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1. OVERMOS — CMOS Hi-Res MAPS detectors for HEP applications

Author: Jens Dopke, H. Zhu, Steven Worm, Q. Xiu, Paul Seller, Steve McMahon, E. Giulio Villani, M.J. French, I. Sedgwick, F. F. Wilson, Z. Liang, and Z. Zhang
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Pixel, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Detector, ComputingMethodologies_IMAGEPROCESSINGANDCOMPUTERVISION, Substrate (printing), Laser, Tracking (particle physics), law.invention, CMOS, law, Computer Science::Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Computer Science::Multimedia, Optoelectronics, Electronics, business, Instrumentation, Low voltage, ComputingMethodologies_COMPUTERGRAPHICS
Abstract: The OVERMOS project investigates the use of Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors, fabricated using a standard low voltage, high resistivity substrate 180 nm CMOS technology, for tracking and vertexing in HEP applications. Following a description of the main features of this CMOS technology, details will be given of the design of the OVERMOS test pixel structures, which include active pixels, with in-pixel RO electronics, and basic pixel arrays. Preliminary experimental results of fabricated test structures, which include charge collection, obtained using in-pixel laser injection, and comparison of performances before and after neutron irradiation will be shown. Results of 3D TCAD simulation related to charge collection and DC characteristics of the pixel structures will be also shown.
Published: 2019
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2. Scientific instrument Femtosecond X-ray Experiments (FXE): instrumentation and baseline experimental capabilities

Author: Florian Otte, D. Görries, Steffen Hauf, M. Knoll, Alexander Britz, Matthew Hart, T. Korsch, Christian Bressler, Andreas Galler, M.J. French, C. Bömer, Wojciech Gawelda, Sebastian Schulz, Katharina Kubicek, F. Alves Lima, Peter Zalden, Dmitry Khakhulin, Mykola Biednov, P. Lang, Sandor Brockhauser, Tae-Kyu Choi, P. Frankenberger, Markus Kuster, and Michael Diez
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Photochemistry, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Physics::Optics, 02 engineering and technology, 7. Clean energy, law.invention, 03 medical and health sciences, symbols.namesake, Optics, law, Physics::Atomic and Molecular Clusters, Scattering, Radiation, Instrumentation, 030304 developmental biology, Monochromator, 0303 health sciences, Photons, Radiation, Spectrometer, Scattering, business.industry, Lasers, X-Rays, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Pulse duration, Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission, Equipment Design, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Laser, Research Papers, XFELs, pump–probe, Femtosecond, Calibration, symbols, Physics::Accelerator Physics, ultrafast science, 0210 nano-technology, business, Ultrashort pulse, Raman scattering
Abstract: The Femtosecond X-ray Experiments scientific instrument is a versatile instrument for ultrafast pump–probe X-ray absorption, emission and scattering experiments at the European XFEL; the instrumentation, commissioning results and operation performance status are presented., The European X-ray Free-Electron Laser (EuXFEL) delivers extremely intense (>1012 photons pulse−1 and up to 27000 pulses s−1), ultrashort (
Published: 2018

3. Chromium compensated gallium arsenide detectors for X-ray and γ-ray spectroscopic imaging

Author: Matthew C. Veale, A. Lozinskaya, Matthew D. Wilson, Steven Bell, A. N. Zarubin, A. V. Tyazhev, Paul Seller, Andreas Schneider, D.D. Duarte, O. P. Tolbanov, V. A. Novikov, M.J. French, Томский государственный университет Радиофизический факультет Публикации студентов и аспирантов РФФ, and Томский государственный университет Сибирский физико-технический институт Научные подразделения СФТИ
Subjects: X-ray detector, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Electron mobility, Absorption spectroscopy, Gallium arsenide, Imaging, арсенид галлия, chemistry.chemical_compound, Electrical resistivity and conductivity, Spectroscopy, Instrumentation, Physics, Radiation, методы визуализации, business.industry, Biasing, Pixel detector, хром, Full width at half maximum, chemistry, детекторы, Optoelectronics, абсорбционная спектроскопия, business, Compensation
Abstract: Semi-insulating GaAs material of 500 μm thickness grown using the Liquid Encapsulated Czochralski (LEC) method has been compensated with chromium to produce high resistivity single crystals suitable for spectroscopic imaging applications. Results are presented for the performance of three small pixel detectors each with 80×80 pixels on a 250 μm pitch, fabricated with metal contacts and bonded to a spectroscopic imaging ASIC. Current–voltage measurements demonstrated a material resistivity of 2.5×10 9 Ω cm at room temperature. At an optimised bias voltage, the average energy resolution at 60 keV (FWHM) was in the range 2.8–3.3 keV per pixel. An analysis of the voltage dependent X-ray spectroscopy suggests that the electron mobility lifetime ( μτ e ) for each detector is in the range 2.1–4.5×10 −5 cm 2 V −1 . The spectroscopic imaging capability of the detectors is also demonstrated in X-ray absorption spectroscopy measurements.
Published: 2014
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4. Design and performance of the ABCD3TA ASIC for readout of silicon strip detectors in the ATLAS semiconductor tracker

Author: F. Campabadal, C. Fleta, M. Key, M. Lozano, C. Martinez, G. Pellegrini, J.M. Rafi, M. Ullan, L.G. Johansen, B. Mohn, O. Oye, A.O. Solberg, B. Stugu, A. Ciocio, R. Ely, V. Fadeyev, M. Gilchriese, C. Haber, J. Siegrist, H. Spieler, C. Vu, P.J. Bell, D.G. Charlton, J.D. Dowell, B.J. Gallop, R.J. Homer, P. Jovanovic, G. Mahout, T.J. McMahon, J.A. Wilson, A.J. Barr, J.R. Carter, M.J. Goodrick, J.C. Hill, C.G. Lester, M.A. Parker, D. Robinson, F. Anghinolfi, E. Chesi, P. Jarron, J. Kaplon, A. Macpherson, H. Pernegger, T. Pritchard, S. Roe, A. Rudge, P. Weilhammer, W. Bialas, W. Dabrowski, M. Dwuznik, B. Toczek, S. Koperny, P. Bruckman, S. Gadomski, E. Gornicki, P. Malecki, A. Moszczynski, E. Stanecka, R. Szczygiel, M. Turala, M. Wolter, L. Feld, C. Ketterer, J. Ludwig, J. Meinhardt, K. Runge, A.G. Clark, M. Donega, M. D’Onofrio, D. Ferrere, D. La Marra, D. Macina, M. Mangin-Brinet, B. Mikulec, A. Zsenei, R.L. Bates, A. Cheplakov, Y. Iwata, T. Ohsugi, Y. Ikegami, T. Kohriki, T. Kondo, S. Terada, N. Ujiie, Y. Unno, R. Takashima, P.P. Allport, A. Greenall, J.N. Jackson, T.J. Jones, N.A. Smith, G.A. Beck, A.A. Carter, J. Morris, J. Morin, V. Cindro, G. Kramberger, I. Mandić, M. Mikuž, I.P. Duerdoth, J.M. Foster, J. Pater, S.W. Snow, R.J. Thompson, T.M. Atkinson, B. Dick, F. Fares, G.F. Moorhead, G.N. Taylor, L. Andricek, S. Bethke, D. Hauff, J. Kudlaty, G. Lutz, H.-G. Moser, R. Nisius, R. Richter, J. Schieck, A-P. Colijn, T. Cornelissen, G.W. Gorfine, F.G. Hartjes, N.P. Hessey, P. de Jong, R. Kluit, E. Koffeman, A.J.M. Muijs, S.J.M. Peeters, B. van Eijk, I. Nakano, R. Tanaka, O. Dorholt, K.M. Danielsen, T. Huse, H. Sandaker, S. Stapnes, N. Kundu, R.B. Nickerson, A. Weidberg, J. Bohm, M. Mikestikova, J. Stastny, Z. Broklova, J. Broz, Z. Dolezal, P. Kodys, P. Kubik, P. Reznicek, V. Vorobel, I. Wilhelm, P. Cermák, D. Chren, T. Horazdovský, V. Linhart, S. Pospísil, M. Sinor, M. Solar, B. Sopko, I. Stekl, R.J. Apsimon, L.E. Batchelor, J.P. Bizzell, N.G. Falconer, M.J. French, M.D. Gibson, S.J. Haywood, R.M. Matson, S.J. McMahon, M. Morrissey, W.J. Murray, P.W. Phillips, M. Tyndel, E.G. Villani, D.P. Cosgrove, D.E. Dorfan, A.A. Grillo, S. Kachiguine, F. Rosenbaum, H.F.-W. Sadrozinski, A. Seiden, E. Spencer, M. Wilder, T. Akimoto, K. Hara, K. Tanizaki, N. Bingefors, R. Brenner, T. Ekelof, L. Eklund, J. Bernabeu, J.V. Civera, M.J. Costa, J. Fuster, C. Garcia, J.E. Garcia-Navarro, S. Gonzalez-Sevilla, C. Lacasta, G. Llosa, S. Marti-Garcia, P. Modesto, F.J. Sanchez, L. Sospedra, M. Vos, Clark, Allan Geoffrey, Donega, Mauro, D'Onofrio, Monica, Ferrere, Didier, La Marra, Daniel, Macina-Buono, Daniela, Mangin-Brinet, Mariane, Mikulec, Bettina, and Zsenei, Andras
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Pipeline (computing), ddc:500.2, Hardware_PERFORMANCEANDRELIABILITY, BiCMOS, Silicon strip detectors, Binary readout, Computer Science::Hardware Architecture, Tracking detectors, Radiation damage, Application-specific integrated circuit, Hardware_INTEGRATEDCIRCUITS, Instrumentation, Physics, Large Hadron Collider, business.industry, Application specific integrated circuits, ATLAS experiment, Detector, Front-end electronics, Chip, Quality assurance, Trackingdetectors, CMOS, business, Computer hardware
Abstract: The ABCD3TA is a 128-channel ASIC with binary architecture for the readout of silicon strip particle detectors in the Semiconductor Tracker of the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The chip comprises fast front-end and amplitude discriminator circuits using bipolar devices, a binary pipeline for first level trigger latency, a second level derandomising buffer and data compression circuitry based on CMOS devices. It has been designed and fabricated in a BiCMOS radiation resistant process. Extensive testing of the ABCD3TA chips assembled into detector modules show that the design meets the specifications and maintains the required performance after irradiation up to a total ionising dose of 10 Mrad and a 1-MeV neutron equivalent fluence of 2×10 14 n/cm2, corresponding to 10 years of operation of the LHC at its design luminosity. Wafer screening and quality assurance procedures have been developed and implemented in large volume production to ensure that the chips assembled into modules meet the rigorous acceptance criteria. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Published: 2016

5. A Dynamic Slew Correction Circuit for Low Noise Silicon Detector Pre-amplifiers

Author: M.J. French, M. Hart, M. Prydderch, S. Thomas, and H. M. D. Ip
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Amplifier figures of merit, business.industry, Settling time, Amplifier, Electrical engineering, Slew rate, Low-noise amplifier, Fully differential amplifier, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Electronic engineering, Instrumentation amplifier, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business, Direct-coupled amplifier
Abstract: This manuscript introduces a transistor level technique that results in simultaneous improved slew rate and noise performance for applications where only the final settled output voltage over a predefined time frame is important - such as silicon detector read out charge-to-voltage reset amplifiers. For large signal swings, slew limitation is detected and compensated dynamically. For non-slew limiting situations the amplifier operates normally in a low noise mode. To verify correct operation of the dynamic slew correction circuit, a single-ended, pulse-reset charge amplifier was fabricated in IBM 130 nm 6M/2P technology. The test amplifier achieved a slew rate of 1V/120 ns with a 50 pF load and a total of ~ 23μVrms noise over 100 kHz-20 MHz. The reported amplifier also serves as the basis for the high performance front-end amplifier in the LPD detector system for the European XFEL.
Published: 2012
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6. Cadmium zinc telluride pixel detectors for high-intensity x-ray imaging at free electron lasers

Author: B. Thomas, C. Angelsen, T. Nicholls, Paul Seller, K. Nakahara, Andreas Schneider, M.J. French, M. Hart, A. Hardie, K. Iniewski, P. Booker, Matthew D. Wilson, P. Marthandam, P. Hart, Conny Hansson, D. Sole, Gabriella Carini, G. Prekas, J. Lipp, Jane Coughlan, Takahiro Sato, and Matthew C. Veale
Subjects: Materials science, Acoustics and Ultrasonics, business.industry, X-ray, X-ray detector, Condensed Matter Physics, Laser, 01 natural sciences, Electromagnetic radiation, Particle detector, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, law.invention, Semiconductor detector, Cadmium zinc telluride, 010309 optics, chemistry.chemical_compound, Semiconductor, chemistry, law, 0103 physical sciences, Optoelectronics, 010306 general physics, business
Published: 2018
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7. CMOS Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (MAPS): New ‘eyes’ for science

Author: A.R. Faruqi, Phillip Allport, Gianluigi Casse, J. Crooks, P. Willmore, D. Prior, A. Clark, Q. Morrissey, A. Evans, M.J. French, Richard Henderson, Ben D. B. Willmore, Renato Turchetta, A. Fant, J.J. Velthuis, Mark L. Prydderch, G. Villani, and N. Waltham
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, CMOS sensor, Pixel, Dynamic range, business.industry, Electrical engineering, CMOS, Noise (video), Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution, Image sensor, business, Instrumentation, Random access
Abstract: Re-invented in the early 1990s on both sides of the Atlantic, Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (MAPS) in a CMOS technology have slowly invaded the world of consumer imaging and are now on the edge of becoming the first technology in this field, previously dominated by Charge-Coupled Devices (CCD). Thanks to the advantages brought by the use of standard CMOS technology, MAPS have great potential in many areas including function integration, leading to the concept of a camera-on-a-chip, pixel size, random access to selected region-of-interest, low power, higher speed and radiation resistance. In many ways, MAPS have introduced a new way of doing imaging. Despite their success in the consumer arena, MAPS are still to make a definitive impact in the world of scientific imaging. This paper first briefly reviews the way radiation is detected by a CMOS sensor, before analysing the main noise source and its relationship with the full well capacity and the dynamic range. This paper will also show first examples of scientific results, obtained in the detection of low-energy electrons.
Published: 2006
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8. The MGPA electromagnetic calorimeter readout chip for CMS

Author: G. Hall, J. Crooks, Michel Raymond, and M.J. French
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Preamplifier, Amplifier, Detector, Electrical engineering, Hardware_PERFORMANCEANDRELIABILITY, Avalanche photodiode, Chip, Noise (electronics), Computer Science::Hardware Architecture, Optics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, CMOS, Integral nonlinearity, Hardware_GENERAL, Nuclear electronics, Hardware_INTEGRATEDCIRCUITS, Electronic engineering, Detectors and Experimental Techniques, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business, Compact Muon Solenoid
Abstract: The multiple-gain preamplifier (MGPA) is a three-gain channel 0.25 /spl mu/m CMOS chip matched to the noise and linearity requirements of the electromagnetic calorimeter for the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment. A choice of external feedback components to the first-stage amplifier allows the chip to match the different full-scale signal and noise requirements for both barrel and end-cap regions of the detector. For the barrel (end-cap) application the noise is less than 10 000 (3,500) electrons at a peaking time of 40 ns and an integral nonlinearity of approximately /spl plusmn/0.1% full-scale is achieved for all three gain ranges. Details of the design and performance are presented, including measurements of nonlinearity, pulse-shape matching, noise, and radiation tolerance.
Published: 2005
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9. Production testing and quality assurance of CMS silicon microstrip tracker readout chips

Author: Michel Raymond, M. Tessaro, M.J. French, V. Khomenkov, A. Candelori, G. Hall, Etam Noah, L. Stefanutti, Dario Bisello, A. Kaminsky, P. Barrillon, J. Leaver, and Robert Bainbridge
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Large Hadron Collider, business.product_category, Silicon, business.industry, Detector, Electrical engineering, Process (computing), chemistry.chemical_element, Chip, chemistry, Hardware_INTEGRATEDCIRCUITS, Die (manufacturing), Wafer, business, Instrumentation, Quality assurance
Abstract: The APV25 is the 128 channel CMOS chip developed for readout of the silicon microstrip tracker in the CMS experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. The detector is now under construction and will be the largest silicon microstrip system ever built, with ∼200 m 2 of silicon sensors. 75,000 chips are required to instrument the system, which must operate for 10 years in a high radiation environment with little or no possibility of replacement of any component. The readout chip is a crucial components, which must provide low noise and reliable operation. Thus, each readout chip must be carefully tested prior to installation in CMS modules and assurance of long-term performance of the readout electronics, especially verification of radiation tolerance, is highly desirable. This has been achieved by means of automated probe testing of every chip on the silicon wafers from the foundry, followed by studies of sample die to evaluate in more detail properties of the chips, which cannot easily be examined at the wafer level. During production, it was observed that the yield of good die varied unexpectedly from one production lot to another. This was investigated with significant help from the manufacturer and the process was optimised to ensure consistent high yield. A fraction of the dies, which successfully passed the wafer screening, are subjected to short-term X-ray irradiation to levels equivalent to that expected in CMS and are then annealed. Results are presented here and illustrate the excellent performance of APV25 under all expected operating conditions.
Published: 2005
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10. The off-detector opto-electronics for the optical links of the ATLAS Semiconductor Tracker and Pixel detector

Author: M. J. Goodrick, P. K. Teng, D.S. Su, S.C. Lee, T. Weidberg, C. Macwaters, M.J. French, Ming-Lee Chu, J. Matheson, and N. Kundu
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Pixel, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Detector, ComputingMethodologies_IMAGEPROCESSINGANDCOMPUTERVISION, Physics::Optics, Integrated circuit, Particle detector, Semiconductor detector, law.invention, medicine.anatomical_structure, Application-specific integrated circuit, Atlas (anatomy), law, medicine, Optoelectronics, business, Instrumentation, Diode
Abstract: The off-detector part of the optical links for the ATLAS SCT and Pixel detectors is described. The VCSELs and p–i–n diodes used and the associated ASICs are described. A novel array packaging technique is explained and an analysis of the performance of the arrays and the overall system performance is given. The proposed procedure for the set-up of the optical links in ATLAS is described.
Published: 2004
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11. Monolithic active pixel sensors (MAPS) in a VLSI CMOS technology

Author: Phillip Allport, S. Manolopoulos, Geoffrey Hall, Val O'Shea, Richard Bates, Renato Turchetta, M. Tyndel, M.J. French, and Michel Raymond
Subjects: Physics, Very-large-scale integration, Computer Science::Hardware Architecture, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, CMOS sensor, Correlated double sampling, CMOS, Pixel, Noise (signal processing), Fixed-pattern noise, Electronic engineering, Chip, Instrumentation
Abstract: Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (MAPS) designed in a standard VLSI CMOS technology have recently been proposed as a compact pixel detector for the detection of high-energy charged particle in vertex/tracking applications. MAPS, also named CMOS sensors, are already extensively used in visible light applications. With respect to other competing imaging technologies, CMOS sensors have several potential advantages in terms of low cost, low power, lower noise at higher speed, random access of pixels which allows windowing of region of interest, ability to integrate several functions on the same chip. This brings altogether to the concept of ‘camera-on-a-chip’. In this paper, we review the use of CMOS sensors for particle physics and we analyse their performances in term of the efficiency (fill factor), signal generation, noise, readout speed and sensor area. In most of high-energy physics applications, data reduction is needed in the sensor at an early stage of the data processing before transfer of the data to tape. Because of the large number of pixels, data reduction is needed on the sensor itself or just outside. This brings in stringent requirements on the temporal noise as well as to the sensor uniformity, expressed as a Fixed Pattern Noise (FPN). A pixel architecture with an additional transistor is proposed. This architecture, coupled to correlated double sampling of the signal will allow cancellation of the two dominant noise sources, namely the reset or kTC noise and the FPN. A prototype has been designed in a standard 0.25 μm CMOS technology. It has also a structure for electrical calibration of the sensor. The prototype is functional and detailed tests are under way.
Published: 2003
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12. Optimization of the silicon sensors for the CMS tracker

Author: Piero Giorgio Verdini, Giacomo Sguazzoni, M. Angarano, M. Giorgi, Marco Meschini, Giancarlo Mantovani, S. Braibant, A. Honkanen, Mika Huhtinen, A. Basti, Renato Potenza, A. Marchioro, E. Catacchini, M. Loreti, Fabrizio Palla, K. Luebelsmeyer, Stephen Watts, Geoffrey Hall, Donato Creanza, Alessandro Giassi, A. Papi, Josef Hrubec, B. Checcucci, G. Parrini, K. Freudenreich, A. K. Honma, Alessandro Paccagnella, Roberto Dell'Orso, D. Boemi, Nicola Bacchetta, Andrea Candelori, G. Segneri, A. Giraldo, V. Radicci, M.J. French, St. Koenig, Daniele Passeri, Mário Costa, A. Frey, Alessia Tricomi, Raffaello D'Alessandro, R. Siedling, Cristina Biino, Michel Raymond, Filippo Bosi, Chiara Mariotti, Carlo Civinini, A. Santocchia, Bruno Wittmer, Mara Bruzzi, Giovanna Selvaggi, Werner Lustermann, W.H. Gu, Ernesto Migliore, Marcello Mannelli, F. Rizzo, B. Surrow, S. Busoni, G. M. Bilei, Rino Castaldi, Andrea Castro, A. Kaminsky, A. Caner, M. De Palma, P. Tempesta, B. Mc Evoy, S. Piperov, D. Pandoulas, Z. Xie, A. Bader, M. Lenzi, L. Borello, G. Viertel, A. Fürtjes, Lucia Silvestris, A. Buffini, Natale Demaria, Li Yahong, Sebastiano Albergo, Maria Teresa Brunetti, E. Babucci, T. Tuuva, Marco Pieri, Salvatore My, P. Mättig, F. Raffaelli, G. Maggi, Manfred Krammer, U. Biggeri, Giuseppe Bagliesi, I. Stavitski, Luigi Fiore, Paolo Lariccia, Guido Tonelli, Alberto Messineo, Ettore Focardi, Horst Breuker, Jorma Tuominiemi, A. Starodumov, G. Favro, Veikko Karimäki, G. Martignon, Paolo Ciampolini, Markus Friedl, Dario Bisello, M. Pernicka, Suchandra Dutta, R. Hammarström, Andrea Neviani, Patrizia Azzi, Thomas Hebbeker, L. Servoli, and W. Glessing
Subjects: Radiation damage, Capacitances, High voltage stability, silicon strip detectors, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Silicon detector, Radiation damager, capacitances, high voltage stability, Silicon, CMS, LHC, Particle tracking, chemistry.chemical_element, radiation damage, capacitances, high voltage stability, Irradiation, Instrumentation, Physics, Large Hadron Collider, business.industry, High voltage, chemistry, radiation damage, Optoelectronics, business
Abstract: The CMS experiment at the LHC will comprise a large silicon strip tracker. This article highlights some of the results obtained in the R&D studies for the optimization of its silicon sensors. Measurements of the capacitances and of the high voltage stability of the devices are presented before and after irradiation to the dose expected after the full lifetime of the tracker.
Published: 2001
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13. A prototype RICH detector using multi-anode photo multiplier tubes and hybrid photo-diodes

Author: E. Albrecht, Neville Harnew, G. Wilkinson, G.J. Barber, V. Gibson, L. Toudup, P. Teixeira-Dias, Jonas Rademacker, S. Easo, S. A. Wotton, B. Simmons, N. H. Brook, D. Websdale, T. Gys, M.J. French, G. Doucas, Nigel Smale, A.W Halley, Lars Eklund, M. John, J.H. Bibby, D. Piedigrossi, and A. Duane
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Particle physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Detector, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, FOS: Physical sciences, Ring-imaging Cherenkov detector, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Anode, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Optics, Multiplier (economics), Detectors and Experimental Techniques, Charged particle beam, business, Instrumentation, Cherenkov radiation, Diode
Abstract: The performance of a prototype Ring Imaging Cherenkov Detector is studied using a charged particle beam. The detector performance, using CF4 and air as radiators, is described. Cherenkov angle precision and photoelectron yield using hybrid photo-diodes and multi-anode PMTs agree with simulations and are assessed in terms of the requirements of the LHCb experiment.
Published: 2001
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14. New results on silicon microstrip detectors of CMS tracker

Author: Fabrizio Palla, G. Parrini, Paolo Ciampolini, Suchandra Dutta, P. Tempesta, M.J. French, St. Koenig, M. Huhtinen, Daniele Passeri, D. Pandoulas, Stephen Watts, A. Marchioro, Guido Tonelli, M. Lenzi, Alessandro Paccagnella, R. Della Marina, A. Fürtjes, A. Giraldo, Salvatore My, Nicola Bacchetta, Lutz Feld, Lucia Silvestris, Renato Potenza, D. Boemi, A. Papi, B. Schmitt, Mara Bruzzi, Sebastiano Albergo, S. Busoni, Ettore Focardi, M. Da Rold, G. M. Bilei, Chiara Mariotti, Giorgio Maggi, Andrea Castro, V. Radicci, Marcello Mannelli, C. Vannini, T. Tuuva, F. Raffaelli, R. Siedling, Marco Pieri, P. Mättig, Luigi Fiore, Giovanna Selvaggi, E. Catacchini, Werner Lustermann, M. Loreti, Ernesto Migliore, A. Santocchia, W.H. Gu, Anna Elliott-Peisert, Bruno Wittmer, Gino Bolla, G. Hall, K. Luebelsmeyer, Patrizia Azzi, I. Stavitski, Thomas Hebbeker, Laura Borrello, L. Servoli, B. Mc Evoy, Giuseppe Bagliesi, Filippo Bosi, C. Eklund, Veikko Karimäki, B. Glessing, B. Checcucci, A. Starodumov, Piero Giorgio Verdini, M. De Palma, M. Giorgi, Carlo Civinini, Dario Bisello, Giancarlo Mantovani, Z. Xie, G. Viertel, R. Hammerstrom, A. Bader, Manfred Krammer, Marco Meschini, U. Biggeri, Paolo Lariccia, Rino Castaldi, A. Caner, Donato Creanza, Alberto Messineo, Alessandro Giassi, Josef Hrubec, Horst Breuker, G. Martignon, Natale Demaria, Li Yahong, A. Buffini, A. Kaminsky, S. Piperov, S. Braibant, C. Bozzi, E. Babucci, G. Stefanini, K. Freudenreich, K. Skog, Roberto Dell'Orso, G. Favro, Andrea Candelori, Alessia Tricomi, Daniela Bortoletto, Giacomo Sguazzoni, M. Angarano, A. Basti, Raffaello D'Alessandro, and Michel Raymond
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Momentum (technical analysis), Silicon, CMS, business.industry, Detector, chemistry.chemical_element, silicon microstrip detectors, radiation damage, Substrate (electronics), Fluence, Capacitance, chemistry, Radiation damage, Optoelectronics, Irradiation, business, Instrumentation
Abstract: Interstrip and backplane capacitances on silicon microstrip detectors with p+ strip on n substrate of 320 μm thickness were measured for pitches between 60 and 240 μm and width over pitch ratios between 0.13 and 0.5. Parametrisations of capacitance w.r.t. pitch and width were compared with data. The detectors were measured before and after being irradiated to a fluence of 4×10 14 protons / cm 2 of 24 GeV /c momentum. The effect of the crystal orientation of the silicon has been found to have a relevant influence on the surface radiation damage, favouring the choice of a 〈1 0 0〉 substrate. Working at high bias (up to 500 V in CMS) might be critical for the stability of detector, for a small width over pitch ratio. The influence of having a metal strip larger than the p+ implant has been studied and found to enhance the stability.
Published: 2000
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15. The Multidimensional Integrated Intelligent Imaging project (MI-3)

Author: Jorge Cabello, J. Osmond, Andrew R. Cossins, Val O'Shea, Robert D. Speller, T. Greenshaw, Thalis Anaxagoras, Nigel M. Allinson, Mohamed M. El-Gomati, G. Segneri, Philip M. Evans, Costas D. Arvanitis, Emma J. Harris, C. Venanzi, Sarah E. Bohndiek, Andrew D. Holland, Jenny Aveyard, J R N Symonds-Tayler, Kevin Wells, S. Chen, Nicola Guerrini, Renato Turchetta, G. Jeyasundra, Andrew Blue, H. X. Liang, Anastasios C. Konstantinidis, M. Prydderch, K.M.S. Maini, Gary Royle, Alessandro Olivo, Jason Gow, Li Chen, A. G. Clark, G. McMullen, Tom Greig, Hafiz M Zin, C. Clayton, Emily Cook, D. Karadaglic, S. Triger, J.P. Crooks, W. Faruqi, R J Ott, Richard Bates, Xiaoping Zha, R. C. W. Henderson, M.J. French, L. Qiang, and G. Riley
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, CMOS sensor, Pixel, business.industry, Dynamic range, Fixed-pattern noise, ComputingMethodologies_IMAGEPROCESSINGANDCOMPUTERVISION, Nanotechnology, Low noise, law.invention, CMOS, law, business, Instrumentation, Computer hardware, Gamma camera
Abstract: MI-3 is a consortium of 11 universities and research laboratories whose mission is to develop complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) active pixel sensors (APS) and to apply these sensors to a range of imaging challenges. A range of sensors has been developed: On-Pixel Intelligent CMOS (OPIC)—designed for in-pixel intelligence; FPN—designed to develop novel techniques for reducing fixed pattern noise; HDR—designed to develop novel techniques for increasing dynamic range; Vanilla/PEAPS—with digital and analogue modes and regions of interest, which has also been back-thinned; Large Area Sensor (LAS)—a novel, stitched LAS; and eLeNA—which develops a range of low noise pixels. Applications being developed include autoradiography, a gamma camera system, radiotherapy verification, tissue diffraction imaging, X-ray phase-contrast imaging, DNA sequencing and electron microscopy.
Published: 2009
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16. Comparative study of (111) and (100) crystals and capacitance measurements on Si strip detectors in CMS

Author: Manfred Krammer, D. Boemi, U. Biggeri, Paolo Lariccia, T. Tuuva, Marco Meschini, Stephen Watts, Luigi Fiore, G. Viertel, D. Pandoulas, F. Raffaelli, Donato Creanza, Paolo Ciampolini, Giovanna Selvaggi, Alessandro Giassi, Guido Tonelli, Josef Hrubec, Anna Elliott-Peisert, Bruno Wittmer, K. Luebelsmeyer, Marco Pieri, P. Mättig, Salvatore My, A. Fürtjes, Ettore Focardi, A. Buffini, Lutz Feld, M. Lenzi, Piero Giorgio Verdini, Rino Castaldi, A. Caner, M. Giorgi, G. Stefanini, G. Hall, Giancarlo Mantovani, Lucia Silvestris, Suchandra Dutta, A. Giraldo, Sebastiano Albergo, B. Checcucci, S. Braibant, Veikko Karimäki, K. Freudenreich, C. Vannini, Horst Breuker, Werner Lustermann, E. Catacchini, B. Glessing, M. Loreti, Ernesto Migliore, V. Radicci, R. Della Marina, Marcello Mannelli, A. Starodumov, Mika Huhtinen, Z. Xie, R. Hammerstrom, A. Bader, Laura Borrello, P. Tempesta, A. Marchioro, A. Kaminsky, Filippo Bosi, S. Busoni, Dario Bisello, B. Mc Evoy, Raffaello D'Alessandro, G. M. Bilei, Renato Potenza, Andrea Castro, Michel Raymond, M. Da Rold, Carlo Civinini, B. Schmitt, Mara Bruzzi, Alessandro Paccagnella, Nicola Bacchetta, R. Siedling, I. Stavitski, Giuseppe Bagliesi, Patrizia Azzi, Thomas Hebbeker, A. Santocchia, W.H. Gu, L. Servoli, C. Eklund, G. Martignon, Alberto Messineo, Fabrizio Palla, G. Parrini, M.J. French, St. Koenig, Daniele Passeri, K. Skog, Roberto Dell'Orso, Andrea Candelori, S. Piperov, Alessia Tricomi, Giacomo Sguazzoni, M. Angarano, A. Basti, Natale Demaria, Li Yahong, Chiara Mariotti, C. Bozzi, E. Babucci, Giorgio Maggi, M. De Palma, and A. Papi
Subjects: Physics, Semiconductor, Backplane, business.industry, Detector, Optoelectronics, Substrate (electronics), Radiation, business, Capacitance, Silicon microstrip detectors
Abstract: For the construction of the silicon microstrip detectors for the Tracker of the CMS experiment, two different substrate choices were investigated: A high-resistivity (6 k cm) substrate with (111) crystalorientation and a low-resistivity (2k cm) one with (100) crystalorientation. The interstrip and backplane capacitances were measured before and after the exposure to radiation in a range of strip pitches from 60 μm to 240 μm and for values of the width-over-pitch ratio between 0.1 and 0.5.
Published: 1999
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17. Test results of heavily irradiated Si detectors

Author: D. Pandoulas, C. Bozzi, E. Babucci, Rino Castaldi, A. Caner, Raffaello D'Alessandro, Marco Meschini, Michel Raymond, Giacomo Sguazzoni, Lutz Feld, K. Skog, Roberto Dell'Orso, A. Basti, Andrea Candelori, Alessia Tricomi, A. Giraldo, M. Lenzi, B. Glessing, W.H. Gu, Paolo Ciampolini, J. Connotte, A. Starodumov, Lucia Silvestris, Sebastiano Albergo, G. Stefanini, D. Boemi, Marcello Mannelli, T. Tuuva, K. Freudenreich, F. Raffaelli, Giuseppe Bagliesi, G. M. Bilei, G. Viertel, Andrea Castro, Mika Huhtinen, Z. Xie, R. Hammerstrom, A. Bader, R. Della Marina, Marco Pieri, Fabrizio Palla, P. Bartalini, Bernd Schmitt, G. Raso, Paolo Lariccia, A. Marchioro, Anna Elliott-Peisert, Bruno Wittmer, R. Siedling, S. Piperov, Carlo Civinini, P. Tempesta, Dario Bisello, B. Mc Evoy, M. Da Rold, Mara Bruzzi, I. Stavitski, Horst Breuker, Veikko Karimäki, Y. Wang, Werner Lustermann, G. Martignon, Patrizia Azzi, L. Servoli, C. Eklund, Luigi Fiore, Giovanna Selvaggi, Alberto Messineo, K. Luebelsmeyer, Manfred Krammer, Geoffrey Hall, U. Biggeri, B. Checcucci, C. Vannini, E. Catacchini, M. Loreti, Renato Potenza, Guido Tonelli, Salvatore My, Ettore Focardi, M. De Palma, Giorgio Maggi, Stephen Watts, Donato Creanza, Alessandro Giassi, Josef Hrubec, G. Parrini, M.J. French, Laura Borrello, Daniele Passeri, Filippo Bosi, Piero Giorgio Verdini, Giancarlo Mantovani, Alessandro Paccagnella, and Nicola Bacchetta
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, business.industry, Detector, High voltage, Substrate (electronics), Fluence, silicon microstrip detectors, radiation damage, Radiation damage, Optoelectronics, Irradiation, business, Instrumentation, Silicon microstrip detectors, Voltage
Abstract: A large use of silicon microstrip detectors is foreseen for the intermediate part of the CMS tracker. A specific research and development program has been carried out with the aim of finding design layouts and technological solutions for allowing silicon microstrip detectors to be reliably used on a high radiation level environment. As a result of this work single sided, AC-coupled, polysilicon biased, 300 μ m thick, p + on n substrate detectors were chosen. Irradiation tests have been performed on prototypes up to fluence 2×10 14 n/cm 2 . The detector performances do not significantly change if the detectors are biased well above the depletion voltage. S / N is reduced by less than 20%, still enough to insure a good efficiency and space resolution. Multiguard structures has been developed in order to reach high voltage operation (above 500 V).
Published: 1999
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18. I-IMAS: A 1.5D sensor for high-resolution scanning

Author: Sergios Theodoridis, B. S. Avset, M.J. French, Harris V. Georgiou, Robert D. Speller, Nikolaos Manthos, Gary Royle, Ioannis Evangelou, R. Turchetta, P. Gasiorek, Anna Bergamaschi, Geoff Hall, Dionisis Cavouras, F. Psomadellis, Gregory Iles, M. Noy, A. Fant, Renata Longo, A. Galbiati, P.F. van der Stelt, J. Jones, Frixos A Triantis, M Metaxas, Helene Schulerud, J.M. Ostby, C. Venanzi, Fant, A, Gasiorek, P, Turchetta, R, Avset, B, Bergamaschi, A, Cavouras, D, Evangelou, I, French, Mj, Galbiati, A, Georgiou, H, Hall, G, Iles, G, Jones, J, Longo, Renata, Manthos, N, Metaxas, Mg, Noy, M, Ostby, Jm, Psomadellis, F, Royle, Gj, Schulerud, H, Speller, Rd, VAN DER STELT, Pf, Theodoridis, S, Triantis, F, and Venanzi, C.
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Pixel, business.industry, Amplifier, Fixed-pattern noise, Converters, Application-specific integrated circuit, Electronics, business, Instrumentation, Sensitivity (electronics), Computer hardware, Digital radiography
Abstract: We have developed a 1.5 D CMOS active pixel sensor to be used in conjunction with a scintillator for X-ray imaging. Within the Intelligent Imaging Sensors (I-ImaS) project, multiple sensors will be aligned to form a line-scanning system and its performance evaluated with respect to existing sensors in other digital radiography systems. Each sensor contains a 512 x 32 array of pixels and the electronics to convert the collected amount of charge to a digital output value. These include programmable gain amplifiers (PGAs) and analogue-to-digital converters (ADCs). The gain of the PGA can be switched between one or two, to increase the sensitivity for smaller collected charge; the ADC is a 14-bit successive approximation with a sampling rate of 1.25 MHz. The ASIC includes a programmable column fixed pattern noise mitigation circuit and a digitally controllable pixel reset mode block. Here we will describe the sensor design and the expected performance. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section a-Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment
Published: 2007
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19. Radiation hardened transistor characteristics for applications at LHC and beyond

Author: Michel Raymond, G.F. Sciacca, Geoffrey Hall, M.J. French, and M. Millmore
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Large Hadron Collider, business.industry, Detector, Transistor, Radiation, Noise (electronics), Microstrip, law.invention, law, Optoelectronics, Microelectronics, Detectors and Experimental Techniques, business, Instrumentation, Radiation hardening
Abstract: The high-radiation environment at the LHC will require the use of radiation-hardened microelectronics for the read out of inner detectors. Two such technologies are a Harris bulk CMOS process and the DMILL mixed-technology process. Transistors have been fabricated in both of these and have been tested before and after irradiation to 10 Mrads, the total dose expected in the innermost silicon microstrip layers. Several processing runs of Harris transistors have been carried out and samples from one have also been irradiated to 100 Mrads. A preamplifier-shaper circuit, to be used for read out of the CMS microstrip tracker, has been tested and the noise performance is compared with individual transistors.
Published: 1997
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20. Performance of an LPD prototype detector at MHz frame rates under Synchrotron and FEL radiation

Author: Steffen Hauf, C. Angelsen, Monica Turcato, Alke Meents, M.J. French, Pontus Fischer, Matthew Hart, Jolanta Sztuk-Dambietz, M. Weaver, Matthieu Chollet, Sven Herrmann, Andreas Koch, Silke Nelson, Gabriella Carini, Diling Zhu, John A Coughlan, Markus Kuster, Sanghoon Song, T. Nicholls, and Henrik T. Lemke
Subjects: Physics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Preamplifier, Dynamic range, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Detector, X-ray detector, Synchrotron radiation, FOS: Physical sciences, DESY, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Optics, Physics::Accelerator Physics, High Energy Physics::Experiment, ddc:610, business, Instrumentation, Radiation hardening, Mathematical Physics, Noise (radio)
Abstract: A MHz frame rate X-ray area detector (LPD — Large Pixel Detector) is under development by the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory for the European XFEL. The detector will have 1 million pixels and allows analogue storage of 512 images taken at 4.5 MHz in the detector front end. The LPD detector has 500 μm thick silicon sensor tiles that are bump bonded to a readout ASIC. The ASIC's preamplifier provides relatively low noise at high speed which results in a high dynamic range of 105 photons over an energy range of 5–20 keV. Small scale prototypes of 32 × 256 pixels (LPD 2-Tile detector) and 256 × 256 pixels (LPD supermodule detector) are now available for X-ray tests. The performance of prototypes of the detector is reported for first tests under synchrotron radiation (PETRA III at DESY) and Free-Electron-Laser radiation (LCLS at SLAC). The initial performance of the detector in terms of signal range and noise, radiation hardness and spatial and temporal response are reported. The main result is that the 4.5 MHz sampling detection chain is reliably working, including the analogue on-chip memory concept. The detector is at least radiation hard up to 5 MGy at 12 keV. In addition the multiple gain concept has been demonstrated over a dynamic range to 104 at 12 keV with a readout noise equivalent to < 1 photon rms in its most sensitive mode.
Published: 2013
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21. Beam test performance of the APV5 chip

Author: M.J. French, M.D.M de Fez-Laso, J. Matheson, L. Jones, P. G. Murray, Michel Raymond, K. Gill, B. C. MacEvoy, M. Millmore, A Potts, Gregory Iles, C Bonaccorso, and Geoffrey Hall
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Circuit design, Amplifier, Pipeline (computing), Chip, Multiplexer, Microstrip, Front and back ends, Computer Science::Hardware Architecture, Analog signal, Hardware_INTEGRATEDCIRCUITS, business, Instrumentation, Computer hardware
Abstract: The performance of the latest prototype of the radiation hard front end chip to be used by the CMS collaboration for analogue readout of the microstrip tracker has been evaluated with a silicon microstrip detector in a beam at CERN. The circuit, developed by the RD20 collaboration, consists of 128 channels of amplifier, pipeline memory, analogue signal processor and a serial multiplexer. As a result of these studies improvements in the circuit design have been devised which will be implemented in the next version.
Published: 1996
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22. Beam test of a prototype readout system for precision tracking detectors at LHC

Author: L. Jones, K. Gill, R. Payne, Stephen Watts, Michel Raymond, Geoffrey Hall, J. Matheson, R. Wheadon, B. C. MacEvoy, M. Millmore, G. Howell, M.J. French, W. Langhans, D. Vité, Francois Vasey, and G. Stefanini
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Large Hadron Collider, Optical fiber, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Detector, ComputingMethodologies_IMAGEPROCESSINGANDCOMPUTERVISION, Chip, Tracking (particle physics), Line (electrical engineering), law.invention, Optics, CMOS, law, Detectors and Experimental Techniques, business, Instrumentation, Beam (structure)
Abstract: A prototype of a readout system developed for high spatial precision tracking detectors at LHC has been tested in a beam at CERN. It is based on a radiation hard CMOS front-end chip which includes signal amplification, storage in an analogue delay line and a deconvolution filter. Data were transferred from the front-end chip using an analogue fibre optic link employing a novel reflective electro-optic modulator and continuous laser light source remote from the detector. This is the first time such a system has been used in an experimental environment and is the basis of the system proposed for the CMS experiment at LHC.
Published: 1996
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23. Radiation hard electronics for LHC

Author: K. Yoshioka, R. Sachdeva, E. Nygard, Michel Raymond, G. Hall, M.J. French, and M. Millmore
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Preamplifier, Amplifier, Transistor, Electrical engineering, Hardware_PERFORMANCEANDRELIABILITY, Integrated circuit, Chip, Multiplexer, law.invention, Front and back ends, Computer Science::Hardware Architecture, CMOS, law, Hardware_INTEGRATEDCIRCUITS, business, Instrumentation
Abstract: A CMOS front end electronics chain is being developed by the RD20 collaboration for microstrip detector readout at LHC. It is based on a preamplifier and CR-RC filter, analogue pipeline and an analogue signal processor. Amplifiers and transistor test structures have been constructed and evaluated in detail using a Harris 1.2 μm radiation hardened CMOS process. Progress with larger scale elements, including 32 channel front end chips, is described. A radiation hard 128 channel chip, with a 40 MHz analogue multiplexer, is to be submitted for fabrication in July 1994 which will form the basis of the readout of the tracking system of the CMS experiment.
Published: 1995
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24. Physics and electronics simulations of the Large Pixel Detector at EuXFEL

Author: M. Wing, Paul Seller, Ashley Joy, M.J. French, and Matthew Hart
Subjects: Data language, Front and back ends, Physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, ComputingMethodologies_IMAGEPROCESSINGANDCOMPUTERVISION, Code (cryptography), Electronics, Noise (video), Modular design, business, Computer hardware, Pixel detector
Abstract: A simulation of the Large Pixel Detector (LPD), an X-ray pixel detector at EuXFEL, is presented. HPAD Output Response fUnction Simulator (HORUS) was written in IDL to model the Adaptive Gain Integrating Pixel Detector (AGIPD), another X-ray pixel detector at EuXFEL; HORUS_LPD is an adaptation of the code to model LPD. While the original program was intended and designed to be modular, the large differences in the architecture of the Front End Modules (FEMs) in AGIPD and LPD required most of the code to be rewritten, particularly the triple amplification used by LPD. The program simulates from the absorption of photons in the silicon to the final readout image and all sources of noise expected in the real system. The simulation is written in Interactive Data Language (IDL), a programming language specifically intended for working with images or large arrays, functionality that is utilized by HORUS and HORUS_LPD. The simulation was tested using example data and an analysis of the noise in LPD was conducted.
Published: 2012
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25. Measurements of transistors and silicon microstrip detector readout circuits in the Harris AVLSIRA rad-hard CMOS process

Author: Geoffrey Hall, K. Yoshioka, Michel Raymond, M.J. French, M. Millmore, R. Sachdeva, and E. Nygard
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Particle physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Amplifier, Transistor, Hardware_PERFORMANCEANDRELIABILITY, Integrated circuit, law.invention, Computer Science::Hardware Architecture, Computer Science::Emerging Technologies, CMOS, law, MOSFET, Hardware_INTEGRATEDCIRCUITS, Optoelectronics, Field-effect transistor, business, Instrumentation, Radiation hardening, Electronic circuit
Abstract: The RD20 collaboration has been developing silicon detectors and front end electronics for inner tracking applications at the proposed Large Hadron Collider (LHC) accelerator at CERN. Prototype amplifier circuits and test structures have been designed and fabricated in a radiation hard bulk CMOS technology (Harris AVLSIRA). Results from measurements of individual transistors and circuits from the first fabrication run in this process are presented, before and after irradiation. The noise performance of the prototype amplifiers is compared with predictions from the transistor noise spectrum measurements, and the optimised performance is predicted.
Published: 1994
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26. Distribution of lead inside the home: case studies in the North of England

Author: A.S. Al-Radady, B.E. Davies, and M.J. French
Subjects: Grande bretagne, Hydrology, Reino unido, Environmental Engineering, Wet weather, Lead (sea ice), Environmental engineering, Front door, Pollution, Deposition (aerosol physics), Dust loading, Environmental Chemistry, Environmental science, Waste Management and Disposal, Royaume uni
Abstract: Air lead concentrations, deposition on moss bags and window velocity decreased rapidly through an open window in a university room. The indoor/outdoor air lead ratio was 0.82. Other experiments took place in houses in Bradford and Manchester. Lead deposition was studied using irrigated moss bags, by cleaning surfaces with moistened tissues, by washing curtains and by vacuum cleaning floors. Within a home, air lead concentrations were approximately the same upstairs and downstairs, but there was less lead in settled floor dusts upstairs compared with downstairs. Lead and dust loading on a hall floor decreased away from the front door and a front room downstairs had more lead in floor dust than a back room. Lead loadings on other surfaces were in the order window sills > furniture > walls > ceilings. Net curtains on windows effectively trapped lead aerosols. Garden soil contained more lead near the house. More lead was tracked into a hallway in wet weather and more lead entered through windows in summer months when windows were left open more often. Overall, lead loadings were higher for houses on busy streets near city centres.
Published: 1994
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27. Measurements of a radiation hardened process: Harris AVLSIRA

Author: S. Bouvier, G. Hall, David Mark Raymond, M. Millmore, Paul Seller, E. Nygard, K. Yoshioka, S.L. Thomas, and M.J. French
Subjects: Nuclear physics, Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Nuclear engineering, Process (computing), Readout electronics, Radiation, Cmos process, Instrumentation
Abstract: The Harris AVLSIRA process is a bulk CMOS process that has been specifically developed for use in radiation environments. It is being studied in order to assess its suitability for use in the readout electronics that are being developed for proposed future large hadronic colliders. Initial studies from one processing batch are presented.
Published: 1994
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28. A new design of moss bag to monitor metal deposition both indoors and outdoors

Author: A.S. Al-Radady, M.J. French, and B.E. Davies
Subjects: Metal deposition, Environmental Engineering, biology, Environmental engineering, Environmental Chemistry, Environmental science, Relative humidity, biology.organism_classification, Pollution, Waste Management and Disposal, Moss
Abstract: Moss bags have been widely used to measure aerial metal deposition rates out of doors. This paper describes a simple device whereby the relative humidity of mosses exposed indoors may be maintained at >95% permitting the extension of the moss bag technique to indoor environments. The comparability of irrigated moss bags with greased petri dishes or standard deposit gauges is demonstrated. The relative humidity of the moss is shown to be an important factor in controlling the efficiency of metal collection by moss bags.
Published: 1993
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29. Leaded windows as a source of lead within homes

Author: M.J. French, A.S. Al-Radady, and B.E. Davies
Subjects: Environmental Engineering, Home environment, Lead carbonate, Lead (sea ice), Window (computing), Mineralogy, Dust, Pollution, chemistry.chemical_compound, Lead glass, Lead, chemistry, visual_art, Housing, visual_art.visual_art_medium, Principal mechanism, Humans, Environmental Chemistry, Environmental science, Glass, Waste Management and Disposal
Abstract: Corrosion of 'cames', i.e., the lead binding or decorative strips in leaded windows, is a significant, but previously unreported source of lead within older homes. Surfaces close to the leaded windows are highly contaminated with lead but the content of lead in dust diminishes rapidly within the first 2 m away from the window and is minimal after 3 m. The dust near the window was identified, using X-ray diffraction, as mainly composed of basic lead carbonate. Condensation water on leaded windows contains appreciable lead whereas for unleaded windows it is negligible. The exterior surface of unleaded windows contains more lead than the interior surface but the converse is true for leaded windows. A laboratory simulation suggested that corrosion by window condensate was likely to be the principal mechanism by which lead entered the home environment.
Published: 1993
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30. CMS physics technical design report, volume II: Physics performance

Author: G. Russo, R. Halsall, H. L. Zhuang, Stephan Linn, Stefanos Dris, J.F. Gunion, D. Delikaris, David Mark Raymond, Christophe Delaere, J. Caballero Bejar, Alex Kamenev, Victor Kim, Armando Lanaro, Sajjad Asghar, Vivek Sharma, P. Mereu, S. B. Kim, M. G. Albrow, Kostas Kloukinas, R. A. Kvatadze, Y. Velikzhanin, C. Mavrommatis, J. T. Rhee, M. Guerzoni, Robert M Harris, F. Romano, Daniele Spiga, Flera Rizatdinova, Dmitry Gorbunov, Giacomo Bruno, Laszlo Boldizsar, W. E. Johns, B. De Callatay, Pushpalatha C Bhat, M. Pioppi, Lawrence Sulak, L. J. Gutay, M. Hashemi, W. Badgett, A. Bartoloni, C. Y. Chien, E. Marinova, Daniel Robert Marlow, J. M. Barcala, C. Sabev, Roberto Sacchi, P. Bartalini, B. Panev, J. Reinhold, Yves Sirois, J. Ying, M. Demarteau, Alicia Calderon, Arno Heister, Lothar At Bauerdick, Marco Meschini, R. Wilkinson, Tejinder Virdee, Mirko Planinic, G. Martinelli, Y. Ershov, Piotr Traczyk, M. Ageron, Kirill Prokofiev, S. De Visscher, W. Bertl, Julia Thom, D. S. Bailey, N. Manna, Francesco Navarria, A. Karar, Pierre Ramond, Lucia Silvestris, R. Eichler, Neeti Parashar, S. Cucciarelli, R. Gokieli, Christopher George Tully, L. Masetti, I. Gonzalez Cabellero, Klaus Rabbertz, S. Zelepoukine, Sebastiano Albergo, A. Bonnevaux, P. Fabbricatore, Claudio Campagnari, V. Timciuc, O. Zorba, Igor Lokhtin, Ezio Maina, Colin Bernet, Nadia Pastrone, M. Galanti, K. Marasovic, Jim Kowalkowski, M. Zielinski, P. Aspell, Teppo Mäenpää, Pamela Klabbers, V. B. Francis, I. Diaz Merino, H. A. Sanchez Hernandez, Valery Zhukov, Christos Leonidopoulos, Gyorgy Bencze, Dimitri Bourilkov, Vassili Kachanov, Marina Passaseo, Patrick Slattery, J. Schümann, K. Cho, Hans-Christian Kaestli, Filip Moortgat, Francesca Nessi-Tedaldi, S. K. Lalwani, P. Trüb, D. Wenman, Aliaksandr Litomin, P. Siegrist, S. K. Oh, M. Kossov, A. Slav, Nicanor Colino, Z. Wlodarczyk, J. Amundson, H. Mathez, A. Papageorgiou, Pete Markowitz, J. Blocki, I. Soric, L. Stepanova, Pierluigi Paolucci, Amitabh Lath, Jianhong Wu, N. Sinanis, R. Imlay, Dario Menasce, T. Grassi, S. Lusin, H. von Gunten, T. Weiler, Gyorgy Vesztergombi, J. P. Dewulf, G. Marian, B. A. Barnett, N. Iyurin, Frank Jm Geurts, T. Hesselroth, Nikolaos Manthos, Martin Grunewald, Oleg Prokofyev, Wolfram Erdmann, V. Elsha, A. Krokhotin, Livio Fanò, David Barney, Stephanie Beauceron, Mark Raymond Adams, Nicolo Cartiglia, Alexander Oh, Safdar Abbas, Giorgio Apollinari, M. Jenkins, G. Belli, E. E. Boos, Elena Accomando, M. Afaq, Yan-Lin Ye, M. Serin-Zeyrek, Karl Gill, H. S. Chen, Roland Horisberger, S. Mersi, Serguei Ganjour, P. Tempesta, Sergio Cittolin, Julien Caudron, I. Schmidt, Stefan Schael, R. Dabrowski, Sudhir Malik, M. Cardenas Montes, P. S. Flower, K. Gabathuler, T. L. Watts, D. A. Sanders, V. Bhandari, G. Lukhanin, Y. Fu, S. Vassiliev, I. Legrand, Srecko Morovic, Francois Vasey, Yuan Chao, Y. Geerebaert, Michele Arneodo, Steve Reucroft, Boaz Klima, Richard G Kellogg, Pavel Demin, G. Schwering, V. Papadimitriou, Daijin Kim, Paolo Vitulo, William J Spalding, Jay Roberts, I. Pal, N. Estre, L. Tauscher, Andras Laszlo, S. Spangler, Darien Wood, H. Suter, Ia Iashvili, W. Tanenbaum, Yury Ivanov, Andre Sznajder, F. Rondeaux, S. Y. Jung, Yuri Gershtein, Monoranjan Guchait, Brajesh C Choudhary, Paul David Luckey, M. Sani, D. Lanske, N. Ilina, Ian Shipsey, J. G. Shiu, Artur Kalinowski, Igor Emeliantchik, B. Heltsley, Robin Erbacher, Henryk Czyrkowski, L. Rurua, R. Beuselinck, Umesh Joshi, Irina Vardanyan, David B. Cline, M. Hansen, P. Bordalo, Ariella Cattai, G. Gomezo, J. A. Bakken, Jordan Nash, Sung Keun Park, E. Luiggi Lopez, M. Wensveen, R. Folch, E. Carrone, Cristina Riccardi, D. Krpic, S. Magni, Nicholas John Hadley, Karl Matthew Ecklund, M. Stettler, S. Vanini, Andrey Vorobyev, Matteo Risoldi, J. Bourotte, Kati Lassila-Perini, A. De Benedetti, M. Aldaya Martin, M. Duda, A. 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Filine, Pascal Paganini, A. Roy, N. Zamiatin, S. Paktinat Mehdiabadi, Vladimir Andreev, Aruna Nayak, I. Jimenez, Archana Sharma, Saptaparna Bhattacharya, Laird Kramer, Andrey Korytov, P. Chang, Eduardo De Moraes Gregores, John H. Wickens, Vladimir Korenkov, N. Magini, A. Moggi, I. Crotty, Jan Krolikowski, Duccio Abbaneo, V. Litvine, Elizabeth Locci, M. I. Asghar, A. Kapusi, Y. Zhang, C. Bloch, V. Sknar, Vadim Issakov, Giovanni Polese, Alexander Toropin, J. Nysten, E. Forton, Y. Liu, S. Wang, M. Jaworski, H. Foeth, Belforte, S., Cossutti, F., DELLA RICCA, Giuseppe, Gobbo, B., Penzo, A., Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP/Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département d'Astrophysique, de physique des Particules, de physique Nucléaire et de l'Instrumentation Associée (DAPNIA), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet (LLR), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département Recherches Subatomiques (DRS-IPHC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique Nucléaire de Lyon (IPNL), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), informatique, Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), CMS, Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon (IP2I Lyon), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Bayatian, G, Chatrchyan, S, Hmayakyan, G, Sirunyan, A, Adam, W, Bergauer, T, Dragicevic, M, Ero, J, Friedl, M, Fruehwirth, R, Ghete, V, Glaser, P, Hrubec, J, Jeitler, M, Krammer, M, Magrans, I, Mikulec, I, Mitaroff, W, Noebauer, T, Pernicka, M, Porth, P, Rohringer, H, Strauss, J, Taurok, A, Waltenberger, W, Walzel, G, Widl, E, Wulz, C, Fedorov, A, Korzhik, M, Missevitch, O, Zuyeuski, R, Chekhovsky, V, Dvornikov, O, Emeliantchik, I, Litomin, A, Mossolov, V, Shumeiko, N, Solin, A, Stefanovitch, R, Gonzalez, J, Tikhonov, A, Petrov, V, D'Hondt, J, De Weirdt, S, 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J, Kramer, T, Kwan, S, La Vallie, E, Larwill, M, Los, S, Lueking, L, Lukhanin, G, Lusin, S, Maeshima, K, Mcbride, P, Murray, S, O'Dell, V, Paterno, M, Patrick, J, Petravick, D, Pordes, R, Prokofyev, O, Rasmislovich, V, Ratnikova, N, Ronzhin, A, Sekhri, V, Sexton Kennedy, E, Shaw, T, Skow, D, Smith, R, Spalding, W, Spiegel, L, Stavrianakou, M, Stiehr, G, Suzuki, I, Tan, P, Tanenbaum, W, Tkaczyk, S, Veseli, S, Vidal, R, Wenzel, H, Whitmore, J, Womersley, W, Wu, W, Wu, Y, Yagil, A, Yarba, J, Yun, J, Acosta, D, Avery, P, Barashko, V, Bartalini, P, Bourilkov, D, Cavanaugh, R, Drozdetskiy, A, Field, R, Fu, Y, Gray, L, Holmes, D, Kim, B, Klimenko, S, Konigsberg, J, Korytov, A, Kotov, K, Levchenko, P, Madorsky, A, Matchev, K, Mitselmakher, G, Pakhotin, Y, Prescott, C, Ramond, P, Rodriguez, J, Schmitt, M, Scurlock, B, Stoeck, H, Yelton, J, Boeglin, W, Gaultney, V, Kramer, L, Linn, S, Markowitz, P, Martinez, G, Raue, B, Reinhold, J, Askew, A, Bertoldi, M, Dharmaratna, W, Gershtein, Y, Hagopian, S, Hagopian, V, Jenkins, M, Johnson, K, Prosper, H, Wahl, H, Baarmand, M, Baksay, L, Guragain, S, Hohlmann, M, Mermerkaya, H, Ralich, R, Vodopiyanov, I, Adams, M, Betts, R, Gerber, C, Shabalina, E, Smith, C, Ten, T, Akgun, U, Ayan, A, Cooper, A, Debbins, P, Duru, F, Fountain, M, George, N, Mccliment, E, Merlo, J, Mestvirishvili, A, Miller, M, Newsom, C, Norbeck, E, Onel, Y, Schmidt, I, Wang, S, Anderson, E, Atramentov, O, Hauptman, J, Lamsa, J, Barnett, B, Blumenfeld, B, Chien, C, Maksimovic, P, Spangler, S, Swartz, M, Baringer, P, Bean, A, Coppage, D, Grachov, O, Kim, E, Murray, M, Bandurin, D, Bolton, T, Khanov, A, Maravin, Y, Onoprienko, D, Rizatdinova, F, Sidwell, R, Stanton, N, Von Toerne, E, Baden, D, Bard, R, Eno, S, Grassi, T, Hadley, N, Kellogg, R, Kunori, S, Ratnikov, F, Skuja, A, Arcidiacono, R, Ballintijn, M, Bauer, G, Harris, P, Kravchenko, I, Loizides, C, Nahn, S, Paus, C, Pavlon, S, Roland, C, Roland, G, Sumorok, K, Vaurynovich, S, Veres, G, Wyslouch, B, Bailleux, D, Corum, S, Cushman, P, De Benedetti, A, Dolgopolov, A, Egeland, R, Franzoni, G, Gilbert, W, Grahl, J, Haupt, J, Kubota, Y, Mans, J, Pearson, N, Rusack, R, Singovsky, A, Cremaldi, L, Godang, R, Kroeger, R, Sanders, D, Summers, D, Bloom, K, Claes, D, Dominguez, A, Eads, M, Lundstedt, C, Malik, S, Snow, G, Sobol, A, Iashvili, I, Kharchilava, A, Alverson, G, Barberis, E, Boeriu, O, Eulisse, G, Musienko, Y, Muzaffar, S, Osborne, I, Reucroft, S, Swain, J, Taylor, L, Tuura, L, Wood, D, Gobbi, B, Kubantsev, M, Schellman, H, Spencer, E, Velasco, M, Baumbaugh, B, Cason, N, Hildreth, M, Karmgard, D, Marinelli, N, Ruchti, R, Warchol, J, Wayne, M, Bylsma, B, Durkin, L, Gilmore, J, Gu, J, Herman, D, Killewald, P, Knobbe, K, Ling, T, Elmer, P, Marlow, D, Piroue, P, Stickland, D, Tully, C, Wildish, T, Wynhoff, S, Xie, Z, Apresyan, A, Arndt, K, Banicz, K, Barnes, V, Bolla, G, Bortoletto, D, Bujak, A, Garfinkel, A, Lopez, O, Gutay, L, Ippolito, N, Kozhevnikov, Y, Laasanen, A, Liu, C, Maroussov, V, Merkel, P, Miller, D, Miyamoto, J, Neumeister, N, Rott, C, Roy, A, Sedov, A, Shipsey, I, Parashar, N, Eppley, G, Lee, S, Liu, J, Matveev, M, Nussbaum, T, Padley, B, Roberts, J, Tumanov, A, Yepes, P, Bodek, A, Budd, H, Chung, Y, De Barbaro, P, Demina, R, Eusebi, R, Ginther, G, Gotra, Y, Hocker, A, Husemann, U, Korjenevski, S, Sakumoto, W, Slattery, P, Tipton, P, Zielinski, M, Bartz, E, Doroshenko, J, Halkiadakis, E, Jacques, P, Kalelkar, M, Khits, D, Lath, A, Macpherson, A, Perera, L, Plano, R, Rose, K, Schnetzer, S, Somalwar, S, Stone, R, Thomson, G, Watts, T, Akchurin, N, Carrell, K, Gumus, K, Jeong, C, Kim, H, Papadimitriou, V, Sill, A, Spezziga, M, Washington, E, Wigmans, R, Bapty, T, Engh, D, Johns, W, Keskinpala, T, Lopez, E, Neema, S, Nordstrom, S, Pathak, S, Sheldon, P, Vaandering, E, Webster, M, Arenton, M, Conetti, S, Cox, B, Hirosky, R, Imlay, R, Ledovskoy, A, Phillips, D, Powell, H, Ronquest, M, Smith, D, Baek, Y, Bellinger, J, Bradley, D, Carlsmith, D, Crotty, I, Dasu, S, Feyzi, F, Gorski, T, Grothe, M, Hogg, W, Jaworski, M, Klabbers, P, Lanaro, A, Loveless, R, De Abril, M, Reeder, D, Smith, W, Wenman, D, Atoyan, G, Dhawan, S, Issakov, V, Neal, H, Poblaguev, A, Zeller, M, Yuldashev, B, TR1918, Demir, Durmuş Ali, Izmir Institute of Technology. Physics, Çukurova Üniversitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi, Fizik Bölümü, and Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Physics beyond the Standard Model, Large Hadron Collider (LHC), 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, HIGGS-BOSON PRODUCTION, TO-LEADING-ORDER, PRODUCTION CROSS-SECTION, LARGE HADRON COLLIDER, SUPERSYMMETRIC STANDARD MODEL, ELECTROWEAK SYMMETRY-BREAKING, LARGE TRANSVERSE-MOMENTUM, B-C MESON, SUPERCONDUCTING SUPER COLLIDER, SOFTLY BROKEN SUPERSYMMETRY, Vector boson, Settore FIS/04 - Fisica Nucleare e Subnucleare, PARTICLE PHYSICS, CMS, Energy density, technical design report, CERN, [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], Physics, Large Hadron Collider, Settore FIS/01 - Fisica Sperimentale, Supersymmetry, Physics and Astronomy (all), Nuclear and High Energy Physics, FIS/01 - FISICA SPERIMENTALE, High-density QCD matter, Higgs boson, CMS, LHC, Physics, particles, Higgs, particle physics, detector, accelerator, Particle physics, Standard Model, Settore FIS/03 - Fisica della Materia, Nuclear physics, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, Settore MAT/07 - Fisica Matematica, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, High Energy Physics::Phenomenology, Little Higgs, pp, LHC, Higgs, supersymmetry, heavy ion, High Energy Physics::Experiment, CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC), Parton momentum fraction, Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model
Abstract: CMS is a general purpose experiment, designed to study the physics of pp collisions at 14 TeV at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). It currently involves more than 2000 physicists from more than 150 institutes and 37 countries. The LHC will provide extraordinary opportunities for particle physics based on its unprecedented collision energy and luminosity when it begins operation in 2007. The principal aim of this report is to present the strategy of CMS to explore the rich physics programme offered by the LHC. This volume demonstrates the physics capability of the CMS experiment. The prime goals of CMS are to explore physics at the TeV scale and to study the mechanism of electroweak symmetry breaking - through the discovery of the Higgs particle or otherwise. To carry out this task, CMS must be prepared to search for new particles, such as the Higgs boson or supersymmetric partners of the Standard Model particles, from the start-up of the LHC since new physics at the TeV scale may manifest itself with modest data samples of the order of a few fb-1 or less. The analysis tools that have been developed are applied to study in great detail and with all the methodology of performing an analysis on CMS data specific benchmark processes upon which to gauge the performance of CMS. These processes cover several Higgs boson decay channels, the production and decay of new particles such as Z′ and supersymmetric particles, Bs production and processes in heavy ion collisions. The simulation of these benchmark processes includes subtle effects such as possible detector miscalibration and misalignment. Besides these benchmark processes, the physics reach of CMS is studied for a large number of signatures arising in the Standard Model and also in theories beyond the Standard Model for integrated luminosities ranging from 1 fb-1 to 30 fb-1. The Standard Model processes include QCD, B-physics, diffraction, detailed studies of the top quark properties, and electroweak physics topics such as the W and Z0 boson properties. The production and decay of the Higgs particle is studied for many observable decays, and the precision with which the Higgs boson properties can be derived is determined. About ten different supersymmetry benchmark points are analysed using full simulation. The CMS discovery reach is evaluated in the SUSY parameter space covering a large variety of decay signatures. Furthermore, the discovery reach for a plethora of alternative models for new physics is explored, notably extra dimensions, new vector boson high mass states, little Higgs models, technicolour and others. Methods to discriminate between models have been investigated. This report is organized as follows. Chapter 1, the Introduction, describes the context of this document. Chapters 2-6 describe examples of full analyses, with photons, electrons, muons, jets, missing E T, B-mesons and τ's, and for quarkonia in heavy ion collisions. Chapters 7-15 describe the physics reach for Standard Model processes, Higgs discovery and searches for new physics beyond the Standard Model. © 2007 IOP Publishing Ltd.
Published: 2007
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31. A CMOS active pixel sensor for retinal stimulation

Author: Mark L. Prydderch, Jonathan Laudanski, M.J. French, Chris Adams, Keith Mathieson, Alan R. Moodie, Deborah E. Gunning, James Sinclair, and James Duncan Morrison
Subjects: CMOS sensor, Retina, genetic structures, Blindness, Pixel, Computer science, Retinal stimulation, business.industry, Retinal, Multielectrode array, Macular degeneration, medicine.disease, eye diseases, chemistry.chemical_compound, Light intensity, medicine.anatomical_structure, Optics, chemistry, Retinal Prosthesis, Retinitis pigmentosa, medicine, sense organs, business
Abstract: Degenerative photoreceptor diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa, are the most common causes of blindness in the western world. A potential cure is to use a microelectronic retinal prosthesis to provide electrical stimulation to the remaining healthy retinal cells. We describe a prototype CMOS Active Pixel Sensor capable of detecting a visual scene and translating it into a train of electrical pulses for stimulation of the retina. The sensor consists of a 10 x 10 array of 100 micron square pixels fabricated on a 0.35 micron CMOS process. Light incident upon each pixel is converted into output current pulse trains with a frequency related to the light intensity. These outputs are connected to a biocompatible microelectrode array for contact to the retinal cells. The flexible design allows experimentation with signal amplitudes and frequencies in order to determine the most appropriate stimulus for the retina. Neural processing in the retina can be studied by using the sensor in conjunction with a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) programmed to behave as a neural network. The sensor has been integrated into a test system designed for studying retinal response. We present the most recent results obtained from this sensor.
Published: 2006
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32. MOS CCDs for the wide field imager on the XEUS spacecraft

Author: C. Castelli, M.J. French, Ian Hutchinson, David R. Smith, Jordi Calafell, David W. Burt, Andrew D. Holland, Richard M. Ambrosi, and Peter J. Pool
Subjects: Physics, Spacecraft, business.industry, Instrumentation, X-ray imaging, Detector, Focal plane array, Field of view, Orbital mechanics, Cardinal point, Optics, X-ray spectroscopy, Orbit (dynamics), Focal length, business, CCD
Abstract: In recent years the XEUS mission concept has evolved and has been the subject of several industrial studies. The mission concept has now matured to the point that it could be proposed for a Phase A study and subsequent flight programme. The key feature of XEUS will be its X-ray optic with collecting area ~30-100x that of XMM. The mission is envisaged at an orbit around the L2 point in space, and is formed from two spacecraft; one for the mirrors, and the other for the focal plane detectors. With a focal length of 50m, the plate scale of the optic is 6.5x that of XMM, which using existing focal plane technology will reduce the effective field of view to a few arc minutes. Cryogenic instrumentation, with detector sizes of a few mm can only be used for narrow field studies of target objects, and a wide field instrument is under consideration using a DEPFET pixel array to image out to a diameter of 5 arcminutes, requiring an array of dimension 70mm. It is envisaged to extend this field of view possibly out to 15 arcminutes through the use of an outer detection ring comprised of MOS CCDs
Published: 2005
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33. Readout ASIC for x-ray CCDs

Author: Ian Hutchinson, Andrew D. Holland, Jordi Calafell, M.J. French, L. Jones, and Andrea Fant
Subjects: Physics, Pixel, Application-specific integrated circuit, law, business.industry, Embedded system, Integrated circuit, business, Computer hardware, law.invention, Low noise
Abstract: This paper describes the design and operation of a low noise analogue readout system for X-ray CCDs (at up-to 1MHz pixel rate) for e2v's CCDs. A major part of the system is Correlated Double Sampler (CDS) Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) designed in collaboration with the CCLRC. Here we discuss the ASIC specification, design and applications, together with the measured performance.
Published: 2005
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34. THE CMS ECAL READOUT ARCHITECTURE AND THE CLOCK AND CONTROL SYSTEM

Author: R. Benetta, M.J. French, M. Gastal, W. Lusterman, L. Djambazov, C. Ljuslin, A. Marchioro, Jean-Louis Faure, G. Hall, M. Raymond, Marc Dejardin, K. Kloukinas, J. Nash, M. Hansen, J. Crooks, and P.H. Sharp
Subjects: Computer science, business.industry, Control system, Embedded system, Architecture, business, Computer hardware
Published: 2005
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35. The effect of highly ionising particles on the CMS silicon strip tracker

Author: R. van Staa, L. Perera, Pierre Juillot, A. Linn, V. Bellini, D. Coppage, Simon Kwan, Frank Raupach, Ch. Hörmann, D. Pandoulas, Roberto Dell'Orso, Salvatore My, D. Benedetti, J. P Dewulf, Andrea Candelori, B. De-Callatay, T. A. Bolton, P. Siegrist, Cecilia Elena Gerber, Mário Costa, T. Weiler, Marek Tasevsky, N. Lumb, Alessia Tricomi, K. Gabathuler, M. Nigro, Othmane Bouhali, R. Ranieri, Lutz Feld, C. Grab, Melody A. Swartz, Mika Huhtinen, Piero Giubilato, Tommaso Boccali, Jaakko Härkönen, Danek Kotlinski, Manfred Krammer, F. Defontaines, Salvatore Costa, M. Sani, A. Roy, Andrea Giammanco, Marc Weber, David Colling, Gordon H. Hanson, Benjamin Trocmé, Leonard Spiegel, Robert Klanner, R. Santinelli, M. Pernicka, A. Theel, B. Mangano, Laura Borrello, V. Roberfroid, B. Hegner, Thomas Bergauer, Stephane Perries, Costas Foudas, J. H. Wickens, S. Tkaczyk, Guido Tonelli, J.-M. Brom, Ghislain Grégoire, C. Vander-Velde, Giuseppe Zito, Ettore Focardi, D. Vintache, Raffaello D'Alessandro, B. Gobbi, G. Páztor, Daniel E. Hale, W. De Boer, W. Kahl, Timothy Koeth, Duccio Abbaneo, Karl Gill, A. Moggi, Donato Creanza, W. Braunschweig, Wolfram Erdmann, Wolfgang Waltenberger, J. Jones, J. Heyninck, M. Angarano, U. Holm, Giovanna Selvaggi, Wolfgang Adam, R. Goorens, Fabrizio Palla, T. Kress, F. Boegelspacher, B. A. Barnett, Alessandro Giassi, A. Marchioro, V. Radicci, M. Noy, Alessandra Romero, O. Zorba, Josef Hrubec, M. D’Alfonso, E. A. De Wolf, J. Lamb, Jean-Charles Fontaine, Denis Favart, D. Bisello, M. A. Kubantsev, T. Ten, S. Heier, R. Strub, Eva Halkiadakis, M.R. Pearson, Thomas Müller, G. Sguazzoni, Francois Vasey, A. Ostaptchouk, A. Schultz von Dratzig, N. De Filippis, E. Bartz, Michael Wlochal, A. Furgeri, Steve Schnetzer, Felicitas Pauss, Werner Lustermann, Andromachi Tsirou, Roland Horisberger, Waclaw Karpinski, Krzysztof Piotrzkowski, Paolo Azzurri, Bruno Wittmer, Lucia Silvestris, A. Onnela, S. Kyre, Matteo Risoldi, Alice Bean, Pascal Vanlaer, G. Schwering, Th. Hermanns, N. Dinu, L. Neuckermans, K. W. Bell, Frédéric Drouhin, Geoffrey Hall, L. Christofek, K. Hangarter, Didier Contardo, T. Ortega-Gomez, Umesh Joshi, Robert Stone, F. Charles, D. White, Paolo Petagna, A. Bocci, G. Pierschel, D. Kim, T. Franke, Marco Meschini, Gian Mario Bilei, G. Parrini, S. Kasselmann, C. M. Sutera, Oliver Pooth, N. Magini, N. W. Reay, M. Ageron, Kirill Prokofiev, Alain Ninane, W. Beaumont, U. Pein, A. Flossdorf, S. Korjenevski, M. Demarteau, Geng-Yuan Jeng, Eija Tuominen, Georg Steinbrück, R. N. Tilden, Arno Heister, N. Pukhaeva, S. Worm, Ulrich Goerlach, Claudio Campagnari, Teppo Mäenpää, B. Checcucci, Paolo Lariccia, Rudolf Fruehwirth, Barbara Clerbaux, Cristina Tuve, G. Maggi, R. Siedling, Cristina Biino, A. MacPherson, M. Duda, Gregory Iles, K. Freudenreich, H. Pruys, Gigi Rolandi, M. Bleyl, Andrea Rizzi, G. Segneri, Alan Garfinkel, P. Barrillon, Peter Schleper, A. Hocker, Vincent Lemaitre, Maiko Takahashi, G. Rogers, Marcello Mannelli, P. Blüm, F. Didierjean, J. Mnich, I. Troska, H.-Ch. Kästli, R. Halsall, M. Atac, S. König, A. K. Honma, Rino Castaldi, P. Gartung, R. Brauer, Paul Tipton, M. De Palma, Stefanos Dris, David Mark Raymond, Christophe Delaere, D. Michotte, J.D. Berst, Panja-Riina Luukka, R. L. Lander, Peter Robmann, Ph. Herquet, M. Loreti, B. Atz, Eric Chabanat, L. Gross, M. Frey, G. De Lentdecker, F. Ahmed, M. S. Mennea, F. Beissel, P. Steck, D. Ricci, Horst Breuker, D. A. Sanders, Tuure Tuuva, Cristiana Peroni, X. Rouby, G.W Liang, D. E. Pellett, Sandor Czellar, B. Perea-Solano, T. Speer, A. Basti, Flera Rizatdinova, Alexander Dierlamm, Tomas Lindén, Jacopo Bernardini, N. Bernardino-Rodriguez, Stefaan Tavernier, Paolo Spagnolo, Giacomo Bruno, Roberto Chierici, A. Kaminsky, Claude Amsler, R. Blaes, A. Macchiolo, M. Stoye, A. Dorokhov, Séverine Ovyn, Ricardo Eusebi, Ernesto Migliore, Hans-Jürgen Simonis, Carlo Civinini, S. De-Visscher, Livio Fanò, S. Mersi, P. Tempesta, R. Demina, C. Olivetto, N. Schirm, W. Bertl, J. P. Ernenwein, G. Leibenguth, R. Eichler, Attilio Santocchia, E. Carrone, S. Cucciarelli, Sebastiano Albergo, P. Vanhove, C. Y. Chien, Renato Potenza, A. Affolder, André Schöning, B. Reinhold, Maurizio Biasini, Simone Gennai, T. Barvich, S. Dutta, C. Zucchetti, Carsten Rott, M.J. French, M. Puscalau, Andreas Nowack, R. Taylor, Vitaliano Ciulli, J. L. Bonnet, C. Regenfus, M. Poettgens, P. Bartalini, D. Sentenac, R. Haroutunian, A. Khanov, G. Landi, Ariella Cattai, N. Estre, Simone Paoletti, E. Daubie, D. Rizzi, M. Thomas, V. Postolache, O. Van-der-Aa, Gino Bolla, Giuseppe Bagliesi, C. Yu, Massimiliano Chiorboli, Frank Hartmann, K. D. Boffin, Günter Flügge, P.P. Trapani, M. Vander-Donckt, Luigi Fiore, L. Servoli, Otilia Militaru, L. M. Cremaldi, Teimuraz Lomtadze, M. Eppard, Tommaso Dorigo, J. De-Favereau-de-Jeneret, L. Jones, Jorma Tuominiemi, Elizaveta Shabalina, Oliver Buchmuller, H. M. Katajisto, Th. Keutgen, N. R. Stanton, Ian R Tomalin, Riccardo Rando, G. Dirkes, Philip Baringer, John A Coughlan, Valery Zhukov, Sudhir Malik, Daniela Bortoletto, B. C. MacEvoy, F. Palmonari, Natale Demaria, Maria Teresa Brunetti, E. De Langhe, L. Van Lancker, E. Babucci, Vincenzo Chiochia, J. Leaver, S. Schael, G. Favro, Jorgen D'Hondt, J. P. Fernandez, Tilman Rohe, Lorenzo Foà, Joe Incandela, Veikko Karimäki, C. Kukulies, E. Grigoriev, J. Olzem, Domenico Giordano, Alberto Messineo, Laurent Mirabito, Steven Lowette, Robert Bainbridge, K. Wick, G. Magazzu, H. Postema, Markus Friedl, J. Doroshenko, R. Grabit, F. Raffaelli, Katja Klein, S. Assouak, H. Esser, F. Bosi, R. Adolphi, G. De Robertis, Alessandro Paccagnella, I. Boulogne, Nicola Bacchetta, Jonathan Fulcher, Tapio Lampén, A. Frey, M. Fahrer, Piero Giorgio Verdini, Abdenour Lounis, M. Giorgi, Giancarlo Mantovani, R. A. Sidwell, C. Maazouzi, C. Marchettini, S. Tesch, Institut de Physique Nucléaire de Lyon (IPNL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Institut de Recherches Subatomiques (IReS), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Cancéropôle du Grand Est-Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CMS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Silicon, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Hadron, APV25, chemistry.chemical_element, 01 natural sciences, Nuclear physics, Highly ionising particles, 0103 physical sciences, [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], 07.50.-e, 07.89.+b, 29.40.Gx, 85.40.-e, Silicon strip tracker, Sensitivity (control systems), [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], 010306 general physics, Instrumentation, Compact Muon Solenoid, Physics, Large Hadron Collider, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, CMS, Detector, APV25, CMS, Highly ionising particles, Silicon strip tracker, Chip, Chemistry, chemistry, Engineering sciences. Technology, Beam (structure)
Abstract: Inelastic nuclear collisions of hadrons incident on silicon sensors can generate secondary highly ionising particles (HIPs) and deposit as much energy within the sensor bulk as several hundred minimum ionising particles. The large signals generated by these 'HIP events' can momentarily saturate the APV25 front-end readout chip for the silicon strip tracker (SST) sub-detector of the compact muon solenoid (CMS) experiment, resulting in deadtime in the detector readout system. This paper presents studies of this phenomenon through simulation, laboratory measurements and dedicated beam tests. A proposed change to a front-end component to reduce the APV25 sensitivity to HIP events is also examined. The results are used to infer the expected effect on the performance of the CMS SST at the future large hadron collider. The induced inefficiencies are at the percent level and will have a negligible effect on the physics performance of the SST. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Published: 2005
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36. A large-area CMOS monolithic active pixel sensor for extreme ultraviolet spectroscopy and imaging

Author: M.J. French, Q. Morrissey, Renato Turchetta, N. Waltham, Mark L. Prydderch, and Peter J. Pool
Subjects: Physics, CMOS sensor, business.industry, Extreme ultraviolet lithography, Large format, Integrated circuit, Photodiode, law.invention, Optics, CMOS, law, Extreme ultraviolet, Optoelectronics, Charge-coupled device, business
Abstract: We describe our programme to develop science-grade CMOS active pixel sensors for future space science missions, and in particular an extreme ultra-violet spectrograph for solar physics studies on the ESA Solar Orbiter. Our goal is the development of a large format 4k x 4k pixel CMOS sensor with useful sensitivity in the extreme ultra-violet (EUV) for solar physics spectroscopy and imaging. Our route to EUV sensitivity relies primarily in adapting the back-thinning and rear-illumination techniques first developed for CCD sensors; however we are also exploring the alternative approach of using a front-etch to expose the CMOS photodiodes. We have successfully back-thinned several 525 x 525 prototype CMOS sensors and proved that the devices survived the process both structurally and functionally. We have also been successful in removing the oxide from the front side of a small array of pixels, using focused ion beam etching. Preliminary results from these pixels show they are sensitive in the Ultra Violet. We have also designed a working large format 4k x 3k prototype on a 0.25 micron CMOS imager process.
Published: 2004
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37. CMOS Active Pixel Sensor Developments at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory

Author: Renato Turchetta, Guy F.W. Woodhouse, Q. Morrissey, Andy J. Marshall, M.J. French, James M. King, Nicholas R. Waltham, and Mark L. Prydderch
Subjects: Earth observation, CMOS, Cmos active pixel sensor, Radiation tolerance, Pixel, business.industry, Computer science, Detector, Electrical engineering, Space Science, business
Abstract: This paper reports on an on-going research programme at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL) to develop science-grade CMOS Active Pixel Sensors for space science missions in which compactness, low-mass, low-power, and greater radiation tolerance are advantageous.
Published: 2004
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38. The use of ASIC Thecnology in the Development of Compact, Low-Power CCD Cameras

Author: M.J. French, Guy F.W. Woodhouse, Nicholas R. Waltham, and L. Jones
Subjects: Physics, Digital signal processor, Hardware_MEMORYSTRUCTURES, Signal generator, Correlated double sampling, business.industry, Preamplifier, ComputingMethodologies_IMAGEPROCESSINGANDCOMPUTERVISION, Electrical engineering, Sampling (signal processing), Application-specific integrated circuit, Instrumentation (computer programming), Electronics, Hardware_ARITHMETICANDLOGICSTRUCTURES, business
Abstract: This paper reports on a research programme at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory to develop radiation-tolerant ASICs for space-borne CCD instrumentation. We have developed three CCD camera ASICs. The first is a programmable CCD waveform generator and sequencer for providing the digital timing signals needed to read out a CCD, and to control the video sampling and digitisation electronics. Our second ASIC is a single-chip CCD preamplifier, correlated double sampling, and 16-bit analogue-to-digital conversion video signal processor. Finally, our third ASIC is an eight-channel digital-to-analogue converter for providing software-programmable CCD bias and clock voltages. All three ASICs are intended to operate in the space environment, and are therefore designed for high total-dose radiation tolerance, and incorporate protection against single-event upset.
Published: 2004
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39. Camera and Detector Development in the Space Science and Technology Department of the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory

Author: M.J. French, Duncan L. Drummond, Guy F.W. Woodhouse, John A. Rainnie, Gary R. Burton, Nicholas R. Waltham, James M. King, and Andy J. Marshall
Subjects: Physics, Earth observation, business.industry, Detector, Systems engineering, Electrical engineering, High resolution, Ir detector, Space Science, Solar physics, business
Abstract: This paper reports on detector and camera developments in the Space Science and Technology Department of the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory. In recent years, we have been developing CCD-based cameras for, amongst others, solar physics research, and high resolution Earth observation from space. More recently, we have diversified into the development of both CCD and IR detector systems for ground-based astronomy. This paper summarises our project work and on-going development programmes.
Published: 2004
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40. Design of a 3µm pixel linear CMOS sensor for earth observation

Author: N. Waltham, D.M. Bagnall, Renato Turchetta, Q.R. Morrissey, Bashir M. Al-Hashimi, and M.J. French
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, CMOS sensor, Correlated double sampling, business.industry, Amplifier, Switched capacitor, Sample (graphics), Noise (electronics), CMOS, Hardware_INTEGRATEDCIRCUITS, Optoelectronics, business, Instrumentation, Reset (computing)
Abstract: A visible wavelength linear photosensor featuring a pixel size of 3µm has been designed for fabrication using commercial 0.25µm CMOS technology. For the photo-sensing element, the design uses a special "deep N-well" in P-epi diode offered by the foundry for imaging devices. Pixel reset is via an adjacent p-FET, thus allowing high reset voltages for a wide pixel voltage swing. The pixel voltage is buffered using a voltage-follower op-amp and a sampling scheme is used to allow correlated double sampling (CDS) for removal of reset noise. Reset and signal levels are buffered through a 16:1 multiplexer to a switched capacitor amplifier which performs the CDS function. Incorporated in the CDS circuit is a programmable gain of 1-8 for increased signal-to-noise ratio at low signal levels. Data output is via 4 analogue output drivers for off-chip conversion. Each driver supplies a differential output voltage with a ± 1V swing for 6.25kHz. This gives a peak data rate at each output driver of 10M sample/s. The device will operate on a 3.3V supply and will dissipate approximately 950mW. Simulations indicate an equivalent noise charge at the pixel of 66.3e- for a full well capacity of 255,000e-, giving a dynamic range of 71.7dB.
Published: 2003

41. An ASIC readout system for PAD detectors

Author: M.J. Lovell, P. Murray, and M.J. French
Subjects: Hardware_MEMORYSTRUCTURES, Chipset, business.industry, Preamplifier, Computer science, Detector, Hardware_PERFORMANCEANDRELIABILITY, Integrated circuit, Chip, law.invention, Application-specific integrated circuit, law, Nuclear electronics, Full custom, business, Computer hardware
Abstract: A full custom chipset has been designed at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory for the readout of cathode pads in a RICH detector. The circuits form readout modules that are connected in an array that may be extended to instrument detectors of any size. Each read-out module contains three ASICs (application-specific integrated circuits), two eight-channel bipolar preamplifier and discriminator chips, and one 16-channel digital data processing chip. Each module thus processes 16 channels of detector signal. A brief description of each chip is included together with a summary of the readout architecture and test results. >
Published: 2003
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42. APV5-RH - a 128 channel analogue pipeline for LHC

Author: L. Jones, M.J. French, and Paul Seller
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Large Hadron Collider, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Pipeline (computing), Detector, Electrical engineering, Integrated circuit, Hardware_PERFORMANCEANDRELIABILITY, Multiplexing, Sample (graphics), Multiplexer, law.invention, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Application-specific integrated circuit, law, Nuclear electronics, Electronic engineering, Hardware_INTEGRATEDCIRCUITS, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business, Electronic circuit, Communication channel
Abstract: A 128 Channel ASIC has been designed for the read-out of silicon strip detectors at the LHC. The circuit is based on the proven concept of "slow" shaping and stored sample deconvolution. It features a new 40 MHz analogue multiplexer to output all 128 channels through a single connection. The circuit is being fabricated on Harris AVLSIRA radiation hardened technology, which has been demonstrated to meet the environmental requirements of the LHC. >
Published: 2002
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43. Fast pipelined trigger processors for the forward muon chambers of the H1 experiment on the Hadron Electron Ring Accelerator (HERA) at DESY, Hamburg

Author: J. Dowdell, Mark L. Prydderch, M.J. French, and S. Jaroslawski
Subjects: Nuclear physics, Physics, Muon, Application-specific integrated circuit, CMOS, business.industry, Nuclear electronics, DESY, HERA, Particle physics experiments, business, Event (particle physics), Computer hardware
Abstract: The road finder and final decision processors described perform the triggering function of the H1 forward muon chambers. Their function is to examine each event and determine the bunch collision of origin of the observed data. They must then notify the H1 trigger system if an event satisfies trigger conditions. Two custom application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) were designed in 1.5- mu m CMOS to implement the trigger algorithm. They feature fast pipelines and scan paths. It is believed that these ASICs can be used as fundamental building blocks in future particle physics experiments. >
Published: 2002
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44. Test results on heavily irradiated silicon detectors for the CMS experiment at LHC

Author: Donato Creanza, Alessandro Giassi, Josef Hrubec, Alessandro Paccagnella, A. Marchioro, Nicola Bacchetta, M. Angarano, R. Della Marina, B. Glessing, A. Starodumov, C. Vannini, M. Da Rold, S. Braibant, E. Catacchini, M. Loreti, Laura Borrello, M. De Palma, R. Siedling, Filippo Bosi, Paolo Lariccia, Anna Elliott-Peisert, Bruno Wittmer, K. Luebelsmeyer, Raffaello D'Alessandro, Giacomo Sguazzoni, Natale Demaria, Michel Raymond, Fabrizio Palla, Marco Pieri, P. Mättig, G. Raso, C. Bozzi, E. Babucci, G. Parrini, Marco Meschini, B. Checcucci, Horst Breuker, B. Schmitt, Mara Bruzzi, P. Bartalini, W.H. Gu, Piero Giorgio Verdini, A. Basti, G. Viertel, D. Pandoulas, G. Hall, Chiara Mariotti, M.J. French, Z. Xie, R. Hammerstrom, A. Bader, I. Stavitski, Giuseppe Bagliesi, A. Fürtjes, Renato Potenza, D. Boemi, G. Stefanini, Mika Huhtinen, Giorgio Maggi, Rino Castaldi, F. Rizzo, St. Koenig, Giancarlo Mantovani, Daniele Passeri, A. Caner, Lutz Feld, G. M. Bilei, P. Tempesta, C. Eklund, A. Giraldo, K. Skog, Roberto Dell'Orso, Andrea Castro, Andrea Candelori, Carlo Civinini, K. Freudenreich, Alessia Tricomi, Alberto Messineo, Marcello Mannelli, A. Kaminsky, Manfred Krammer, U. Biggeri, S. Piperov, Paolo Ciampolini, Guido Tonelli, Salvatore My, Ettore Focardi, Dario Bisello, M. Lenzi, Werner Lustermann, Lucia Silvestris, Sebastiano Albergo, B. Mc Evoy, T. Tuuva, F. Raffaelli, Suchandra Dutta, Luigi Fiore, Giovanna Selvaggi, Patrizia Azzi, Thomas Hebbeker, Veikko Karimäki, L. Servoli, Y. Wang, G. Martignon, and Stephen Watts
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Large Hadron Collider, Silicon, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Detector, chemistry.chemical_element, Biasing, Capacitance, Particle detector, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, Optoelectronics, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Irradiation, Detectors and Experimental Techniques, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business, Leakage (electronics)
Abstract: We report selected results of laboratory measurements and beam tests of heavily irradiated microstrip silicon detectors. The detectors were single-sided devices, produced by different manufacturers and irradiated with different sources, for several total ionizing doses and fluences up to 4 /spl times/10/sup 14/ 1-MeV-equivalent neutrons per cm/sup 2/. Strip resistance and capacitance, detector leakage currents and breakdown performance were measured before and after irradiations. Signal-to-noise ratio and detector efficiency were studied in beam tests, for different values of the detector temperature and of the read-out pitch, as a function of the detector bias voltage. The goal of these test is to optimise the design of the final prototypes for the Silicon Strip Tracker of the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC collider.
Published: 2002
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45. Performance of a cluster of multi-anode photomultipliers equipped with lenses for use in a prototype RICH detector

Author: A. Duane, R. Halsall, E. Albrecht, Neville Harnew, Lars Eklund, M. John, J.H. Bibby, Jonas Rademacker, S. Playfer, G. Wilkinson, A. Petrolini, A. W. Halley, D. Websdale, M. Charles, G.J. Barber, F. Muheim, Nigel Smale, Marta Calvi, V. Gibson, S Topp-Jorgenson, S. Easo, S G Katvars, J. Libby, M.J. French, S. A. Wotton, Marco Paganoni, Stephan Eisenhardt, J Baker, Darren Price, Albrecht, E, Baker, J, Barber, G, Bibby, J, Calvi, M, Charles, M, Duane, A, Easo, S, Eisenhardt, S, Eklund, L, French, M, Gibson, V, Halley, A, Halsall, R, Harnew, N, John, M, Katvars, S, Libby, J, Muheim, F, Paganoni, M, Petrolini, A, Playfer, S, Price, D, Rademacker, J, Smale, N, Topp Jorgenson, S, Websdale, D, Wilkinson, G, and Wotton, S
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Photomultiplier, business.industry, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Cherenkov detectors, Detector, Photodetector, multi-anode photomultiplier tubes, Charged particle, lenses, LHCb, Anode, Lense, Optics, Multi-anode photomultiplier tube, Cluster (physics), Detectors and Experimental Techniques, Charged particle beam, business, Instrumentation, Cherenkov radiation, Cherenkov detector, Nuclear and High Energy Physic
Abstract: A cluster of multi-anode photomultiplier tubes (MaPMTs) equipped with focusing lenses in front of the tubes was tested in a prototype ring imaging Cherenkov (RICH) detector in a charged particle beam. The readout electronics were capable of capturing the data at 40MHz. The effects due to charged particles and magnetic field on the MaPMT performance were also studied. The results are used to evaluate the MaPMT as a possible photodetector for the LHCb RICH detectors. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Published: 2002

46. CMS silicon tracker developments

Author: D. Pandoulas, Werner Lustermann, A. Marchioro, A. Fürtjes, Paolo Lariccia, Lutz Feld, Piero Giorgio Verdini, B. Glessing, D. Boemi, M. Da Rold, B. Mc Evoy, M. Giorgi, Suchandra Dutta, A. Buffini, A. Starodumov, Giancarlo Mantovani, Paolo Ciampolini, Stephen Watts, Marco Meschini, Fabrizio Palla, I. Stavitski, G. Hall, Mika Huhtinen, T. Tuuva, Donato Creanza, G. Parrini, F. Raffaelli, R. Della Marina, Alessandro Giassi, Z. Xie, Giacomo Sguazzoni, Josef Hrubec, Luigi Fiore, Giovanna Selvaggi, Chiara Mariotti, Carlo Civinini, K. Freudenreich, P. Tempesta, M. Angarano, A. Bader, Laura Borrello, M.J. French, Filippo Bosi, R. Siedling, St. Koenig, Veikko Karimäki, Daniele Passeri, Manfred Krammer, U. Biggeri, Giorgio Maggi, Rino Castaldi, M. De Palma, Raffaello D'Alessandro, Michel Raymond, M. Lenzi, A. Santocchia, W.H. Gu, A. Caner, C. Eklund, A. K. Honma, Natale Demaria, A. Basti, A. Kaminsky, Li Yahong, Guido Tonelli, Lucia Silvestris, Salvatore My, C. Bozzi, E. Babucci, S. Braibant, Sebastiano Albergo, Ettore Focardi, Alberto Messineo, Horst Breuker, Ernesto Migliore, S. Piperov, B. Schmitt, Mara Bruzzi, G. Martignon, A. Papi, Roberto Dell'Orso, Alessandro Paccagnella, Marco Pieri, Andrea Candelori, P. Mättig, Bruno Wittmer, Nicola Bacchetta, Alessia Tricomi, Dario Bisello, B. Surrow, A. Frey, Giuseppe Bagliesi, G. Stefanini, S. Busoni, G. M. Bilei, Andrea Castro, R. Hammarström, Patrizia Azzi, Thomas Hebbeker, L. Servoli, G. Viertel, A. Giraldo, V. Radicci, Marcello Mannelli, Renato Potenza, K. Luebelsmeyer, B. Checcucci, C. Vannini, E. Catacchini, and M. Loreti
Subjects: Physics, Radiation hardness, Silicon, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, CMS experiment, business.industry, Tracker, Detector, chemistry.chemical_element, Microstrip, Instrumentation, silicon detectors, radiation damage, chemistry, Electronic engineering, Optoelectronics, business, Radiation hardening
Abstract: The CMS Silicon tracker consists of 70 m 2 of microstrip sensors which design will be finalized at the end of 1999 on the basis of systematic studies of device characteristics as function of the most important parameters. A fundamental constraint comes from the fact that the detector has to be operated in a very hostile radiation environment with full efficiency. We present an overview of the current results and prospects for converging on a final set of parameters for the silicon tracker sensors.
Published: 2002

47. Study of radiation damage and substrate resistivity effects from beam test of silicon microstrip detectors using LHC readout electronics

Author: Salvatore My, G. M. Bilei, Maria Teresa Brunetti, G Messina, M.J. French, G. Maggi, A. Fürtjes, V. Radicci, Carlo Civinini, M. Loreti, M. Angarano, Andromachi Tsirou, Donato Creanza, Alessandro Giassi, R. Santinelli, Maurizio Biasini, Geoffrey Hall, Bruno Wittmer, Frédéric Drouhin, Michel Raymond, W. Beaumont, B. Checcucci, L. Servoli, Livio Fanò, Giovanna Selvaggi, P. Tempesta, Lucia Silvestris, J Gutleber, Paolo Lariccia, N. Marinelli, Luigi Fiore, M. De Palma, A. Papi, P. Mättig, John A Coughlan, Piero Giorgio Verdini, M. Giorgi, and Giancarlo Mantovani
Subjects: Physics, Health Physics and Radiation Effects, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Large Hadron Collider, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Detector, Substrate (electronics), Chip, Fluence, Chemistry, Radiation damage, Optoelectronics, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Irradiation, Detectors and Experimental Techniques, business, Instrumentation, Engineering sciences. Technology, Beam (structure)
Abstract: We present the beam test results of single-sided silicon microstrip detectors, with different substrate resistivities. The effects of radiation damage are studied for a detector irradiated to a fluence of 2.4 x 10(14) n/cm(2). The detectors are read out with the APV6 chip, which is compatible with the 40 MHz LHC clock, The performance of different detectors and readout modes are studied in terms of signal-to-noise ratio and efficiency. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Published: 2002

48. Investigating the suitability of GaAs:Cr material for high flux X-ray imaging

Author: Paul Seller, A. V. Tyazhev, V. Kachkanov, V. A. Novikov, A. Lozinskaya, Steven Bell, M.J. French, M. Hart, D.D. Duarte, Matthew D. Wilson, O. P. Tolbanov, Andreas Schneider, A. N. Zarubin, and Matthew C. Veale
Subjects: Materials science, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, X-ray detector, X-ray, Diamond, engineering.material, Synchrotron, law.invention, Optics, Beamline, law, Radiation damage, engineering, Optoelectronics, Irradiation, business, Instrumentation, Radiation hardening, Mathematical Physics
Abstract: Semi-insulating wafers of GaAs material with a thickness of 500μm have been compensated with chromium by Tomsk State University. Initial measurements have shown the material to have high resistivity (3 × 109Ωcm) and tests with pixel detectors on a 250 μm pitch produced uniform spectroscopic performance across an 80 × 80 pixel array. At present, there is a lack of detectors that are capable of operating at high X-ray fluxes (> 108 photons s-1 mm-2) in the energy range 5–50 keV. Under these conditions, the poor stopping power of silicon, as well as issues with radiation hardness, severely degrade the performance of traditional detectors. While high-Z materials such as CdTe and CdZnTe may have much greater stopping power, the formation of space charge within these detectors degrades detector performance. Initial measurements made with GaAs:Cr detectors suggest that many of its material properties make it suitable for these challenging conditions. In this paper the radiation hardness of the GaAs:Cr material has been measured on the B16 beam line at the Diamond Light Source synchrotron. Small pixel detectors were bonded to the STFC Hexitec ASIC and were irradiated with 3 × 108 photons s-1 mm-2 monochromatic 12 keV X-rays up to a maximum dose of 0.6 MGy. Measurements of the spectroscopic performance before and after irradiation have been used to assess the extent of the radiation damage.
Published: 2014
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49. Design and results from the APV25, a deep sub-micron CMOS front-end chip for the CMS tracker

Author: Q. Morrissey, G. Hall, M.J. French, Renato Turchetta, Paulo Moreira, Michel Raymond, L. Jones, G. Marseguerra, Etam Noah, Jonathan Fulcher, G. Cervelli, and Andrea Neviani
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, business.industry, Amplifier, Low noise circuits, Deep submicron CMOS, CMS readout, Hardware_PERFORMANCEANDRELIABILITY, Integrated circuit, Chip, Multiplexer, Low-noise amplifier, Noise (electronics), law.invention, CMOS, law, Hardware_INTEGRATEDCIRCUITS, Optoelectronics, business, Instrumentation, Electronic circuit
Abstract: The APV25 is a 128-channel analogue pipeline chip for the readout of silicon microstrip detectors in the CMS tracker at the LHC. Each channel comprises a low noise amplifier, a 192-cell analogue pipeline and a deconvolution readout circuit. Output data are transmitted on a single differential current output via an analogue multiplexer. The chip is fabricated in a standard 0.25 μm CMOS process to take advantage of the radiation tolerance, lower noise and power, and high circuit density. Experimental characterisation of this circuit shows full functionality and good performance both in pre- and post-irradiation (20 Mrad) conditions. The measured noise is significantly reduced compared to earlier APV versions. A description of the design and results from measurements prior to irradiation are presented.
Published: 2001

50. Performance of CMS silicon microstrip detectors with the APV6 readout chip

Author: A. Giraldo, Z. Xie, R. Hammerstrom, A. Bader, Stephen Watts, M.J. French, St. Koenig, Daniele Passeri, A. Buffini, Donato Creanza, Alessandro Giassi, V. Radicci, Marcello Mannelli, Josef Hrubec, T. Tuuva, Natale Demaria, Li Yahong, M. De Palma, P. Tempesta, R. Della Marina, C. Bozzi, E. Babucci, F. Raffaelli, Dario Bisello, Manfred Krammer, A. Marchioro, G. Viertel, U. Biggeri, E. Focardi, Mika Huhtinen, S. Busoni, G. M. Bilei, S. Braibant, G. Stefanini, Andrea Castro, Paolo Lariccia, Fabrizio Palla, P. Mättig, M. Loreti, M. Da Rold, Veikko Karimäki, G. Parrini, K. Freudenreich, Anna Elliott-Peisert, Bruno Wittmer, R. Siedling, Guido Tonelli, Marco Pieri, Raffaello D'Alessandro, Marco Meschini, Salvatore My, Michel Raymond, I. Stavitski, A. Santocchia, W.H. Gu, Giuseppe Bagliesi, B. Schmitt, Mara Bruzzi, K. Luebelsmeyer, B. Glessing, B. Mc Evoy, A. Kaminsky, A. Starodumov, D. Pandoulas, Carlo Civinini, M. Lenzi, Paolo Ciampolini, S. Piperov, Lucia Silvestris, Rino Castaldi, D. Boemi, A. Caner, Sebastiano Albergo, A. Fürtjes, W. Lustermann, Horst Breuker, Lutz Feld, A. Papi, Chiara Mariotti, Geoffrey Hall, Giorgio Maggi, B. Checcucci, C. Vannini, E. Catacchini, Renato Potenza, G. Martignon, C. Eklund, Luigi Fiore, Giovanna Selvaggi, Alberto Messineo, K. Skog, Roberto Dell'Orso, Suchandra Dutta, Andrea Candelori, Alessia Tricomi, Giacomo Sguazzoni, M. Angarano, A. Basti, Patrizia Azzi, Thomas Hebbeker, Laura Borrello, Filippo Bosi, L. Servoli, Piero Giorgio Verdini, M. Giorgi, Giancarlo Mantovani, Alessandro Paccagnella, and Nicola Bacchetta
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Large Hadron Collider, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Detector, Ranging, Chip, Signal, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Optoelectronics, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Neutron, Electronics, business, Instrumentation, Beam (structure)
Abstract: We present results obtained with full-size wedge silicon microstrip detectors bonded to APV6 (Raymond et al., Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Electronics for LHC Experiments, CERN/LHCC/97-60) readout chips. We used two identical modules, each consisting of two crystals bonded together. One module was irradiated with 1.7×10 14 neutrons/cm 2 . The detectors have been characterized both in the laboratory and by exposing them to a beam of minimum ionizing particles. The results obtained are a good starting point for the evaluation of the performance of the “ensemble” detector plus readout chip in a version very similar to the final production one. We detected the signal from minimum ionizing particles with a signal-to-noise ratio ranging from 9.3 for the irradiated detector up to 20.5 for the non-irradiated detector, provided the parameters of the readout chips are carefully tuned.
Published: 2000

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