrolytes, including NH4+, as well as the conventional monovalent metallic cations K+ and Na+, respectively. Electrochemical results indicate that the charge storage process using NH4+ as the working ions exhibits a higher discharge plateau, smaller electrochemical polarization, and larger discharge capacity than that using conventional metallic charge carriers. Experimental characterizations and theoretical calculations suggest that the strong interaction between NH4+ and the electrode material, as well as the low NH4+‐ion diffusion barrier lead to these superior electrochemical features. The assembled NH4+‐ion battery exhibits a good energy density of 123 Wh kg(cathode+anode)−1 at the power density of 480 W kg(cathode+anode)−1. These fundamental findings are important for developing good safety, low‐cost, and high‐energy aqueous batteries with sustainable NH4+ charge carriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Light‐harvesting system is an important way for capturing, transferring and utilizing light energy. It remains a key challenge to develop highly efficient artificial light‐harvesting systems. Herein, we report a supramolecular co‐assembly based on 5,10,15,20‐tetrakis (4‐hydroxyphenyl) porphyrin (THPP) and fluorescein derivatives as an artificial light‐harvesting systems. The assemblies use fluorescein derivatives as a donor and porphyrin (THPP) as an acceptor unit by covalent linkage and achieved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) owing to their strong spectral overlap and short distance. Firstly, three linkers of different chain lengths were synthesized through bromoalkane, and three fluorescein derivatives were obtained by connecting the linker and fluorescein through covalent bonds according to the principle of substitution reaction. Then, FRET systems between fluorescein derivatives and THPP were developed. As a result, a nanocapsule with an ultrathin shell designed for mimicking natural light‐harvesting systems was successfully constructed based on the covalent assembly of donor molecule called fluorescein and acceptor molecule called THPP. To our delight, the covalent FRET probes achieved enhanced energy transfer and a longer fluorescence lifetime. The covalent FRET probes also showed the obvious growth inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus cells in photodynamic antibacterial. Therefore, this study provides a new and efficient strategy to construct artificial light‐harvesting systems and they hold great promise for photophysical and photochemical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A numerical model is established to study the influence of anchor rod configuration on anchoring performance. • Anchoring experiments with different anchor rods are carried out to verify the numerical model's accuracy. • The anchoring performance of the anchor rods with different configurations is analysed. • The optimal anchor rod configuration is obtained by optimising the numerical model. Due to the microgravity environment of the asteroid surface, the asteroid probe needs to connect with the asteroid surface by an anchoring device to provide enough anchoring force for in situ exploration. Compared with other anchoring methods, drilling anchors have the advantages of adaptability, reliability, and reusability. The anchor rod is the key component of the drilling anchor, and its configuration directly affects the anchoring performance. A numerical model is established based on cavity expansion theory to investigate the influence of the anchor rod configuration on the anchoring performance. Five kinds of anchor rods with different cross-section shapes are selected to conduct anchoring experiments. The numerical model calculation results are compared with the experimental results to verify the numerical model's accuracy. The anchoring performance of the anchor rod with different cross-sections, rotation angles, axial sections, and torsion angles is analysed. The optimal anchor rod configuration is obtained by optimizing the numerical model. The anchor rod with a rectangular cross-section and axial-section and no torsion has the best anchoring performance. This work provides a new approach to calculate and evaluate the anchoring performance of various anchor rod configurations of anchoring devices during the asteroid exploration process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient synthesis of functional nanomaterials for simple, sensitive, and accurate colorimetric detection of chromate [Cr(VI)] has attracted great interest due to the toxicity of Cr(VI). Here, novel covalently assembled iron porphyrins (CAIPs) are fabricated through covalently cross‐linking reaction between iron‐tetra‐(4‐hydroxy‐phenyl) porphyrin and three different cross‐linkers based on 3,3´‐dithiodipropionic acid. The results show that CAIPs have a spherical vesicle framework with favorable dimensional structure and enzymatic activity. In the presence of H2O2, CAIPs exhibit high peroxidase‐like activity toward 3,3´,5,5´‐tetramethylbenzidine. Based on these findings, CAIPs are used as an efficient colorimetric catalyst for the sensitive and selective detection of Cr(VI) with a detection limit about 23 nm. The feasibility of this method for real‐water samples is verified by a standard addition experiment. This system further facilitates the developments of nanomaterial, and its application in colorimetric detection fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anxious depression is one of the subtypes of major depressive disorder (MDD), usually defined as "patients with MDD and high levels of anxiety symptoms". Compared to non-anxious MDD (naMDD), patients with anxious MDD (aMDD) have more severe depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation, worse treatment outcomes and remission rates, and poorer prognosis. Current research suggests that the Papez circuit is an important brain structure closely related to emotion, memory, and cognition. This study applied DTI to explore the altered white matter integrity in Papez circuit of patients with aMDD. DTI data were acquired from 30 medication-naive outpatients with naMDD and 55 with aMDD and 88 demographically similar healthy control (HC) subjects. Voxel-based analysis (VBM) and region of interest (ROI) analysis were conducted to explore the significant difference of fractional anisotropy (FA) values among 3 groups. Pearson's correlations were performed to analyze the correlation between FA values and the score of HAMA-14 and HAMD-17. We found that aMDD patients had significantly higher FA values in left fornix (belong to Papez circuit) and left posterior thalamic radiation and right anterior corona radiata (belong to limbic-thalamo-cortical circuitry) compared with HC. And there was variability in the white matter integrity in right posterior thalamic radiation (belong to limbic-thalamo-cortical circuitry) and left fornix (belong to Papez circuit) between aMDD and naMDD patients. The cross-sectional study and the population vary between aMDD group and naMDD group are limitations. Abnormal white matter integrity in Papez circuit and Limbic-Thalamo-Cortical circuitry may play an important role in the neuropathology of aMDD and might help to identify aMDD. • Anxious depression patients had significantly higher FA values in left fornix (belong to Papez circuit) and left posterior thalamic radiation and right anterior corona radiata (belong to Limbic-Thalamo-Cortical circuitry) compared with healthy controls. • There was variability in the white matter integrity in right posterior thalamic radiation and left fornix between anxious depression and non-anxious MDD patients. • Abnormal white matter integrity in Papez circuit and Limbic-Thalamo-Cortical circuitry may play an important role in the neuropathology of anxious depression and might help to identify anxious depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibiotic contamination in water bodies poses ecological risks to aquatic organisms and humans and is a global environmental issue. Persulfate-based advanced oxidation processes (PS-AOPs) are efficient for the removal of antibiotics. Sustainable biochar materials have emerged as potential candidates as persulfates (Peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and Peroxydisulfate (PDS)) activation catalysts to degrade antibiotics. In this review, the feasibility of pristine biochar and modified biochar (non-metal heteroatom-doped biochar and metal-loaded biochar) for the removal of antibiotics in PS-AOPs is evaluated through a critical analysis of recent research. The removal performances of biochar materials, the underlying mechanisms, and active sites involved in the reactions are studied. Lastly, sustainability considerations for future biochar research, including Sustainable Development Goals, technical feasibility, toxicity assessment, economic and life cycle assessment, are discussed to promote the large-scale application of biochar/PS technology. This is in line with the global trends in ensuring sustainable production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A retrospective analysis of occupational exposure to ionizing radiation from medical uses and industrial uses in the three provinces of Central China from 2000 to 2021 was conducted. The average annual effective dose in medical uses and industrial uses decreased from 2.042 mSv and 2.334 mSv in 2000–2002 to 0.476 mSv and 0.371 mSv in 2021 respectively; the fraction of monitored workers receiving annual dose not exceeding 1 mSv increased from 60.78% and 74.45% in 2000–2002 to 94.20% and 96.85% in 2021 respectively, while receiving annual doses exceeding 20 mSv declined from 1.35% and 1.91% in 2000–2002 to 0.18% and 0.03% in 2021 respectively. The average annual effective dose and NR 20 in the period 2000–2021 were relatively high in professional public health institutions (0.955 mSv and 0.004) and hospitals (0.815 mSv and 0.004). In 2021, the average annual effective dose to monitored workers in different occupational categories in medical uses in the three provinces of Central China were in the range of 0.199–0.692 mSv, with interventional radiology received the highest dose and NR 20 (0.692 mSv and 0.005); the average annual effective dose ranged from 0.161 to 0.493 mSv in industrial uses, with industrial radiography received the highest dose and NR 20 (0.493 mSv and 0.001). Occupational exposure in medical uses and industrial uses declined obviously in Central China, and the groups receiving higher doses are the radiation workers working in hospitals and professional public health institutions, or engaged in interventional radiology, nuclear medicine and industrial radiography, warranting more effective radiation protection measures. • The occupational radiation dose to radiation workers declined obviously in Central China in the period 2000–2021. • Interventional radiology and nuclear medicine have a higher occupational exposure risk than other medical uses. • Industrial radiography has a high occupational exposure risk than other industrial uses. • Radiation workers in hospital and public health professional institutions are more likely to receive high radiation doses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sensitive simultaneous electroanalysis of phytohormones indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and salicylic acid (SA) based on a novel copper nanoparticles-chitosan film-carbon nanoparticles-multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CuNPs-CSF-CNPs-MWCNTs) composite was reported. CNPs were prepared by hydrothermal reaction of chitosan. Then the CuNPs-CSF-CNPs-MWCNTs composite was facilely prepared by one-step co-electrodeposition of CuNPs and CNPs fixed chitosan residues on modified electrode. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) were used to characterize the properties of the composite. Under optimal conditions, the composite modified electrode had a good linear relationship with IAA in the range of 0.01–50 μM, and a good linear relationship with SA in the range of 4–30 μM. The detection limits were 0.0086 μM and 0.7 μM (S/N = 3), respectively. In addition, the sensor could also be used for the simultaneous detection of IAA and SA in real leaf samples with satisfactory recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dalbergia sissoo is a woody plant with economic and medicinal value. As the pharmacological qualities and properties of the wood from this plant primarily depend on its extractives, in this study, the metabolomic analysis of extractives from its stems was carried out using UPLC-MS/MS. A total of 735 metabolites were detected from two groups of samples, heartwood and sapwood, with the largest number of terpenoids in type and the largest number of flavonoids in quantity. The PCA and cluster analysis showed significant differences in the metabolite composition between the two groups. The differential metabolites were mainly organic oxygen compounds, flavonoids, and isoflavones. Among the 105 differential metabolites, 26 metabolites were significantly higher in relative content in sapwood than in heartwood, while the other 79 metabolites were significantly higher in relative content in heartwood than in sapwood. KEGG metabolic pathway enrichment analysis showed that these differential metabolites were mainly enriched in three metabolic pathways: Flavonoid biosynthesis, isoflavonoid biosynthesis, and flavonoid and flavonol biosynthesis. This study provides a reference for metabolomics studies in Dalbergia and other woody plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sensitive simultaneous electrochemical sensing of phytohormones indole-3-acetic acid and salicylic acid based on a novel poly(L-Proline) nanoparticles–carbon dots composite consisting of multiwalled carbon nanotubes was reported in this study. The poly(L-Proline) nanoparticles–carbon dots composite was facilely prepared by the hydrothermal method, and L-Proline was used as a monomer and carbon source for the preparation of poly(L-Proline) nanoparticles and carbon dots, respectively. Then, the poly(L-Proline) nanoparticles–carbon dots–multiwalled carbon nanotubes composite was prepared by ultrasonic mixing of poly(L-Proline) nanoparticles–carbon dots composite dispersion and multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet visible spectroscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and linear sweep voltammetry were used to characterize the properties of the composite. poly(L-Proline) nanoparticles were found to significantly enhance the conductivity and sensing performance of the composite. Under optimal conditions, the composite-modified electrode exhibited a wide linear range from 0.05 to 25 μM for indole-3-acetic acid and from 0.2 to 60 μM for salicylic acid with detection limits of 0.007 μM and 0.1 μM (S/N = 3), respectively. In addition, the proposed sensor was also applied to simultaneously test indole-3-acetic acid and salicylic acid in real leaf samples with satisfactory recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: The diagnostic value of non-contrast CT (NCCT) in acute stroke imaging remains indispensable, especially under emergency conditions with limited resources. The radiological conjugate eye deviation (RCED) has been demonstrated as a NCCT sign to predict acute ischemic stroke (AIS) or AIS secondary to large vessel occlusion (LVO) in recent studies. We performed a meta-analysis to gain a better understanding into the predictive role of RCED for AISs and LVO-AISs. Methods: We conducted a systematic literature search using PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane. The search focused on studies published between January 2000 and August 2020 that reported the predictive value of RCED for the diagnosis of AIS or LVO-AIS. Principal measurements of the meta-analysis were the overall sensitivity, specificity, the positive likelihood ratio (PLR), and the negative likelihood ratio (NLR) of RCED in predicting AIS and LVO-AIS. Results: We included 11 studies (n = 2304). For AIS, RCED had a sensitivity of 0.37 (95% CI 0.27–0.47), a specificity of 0.86 (95% CI 0.73–0.93), the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was 0.58 (95% CI 0.53–0.62), PLR was 2.5 (95% CI 1.5–4.4), and NLR was 0.74 (95% CI 0.65–0.84). For LVO-AIS, RCED had a sensitivity of 0.63 (95% CI 0.46–0.77), a specificity of 0.77 (95% CI 0.71–0.82), AUC was 0.63 (95% CI 0.46–0.77), PLR was 2.7 (95% CI 1.7–4.3), and NLR was 0.49 (95% CI 0.3–0.78). Conclusion: RCED can be used to predict LVO-AIS. It is expected that this method will be extensively used and validated in acute stroke imaging, especially under emergency conditions with limited resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Targeting complete dechlorination and decomposition of chlorinated organic pollutants in an environmentally friendly and resource efficient manner. In this investigation, a three-dimensional multi-structured electrode (Pd-NC@Fe/CoCF) comprising Pd monatomic and nitrogen-doped carbon-coated FeCo 2 O 4 nanowire cluster arrays were effectively synthesized. This electrode demonstrated efficient generation of H* and the production of •OH through a (2+1) e- oxygen reduction mechanism under the synergistic action of Pd single atoms and FeCo 2 O 4 nanowire. When integrated with a square-wave pulsed electrocatalytic system, the chlorinated organic pollutants could be fully degraded within 45 min under the most favorable process parameters, which include a pulse voltage of −0.7 V, a duty cycle of 50 %, and a pulse frequency of 0.1 Hz. This results in a removal rate of 92.3 % for TOC and an energy consumption of 1.27 kWh·kg−1. This study presents a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach to the electrochemical degradation of chlorinated organic pollutants. [Display omitted] • Pulsed electrocatalysis creates an electric double layer of degraded pollutants. • Pd-NC@Fe/CoCF cathode generates H* to enhance the efficiency of dechlorination. • The Pd-NC@Fe/CoCF cathode utilizes in situ generated H 2 O 2 to produce •OH radicals. • A synergistic action is observed between the Pd single atoms and FeCo 2 O 4 nanowire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cellulolytic enzyme production in filamentous fungi requires a release from carbon catabolite repression (CCR). The protein CRE1/CreA (CRE = catabolite responsive element) is a key transcription factor (TF) that is involved in CCR and represses cellulolytic gene expression. CRE1/CreA represents the functional equivalent of Mig1p, an important Saccharomyces cerevisiae TF in CCR that exerts its repressive effect by recruiting a corepressor complex Tup1p–Cyc8p. Although it is known from S. cerevisiae that CRE1/CreA might repress gene expression via interacting with the corepressor complex Tup1–Cyc8, this mechanism is unconfirmed in other filamentous fungi, since the physical interaction has not yet been verified in these organisms. The precise mechanism on how CRE1/CreA achieves transcriptional repression after DNA binding remains unknown. Results: The results from tandem affinity purification and bimolecular fluorescence complementation revealed a direct physical interaction between the TF CRE1/CreA and the complex Tup1–Cyc8 in the nucleus of cellulolytic fungus Trichoderma reesei and Penicillium oxalicum. Both fungi have the ability to secrete a complex arsenal of enzymes to synergistically degrade lignocellulosic materials. In P. oxalicum, the protein PoCyc8, a subunit of complex Tup1–Cyc8, interacts directly with TF PoCreA and histone H3 lysine 36 (H3K36) methyltransferase PoSet2 in the nucleus. The di-methylation level of H3K36 in the promoter of prominent cellulolytic genes (cellobiohydrolase-encoding gene Pocbh1/cel7A and endoglucanase-encoding gene Poegl1/cel7B) is positively correlated with the expression levels of TF PoCreA. Since the methylation of H3K36 was also demonstrated to be a repression marker of cellulolytic gene expression, it appears feasible that the cellulolytic genes are repressed via PoCreA-Tup1–Cyc8-Set2-mediated transcriptional repression. Conclusion: This study verifies the long-standing conjecture that the TF CRE1/CreA represses gene expression by interacting with the corepressor complex Tup1–Cyc8 in filamentous fungi. A reasonable explanation is proposed that PoCreA represses gene expression by recruiting complex PoTup1–Cyc8. Histone methyltransferase Set2, which methylates H3K36, is also involved in the regulatory network by interacting with PoCyc8. The findings contribute to the understanding of CCR mechanism in filamentous fungi and could aid in biotechnologically relevant enzyme production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A numerical model is proposed to predict the ultimate uplift capacity of the anchoring rod of the anchoring devices. • The geomaterial behavior and the ultimate uplift capacity under the microgravity environment are analyzed by DEM simulation. • Calibration experiments calibrate the parameters of three typical geomaterials. • The distribution of loaded particle forces in the geomaterials under various anchoring conditions is compared and analyzed. • The error between the numerical model prediction results and the DEM simulation results is less than 5%. Due to the microgravity environment on the asteroid surface, the asteroid probe can not stay on the asteroid surface for a long time for in situ exploration. Therefore, an anchoring device is required to provide enough ultimate uplift capacity to hold the asteroid probe on the asteroid's surface. In this work, based on the circular arc failure surface hypothesis, a numerical model is proposed to predict the ultimate uplift capacity of the anchor rod of the anchoring devices during the anchoring process. The discrete element method (DEM) simulation is adopted to calculate the ultimate uplift capacity and analyze the geomaterial behavior. To accurately simulate material properties, the parameters of three typical geomaterials are calibrated by the calibration tests. The anchoring experiment verifies the DEM simulation results, and the error between the anchoring experiment results and DEM simulation results is less than 14%. The distribution of loaded particle forces in the geomaterials under various anchoring angles(30°–60°) and the anchoring depths(20 mm–40 mm) in the simulation are compared and analyzed. Compared with the DEM simulation results, the ultimate uplift capacity's numerical model prediction results have an error of 5%. This work provides a new approach to predict the ultimate uplift capacity of the anchor rod of the anchoring devices during the asteroid exploration process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare the differences of depressive symptoms and perceived family cohesion and adaptability between adolescents and parents during the pandemic; to explore the association between depressive symptoms and family cohesion and adaptability.Methods: A total of 8,940 adolescents (45.77% males; Mean age=15.31±0.018 years old) and their parents (24.34% males; Mean age=40.78±0.60 years old) from Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China, participated in the survey and completed several questionnaires online. We used the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and the Family Adaptability Cohesion Scale, Second Edition, Chinese version (FACES II-CV) to evaluate depressive symptoms and family cohesion and family adaptability from the perception of parents and adolescents.Results: Results indicated significant differences between adolescents' and parents' perspectives of family functions. Significant negative correlations exist between depressive symptoms and family cohesion and family adaptability from the perspectives of both adolescents and parents. In addition, regression models with demographic characteristics adjusted showed that the perceived family cohesion and adaptability of parents and adolescents and the agreements between them could be predicted by their depressive symptoms.Limitation: Cross-sectional study and limited population-wide are limitations.Conclusion: Detecting the depressive symptoms of adolescents and parents earlier and promptly providing family intervention are of great significance to promote their perceptions of family cohesion and adaptability, which contribute to the mental health development of adolescents and parents during the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transferring desired genes from wild species to cultivars through alien addition lines (AALs) has been shown to be an effective method for genetic improvement. Cucumis hystrix Chakr. (HH, 2n = 24) is a wild species of Cucumis that possesses many resistant genes. A synthetic allotetraploid species, C. hytivus (HHCC, 2n = 38), was obtained from the cross between cultivated cucumber, C. sativus (CC, 2n = 14), and C. hystrix followed by chromosome doubling. Cucumis sativus – C. hystrix AALs were developed by continuous backcrossing to the cultivated cucumbers. In this study, 10 different types of AALs (CC-H01, CC-H06, CC-H08, CC-H10, CC-H12, CC-H06+H09, CC-H06+H10, CC-H06+H12, CC-H08+H10, CC-H01+H06+H10) were identified based on the analysis of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and molecular markers specific to C. hystrix chromosomes. And the behavior of the alien chromosomes in three AALs (CC-H01, CC-H06+H10, CC-H01+H06+H10) at meiosis was investigated. The results showed that alien chromosomes paired with C. sativus chromosome in few pollen mother cells (PMCs). Further, disomic alien addition lines (DAALs) carrying a pair of C. hystrix chromosome H10 were screened from the selfed progenies of CC-H10. Chromosome pairing between genomes provides cytological evidence for the possible introgression of alien chromosome segments. The development of AALs could serve as a key step for exploiting and utilizing valuable genes from C. hystrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silkworm (Bombyx mori) is an important economic insect. Bombyx mori , which is exposed to sublethal doses of pesticides, has a low or no mortality rate, while it is susceptible to infections triggered by foreign pathogens. The immune regulatory mechanism of silkworms caused by trace pesticides still remains unclear. The midgut is the major organ of silkworm for digestion and nutrient absorption, and it plays a critical defensive role against pathogens. In the present study, the silkworm was susceptible to Enterobacter cloacae sp. (E. cloacae) after exposure to sublethal dose of phoxim. The body weight and survival rate of the phoxim- E. cloacae co-treatment group were significantly decreased after 120 h of treatment compared with the phoxim treatment group. The immune responses and expressions of immune-related genes were dysregulated in the midgut of silkworm following exposure to phoxim. Digital gene expression (DGE) analysis revealed that 44 immune response-related and immune defense-related genes were differentially expressed. qRT-PCR results indicated that the transcriptional levels of antimicrobial peptide genes Bmdefensin1 , BmcecA , Bmglv1 , Bmglv2 , Bmmoricin and BmmoricinB3 were down-regulated by 0.77-, 0.37-, 0.05-, 0.19-, 0.34- and 0.54-fold, respectively. The transcriptional levels of Toll signaling pathway genes Bmcactus , Bmspatzle and Bmrel were down-regulated by 0.4-, 0.37- and 0.96-fold, respectively. Peritrophic membrane (PM) protein-related genes BmCBP-02 , BmPM-41 , BmPM-43 and BmCDA7 were down-regulated by 0.18-, 0.02-, 0.66- and 0.16-fold, respectively. The expressions of Toll signaling pathway genes were down-regulated at 48 h and 72 h. Immune deficiency (IMD) and Janus kinase and signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathway genes were dysregulated after phoxim exposure. These results indicated that phoxim might cause damage to the PM and reduce the immune response of the silkworm, leading to susceptibility of silkworm to disease and damage from foreign pathogens. Unlabelled Image • Phoxim and Enterobacter cloacae co-treatment enhanced toxic effects on silkworms. • Phoxim dysregulated the expression of Toll, IMD and JAK/STAT signaling pathway genes. • Phoxim damaged immune defense of midgut, inducing silkworm sensitivity to pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lin28, a highly conserved RNA-binding protein, plays an important role in differentiation, metabolism, proliferation, pluripotency, and tumourigenicity. Lin28 overexpression promotes tumour-cell proliferation and metastasis in various human cancers, including head and neck cancer. Multiple studies demonstrate that Lin28 critically contributes to anti-tumour immunity and production of cancer stem cells in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Thus, Lin28 has potential application in HNSCC treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transformation of Al-substituted goethite in oxidative and reductive atmosphere, which models natural fire, was investigated in detail. Various characterization results indicated that Al-substituted goethite transformed into hematite in an oxidative atmosphere and magnetite followed by zero-valent iron in a reductive atmosphere. Interestingly, the substitution of Al for Fe not only changed the crystal morphology affecting crystal surface reactivity, but also restrained the transformation of goethite into hematite, magnetite and zero-valent iron. In addition, the Al in the goethite was embedded into the crystal structure of thermally formed hematite and magnetite, considerably influencing their surface reactivity. The macroscopic adsorption results indicated that the substitution of Al for Fe increased the adsorption capacity of goethite and the corresponding derivatives except zero-valent iron. For the same Al amount, the adsorption capacity followed an order of goethite > hematite > magnetite, implying a loss of phosphate in goethite-rich soil after experiencing natural fire. However, with increasing in temperature in the reductive atmosphere, Al-magnetite transformed into a mixture of Al-magnetite and zero-valent iron which displayed excellent phosphate adsorption capacities increasing to 1.21–5.96 mg/g. The phosphate adsorption behaviors to thermally formed products were fitted well by surface complexation modeling with five complexation sites, which were more obvious for goethite than for hematite and magnetite. These findings presented in this study represent significant progress toward an understanding of the migration, enrichment and transformation of phosphate in Al-substituted goethite-rich soil in cases experiencing natural fire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• ZnO-dotted nanohybrids using LDHs as precursor (ZnO/LDHs) were synthesized via facile hydrothermal method. • Transformation of LDHs to ZnO and ZnAl 2 O 4 crystallites on zinc hydroxide nitrate layers was found. • ZnO/LDHs showed a potent and 4 days' antimicrobial activity toward E. coli and S. aureus at 100–300 μg/mL. The search for effective alternatives to traditional antibiotics to avoid antibiotic resistant bacteria is growing worldwide. ZnO nanoparticles are found to effectively inhibit growth and proliferation of bacteria, and ZnO-based layered double hydroxides (ZnO-based LDHs) have been intensively investigated for this purpose. However, the nanocomposites are made in a multi-step preparation process with severe agglomeration and limited bactericidal ability. In this research, ZnO-dotted nanohybrids using Zn 3 Al-LDHs as precursors (ZnO-dotted LDHs or ZnO/LDHs) were synthesized under facile hydrothermal conditions. An understanding of the transformation of the LDH precursors to the ZnO/LDHs was conducted with TEM/HRTEM/XRD/FTIR. ZnO/LDHs can be transformed from ZnAl-LDHs, with more ZnO nanodots generated upon heating at 150 and 200 °C for 2 h (Zn 3 Al-150, Zn 3 Al-200). Zn 3 Al-200 nanohybrids showed potent antibacterial activity towards Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) at 100–300 μg/mL for 4 days. Antibacterial activity of Zn 3 Al-200 may be attributed to the synergistic effects (ROS, leached Zn2+ and physical interaction). This research thus suggests a potential economic approach to prepare ZnO/LDH nanocomposites for avoiding the antibiotic resistant bacteria in environmental engineering or clinic fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anchorage is an important means in geotechnical engineering and has a wide range of application scenarios. This study aims to investigate the anchorage failure mechanism of a drilling anchor device for asteroid exploration using the digital image correlation (DIC) method. A high-speed camera records the anchorage failure experiment process, and the recorded images are adopted to calculate the displacement and strain of geomaterials by DIC. The anchorage failure processes in different drilling depths, anchoring angles, and geomaterials are analyzed based on DIC calculation results and failure surface theory. The results indicate that the formation process and area of the failure surface significantly impact the anchoring force. Moreover, cracks on the geomaterial's surface indicate that the anchorage is on the verge of failure. This research would contribute to a deeper understanding of the factors influencing anchorage performance and provide a reference for anchoring engineering and asteroid detection missions. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of the factors influencing anchorage performance and enhances the knowledge in anchoring engineering and asteroid detection missions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monosaccharides are essential for maintaining the normal physiological functions of living organisms. Under disease states, metabolic disorders in vivo will inevitably affect the levels of monosaccharides, which brings the possibility of monosaccharides as a biomarker of some diseases. In this study, a method was developed and validated for simultaneously determining 10 monosaccharides (glucose, galactose, mannose, rhamnose, fucose, xylose, iduronic acid, glucuronic acid, N -acetylgalactosamine and N -acetylglucosamine) in SD rat plasma using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The method employed 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PMP) as a derivatization reagent, considerably improved the chromatographic retention and ionization efficiency of monosaccharides. After protein precipitation of plasma samples, monosaccharides and isotope internal standards were derivatized and liquid-liquid extraction was performed to remove excess PMP. To achieve the baseline separation of several isomers, the resulting derivatives were chromatographed on a Bridged ethyl hybrid (BEH) Phenyl column using gradient elution with a total run time of 8 min. The method was linear within the range of 0.0100–5.00 μg/mL for rhamnose, 0.0500–25.0 μg/mL for fucose, xylose, iduronic acid, glucuronic acid, N -acetylgalactosamine and N -acetylglucosamine, 1.00–500 μg/mL for galactose, 10.0–5000 μg/mL for mannose, and 50.0–25,000 μg/mL for glucose. And the accuracy and precision verification of surrogate matrix samples and plasma samples met the required criteria. The method has been used successfully to study the effect of hepatic insufficiency on monosaccharide levels in rats. It was found that the concentration of glucuronic acid in SD rat plasma was abnormally increased in rats with liver injury. • Simultaneously determine 10 monosaccharides in rat plasma. • PMP precolumn derivatization and gradient elution to obtain the resolution of isomers. • Investigating the effect of hepatic insufficiency on monosaccharide plasma levels in rats. • Glucuronic acid may be a biological index in the evaluation of liver injury and prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Phosphorus recovery from organic wastes attracts more and more attentions because of the phosphorus sustainability challenges. Ion exchange (IX) was used in this study to recover orthophosphate (ortho-P) from the anaerobic digester (ADs) supernatant of an organic waste. The effects of pH, soluble organic materials (SOM), and hydraulic loading rates (HLR) on phosphate recovery were investigated by column tests. The results of tests with model water showed that the IX capacities were 64.2 mg P/g and 36.7 mg P/g at pH of 4.5 and 9.0, respectively. The desired HLR of ortho-P capture was 0.69 m/H (3 BV/h), with ortho-P capture efficiency and recovery efficiency of about 90% and 80%, respectively. The ortho-P desorption efficiencies with NaOH and KNO 3 brines as eluents were investigated, finding that both NaOH and KNO 3 could be substitutions of officially recommended NaCl to reduce the harmful effect on soil or plants in applications. The results of tests with ADs supernatant showed that the ortho-P capture capacity decreased to 14.3 mg P/g, with great disruption of SOM. Both ortho-P and SOM were desorbed well with over 85% ortho-P recovery efficiency and no detrimental effect on resin reuse. Regenerate with KNO 3 could create mobile nutrients solution containing a N/ortho-P/K mass ratio of 17:8:75, which could balance deficient fertilizer. This research promotes the current understanding of phosphate recovery from organic wastes for fertilizer application. Graphical abstract Image 102036 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Magnetic biochar composites were successfully fabricated by pyrolysis of siderite and rice husk under N 2 condition. The results of a variety of characterization implied magnetic biochar displayed porous structures with larger specific surface area. The batch adsorption experiments showed high adsorption properties of magnetic biochar composites toward U(VI) (52.63 mg/g at pH 4.0), whereas U(VI) adsorption was significantly influenced by Na 2 CO 3 and HA. U(VI) adsorbed onto magnetic biochar was reduced to U(IV) by Fe 3 O 4 according to XPS and XANES analyses. In addition, no significant effect of ionic strength of NaCl and EXAFS results, illustrated the inner-sphere surface complexation of U(VI) on magnetic biochar. Owing to the simple synthesis procedure, low cost, high adsorption efficiency, easy separation and environmental friendly, magnetic biochar can be considered as a potential adsorbent for the purification of U(VI)-bearing wastewater in environmental remediation. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • Magnetic biochar was obtained by pyrolysis the rice husk and siderite. • The magnetic biochar has the advantages of low cost and high efficiency. • The interaction mechanism of U(VI) on magnetic biochar was adsorption and reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Penicillin G loaded ZnAl-layered double hydroxide with a varied amount of Penicillin G were prepared firstly. • Pristine ZnAl-layered double hydroxide had some inhibition to Escherichia coli for the first time. • Nanocomposites with much higher cost-effectiveness showed a potent antimicrobial activity for up to 10 days. • The antibiotic and the carrier in novel nanocomposites strongly synergize each other in antibacterial activity. Abstract Antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections are a global health problem. A commonly-used antibiotic Penicillin G was incorporated into ZnAl-layered double hydroxides (PNG/LDH) with a varied amount of PNG. PNG/LDH nanocomposites were well characterized in structure and composition using elemental analysis, X-ray diffraction pattern, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and TEM images, revealing that PNG were mostly adsorbed on the LDH surfaces at a lower PNG loading but some were intercalated into LDH interlayers at a higher PNG loading. The typical release profile of PNG and Zn2+ from PNG/LDH was a quick release, followed by a sustainable slow release. The antibacterial tests against Escherichia coli demonstrated that PNG/LDH with a suitable composition synergistically improved bacterial inhibition compared with free PNG and pristine LDHs. In specific, PNG/LDH with much higher cost-effectiveness showed a potent antimicrobial activity and maintained the activity for up to 10 days, significantly elongating the antibacterial effect compared with just 1 day for free PNG in the same conditions. Our results suggest suitable composition of nanoparticle carriers and antibiotics could significantly enhance antibacterial activity of antibiotics for a long period via the synergistic effect between carrier and antibiotics, a potential approach to overcome the bacterial resistance to antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of lanthanide-based metal–organic frameworks (Ln-MOFs) with significantly improved and tunable upconversion emissions were prepared. Y-MOFs co-doped with Yb3+/Er3+ ions have exhibited characteristic upconversion emissions at 520, 545, and 658 nm under 980 nm laser excitation, the intensities of which vary with Yb3+/Er3+ concentrations. In addition, experimental results have indicated that an excited state absorption mechanism is responsible for the upconversion process of Y-MOF:Yb/Er materials. This study has provided a novel design principle and experimental basis for the preparation of luminescent Ln-MOF materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An angle sensitive transmission metasurface unit structure is designed in this paper. The metasurface unit presents a good transmission performance for the TE wave incidence, and has a linear phase response with the maximum phase difference up to 180° when the incidence angle changes in the range of −45° and +45°. Moreover, a reconfigurable design of the metasurface unit is realized by loading a varator, and the phase difference is extended to 270° to satisfy the demand of multibit metasurface. Based on the characteristics of angle sensitivity and reconfigurability of the metasurface unit, combined with the control of the varactor and the unit tilt angle, a new 1‐bit digital coding angle sensitive metasurface is proposed. The metasurface has a specification of 20 × 20 and a center frequency of 10 GHz. Both the simulation and measurement show that different transmission is realized for incident waves at different incident angles. It can form different beams, which can be used for multibeam modulation with the same frequency and same polarization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The enrichment of U(VI) on Bacillus subtilis /Fe 3 O 4 ( B . subtilis /Fe 3 O 4 ) nanocomposites was investigated by batch and XPS analysis. Herein, B . subtilis /Fe 3 O 4 nanocomposites were successfully synthesized via one-step method and characterized by SEM, XRD, zeta-potential and FT-IR analysis. The characteristic results showed uniform decoration of nano-Fe 3 O 4 particles on B . subtilis surface by chemical bonds. The batch experiments showed that the sorption of U(VI) on B . subtilis /Fe 3 O 4 was independent of ionic strength, indicating the formation of inner-sphere surface complexion. The sorption data of U(VI) onto B . subtilis /Fe 3 O 4 can be satisfactorily fitted by pseudo-second-order model. The calculated thermodynamic parameters showed that U(VI) sorption on B . subtilis /Fe 3 O 4 was a spontaneous and endothermic process. FT-IR and XPS analysis indicated that the formation of inner-sphere complexes were mainly due to the combination of U(VI) with oxygen-containing groups (i.e., carboxylate and phosphate groups) of B . subtilis /Fe 3 O 4 surface, whereas reductive precipitation also contribute to the U(VI) sorption at low pH. The findings herein highlight the application of microbe-based composites in the removal of radionuclides in cleanup. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nano-hematite was synthesized by calcining siderite (FeCO 3 ) and characterized using TEM, XRD, FT-IR, XPS, specific surface area and potentiometric titration. The characterization results showed that nano-hematite was synthesized by calcining FeCO 3 under atmospheric conditions. The batch experiments indicated the adsorption of Eu(III) on nano-hematite significantly increased with increasing pH 2.0–6.0 while the Eu(III) adsorption was independent of ionic strength. The presence of CO 3 2− promoted the adsorption of Eu(III) on nano-hematite over a wide range of pH conditions. The adsorption kinetics and isotherms of Eu(III) on nano-hematite were fitted well by pseudo-second kinetic model and Langmuir model, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacity of Eu(III) on nano-hematite calculated by Langmuir equations was 13.02 mg/g at pH 5.5 and T = 293 K. The desorption experiments revealed that the adsorption of Eu(III) on nano-hematite was an irreversible process. According to the XPS analysis, the oxygen-containing functional groups of nano-hematite (i.e., Fe-OH) played a crucial role in the Eu(III) adsorption. These findings demonstrated that the nano-hematite could be used as a valuable adsorbent for preconcentration and immobilization of Eu(III) from aqueous solutions in the environmental cleanup. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asteroid probes require an anchoring device for in-situ detection to overcome the environment of microgravity on asteroid surfaces. The configuration parameters of the probe will affect the anchoring performance of the drilling anchoring device. In this work, a kinetic model of the anchoring failure process is established, the configuration parameters of the probe that affect the anchoring failure process are obtained, and the sensitive parameters affecting the anchoring failure process are selected based on the Sobol method. A discrete element method (DEM) model is established to calculate the anchoring force of the probes with different sensitive parameters under three force conditions. The central composite design (CCD) method is used to fit and analyze the DEM simulation results, and the influence of sensitive parameters on the anchoring force is obtained. This work provides a new approach for calculating and evaluating the anchoring force of various asteroid probe configurations. It gives a reference for the configuration design of the probe from the anchoring perspective. [Display omitted] • Sensitive parameters affecting anchoring force are selected by kinetic modeling. • A discrete element model is developed, and its accuracy is verified experimentally. • The effect of sensitive parameters on anchoring force is obtained by simulation. • The forces on the particles reveal the mechanism of anchoring force variation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Europium (Eu(III)) has been extensively used as an analogue of trivalent lanthanide in the radioactive wastewater from nuclear industry. The adsorption of Eu(III) on the Al-substituted goethite was investigated by characteristic and batch techniques. The characteristic results illustrated that the Al-substituted goethite was synthesized successfully and the acicular-like structure goethite was transformed to multi-domain jagged crystal with the increase of Al content, respectively. The adsorption amount of Eu(III) on Al-substituted goethite was increased with an increase of pH from 4.0 to 8.0. The thermodynamic parameters revealed that the adsorption of Eu(III) on Al-substituted goethite was a spontaneous and endothermic process. The increase of Al content increased the adsorption capacity of Al-substituted goethite to Eu(III). The maximum Eu(III) adsorption capacity was determined to be 6.75 mg/g for α-(Fe 0.85 Al 0.15 )OOH at pH = 5.5 and T = 293 K using Langmuir model. Furthermore, XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) analysis verified that oxygen-containing functional groups were responsible for the major adsorption mechanism and the effect of ionic strength on the adsorption displayed the inner-sphere surface complexation of Al-substituted goethite dominated the adsorption process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Al-Fe 2 O 3 with different aluminum contents were synthesized by heating Al-substituted goethite and were characterized by FESEM, XRD, FT-IR and XPS techniques. The characteristic results showed that the Fe 3 + ion in hematite was partly substituted by Al 3 + ion, leading to the change of crystal structure. The batch experiments indicated that the adsorptions of Sr(II) on Al-Fe 2 O 3 slowly increased with increasing pH starting from 2 to 11. The pseudo-second-order kinetic and the Langmuir model gave the better fits to the adsorption kinetics and isotherms, respectively. The thermodynamic parameters indicated that the adsorption of Sr(II) on Fe 2 O 3 was an endothermic and spontaneous process. The XPS analysis demonstrated that the oxygen-containing functional groups were responsible for the Sr(II) adsorption. These findings indicated that Al-Fe 2 O 3 may be a valuable candidate for pre-concentration and solidification of radionuclides from aqueous solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-dimensional (2D) graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4), a fascinating metal-free conjugated polymer, has garnered immense interest in the fields of solar power generation and environmental remediation. The construction of g–C 3 N 4 –based nanocomposites with materials of various dimensions can further improve their photocatalytic activities by surface area enlargement, bandgap tuning, heterojunction formation, etc. In this paper, we comprehensively reviewed the design, synthesis, and functionalities of g–C 3 N 4 –based nanocomposites based on their applications in hydrogen evolution, CO 2 reduction, and pollutants removal. We provided detailed analyses on the integration of 2D g-C 3 N 4 with zero-, one-, two-, and three-dimensional materials with a focus on their interfacial characteristics and functional improvement. This review aims to stimulate fresh ideas on the interfacial engineering of g–C 3 N 4 –based nanocomposites to broaden their future applications. [Display omitted] • Two-dimensional g–C 3 N 4 –based nanocomposites in environmental applications are comprehensively reviewed. • The interfacial characteristics of 2D g-C 3 N 4 and materials with various dimensions are dissected and analyzed. • The mechanisms of photocatalytic performance enhancement of g–C 3 N 4 –based nanocomposites are summarized. • Challenges and prospects of 2D g–C 3 N 4 –based nanocomposites are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphorus removal from wastewater is important for eutrophication control of water bodies. Metal oxides and metal hydroxides have always been developed and investigated for phosphorus removal, because of their abundance, low cost, environmental friendliness, and chemically stability. This paper presents a comparative review of the literature on the preparation methods, adsorption behaviors, adsorption mechanisms, and the regeneration of metal (hydr)oxides (e.g., Fe, Zn, Al, etc.) with regard to phosphate removal. The contrasting results showed that metal hydroxides could offer an effective and economic alternative to metal oxides, because of their cost-benefit synthesis methods, higher adsorption capacities, and shorter adsorption equilibrium times. However, the specific surface area of metal oxides is larger than that of metal hydroxides because of the calcination process. Metal oxides with a higher pH at the zero point of charge have wider optimal adsorption pH ranges than metal hydroxides because of their surface precipitation in alkaline solutions. The regeneration of metal oxides using acids, bases, and salts and that of metal hydroxides using acids and bases has been critically examined. Further research on uniform metal (hydr)oxides with small particle size, high stabilities, low cost, and that are easily regenerated with promising desorbents are proposed. In addition, quantitative mechanism study and application in continuous-mode column trials are also suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eu3+-doped tungstate Ba2La2ZnW2O12 phosphors with perovskite- structure were prepared by the high temperature solidstate reaction. The X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) patterns and structure refinements indicate that the phosphors crystalized in the trigonal layer-perovskite. The luminescence properties of the phosphors were investigated such as photoluminescence (PL) excitation and emission spectra, decay lifetimes, and color coordinates. It was found that the pure host shows self-activated emission excited by the UV light. Moreover, Ba2La2ZnW2O12 also shows scintillation characteristics under the X-ray irradiation. The near-UV and blue light can efficiently excite Eu3+-doped Ba2La2ZnW2O12 phosphors inducing the strong orange-red luminescence. The optimal Eu3+ doping concentration in this host is 40 mol%. The luminescence spectra and the luminescence color of the phosphors strongly depend on the doping levels and excitation wavelength. The different luminescence features were discussed on the base of crystal structure. Eu3+ ions have two possible substitutions on A or B sites in this trigonal layered perovskite. The phosphor could act as a candidate for the potential application in near-UV excited white-LEDs lighting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ingestion of food toxins such as aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) during pregnancy may impair fetal neurodevelopment. However, animal model results may not be accurate due to the species' differences, and testing on humans is ethically impermissible. Here, we developed an in vitro human maternal–fetal multicellular model composed of a human hepatic compartment, a bilayer placental barrier, and a human fetal central nervous system compartment using neural stem cells (NSCs) to investigate the effect of AFB1 on fetal-side NSCs. AFB1 passed through the HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells to mimic the maternal metabolic effects. Importantly, even at the limited concentration (0.0641 ± 0.0046 μM) of AFB1, close to the national safety level standard of China (GB-2761-2011), the mixture of AFB1 crossing the placental barrier induced NSC apoptosis. The level of reactive oxygen species in NSCs was significantly elevated and the cell membrane was damaged, causing the release of intracellular lactate dehydrogenase (p < 0.05). The comet experiment and γ-H2AX immunofluorescence assay showed that AFB1 caused significant DNA damage to NSCs (p < 0.05). This study provided a new model for the toxicological evaluation of the effect of food mycotoxin exposure during pregnancy on fetal neurodevelopment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global change has a significant impact on the lives of humankind. Earth observation can help to better understand our earth and cope with global change. With the availability of more reliable environmental data sets, digital earth is becoming a popular way to monitor the Earth and provide information to researchers and decision makers on environment protection, disaster mitigation, and social benefits. Therefore, accessing data with lowering costs is essential for digital earth. Nevertheless, there are big challenges in ensuring the feasibility of access to Chinese remote sensing data. This paper outlines some of the main challenges in realizing data sharing, provides an analysis of the core reasons leading to these challenges, and proposes recommendations to overcome the challenges. Amongst the main challenges are differences in data policy to gain access to satellite data, diverse data formats, and delivery mechanisms. The major challenge for the decision makers is to define a more open policy and for the scientist the challenge is to implement these polices for the benefit of all. This paper proposes that governments should adopt policies encouraging more open distribution and access to their data, in order to generate an improved digital earth with increased benefits to human society. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

• Nanocomposite ZnO/ZnFe-LDH loaded on BC was prepared via a facile hydrothermal method. • BC improved visible-light adsorption and enhanced charge separation. • ZnO/ZnFe-LDH@BC exhibited synergistic effect towords visible light-activated degradation of TC. • The degradation pathway of TC and the underlining mechanisms were analyzed. To explore effective treatment of antibiotics-contaminated water using visible light-responsive photocatalyst, a series of ZnO decorated ZnFe-layered double hydroxide @ biochar (ZnO/ZnFe-LDH@BC) nanocomposites were obtained via a facile hydrothermal method. The fabricated nanocomposites exhibited uniform distribution of ZnO/ZnFe-LDH on BC matrix, allowing more active sites of ZnO/ZnFe-LDH to be utilized. The BC matrix brought widened visible-light absorbance, narrowed bandgap, and improved charge separation and transfer. During photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline (TC) under visible LED light, the nanocomposites showed significant enhancement of degradation efficiency, compared to ZnO/ZnFe-LDH or BC alone, indicating a strong synergy between ZnO/ZnFe-LDH and BC. The nanocomposite containing 23.0 wt% of BC (ZnO/ZnFe-LDH@BC 0.2) showed optimal performance (achieving 87.7% of degradation within 4 h) in comparison to the reported LDHs@carbon photocatalysts. Alkaline condition and co-existing CO 3 2– ions could enhance the stability and recyclability of the nanocomposites. Additionally, the possible degradation pathway of TC was analyzed via LC-MS and the reduction in toxicity resulting from photocatalytic degradation was confirmed by the culture of mung bean sprouts. This study provides a rational design strategy and performance assessment of LDH-based nanocomposites for the treatment of antibiotics-contaminated water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Babesia is a protozoan that mainly parasitizes mammalian red blood cells. It causes damage to multiple organs of the host, even threatening the life of the host when the infection is severe. This study found that the mouse kidney was injured after Babesia infection, leading to changes such as ischaemia and an abnormal morphology of renal and epithelial cells. Serum tests showed that indices reflecting renal abnormalities (including serum creatinine, uric acid, and bilirubin) appeared to be abnormal. To further explore the molecular mechanism underlying kidney injury and self-healing in infected hosts, we employed a data-independent acquisition (DIA) proteomics method to investigate large-scale B. microti infection-induced changes in protein expression and phosphorylation in mouse kidneys. This study identified and analysed the reasons for the obvious changes in kidney injury-related proteins, repair-related proteins, immune-related proteins, and lipid metabolism-related proteins. The results provide a strong theoretical basis for effective treatments of the kidney disease caused by Babesia infection. [Display omitted] • First proteomics study on mammalian kidney after Babesia infection. • Infection leads to serious damage of kidney, significant changes with injury-related proteins. • Immune-related proteins and repair-related proteins in kidney play an important role in defense. • Babesia infection causes abnormal lipid metabolism in the kidney. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering China's goal of carbon neutrality, understanding the influence path and dynamic correlation between electricity consumption and relevant factors is essential for formulating a reasonable electricity development strategy and promoting high‐quality socio‐economic development. Based on panel data of 30 provinces in China from 2000 to 2019, this study adopts the panel VAR model for research, with four notable findings. (1) Economic development, urbanization, and the urban–rural income gap directly affect electricity consumption. Industrial structure upgrading can affect electricity consumption through economic development and urbanization. Electricity consumption only directly affects economic development, whereas the effect on the other three variables could be transmitted through economic development. (2) Electricity consumption first inhibits and then promotes industrial structure upgrading, and it inhibits the urban–rural income gap. (3) Industrial structure upgrading first promotes and then inhibits electricity consumption. The urban–rural income gap inhibits electricity consumption. (4) Industrial structure upgrading and the widening income gap might hinder economic development through the adverse effect on electricity consumption. Based on these findings, several policy suggestions are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: Cochlear vascular micro-thrombosis has been hypothesized as one of the pathogenic mechanisms for sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) refractory to regular management. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and safety of intra-arterial pulsed-injection urokinase (IAPU) as a salvage therapy for SSNHL after the failure of conventional therapy. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed our patient database to identify refractory SSNHL patients between November 2017 and July 2020. Study outcomes before and after the IAPU therapy were compared between IAPU and conventional therapy groups. Results: Sixty-seven moderate-profound SSNHL patients (29 in IAUP group, 38 in control group) were included in this study. Compared to the control group, patients in the IAPU group showed more significant improvement in pure tone average (PTA) (34.2 ± 23.5 vs. 10.7 ± 13.1, p < 0.001) and degree of hearing recovery (total: 20.7% vs. 5.3%, partial: 24.1% vs. 10.5%, mild: 27.6% vs. 13.2% and non: 27.6% vs. 71.1%) 2 weeks after admission. In the IAPU group, a significant improvement of PTA (86.6 ± 11.5 vs. 54.6 ± 20.1 dB, p < 0.005) was observed on the first day after IAPU treatment. Conclusion: In carefully selected SSNHL cases with a highly suspected vascular origin, IAPU is a safe and effective therapy when conventional treatments have failed. Despite the encouraging findings of our work, large studies are needed to better investigate the strengths and limitations of this salvage therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Oral nutritional supplements are one of the preferred methods of nutritional support for postoperative patients. This study aims to investigate the current status of oral nutritional supplements compliance in postoperative patients with digestive tract tumors and its influencing factors. Methods: Convenience sampling was employed to select 242 patients who underwent surgery for digestive tract tumors at a tertiary hospital in Shanghai from October 2022 to July 2023 as the study subjects. Data following a normal distribution were analyzed using independent sample t-tests, ANOVA single-factor analysis, Pearson correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression analysis to determine the factors influencing compliance with oral nutritional supplements. Results: A total of 252 questionnaires were distributed, with 10 invalid questionnaires excluded, resulting in an effective questionnaire rate of 96.03%. The compliance score for oral nutritional supplements in postoperative patients with digestive tract tumors was (2.40 ± 1.45), General Self-efficacy Scale (GSES) score was (24.72 ± 4.86), Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support Scale (MSPSS) score was (58.67 ± 11.09), and Belief about Medicines Questionnaire Scale (BMQ) score was (0.17 ± 2.78). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that age, adverse reactions, educational level, self-efficacy, medication beliefs, and social support were factors influencing compliance with oral nutritional supplements in postoperative patients with digestive tract tumors (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Our study revealed that the compliance to oral nutritional supplements among postoperative patients with digestive tract tumors was at a moderate level and was closely associated with age, educational level, adverse reactions to oral nutritional supplements, medication beliefs, social support, and self-efficacy. Nursing staff should conduct nursing assessments based on the specific circumstances of patients and their families, provide personalized health education management plans based on the patients' educational level, enhance patients' nutrition knowledge, improve patient self-efficacy, and enhance social support for patients, while further improving patient nutrition management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acetamiprid is a new neonicotinoid insecticide widely used in the prevention and control of pests in agriculture. However, its residues in the environment affect the cocooning of the silkworm, Bombyx mori (B. mori), a non-target insect. To investigate the mechanism of damage, B. mori larvae were fed with trace amounts of acetamiprid (0.15 mg/L). At 96 h after exposure, the larvae showed signs of poisoning and decreased body weight, resulting in reduced survival and ratio of cocoon shell. At 48 h and 96 h after exposure, the residues in the posterior silk gland (PSG), which is responsible for synthesizing silk fibroin, were 0.72 μg/mg and 1.21 μg/mg, respectively, as measured by high performance liquid chromatography, indicating that acetamiprid can accumulate in the PSG. Moreover, pathological sections and transmission electron microscopy also demonstrate the damage of the PSG by acetamiprid. Digital gene expression (DGE) and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that genes related to metabolism, stress responses and inflammation were significantly up-regulated after exposure. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that the transcript levels of FMBP-1 and FTZ-F1 (transcription factors for synthesizing silk protein) were up-regulated by 2.55-and 1.56-fold, respectively, and the transcript levels of fibroin heavy chain (Fib-H) , fibroin light chain (Fib-L) , P25, Bmsage and Bmdimm were down-regulated by 0.75-, 0.76-, 0.65-, 0.44- and 0.40-fold, respectively. The results indicate that accumulated acetamiprid causes damage to the PSG and leads to reduced expression of genes responsible for synthesizing silk fibroin. Our data provide reference for evaluating the safety of acetamiprid residues in the environment for non-target insects. Unlabelled Image • Trace amounts of acetamiprid could cause damage to the PSG of Bombyx mori. • Acetamiprid exposure could affect the transcript levels of genes responsible for synthesizing silk fibroin. • Accumulated acetamiprid could cause oxidative stress and inflammation to the PSG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• LaeA-like methyltransferase Mtr23B contributes to spore pigment formation and the expression of secondary metabolic gene cluster and glycoside hydrolase genes in P. oxalicum. • Mtr23B has similarities and differences with LaeA in regulating the above biological processes. • LaeA interacts with VeA, while Mtr23B does not interact with VeA directly. Mtr23B may regulate cellulase and amylase gene transcription by interacting with HAP5 and chromatin remodeling complex. Putative methyltranferase LaeA and LaeA-like proteins, which are conserved in many filamentous fungi, regulate the sporogenesis and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. In this study, we reported the biological function of a LaeA-like methyltransferase, Penicillium oxalicum Mtr23B, which contains a methyltransf_23 domain and an S-adenosylmethionine binding domain, in controlling spore pigment formation and in the expression of secondary metabolic gene cluster and glycoside hydrolase genes. Additionally, we compared Mtr23B and LaeA, and determined their similarities and differences in terms of their roles in regulating the above biological processes. mtr23B had the highest transcriptional level among the 12 members of the methyltransf_23 family in P. oxalicum. The colony color of Δ mtr23B (deletion of mtr23B) was lighter than that of Δ laeA , although Δ mtr23B produced ~ 19.2-fold more conidia than Δ laeA. The transcriptional levels of abrA , abrB / yA , albA / wA , arpA , arpB , and aygA , which are involved in the dihydroxynaphtalene–melanin pathway, decreased in Δ mtr23B. However, Mtr23B had a little effect on brush-like structures and conidium formation, and had a different function from LaeA. Mtr23B extensively regulated glycoside hydrolase gene expression. The absence of Mtr23B remarkably repressed prominent cellulase- and amylase-encoding genes in the whole culture period, while the effect of LaeA mainly occurred in the later phases of prolonged batch cultures. Similar to LaeA, Mtr23B was involved in the expression of 10 physically linked regions containing secondary metabolic gene clusters; the highest regulatory activities of Mtr23B and LaeA were observed in BrlA-dependent cascades. Although LaeA interacted with VeA, Mtr23B did not interact with VeA directly. We assumed that Mtr23B regulates cellulase and amylase gene transcription by interacting with the CCAAT-binding transcription factor HAP5 and chromatin remodeling complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silkworm (Bombyx mori) is an economically important insect. However, the survival of silkworms has been significantly affected by the assault of chemical pesticides on mulberry trees through aerial application and water currents. Phoxim is a broad-spectrum organophosphorus insecticide widely used in China. Currently, very little is known about the non-neuronal effects of sublethal exposure to phoxim. The purpose of this study was to investigate the non-neuronal effects of sublethal phoxim exposure in the silkworm midgut, with a focus on nutrient metabolism. After phoxim treatment, lipase activity in the silkworm was shown to be up-regulated at 24 h before a decreasing trend was seen. Meanwhile, α-amylase activity showed the opposite trend. The expression levels of mitochondrial respiratory chain-related genes were all up-regulated at 24 h before falling continuously. To ensure that the effects of phoxim on nutrient metabolism were not simply a consequence of a decrease in mulberry consumption, the silkworms were treated with a reduced-food diet before the digestive enzyme activities and the transcription levels of mitochondrial respiratory chain-related genes were analyzed. Our results showed that the patterns in the reduced-diet and phoxim-exposed silkworm were markedly different, suggesting the alterations in the phoxim-exposed silkworm cannot readily be explained by nutrient deprivation Unlabelled Image • Phoxim exposure alters the mRNA levels of glucose and lipid metabolism-related genes. • Lipase activity showed the opposite trend to α-amylase activity after exposure. • The patterns in the reduced-diet and phoxim-exposed silkworm were markedly different. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• TiO 2 NPs increased the body weight of silkworm larvae and the ratio of cocoon shell. • TiO 2 NPs altered the composition and structure of gut microbes of the Bombyx mori. • TiO 2 NPs promoted the growth and development of larvae by regulating gut microbiota. The widespread use of nanomaterials has raised concerns about the potential impact of nanoparticles on human health and the natural environment. Although high doses of TiO 2 nanoparticles (NPs) are toxic to animals, low doses of TiO 2 NPs have been shown to benefit their growth and immune functions. Intestinal microorganisms are critical in maintaining the normal life activities and ensuring the health of their host. The intestinal microorganisms of lepidopteran insects can promote growth and development, foster insecticide resistance, and improve resilience against diseases. However, to date, there is no report on the effects of TiO 2 NPs on the intestinal microbiota of lepidopteran insects. In this work, we examined the effects of a low dose of TiO 2 NPs (5 mg/L) on the intestinal microbiota of silkworm (Bombyx mori). The results showed that the exposure to TiO 2 NPs did not alter the dominant species of intestinal microbiota significantly, but changed the abundance of individual species of intestinal microorganisms. Specifically, exposure to TiO 2 NPs increased the uniformity of intestinal microorganisms. The abundance of Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group , involved in the metabolism of nutrients, as well as the abundance of Pseudomonas and Sphingomonas , both involved in detoxification and disease resistance, was increased. Meanwhile, among the non-dominant species, the conditional pathogenic bacteria Serratia exhibited decreased abundance. In addition, exposure to TiO 2 NPs also increased the abundance of norank_f_Bacteroidales_S24-7_group , which could help relieve inflammation and regulate immune functions. The current study is the first to report the effects of TiO 2 NPs on the intestinal microbiota of lepidopteran insects. The results demonstrated that TiO 2 NPs could alter the composition of the intestinal microbiota of B. mori , and thus promote its growth and development, regulate its immune functions, and enhance its resistance to insecticide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel iron/carbon composites were successfully prepared via coupling of cellulose with iron oxides (e.g. α-FeOOH, Fe 2 O 3 and Fe(NO 3) 3 ·9H 2 O) at different temperatures under nitrogen atmosphere. Characterization by various techniques implied that chemical interaction between cellulose and Fe 3 O 4 /Fe0 existed in the as-prepared iron/carbon composites. The site of interaction between cellulose and iron precursors was illustrated (mainly combined with COO-). The self-reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+ or even Fe0 and the interaction between carbon and Fe 3 O 4 /Fe0 in the calcination process realized the strong magnetism of the composites. Batch experiments and spectroscopic techniques indicated that the maximum adsorption capacity of MHC-7 for U(VI) (105.3 mg/g) was significantly higher than that of MGC-7 (86.0 mg/g) and MFC-7 (79.0 mg/g), indicating that Fe 2 O 3 can be regarded as the remarkable iron resource for the iron/carbon composites. XPS results revealed that the oxygen-containing groups were responsible for the adsorption process of U(VI) on iron/carbon composites, and the adsorption of carbon and reduction of Fe0/Fe 3 O 4 toward U(VI) were synergistic during the reaction process. In addition, the iron/carbon composites exhibited a good recyclability, recoverability and stability for U(VI) adsorption in the regeneration experiments. These findings demonstrated that the iron/carbon composites can be considered as valuable adsorbents in environmental cleanup and the Fe 2 O 3 was a promising iron resource for the preparation of iron/carbon composites. Schematic illustration for the synthesis and adsorption mechanisms of iron/carbon composites toward U(VI). Unlabelled Image • The synthesis of iron/carbon composites was the environmental friendly method. • Chemical interaction between cellulose and Fe 3 O 4 /Fe0 was confirmed. • Adsorption and reduction were simultaneously involved in the interaction process. • Hematite can be regarded as the potential iron resource for iron/carbon composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid underwater self‐healing elastomers with high mechanical strength at ambient temperature are highly desirable for dangerous underwater operations. However, current room temperature self‐healing materials have shortcomings, such as low healing strength (below megapascal), long healing time (hours), and decay of healing functions in harsh environments (salty, acidic, and basic solutions), limiting their practical applications. Herein, it is introduced water‐stable Debye forces and high‐density nano‐sized physical crosslinking into one network to achieve a stiff yet rapid self‐healing elastomer that can work in harsh aqueous environments. The obtained elastomer possesses a high Young's modulus of 48 MPa (24 times than that of natural elastomer), and it can achieve 90% of maximum mechanical strength healing for 10 s at ambient temperature in all types of harsh aqueous conditions, outperforming three orders of magnitudes in healing speed of reported room‐temperature self‐healing elastomers with Young's modulus over 10 MPa. The new stiff yet rapidly healable elastomers have great potential in emergent repair in urgent and dangerous cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]