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The aim of this research was to evaluate bee pollen load samples collected in Tuzla Canton regarding physicochemical composition and antioxidant properties, with relation to collecting area and time of collection. Bee pollen load samples were collected in two periods: March/April and May/June at 13 locations, dried and analysed for protein, free fat, ash, moisture, total polyphenol and total flavonoid content, and antioxidant properties. The results showed that bee pollen collected in March/April had lower content of proteins, but higher content of total polyphenols and higher antioxidant activity, while total flavonoid content was not influenced by collection period. The location had significant influence on bee pollen properties.

Cocoa shell is a by-product of the chocolate industry that is rich in dietary fiber and bioactive components. In this research, the influence of high voltage electric discharge (HVED) treatment on chemical and physical characteristics of the cocoa shell, i.e., the effects of applied time and frequencies on grinding ability, water binding capacity (WBC), dietary fibers and tannin content was investigated. HVED had a significant influence on the chemical and physical properties of cocoa shell, all of which could be linked to changes in fiber properties. Along with the fiber content, grinding ability and water binding capacity were increased. These properties have already been linked to fiber content and soluble/insoluble fiber ratio. However, this research implies that change in fiber properties could be linked to tannin formation via complexation of other polyphenolic components. Additional research is needed to verify this effect and to establish mechanisms of tannin formation induced by HVED and its influence on fiber quantification.

Propolis is a natural resinous substance collected by honey bees from buds and exudates of plant species, mixed with bee enzymes, pollen and wax. It has a complex composition with a wide range of effects, including antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antiflogistic, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, carcinostatic and immunomodulatory properties. It is often applied in the treatment of diseases involving the oral cavity and gums. The aim of this paper is to describe the therapeutic properties of propolis, chemical composition and its application in the oral cavity. Literature and systematic information on the composition and the effects of propolis on health were collected, with particular reference to the use in the treatment of oral cavity diseases. The chemical composition of propolis is very complex. The health impact depends on the biologically active components it contains. A particularly important application is in the treatment of diseases of the oral cavity. Studies show that propolis can help prevent dental caries and control gingivitis and plaque. It reduces halithosis (bad breath) and symptoms of periodontosis. It is also effective in fighting viruses. It can have significant application in orthodontics and restorative dentistry. A wide range of effects allows the multiple uses of propolis-based products. Recent research has been increasingly focused on diseases of the oral cavity. The development of novel propolis-based pharmaceutical forms could significantly reduce the use of antibiotics in conventional treatment of diseases of the oral cavity.

Abstract. Background: Oral dietary supplementation is becoming increasingly popular as an addition to classical approaches for the prevention and treatment of hemorrhoidal disease. Aim: To examine the effect of orally administrated alpha lipoic acid (ALA), known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, in the treatment of patients with permanent symptoms of hemorrhoidal disease. Methods: Patients with second- and third-degree hemorrhoids (n = 100) were enrolled into a randomized, open label, single-center trial. The study group (n = 50) was treated with 200 mg of orally administered ALA once a day during the 12-week period, the control group (n = 50) did not receive any treatment. Results: There were no significant differences in demographics, diagnosis, or exposure to major risk factors between the study and placebo group at baseline. ALA significantly improved subjective efficacy variables, such as pain and discomfort (p 5 mg/L) from 18% before to only 2% after the treatment (χ2 = 4.65; p 9/L before to 6.18 × 109/L after treatment. Conclusions: The obtained results indicate that ALA is effective in the treatment of second- and third-degree hemorrhoids. Larger, double-blind controlled trials are needed to confirm the results and to investigate optimal treatment regimens.

Salvia officinalis L., also known as the “Salvation Plant”, has been long used and well-documented in traditional medicine around the globe. Its bioactive compounds, and especially its polyphenol profile, have been extensively researched and reviewed. However, sage’s beneficial effects reach much further, and nowadays, with a range of new extraction techniques, we are discovering new components with new therapeutic effects, especially in the context of neurodegenerative diseases and various carcinomas. This review describes the bioactive profile of various sage preparations depending on the extraction techniques and extraction parameters, and this review lists the newest research findings on its health effects.

The apple is a fruit that has beneficial health effects due to the presence of biologically active components and is considered as a functional food. But today's production of apples cannot be imagined without chemical treatment. In addition to its favorable health effects, it may also have adverse effects on human health due to the presence of pesticides that are considered as contaminants. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the fungicide residues in fruit/apples. The fungicide residues were extracted from apple cultivar Idared with QuEChERS method and analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (UPLC-TQ/MS). The analyses have shown that the apples contain pesticides penconazole (10 μg/kg), boscalide (60 μg/kg), tebuconazole (11-40 μg/kg), myclobutanil (20-70 μg/kg), fenbuconazole (70 μg/kg), pyrimethanil (12-60 μg/kg) and carbendazime (azole) with range of 100-200 μg/kg. After comparing the concentration of detected pesticides with MRLs, it can be concluded that apples are safe for consumption.

Jam (traditionally called pekmez) is a product produced by concentrating of fresh thick apple juice. In this study, 20 jam samples, from different apple cultivars, were analyzed, including: ‘Samoniklica’, ‘Paradija’, ‘Habikusa’, ‘Zuja’, ‘Srebrenicka’ and mixed cultivars. The aim of this study was to determine physicochemical properties of jam from different apple cultivars and mixed jam. The analyses have shown that the average value of the dry matter was 77.38%, the ash 1.26%, pH value 4.25, electrical conductivity 2.90 mS/cm. The nitrogen content was 685.10 mg/100 g. The relative density was 1.36 g/mL. The potassium content (K) was 430.70 mg/100 g, sodium (Na) 99.31 mg/100 g, calcium (Ca) 43.65 mg/100 g, magnesium (Mg) 30.80 mg/100 g, iron (Fe) 5.61 mg/100 g, zinc (Zn) 1.07 mg/100 g, copper (Cu) 0.41 mg/100 g, manganese (Mn) 0.26 mg/100 g. The total polyphenols were 0.78 g/kg. Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) was 162.02 mg/kg. Apple jam is recommended in recovery from many diseases because of its special nutritional value, especially for people who suffer from anaemia sidropenica and similar diseases, and for the athletes as well.

Donedavno najviše korišten preparat željeza je bio željezo sulfat, a danas se sve više koriste preparati gdje je želejezo vezano vezan u komplekse sa organskim spojevima. To poboljšava kvalitetu i bio-raspoloživost farmaceutskih formi željeza u lijekovima i dodacima prehrani. Takvi preparati koriste se kao lijekovi ili dodatci prehrani kod anemije. Cilj rada je bio analizrati raspoložive znanstvene informacija, kao i podatake iz tržišne ponude doda-taka prehrani koje sadrže željezo, o njihovom kemijskom sastavu, farmaceutskim formama i bio-raspoloživosti. U formulacijama dodataka prehrani sa željezom se najčešće koriste : željezo (II) fumarat, željezo (III) hidroksid u ugljikohidratnom polimeru - polimaltozi, kompleks željezo (III) hidroksida sa saharozom, suspenzija željezo (III) protein sukcinilata, željezo (II) glukonat kao i forme željeza porijeklom iz he-moglobina. U tim preparatima se nalazi u dvovalentnom i trovalentnom obliku. Zbog bolje iskoristivosti formulacije preparata željeza često sadrže vitamine kao što su askorbinska kiselina, cijanokobalamin, folna kiselina i drugi. Najčešće su dodaci u obliku kapsula i filmom oblože-nih tableta, a postoje i preparati u tekućoj formi. Forma primjene dodataka prehrani treba da se prilagodi načelima individualne prehrane i integrativne medicine, tako da se doze preparata i dijete trebaju međusobno harmonizirati. Doza dodataka prehrani se određuje na osnovu procjene zdravstvenog i prehrambenog statusa kao i drugih čimbenika. Danas se koriste različite farmaceutske forme željeza u dodacima prehrani kako po hemijskom sastavu tako i farmaceutski dozirni oblici što omogućava bolje rezultate njihove primjene u praksi., Until recently, the most commonly used iron preparation was iron sulfate, and today it is increasingly used preparations where iron is bound into complexes with organic compounds. This improves the quality and bioavailability of iron pharmaceutical forms in medicines and dietary supplements. These preparations used as medicines or dietary supplements for anemia. The aim of the paper was to analyze the available scientific information, as well as the data from the market supply of iron supplements, its chemical composition, pharmaceutical forms and bioavailability. The most commonly used formulations in iron supplementation are: iron (II) fumarate, iron (III) hydroxide in carbohydrate polymer - polymaltose, complex of iron (III) hydroxide with sucrose, suspension of iron (III) protein succinylate, iron (II) gluconate and forms of iron originating from hemoglobin. In these preparations iron is in two valence and trivalent form. For better utilization, iron formulations often contain vitamins such as ascorbic acid, cyanocobalamin, folic acid and others. Most often, supplements are in the form of capsules and film-coated tablets, and there are preparations in liquid form. The form of administration of dietary supplements should be adapted to the principles of individual nutrition and integrative medicine, so that the doses of the preparation and diet should be harmonized. The dose of the dietary supplement is determined on the basis of an assessment of health and nutritional status as well as other factors. Today, various pharmaceutical forms of iron are used in dietary supplements, both in chemical composition and pharmaceutical dosage forms, which enables better results of their practical application.

Introduction: Obesity, insulin resistance (IR) and fatty liver (FL) related to modern lifestyle are getting epidemic characteristics and present the most important world public health problem. Obesity, FL and IR are basic parts of metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome is caused by excessive consumption of high-calorie food, chronic stress and unhealthy eating behavior. Current research shows that the digestive system with close realationship with brain has central role for keeping entire health and plays a fundamental role in pathogenesis of insulin resistance and fatty liver, but and many other diseases. Aim of the work: The aim of the paper is to evaluate and summarize new knowledge about relationship between the digestive system and the brain and how disregulation of interaction among them and eating behavior can influence on development IR and FL. Next aim of the work is to find evidence of positive effect of implementation new recommendations for healthy eating behavior, the current dietary and physical activity guidelines on prevention insulin resistence and fatty liver. Results: Current science has shown that food, eating habits and digestive system-brain relationship have a strong and decisive influence on patogenesis insulin resistance and fatty liver. Choosing healthy personal diet and healthy eating habits with a healthy lifestyle gives the opportunity to prevent insulin resistence and fatty liver, cardiovascular diseases , diabetes mellitus and many other diseases Conclusion: Better understanding of new key mechanisms of development insulin resistance and fatty liver lead to the development new therapeutic dietary and nutritional approaches. IR an FL have asymptomatic clinical course, so primary prevention and screening in early childhood are the best way to prevent the beginning and expansion of diseases. Current treatment needs to be based on the principles of personal medicine and focused on healthy lifestyles including nutrition and physical activity.

Uvod: U sklopu istraživanja navika stanovništva Bosne i Hercegovine kroz EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) projekt B&H MENU provodilo se ispitivanje tjelesne aktivnosti ispitanika. U 2018. godini provedena je pilot-studija u okviru koje je ispitivano 146 ispitanika od kojih je 46 adolescenata u dobi od 10 do 17 godina i 100 odraslih u dobi od 18 do 64 godine. Cilj: Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi tjelesnu aktivnost adolescenata i odraslih te postojanje razlika u tjelesnoj aktivnosti između urbanog i ruralnog stanovništva, kao i postojanje spolnih razlika. Rezultati: Tjelesna aktivnost adolescentne i odrasle populacije ispitana je u kategoriji intenzivne tjelesne aktivnosti, umjerene tjelesne aktivnosti, vremena provedenog u hodanju, kao i vrijeme provedeno svakodnevno tijekom posljednjih sedam dana, izraženo u satima dnevno. Istraživanje je pokazalo da je najveći broj ispitanika koji se bave umjerenom tjelesnom aktivnošću i to 73% ispitanika. Također, 83% ispitanika redovito hoda, 95% odraslih, dok adolescenti samo 61%. Najveći broj ispitanika, 60% provodi manje od 1 sata/dnevno, dok 28% provodi 5 do 6 sati/dnevno sjedeći, odnosno njih 66% provodi sjedeći dnevno od 3 do 8 sati. Muška populacija redovito je sklona intenzivnoj tjelesnoj aktivnosti. Zaključak: Fizička aktivnost 2/3 anketiranih stanovnika je zadovoljavajuća i odražava se u redovitim tjelesnim aktivnostima i hodanju, dok 1/3 stanovništva nije dovoljno fizički aktivna. Nije bilo statističke razlike u fizičkoj aktivnosti ispitanika unutar stanovništva u odnosu na mjesto stanovanja (urbano/ruralno)., Introduction: As a part of the research of the habits of the population of Bosnia and Herzegovina through the EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) project B&H MENU, the examination of the physical activity of the respondents is carried out. In 2018, a pilot study was conducted and on this occasion 146 respondents were interviewed, of which 46 were adolescents age of 10 to 17 years and 100 adult’s age of 18 to 64 years. Aim: The aim of the research was to determine the physical activity of adolescents and adults, and the existence of differences in physical activity between urban and rural population as well as the existence of gender differences. Results: The physical activity of adolescent and adult population was investigated in the category of intense physical activity, moderate physical activity, time spent walking as well as time spent sitting on a daily basis over the past seven days, expressed in hours per day. The survey found that the largest number of subjects engaged in moderate physical activity, and 73% of them. Also, 83% of respondents regularly walk, 95% of adults, while adolescents only 61%. The largest number of respondents, 60% spend less than 1 hour a day walking, while 28% spend 5 to 6 hours a day sitting, respectively 66% spending sitting in the day from 3 to 8 hours. The male population is regularly more inclined to intense physical activity. Conclusion: Physical activity of 2/3 of the surveyed population is satisfactory and is reflected in regular physical activities and walking, while 1/3 of the population is not physically active enough. There was no statistical difference in the physical activity of the respondents within the population with respect to the place of residence (urban/rural).

Uvod: Nezdrave prehrabene navike kao i poremećaji u prehrani datiraju od davnina, a danas su zbog posljedica na zdravlje postale zabrinjavajuće. Najčešće bolesti koje se tretiraju kao poremećaji u prehrani su anoreksija, bulimija i kaheksija te u novije vrijme ortoreksija. Osim ovih sve značajnije su „binge eating“, sindrom noćnog prejedanja koji se zbog svojih posljedica mogu klasificirati kao bolesti. Cilj i zadatak rada: Prikupiti i analizirati podatke o vrstama poremećaje u prehrani i njihovoj identifikaciji kao bolesti. Rezultati: Anoreksija i bulimija uz problem gojaznosti predstavljaju ozbiljne i kompleksne poremećaje neuro-psihološkog, bihevioralnog i fiziološkog funkcionisanja organizma pa su se 1980. godine prvi put pojavile u klasifikaciji bolesti DSM – III, kao podvrsta poremećaja djetinjstva i adolescencije. Posljednjih desetljeća sve je više i drugih poremećaja prehrane naročito onih koji povećavaju tjelesnu masu. Nezdrave prehrambene navike nastaju usljed jednoličnog, prekomjernog i čestog unosa ali i odricanja hrane. Takve osobe su njačešće pod kroničnim stresom, ne mogu drugačije kontrolirati svoje stanje nego im jedino ostaje da to konpeziraju prehranom. Danas je identificran čitav niz poremećaja u prehrani koji trebaju dobiti svoju klasifikaciju bolesti kao što su: ortoreksija, bigoreksija, drankoreksija, dijabulimija ali i sindrom noćnog prejedanja, „binge eating“ i druge. Ortoreksija je prisutna kod osoba koje su opsjednute dijetama i zdravom prehranom, bigoreksija se javlja kod osoba koje jedu sastojke za izgradnju mišića, a uobičajeno unose anaboličke steroide. Drunkoreksičari piju alkohol koji im smanjuje potrebe za raznolikom prehranom te se kod njih pojavljuju različite malnutricije. Dijabulimija se javlja kod oboljelih od dijabetesa, a takve osobe sebi uskraćuju inzulin. Zakluučak: Nezdrave navike i poremećaji prehrane kao što su: restriktivne dijete, prejedanje i korištenje tvari koji utiču na kontroliranje tjelesne mase, danas predstavljaju zdravstveni problem. Ove pojave i stanja da bi dobile pravi tretman trebaju biti diferencirane i klasificirane kao bolest. To bi omogućilo bolji pristup liječenju takvih stanja i bolesti., Introduction: Unhealthy eating habits as well as nutritional disorders date back to ancient times, and today due to the effects on health have become worrisome. The most common diseases that are treated as eating disorders are anorexia, bulimia and cachexia, and in recent times is orthorexia. In addition to these, all the more important are "binge eating," night overeating syndrome that can be classified as a disease due to its consequences. Goal and task: To collect and analyze data related to types of nutritional disorders and their identification as a disease. Results: Anorexia and bulimia with the problem of obesity are serious and complex disorder of the neuro-psychological, behavioral and physiological functioning of the organism, and in 1980 they first appeared in the classification of DSM-III disease, as a subtype of childhood and adolescent disorders. Over the past decade, more eating disorders are increasing, especially those that increase body mass. Unhealthy eating habits arise due to a uniform, excessive and frequent intake of foods as well renunciation of food. Such persons are the most often under chronic stress, can not control their condition, and only remains it by compensate with eating. Today, a number of nutritional disorders have been identified and need to be classified like diseases such as orthorexia, bigorexia, drankorexia, diabulimia, but also syndrome night overeating, binge eating and others. Orthorexia is present in people who are obsessed with diets and healthy eating, bigorexia occurs in people who eat ingredients for muscle building, and usually intake anabolic steroids. Drunkorexists alcohol drinking wich reduces the need for diverse nutrition and gives rise to various malnutrition. Diabulimia occurs in people with diabetes, and such people deny themselves insulin. Conclusion: Unhealthy habits and eating disorders such as restrictive diet, overeating and using substances that influence the control of body mass, today present a health problem. These phenomena and conditions to get the right treatment should be differentiated and classified as a disease. This would allow better access to the treatment of such illnesses.

Background: Multiple Life and health directly depend on food and normal digestive system functions, as well as eating habits. Absorbed essential and beneficial nutrients from food are used by all human organic systems to maintain their functions for the purpose of maintaining health. The immune system resists harmful agents from the environment and increases level of its activity during infection. Such activity requires more energy sources and specific substrates from food to activate cellular and biochemical elements of immune defense. Adequate food choices and a wide range of nutrients are necessary to maintain optimal immune system function. In the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic, little attention is paid to strengthening the natural abilities of the human body and its immune system to prevent COVID-19. Objectives: The goal of this article is to evaluate new findings on the impact of food, specific nutrients and eating habits on immune system function during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The available literature was analyzed using the key words: food, immune system, COVID-19, and the results of studies that have scientific evidence (EBM) for the positive impact of food on the activity of the immune system during this disease were summarized. Results and discussion: Food, diet and digestive function play the most important role in the overall immune response to viral infections. It has been proven that the active ingredients of food can strengthen or weaken the immune system (immunomodulation or immunosuppression). Organic balanced food adapted to each person (personal diet) is the first condition for creating an adequate natural defense system. Conclusion: There is evidence that many nutrients have key roles in boosting immune system. Strong immune system with adequate response can stop virus entering deeply in human body („to stop virus on the gate“).

Uvod: Poremećaj funkcije štitne žlijezde je relativno često oboljenje s većom prevalencom pojavljivanja kod žena nego kod muškaraca, a rizik se povećava sa starosnom dobi. Uzroci mogu biti različiti, a jedan od uzroka je nedovoljan ili preveliki unos joda kao i goitrogena iz hrane. Cilj rada: Cilj rada je bio prikupiti i analizirati dostupne znanstvene informacije o utjecaju prekomjernog unosa joda sa soli i goitrogena iz hrane na poremećaj funkcije štitne žlijezde. Rezultati i rasprava: Jod se u najvećoj mjeri unosi sa soli iz kruha i tjestenine, zatim direktnim dosoljavanjem i konzumiranjem industrijskih gotovih proizvoda. Stoga ne čudi što se hranom unosi i 2 do 5 puta više joda nego što su trenutne preporuke (za odrasle je približno 150 µg/dan). Podnošljiva gornja granica unosa joda za odrasle iznosi 1100 µg/dan. Brojne biljne vrste sadrže goitrogene ili antitiroidne supstance koje ometaju sintezu hormona štitne žlijezde. Goitrogeni djeluju na različite načine, uzrokujući gušavost i poremećaje povezane sa jodom kao što su hipotireoza, hipertireoza i tiroiditis. Posebno osjetljive na goitrogene su osobe sa genetskom predispozicijom. Zaključci: Dugotrajna izloženost unosu joda sa soli kao i goitrogenima nije kvalitetno istražena. Međutim, postoji vjerovatnost da jod iz soli i goitrogeni iz hrane imaju uticaj na funkciju štitne žlijezde mijenjajući proizvodnju i izlučivanje njenih hormona., Introduction: The function of the thyroid gland is relatively frequent disease with greater prevalence among women than men, and the cause increases with age. Causes differ, and one of the factors is insufficient or too high iodine intake as well as intake of goitrogens from food. Aim: The aim of the study was to collect and analyze available scientific information on the effect of excessive intake of iodine from salt and goitrogens from food on the thyroid gland function. Results and discussion: The greatest contribution to total iodine intake is from salts in bread and pasta, or by direct dosing and by consuming processed foods. Therefore, the average daily intake of iodine is 2 to 5 times higher than the recommended intake (for adults is approximately 150 μg/day). The upper tolerable limit for iodine intake is 1100 μg/day. Many plants contain goitrogens or antithyroid substances that interfere with the synthesis of thyroid gland hormones. Goitrogens are acting in various ways causing iodine-related lupus and other disorders. People with genetic predisposition are particularly sensitive to goitrogens. Conclusions: Long-term exposure to salt intake of iodine and goitrogens is not well understood. However there are indications that the iodine salts from goitrogens of food affect the thyroid function by shifting its production and secretion of hormones.

Cherry (Prunus cerasus var. Oblačinska) is one of the most common varieties in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the region. Owing to the excellent sensory and physico-chemical characteristics and the very high concentration of biologically active ingredients, it is a very good potential for obtaining value added products or products with high content of bioactive, nutritionally and biologically valuable ingredients. The processing techniques of fresh fruit have a large influence on the content of bioactive components. The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of processing technologies of sour cherries on the content of bioactive compounds (total phenols, total flavonoids and anthocyanins) and the antioxidant capacity. Products that were analysed were juice, concentrate, extra jam and lyophilisate. The content of bioactive components and antioxidant capacity of these products was compared with fresh cherries. The results showed that the greatest influence on the content of bioactive ingredients has process where vacuum concentration is applied. More sophisticated technology such as lyophilization would contribute to the retention of bioactive components and could increase product competitiveness at the market.

Uvod: Mentalna funkcija ima fiziološku osnovu i jasno je povezana somatskim i socijalnim funkcionisanjem kao i stanjem ukupnog zdravlja. Rana dječija dob prestavlja izuzetno važan period i posebnu priliku za adekvatnu promociju mentalnog zdravlja i prevenciju mentalnih poremećaja. Većina mentalnih poremećaja koji se registriraju kod odraslih počinju u dobi do 14 godina. Cilj rada: Cilj rada je bio ukazati na važnost promocije zdravih stilova života u ranoj dječijoj dobi u očuvanju mentalnog zdravlja. Metoda rada: Kao metoda rada korištena je analiza znanstvenih informacije vezano za stilove života u ranoj dječijoj dobi i njihovom utjecaju na u očuvanje mentalnog zdravlja. Istovremeno, u radu se prezentiraju rezultati istraživanja dobijeni u dvije osnovne škole te porede sa drugim rezulatatima. Rezultati i rasprava: Zdravi stilovi života se odnose na sticanje životnih vještina, način stanovanja, uspostavljanje adekvatnog porodičnog i ekološkog okruženja, fizičke aktivnosti, zdravu ishranu, prevenciju povreda, nasilja i bolesti ovisnosti, odgovarajućoj edukaciji o seksualnosti i reproduktivnom zdravlju, inkluziji-uvažavanju različitosti, humanom odnosu i potrebi pomoći drugim. Istraživanja pokazuju da posebno važan utjecaj na mentalno zdravlje djeteta predstavlja virtuelni svijet elektronskih medija, kompjuterskih igrica i društvenih mreža, koja ih izoliraju i odvajaju od realnog života. Istraživanja u dvije osnovne škole u Gračanici na uzorku od 2200 djece dobi 6-15 godina pokazalasu da većina njih najviše vremena provode na internetu. Isto tako, istraživanja rađena u Hrvatskoj (na 1489 djece dobi 11- 18 g) pokazalo je da 93 % djece imaju otvorene Facebook profile, a da skoro trećina djece svoje slobodno vrijeme provodi isključivo na internetu. Gubitak koncetracije, anksioznost, agresivnost, depresija, apatija ili zanemarivanje školskih obaveza su samo neki od simptoma kod djece koja dugo borave u virtuelnom svijetu. Zaključak: Zdrave stilove života potrebno je primjeniti u drugoj, trećoj i četvrtoj fazi životnog ciklusa djece (dob 2-4 g, 3-6g i 7-11) koje imaju svoje specifične psihosocijalne krize gdje se prilagodjenim dobi metalni status djeteta može usmjeriti prema postizanju potpuno fizičkog, mentalnog i socijalnog blagostanja za cijeli život., Introduction: Mental function has a physiological basis and is clearly associated with somatic and social functioning as well as the state of total health. Early childhood is an extremely important period and a special opportunity for an adequate promotion of mental health and the prevention of mental disorders. Most of the mental disorders that are registered with adults start at age 14. The aim of the paper: The aim of the paper was to point out the importance of promoting healthy life- 14 styles in early childhood in the preservation of mental health. Method of work: As a method of work, used analysis of scientific information related to childhood life styles and its impact on mental health preservation. At the same time, the paper presents the results of the research gained in two primary schools and compares it with other results. Results and discussion: Healthy lifestyles relate to the acquisition of life skills, the way of living, the establishment of an adequate family surroundings and environment, physical activity, healthy nutrition, prevention of injuries, violence and addiction diseases, appropriate education on sexual and reproductive health, inclusiveness and appreciation of diversity , human relationship and need to help others. Research shows that a particularly important impact on the mental health of the child is the virtual world of electronic media, computer games and social networks, which isolates and separates them from real life. Studies in two primary schools in Gračanica on a sample of 2,200 children aged 6-15 show that most of them spend most of their time on the Internet. Similarly, research conducted in Croatia (1489 children aged 11-18) showed that 93% of children have open Facebook profiles, and almost one third of their children spend their free time on the internet. Loss of concentration, anxiety, aggression, depression, apathy, or neglect of school obligations are just some of the symptoms of children long-term living in the virtual world. Conclusion: Healthy lifestyles need to be applied in the second, third and fourth stages of the life cycle of children (age 2-4g, 3-6g and 7-11) with their specific psychosocial crisis where adaptive age can target the metal status of the child towards achievement full physical, mental and social well-being for a lifetime.

Svjetska je zdravstvena organizacija zdravlje definirala kao stanje potpunog fizičkog, mentalnog i društvenog blagostanja, a ne samo kao puko odsustvo bolesti, a s logoterapeutskog stajališta preduvjet zdravlja predstavlja i duhovno blagostanje. Medicina predstavlja granu ljudske djelatnosti koja se bavi liječenjem te rehabilitacijom bolesnih uz čuvanje i unaprjeđenje zdravlja, a njome se bave liječnici i drugi zdravstveni profesionalci. Sam Andrija Štampar je ranije apostrofirao važnost preventivnog djelovanja istaknuvši u svojim postulatima kako liječnik treba biti narodni učitelj, a da se pitanjem narodnog zdravlja i radom na njegovom unaprjeđenju trebaju baviti svi, bez razlike. Kad se tomu doda činjenica da u Republici Hrvatskoj prema različitim izvorima nedostaje između 2300 i 4000 liječnika te da će ih se 15% u sljedeće 4 godine umiroviti uz značajnu emigraciju zdravstvenih djelatnika, opravdano je zapitati se tko će liječiti narod, odnosno tko će voditi brigu o narodnom zdravlju i postoje li alternativna rješenja. Kao jedno od potencijalnih rješenja nudi se funkcionalna medicina koja predstavlja biološki ovisan model koji ohrabruje pacijenta i izvođača da djeluju skupa u stvarnom definiranju uzroka bolesti, a bazirana je na osobnom pristupu i terapiji. Proces edukacije novih profesionalaca koji će biti uključeni u procese funkcionalne medicine mora biti adekvatno praćen i valoriziran kako bi se smanjila mogućnost nekonvencionalnog i nesavjesnog liječenja., The World Health Organization defined health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not just as a mere absence of disease. Fromthelogotherapeuticpointofview, the prerequisite for health is spiritual well-being as well. Medicine is a branch of human activity that deals with the treatment and rehabilitation of the sickness and with the preservation and improvement of health., and is addressed by doctors and other health professionals. Andrija Štampar hasearlier noted the importance of preventive action, pointing out in his postulates that the doctor should be a folk teacher, and that the issue of public health and work on its improvement should all be addressed without distinction. When this is added to the fact that in the Republic of Croatia is shortage of 2300 and 4000 doctors, and that a 15% of them will be retired in the next 4 years with significant emigration of healthcare workers, it is justified to ask who will heal the people or who will take care of public health and whether there are alternative solutions. One of the potential solutions is the functional medicine that represents a biologically dependent model that encourages the patient and the contractor to work together to actually define the cause of the disease and is based on personal approach and therapy. The process of educating new professionals involved in the processes of functional medicine needs to be adequatelymonitoredandvalorised to reducethe possibility of unconventional and unauthorized treatment.

Uvod: Povijesno, nedostatak joda je bio vrlo čest u prehrani ljudi pa je takođe bila česta pojava rizika od bolesti koje su se javljale zbog njegovog nedostatka. Prema količini u Zemljinoj kori (oko 0,5 ppm), jod je vrlo rijedak element što je uzrokovalo njegov manjk u flori i fauni pa time i u prehrani. Danas je najvažniji izvor joda u prehrani jodirana sol. Za jodiranje se uglavnom koriste kalijum-jodid (KI) i kalijum-jodat (KIO3). Preporučena količina soli za odrasle osobe je 4 do 6 g. S tom količinom soli unose se i preporučene količine joda. Israživanje današnjih prehrambenih navika stanovništva razvijenih zemalja pokazuje da se soli unosi 2 do 3 puta više, a time i joda. Cilj rada: U radu su prikupljeni i sistematizirani podaci o unosu joda putem soli i drugih vrsta hrane te rizicima njegovog prekomjernog i nedovoljnog unosa. Rezultati: Svjetska zdravstvena organizacija je 1990-ih godina usvojila univerzalni postupak jodiranja soli u cilju eliminaciju njegovog nedostatka u prehrani. Preporučeni dnevni unos joda je od 100 do 200 mcg za odrasle, za djecu do 6 godina 90 mcg, djecu od 7 - 12 godina 120 mcg, a tokom trudnoće i dojenja preporučuje se do 250 mcg joda. S druge strane tokom kuhanja i pripreme hrane, mogu da se gube određene količine joda. Osim u soli jod se prirodno nalazi u morskoj vodi, morskim algama, školjkašima, rakovima i škampima, bakalaru i tuni te u jajetu i puretini. Ukoliko je prisutan u zemljištu jod se može naći u u malim količinama u povrću i nekim vrstama voća. Hrana može sadržavati takozvane goitrogene tvari koje sprečavaju da jod obavlja svoje metaboličke funkcije.Takvi sastojci se nalaze u kupusnjačama: kelju, brokuli i cvjetači. Ove supstance mogu ometati funkciju štitaste žlijezde na različite načine. Neka jedinjenja indukuju antitijela da reaguju sa štitastom žlijezdom, drugi ometaju enzim štitne žlijezde, koji je odgovoran za dodavanje joda tokom biosinteze tireoidnih hormona itd. goitrogeni su zastupljeni u hrani koja sadrži: gluten, soju i izotiocijanate. Populacijske grupe podložne jodnom deficitu su: osobe koji ne koriste jodiranu so, trudnice, osobe koji žive u područjima s jodom-deficitarnim zemljištem, osobe koje konzumiraju hranu sa goitrogenim jedinjenjima itd. Simptomi nedostatka joda u organizmu su: usporena moždana aktivnost, usporen metabolizam, pad imuniteta, emotivna uznemirenost i anksioznost, ciste, bol i u grudima,ugrožene funkcije pojedinih oragana i nepravilan rad štitne žlijezde. Pretjeran unos namirnica bogatih jodom također može negativno uticati na organizam i dovesti do posljedičnog uvećanja štitne žlijezde sa smanjenjem njene funkcije, upale i raka štitnjače. Moguće su i interakcije joda sa pojedinim lijekovima koje se uzimaju. Uzimanje joda kao dodatka prehrani može izazvati interakciju sa anti-tireoidnim lijekovi, kao što su methimazole koji se koriste za liječenje hipertireoze. Uzimanje visokih doza joda s anti-tireoidnim lijekovima može dovesti da tijelo proizvodi premalo hormona štitnjače. Zaključak: Jod je element kojeg je potrebno svakodnevno unositi u organizam, a prekomjerni i nedovoljni unos nosi određene rizike. Iako su uloženi veliki napori međunarodne zajednice da se rijesi problem unosa joda, jodiranje soli i unos joda jos uvijek su nedovoljno istraženi. U posljednje vrijeme sve su češće bolesti poeremećaja rada štitne žlijezde, a jod kao mikroelement ima značajnog utjecaja na njeno pravilno funkcioniranje., Introduction: Historically, iodine deficiency was very common in human nutrition and is also a common risk of the disease which occurred due to the lack thereof. According to the amount of the Earth’s crust (about 0.5 ppm) iodine is a very rare element which caused its missing the flora and fauna and consequently the diet. Today is the most important source of iodine in the diet of iodized salt. For iodination is generally used potassium iodide (KI) and potassium iodate (KIO3). The preferred amount of salt for adults is 4 to 6 g. From the amount of salt is used to record the recommended amount of iodine. Todays exploration dietary habits the population of developed countries show that the salt intake is through 2 to 3 times higher and thereby iodine. Aim: The paper presents collected and systematized data on iodine intake through salt and other foods and risk of its excessive and insufficient intake. Results: The World Health Organization in the 1990s adopted a universal procedure iodination of salt in order to elimination of its lack in the diet. The recommended daily intake of iodine is 100-200 mcg for adults, for children up to 6 years 90 mcg, children 7-12 years 120 mcg, and during pregnancy and breastfeeding is recommended up to 250 mcg of iodine. On the other hand during cooking and food preparation, can lose a certain amount of iodine. In addition to salt iodine is found naturally in seawater, seaweed, shellfish, crabs and shrimp, cod and tuna, as well as in the egg and turkey. If the iodine is present in the soil can be found in small amounts in some vegetables and fruits. Food may contain so-called goitrogens substances that disrupt iodine to perform its metabolic functions. These ingredients are found in brassicas: kale, broccoli and cauliflower. These substances may interfere with the function of the thyroid gland in different ways. Some compounds induce antibodies that react with the thyroid gland, jamming enzyme thyroid gland, which is responsible for adding iodine during the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones, etc. Goitrogens are present in food comprising: gluten, soy and isothiocyanates. Population groups susceptible to iodine deficiency are: people who do not use iodized salt, pregnant women, people who live in areas with iodine-deficient soil, people who consume foods with goitrogens compounds and so on. The symptoms of iodine deficiency in the body are: slow brain activity, slowed metabolism, low immunity, emotional distress and anxiety, cysts, pain in the chest, endangered individual functions of organs and irregular thyroid gland. Excessive intake of foods rich in iodine can also have a negative impact on the body and lead to a consequent magnification of the thyroid gland with the reduction of its functions, inflammation and thyroid cancer. There may also be interaction of iodine with certain drugs that are taken. Taking iodine as a dietary supplement can cause interactions with anti-thyroid drugs, such as methimazole used to treat hyperthyroidism. Taking high doses of iodine with anti-thyroid drugs can lead to the body produces too little thyroid hormone. Conclusion: Iodine is an element that needs to be taken daily in the body, but excessive and insufficient intake carries certain risks. Although great efforts were made to the international community to solve the problem of iodine, iodination of salt and iodine are still insufficiently explored. Lately, there have been more frequent disease disorders of the thyroid gland and iodine as a trace element has a significant impact on its proper functioning.

Prema ideji Andrije Stampara, Svjetska zdravstvena organizacija (SZO) je 1948 godine u svojoj osnivačkoj povelji definirala zdravlje kao ”stanje potpunog tjelesnog, mentalnog i socijalnog blagostanja, a ne samo odsustvo bolesti “. Andrija Štampar je već tada imao i ideju o pozitivnom zdravlju, a koja se odnosi na mjere prevencije i promocije zdravih stilova života. Zdravlje je i prema sadašnjoj definiciji SZO-e univerzalna vrijednost i temeljno ljudsko pravo. Održavanje fizičkog i mentalnog zdravlja nije odgovornost samo pojedinca niti zdravstvenog sistema, pa koncept očuvanja zdravlja mora biti usmjeren ne samo na osobu nego i na porodicu, vrtiće, škole, naselja, gradove, okolinu, odnosno na cijelu lokalnu zajednicu i društvo u cjelini. Jedan od najvećih prioriteta SZO je osiguranje zdravog odrastanja djece da bi bili osposobljeni za buduće ekonomske i društvene uloge te izgradnju zdrave i uspješne zajednice. Opšte poznata je činjenica da postoji epidemijska pojava debljine i sedentalnog načina života cijele populacije, a posebno kod školske djece što predstavlja velike faktore rizike za razvoj velikog broja hroničnih bolesti, a posebno metaboličkog sindroma. Rezultati studija koje su odredjenim zdravstvenim intervencijama uvele u školske programe zdrave načine ishrane uz programe fizičke aktivnosti pokazuju značajne efekte u očuvanju zdravlja i i prevenciji bolesti, prvenstveno metaboličkog sindroma. Škola je okruženje gdje lako prepoznati na velikom broju djece faktore rizika za zdravlje, a zatim implementirati preventivne mjere i promovirati zdrave stilove života. U ovom pereriodu rasta neobično je važno pobuditi svijest djece o važnosti prehrane i fizičke aktivnosti za psihofizički razvoj i održavanja zdravlja Procjena faktora rizika za zdravlje školske djece i implementacija zdravstvenih intervencija u Bosni i Hercegoovini otežana je i vezana za mnogobrojne administrativne probleme racjepkanosti zdravstvenog sistema i poslijeratno loše socijalno i ekonomsko stanje sa ogromnim demografskim promjenama. Rješavanje ovih problema može doći samo odozdo od lokalnih zajednica gdje postoje empiriski podaci i jasne činjenice o zdravstvenim potrebama vulnerabilnih grupa populacije kao što su školska djeca. Ovakvo stanje utjecalo je i na izbor metodologije brze procjene od lokalnih eksperata (RAP - Rapid Appraisal to Asses Community Health Needs) što znači da se traži brza procjena , mala finansijska srestva, volonterski I timski rad motivisanih učesnika uz upotrebu svih resursa lokalne ili šire zajednice.

Uvod: Moderni način života sve više eliminira kretanje i zdravu prehranu, što pogoduje smanjenju gustoće kostiju u vidu osteopenije i osteoporoze. Osteopenija se definira kao mineralna gustoća kostiju gdje je T- vrijednost između -1.0 do -2.5, a iznad -2.5 je stanje osteoporoze. Osteopenija se češće javlja kod žena u postmenopauzi zbog gubitka estrogena. Osteoporoza je kronično oboljenje koštanog sistema kod žena koje svojim progresivnim tokom i komplikacijama praćenim visokim stupnjem onesposobljenosti i mortaliteta ima značajne medicinske, ekonomske i socijalne posljedice na pojedinca i ukupno društvo. Metode: Na bazi prikupljenih podataka iz znanstvenih studija opisani su mogući utjecaji magnezija, cinka i preslice u prevenciji osteopenije i osteoporoze. Analizirani su rezultati istraživanja nutritivnog tretmana ostopenije i osteoporoze, s posebnim akcentom na upotrebu magnezija, cinka i biljnih pripravaka. Rezultati: U cilju prevencije posljedica osteopenije, odnosno osteoporoze, preporučuje se da žene u menopauzi jedu soju i sojine prerađevine kao izvor fitoestrogena. Povišen unos kalcija putem namirnica bogatih kalcijem ima važnu ulogu u održavanju zdravlja kostiju. Unos vitamina D može pomoći u održavanje čvrstoće kostiju, dok cink pojačava djelovanje vitamina D, doprinosi boljem apsorbiranju kalcija i njegovom korištenju u procesu obrazovanja nove kosti. Magnezij se pokazao efikasan u prevenciji gubitka koštane mase. Od ljekovitog bilja moze se koristiti preslica (Eqisetum arvense), cimicifuga (Cimicifuga racemosa) i crvena djetelina (Trifolium pratense). Prethodna istraživanja pokazuju da uzimanje preparata na bazi preslice može znatno usporiti smanjenje gustoće kostiju kod žena u postmenopauzi s osteoporozom. Zaključci: U cilju prevencije osteopenije i osteoporoze tokom menopauze se preporučuje dodatan unos sa haranom i dodacima prehrani Ca i vitamina D, posebno kod rizičnih skupina. Prethodna istraživanja pokazuju da se unosom Mg, Zn kao i preslice može usporiti razvitak osteopenije i osteoporoze., Introduction: Modern living style eliminates physical activity and healthy nutrition. That leads to reduction of Ca level in bones, and causes osteopenia and osteoporosis. Osteopenia is state where bone density is reduced with T between /1.0 and -2.5. Osteoporosis is state with bone density is caracterised with T under -2.5. Osteopenia is caused with low level of estrogenes, so it is common for women in menopause. Osteoporosis is desease with progresive nature, and it have consequences on society in terms of economy and medicine. Methods: Based on collected facts there is showed that level of Mg, Zn and Eqiusetum arvense have some good results on osteopenia and osteoporosis treatments. Results: It is recommended that woman in menopause should take soy in theirs diet as source of fitoestrogenes. High intake of Ca in food and as suplements has good results on bone density. There are some arguments that daily intake of Mg can increase bone density. Zn boosts activity of Mg, and because of that, and others Zn functions, it is needed to assure enough Zn in nutrition. Some of herbs that could be used are Equisetum arvense, Cimicifuga racemosa, Trifolium pratense. Conclusions: If we want to prevent osteopenia and osteoporosis in menopause it is needed to take an extra levels of Ca, vitamine D in food and as suplements. That is particularly important in groups with high risks. Researches showing that daily intake of Mg, Zn and Equisetum arvende could slow down envolvement of osteopenia and osteoporosis.

Uvod: Najčešće bolesti bubrega su akutna i hronična upala ili nefritis, upala intersticija bubrega, nefrotski sindrom, bubrežni kamenci, degenerativne bolesti bubrega i bubrežni tumori. Pored općih načela pravilne prehrane kod bubreznih bolesti neophodno je voditi računa o unosu minerala, proteina i vode. Restriktivne dijete moraju biti individualno prilagođene svakom pacijentu i sprovedene uz liječnički nadzor. Danas se na tržištu nalaze i dodaci prehrani namijenjeni pacijentima koji boluju od bolesti bubrega. Cilj rada i metodologija: Cilj rada je bio prikupiti, sistematizirati i analizirati raspoložive literaturne podatke i preporuke o prehrani i vodičima prehrane kod bolesti bubrega, te utvrditi koji dodaci prehrani se nalaze u apotekama, a namijenjeni su pacijentima koji boluju od bolesti bubrega. Na osnovu raspoloživih znanstvenih i stručnih izvora opisana je prehrana i vodiči prehrane kod bolesti bubrega. Za prikupljanje podataka o dodacima prehrani koji se mogu naći u apotekama korišten je upitni list, na osnovu kojeg je izvršeno anketiranje magistara farmacije. Upitni list se sastoji od 6 pitanja koja se odnose na dodatke prehrani kod upale glomerula (glomerulonefritis), upale bubrega (pijelonefritis) i bubrežnog kamenca. U istraživanju je bilo uključeno 8 apoteka na području Tuzle. Rezultati: Prehrana kod bubrežnog kamenca zavisi od vrste kamenca koji se stvara. Zajednička preporuka za sve vrste je uzimanje što više tekućine. Prehrana kod upale glomerula i upale bubrega podrazumijeva izjegavanje namirnica sa visokim sadržajem proteina, kalija, natrija i fosfora, te povećan unos kalcija. Od biljnih preparata kod upale se preporučuje čaj od plodova brusnice, uve i preslice. Dodaci prehrani koji se mogu koristiti kod bubrežnih bolesti nalaze se u obliku različitih farmacutskih formi u gotovo svim apotekama. U praksi najčešći dodaci prehrani koji se propisuju ili preporučuju bolesnicima sa bubrežnim tegobama su biljni pripravci a rjeđe vitamini i minerali. Utvrđeno je da liječnici rijetko preporučuju pacijentima sa bubrežnim tegobama dodatke prehrani, dok većina ispitanih magistara farmacije to redovno čini. Magistri farmacije su izjavili da polovina pacijenata sa bubrežnim tegobama sami traže dodatke prehrani. Zaključak: Kod bolesti bubrega izuzetno je važno uspostaviti pravilan balans unosa vode, minerala i proteina. Pravilan odabir dodataka prehrani može pomoći u liječenju bolesti. Neophodno je neprekidna edukacija zdravstvenih radnika o mogućnostima dijetotrapije, pravilne prehrane i upotrebe dodataka prehrani u tretmanu bubrežnih bolesti., Introduction: The most common renal diseases are acute or chronic nephritis, renal interstitial inflammation, nephrotic syndrome, kidney stones, kidney degenerative diseaseare and renal tumors. In addition to the general principles of proper nutrition in kidney disease it is necessary to take into account the intake of minerals, proteins and water. Restrictive diets need to be individually tailored to each patient and carried out by medical supervision. Today on the market there can be found nutritional supplements for patients who are suffering from kidney disease Aim and Methodology: The objective was to collect, systematize and analyze the available literature data and recommendations on diet and nutrition guides in kidney disease, and to determine which supplements are available in pharmacies and are intended for patients suffering from kidney disease. On the basis of available scientific and technical resources are diet and nutrition guides in kidney disease described. To collect data about dietary supplements that can be found in pharmacies, a questionnare was conducted amoug pharmacists. Questionnaire consisted of 6 questions relating to food supplements in glomerular inflammation (glomerulonephritis), inflammation of the kidneys (pyelonephritis) and kidney stones. The study included eight pharmacies in the area of Tuzla. Results: Diet in kidney stones depends on the type of stone that is created. Common recommendations for all types is to take in more liquids. Diet in glomerular inflammation and kidney inflammation involves avoiding foods with high content of protein, potassium, sodium and phosphorus and increase of calcium intake. From herbal remedies for inflammation cranberry fruit tea, reserves and horsetail (naći nazive na latinskom). Nutritional supplements that may be used in kidney disease are found in different pharmaceutical forms in almost all pharmacies. In practice, the most common nutritional supplements that are prescribed or recommended in patients with kidney problems are plant preparations and rarely vitamins and minerals. It was determined that doctors rarely recommend dietary supplements for patients with kidney problems, while most of pharmacists surveyed do. Pharmacists have stated that half of the patients with kidney difficulties seek supplements themselves. Conclusion: In kidney diseases it is extremely important to establish the proper balance of water intake, minerals and proteins. The right choice of dietary supplements can help treat the disease. Continuous education of health workers on the possibilities of diet is necessary, proper nutrition and use of dietary supplements in the treatment of kidney disease.

U radu su prikazani značaniji aspekti mogućnsti idndividualizacije prehrane na bazi podataka koje može pružiti nutrigenetika i nutrigenomika kao nove znanstvene discipline., The paper presents the significant aspects diet individualisation based on data which can provide nutrigenetic and nutrigenomic as new scientific discipline.

Introduction: The majority of menopausal women is changing nutritional status. The causes of this may include: hormonal changes, bad eating habits, heredity, lifestyle etc. The most common symptoms of menopause are hot flushes, sweats and mood swings. Women entering menopause unprepared to cope with the changes of this period of life and with insufficient knowledge of dietary habits that lead to oversupply or lack of nutrients. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the degree of nutritional status in postmenopausal women and to determine the degree of correlation between nutritional status and dietary habits of women with menopausal symptoms and the frequency of certain health disorders. Methodology: The study was carried out collecting, systematization and statistical analysis of data on the nutritional status and dietary habits of a sample of 300 women aged 45 to 55 years old. For women, the absence of a menstrual cycle longer than three consecutive months, it was considered to be in menopause.The survey was conducted in five ambulance of family medicine. To collect the data is used standardized list of questions about eating habits, based on the Likert scale. Results and discussion: According to the body mass index (BMI), 12:33% of the patients were within the normal range of nutrition, while 87% of respondents were from overweight and obese. BMI was significantly higher in patients with an increased intake of: soft drinks, sweets and white bread. Soy as a food is present in the diet in only 18% of respondents. Women who have never had symptoms of menopause and menopausal disorders have significantly lower BMI (p

Društveno aktivne žene treće dobi su dio populacije sa relativno dobrim zdravstvenim i socijalnim statusom te očuvanim psihomotornim funkcijama. Zadatak istraživanja je bio utvrditi prehrambene navike te skupine žena. Istraživanje je obuhvatilo 97 društveno aktivnih žena, a istraživane su prehrambene navike i životni stil. Za prikupljanje podatka korišten je upitnik s odgovorima ponuđenim na Likertovoj skali. Odgovori su kategorizirani od 1 do 5, tako da je 5 najpovoljniji, a 1 najnepovoljniji odgovor prema važećim prehrambenim preporukama i vodičima. Prosječna ocjena prehrambenih navika dobivena ovim istraživanjem je 3, 30 što ukazuje na prostor za poboljšanje prehrambenih navika istraživane skupine žena.

Pretilost je jedan od najznačajnijih problema javnog zdravstva kako u razvijenim tako i u zemljama u razvoju.Većina recentnih istraživanja ukazuje na to da pretilost nastaje kao posljedica životnog stila što se posebno odnosi na način prehrane i znatno smanjenu fizičku aktivnost. Međutim, istraživanaja ukazuju i na to da uzrok pretilosti može biti bolest ili pak lijek kojim se liječi neka bolest. Najčešće bolesti koje uzrokuju pretilost su: endokrine, probavne, metaboličke, lokomotorne, psihičke, itd. U ovom članku je pregled i opis najčešćih bolesti i lijekova koji mogu uzrokovati pretilost.

Aim: Developing extended release matrix tablets containing 350 mg ascorbic acid and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) or polyethylene oxide (PEO) as hydrophilic polymer/s which control the rate and degree of drug release through 12 hour period. Materials and methods: Six batches of matrix tablets (P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6) were produced by direct compression. Ascorbic acid 97% was used as active compound. HPMC K4M, HPMC K15M, PEO 1105 and PEO 301 were used as hydrophilic polymers. Cellulose microcrystaline was used as diluent, copovidone was employed as binder, colloidal silica as flow-aid while magnesium stearate was used as lubricant. Before tableting powder mixtures were sieved and evaluated for bulk density, tapped density, angle of repose, compressibility index and Hausner ratio. Compressed tablets were evaluated for average mass, hardness, friability, average drug content and dissolution profile through 12 hours in phosphate buffer pH=7.2 . All test were conducted according pharmacopoeial standards (PhEur 7 and USP 35) Results: All six batches of powder mixtures demonstrated good flow properties and didn’t tend to make any problems during tableting process. Also all six batches of tablets complied the pharmacopeial requirements concerning average mass, hardness, friability and drug content. Dissolution studies demonstrated that all six batches of tablets provided extended release of ascorbic acid through 12 hours period, but only tablets containing PEO 1105, PEO 301 and their 1:1 mixture liberated more than 80% active compound, which is generally due to the lower viscosity and higher erodability of these PEO-s compared with the used HPMC-s. It was also demonstrated that low viscosity PEO 1105 or HPMC K4M released higher percent of active compound compared with higher viscosity PEO 301 or HPMC K15M, while both PEO 1105/PEO 301 1:1 mixture and HPMC K4M/HPMC K15M 1:1 mixture gave intermediate drug release, which is connected to the intermediate viscosity obtained by mixing these polymers. Conclusion: From the results received from all test it was concluded that tablets containing PEO 1105 as hydrophilic polymer (P1) are the most suitable choice for developing 12 hour extended release matrix tablets containing 350mg ascorbic acid as active compound.

Urični arthritis (giht, ulozi) je sistemska bolest, a najčešće se ispoljava na zglobovima. Nastaje kao posljedica povećane koncentracije urične kiseline u krvi koja kristalizira u formi mononatrijevog urata, akumulirajući se u zglobovima, tetivama, te u okolnim tkivima. Nastali kristali pokreću lokalne imunološki posredovane upalne procese u tkivima. Urična kiselina nastaje složenom endogenom enzimski posredovanom razgradnjom purina ali i drugih jednostavnih metabolita. Purini su komponente nukleoproteina, a nalaze se u različitim količinama u većini vrsta hrane. Ograničenje egzogenog unosa purina sa hranom smanjuje mogućnosti stvaranja urične kiseline, reducira metabolički stres i nastanak upalnih procesa. Prema nivou sadržaja purina hrana se može podijeliti na hranu sa visokim sadržajem (100 do 1000 mg purina/100 g), hranu sa srednjim (10 do 100 mg purina /100 g) i hranu sa niskim sadržajem purina. Način ishrane samo dijelom može uticati na tretman bolesti. Tradicionalno, dijeta sa vrlo niskim egzogenim unosom purina preporučuje se u akutnim stanjima uz medicinski tretman. Nutritivni tretman bolesti treba biti bazirana na smanjenju tjelesne mase, primjerenom unosu ugljičnih hidrata, smanjenom unosu zasićenih masnoća i holesterola, primjerenom u unosu proteina, povećanim unosom tekućine i eliminacijom konzumiranja alkohola. Nutritivni tretman može dati značajanu podršku medicinskom tretmanu bolesti., Uric arthritis (gout) is a systemic disease, and usually manifests in the joints. Occurs as a result of increased concentrations of uric acid in the blood, which crystallizes in the form of mono sodium urate, accumulates in the joints, tendons, and in the surrounding tissues. The resulting crystals promote local immune-mediated inflammatory processes in tissues. Uric acid is formed by complex endogenous enzyme mediated degradation of purines and other simple metabolites. Purines are components of the nucleoprotein, and are found in varying amounts in most foods. Restriction of dietary purine intake of food decreases the ability to create uric acid, reducing metabolic stress and the occurrence of inflammatory processes. According to the level of purine content foods can be divided into foods with a high content 100 to 1000 mg purine/100 g), food with medium (10 to 100 mg purine/100 g) and foods that are low in purine. Only part of the diet may affect the treatment of disease. Traditionally, diets with very low intake of exogenous purine is recommended in acute situations with medical treatment. Nutritional treatment of disease should be based on weight reduction, adequate intake of carbohydrates, reduced intake of saturated fat and cholesterol, the appropriate protein, increased intake of fluids and elimination of alcohol consumption. Nutritional treatment can provide significant support to the medical treatment of disease.

All waste of animal origin, animal carcasses and condemned as a possible source of infection and potential environmental pollutants (pollute water, soil and air). Animal waste was thrown into the uncontrolled nature may have unforeseen negative environmental consequences for the environment, and beyond. decaying organic matter in the environment go smelly and uncomfortable gases (indole, skatole, mercaptan, and hydrogen sulfide). Animal waste if not disposed of in an appropriate manner can be a health risk to humans and animals because they can pass through the infectious and parasitic diseases. Animal waste from slaughterhouses, butcher, of dead bodies in the area of Živinice area, scattered in numerous illegal dumps, especially in rural areas of the municipality Živinice. Therefore, the aim of ecological disposal of animal waste within the LeAP project for the municipality Živinice provided opportunities for harmless elimination of animal waste from illegal dumps, which are the source of infection for the local population and animals. quality of animal waste disposal, and all biological waste from an environmental standpoint and epizootiological saving water, soil, air, and in particular, human and animal health.

All foods are made of nutritive and non-nutritive compounds. Nutritive compounds contribute to maintenance of homeostasis and metabolism of the human body. On the other hand, the non-nutritive components are often hazardous and used in excessive used doses can cause diseases. Estimation of non-nutritive harmful substances intake is a very complex process based on risk assessment.

The content of the some ingredients, such as proteins, ash, etc. is important in food products, either they are present in raw materials or in final products. As wheat is also very important food raw material, and flour as the fi nal product of milling, it is important to know their specific physical – chemical properties. The importance of knowing the physical and chemical properties of wheat and flour is due to the determination of quality and kind of fl our which is produced after milling process. In this work, some physical – chemical properties are determined and some comparations of characteristics were performed in both wheat and flour. Characteristics that were observed in this work are moisture content, ash content, protein content, Zeleny sedimentation value, gluten content and water adsorption values. On the base of results obtained in this work, some conclusions are made that could be useful for milling industry.

U radu je istraživan utjecaj dodatka saharoze, fruktoze, laktoze, glukoze i trehaloze na viskoznost suspenzija škroba kukuruza i tapioke tijekom zagrijavanja (od 55 do 95 °C) te na reološka svojstva škrobnih pasti pri 25 °C. Šećeri su dodavani u omjeru škrob:šećer=1:2 u 5 %-tnu suspenziju škroba. Istraživanja reoloških svojstava provedena su primjenom Brookfield-ovog rotacijskog viskozimetra. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su da dodatak šećera uzrokuje povišenje viskoznosti tijekom zagrijavanja škrobnih suspenzija, a nakon temperature želatinizacije pri čemu je najveći utjecaj imao dodatak trehaloze. U slučaju škroba tapioke, dodatak šećera značajno je povisio temperaturu želatinizacije, a saharoza je imala najveći utjecaj. Reološki parametri pasti škroba kukuruza i tapioke pri 25 °C povisili su se ili snizili, ovisno o vrsti dodatka i vrsti škroba. Tako su uzorci oba škroba sa dodatkom trehaloze imali najviše vrijednosti, a s dodatkom laktoze najniže vrijednosti prividne viskoznosti pri 100 s-1.

A new, selective and accurate direct ultraviolet spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of L-ascorbic acid in pharmaceuticals. The oxidation of L-ascorbic acid by iodate in an acidic medium was used as a means of correcting for background absorption. The molar absorptivity of the proposed method was found to be 8.71x103 dm3 mol-1 cm-1 at 250 nm. Beer’s law was obeyed in the concentration range of 0.46 – 16.00 μg cm-3 for L-ascorbic acid. The relative standard deviation was 0.67 % for a concentration of 8.00 μg cm-3 of ascorbic acid (n = 7). The ingredients commonly found in vitamin C and multivitamin products did not interfere. The proposed procedure was successfully applied to assays of L-ascorbic acid in pharmaceutical preparations. The results obtained with the proposed method showed good agreement with those given by the titrimetric method using iodine.

A simple and highly sensitive direct spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of L-ascorbic acid. Potassium cyanide (9.21x10-5 mol dm-3) was used to stabilize ascorbic acid in aqueous medium. The molar absorptivity of the proposed method, which does not require an extraction procedure, was 1.38x104 dm3 mol-1 cm-1 at 264 nm. Beer’s law was obeyed in the concentration range of 0.26 – 12.0 μg ascorbic acid cm-3. Th e relative standard deviation was 1.40 % for the determination of 8.0 μg ascorbic acid cm-3 (n = 7). The substances commonly found in vitamin C products do not interfere with the determination of ascorbic acid. Other vitamins and organic acids interfere. The proposed procedure was successfully applied to the determination of ascorbic acid in pure form and vitamin C preparations.

U radu je prikazano stanje i razvoj prehrambene industrije u Federaciji BiH. Prikupljeni podaci su sistematizirni i analizirani vezano za : kapacitete i njihovu iskorištenost u nekim granama prehrambene industrije obim proizvodnje prehrambenih proizvoda zaposlenost i uvoz i izvoz prehrambenih proizvoda. Definirani su ključni problemi prehrambene industrije i dat prijedlog mjera za poboljšanje stanja prehrambene industrije u Federaciji Bosne i Hercegovine.

Quercetin is the most abundant dietary flavonol with the right structural features for free radical scavenging activity and due to its positive impact on human health it can be used as nutraceutical or food supplement. It has been shown that quercetin degrades at ambient temperatures in aqueous solutions and is susceptible to oxidation. Named degradation can be accelerated upon heating and/or the addition of metal catalysts. Except proton abstraction, the oxidative degradative mechanism involves C-ring opening, which leads to the formation of lower molecular weight phenolic carboxylic acids. In this study, we investigated the thermal degradation of quercetin at 100 °C and at different times (2, 30, 60, 90, 120 min). The thermal degradation of quercetin was monitored by LC-MS/MS. The results showed that quercetin degraded at 100 °C and that longer heating times accelerated the degradation. Furthermore the longest heating time studied yielded higher amounts of byproducts. The main thermal by-product is 3, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, followed by 3, 5-dihydroxybenzoic acid and 2, 4, 6-trihydroxybenzoic acid. According to the obtained results we confirmed the thermal degradation reaction of quercetin in aqueous solution.

Grape pomace, the residue remaining after the extraction of juice from grapes is characterized by high content of polyphenols. In this study, we produced powder, a high-value food ingredient from grape pomace from indigenous grape varieties, White and Black Noah, Othello and Isabell. Grape pomace powder was produced by freeze drying of grape pomace. Obtained powders had the amount of water lower than 4 %. The water activity of powders was 0.237, 0.206, 0.201, and 0.198 for Black Noah, Isabell, White Noah and Othello, respectively. The highest antioxidant activity (mmoltrolox/100mL) had the powder produced from Isabell variety (4.82) followed by Black Noah (3.39), White Noah (3.29) and Othello variety (2.74). In the investigated varieties, the main phenolic acid was chlorogenic acid, the catechin was the representative of flavanols, and quercetin of the flavanols. In the red grape varieties the main polyphenol was cyanidine-3-glucoside, and malvidin-3-glucoside (known as natural colorants). The results suggest that grape pomace powders can be used as high-value ingredients to increase antioxidant activity and to enrich colour, and in general, phytonutrients content of processed food products.

Za identifikaciju plijesni tijekom rutinske mikrobiološke pretrage nasumično je odabrano 38 izolata plijesni podrijetlom iz uzoraka medova (kesten, bagrem, lipa, cvjetni) koji su bili nesukladni u odnosu na preporučani kvantitativni kriterij (10 CFU/g) prema Vodiču za mikrobiološke kriterije za hranu (3. izmijenjeno izdanje). Makroskopskom i mikroskopskom identifikacijom iz poraslih kultura na selektivnim podlogama određeni su rodovi plijesni Cladosporium sp., Botrytis sp., Paecilomyces sp., Acremonium sp., Penicillium sp. i Pestalotiopsis sp. Identificirane plijesni široko su rasprostranjene u prirodi (na biljkama, voću, tlu, zraku), a mogu uzrokovati zdravstvene poteškoće kod ljudi djelovanjem njihovim mikotoksina ili kao alergeni. Mikološka ispravnost meda ovisna je o pravilnim postupcima dobivanja meda, skladištenju i čuvanju, te o edukaciji pčelara.

Curry powder is a mixture of different spices, usually ginger, turmeric, cumin, coriander, fenugreek and cayenne pepper. The aroma profiles of curry powder and the individual spices of which curry consists were studied using headspace solid phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography mass-spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS). The obtained headspace profiles of curry powder and the individual spices were compared. Also, the origin of the individual aromatic compounds identified in curry was related to the corresponding spice, as follows: linalool (34.22 %) with coriander, cuminic aldehyde (24.20 %) with cumin, Ar-curcumene (3.94 %), zingiberene (5.83 %) and β-sesquiphellandrene (3.28 %) with ginger and turmeric, β-tumerone (3.28 %), Ar- tumerone (3.30 %) and α-tumerone (1.71 %) with turmeric, limonene (1.14 %) with fenugreek and cayenne pepper, and trans-anethole (2.08 %) with cayenne pepper.

The aim of this study was to obtain dry powder extractwith high health benefits and functional properties. Ethanolic extract was used as a feed for spray drying and process was carried out in a semi-industrial spray dryer. Resulted dry powder was characterized in terms of its biological activity. The ABTS and OH• free radical tests results showed the high antiradical activity of obtained powder (IC50ABTS =7.03 μg/mL ; IC50OH = 39.21 μg/mL). Antimicrobial properties of extract were examined using eight selected indicator strains. Results showed certain level of antimicrobial activity with MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) values in the range of 9.76-78.12 μg/mL, depending on microbial strain. Ability of chamomile dry powder to inhibit α-amylase, α-glucosidase and tyrosinase was determined by in vitro tests. The MTT assay was performed on four human tumor cell lines (HuT 78, K562, HeLa and NCI-H358) and MDCK as a normal cell line. Tested extract showed cell proliferation of 100% on normal cell lines at all concentrations and slight inhibition of cell proliferation is observed in tumors cell lines at the highest concentration. These findings suggest that the tested chamomile product has strong potential for development as a product with health benefits for organism.

Meso crne slavonske svinje proizvod je dobiven od muških i ženskih svinja, odnosno prasadi i tovljenika, u dobi od 3 do 24 mjeseca i završne tjelesne mase od 20 do 180 kg, držanih u ekstenzivnom i poluintenzivnom sustavu te pod odgovarajućim hranidbenim režimom. Meso crne slavonske svinje dobiveno od prasadi te tovljenika starih 5 do 18 mjeseci koristi se u svježem obliku, a ono dobiveno od tovljenika starih od 18 do 24 mjeseca kao sirovina za preradu u tradicionalne proizvode. U odnosu na meso drugih pasmina, tipova i hibrida svinja koje se uzgajaju u Republici Hrvatskoj, meso ove pasmine ima bolja senzorna, tehnološka i kvalitativna svojstva. Ono ima tamniju boju, veću čvrstoću mišićnih vlakana, manji postotak otpuštanja mesnog soka te značajno viši udjel unutarmišićne masnoće. Navedena svojstva omogućuju da se meso crne slavonske svinje koristi, kako u svježem obliku, tako i kao sirovina za preradu u visokovrijedne tradicionalne proizvode. Ona su najvećim djelom uvjetovana slobodnim načinom držanja na ispustima i pašnjacima, te specifičnim načinom hranidbe temeljenim na zelenoj krmi i zrnu žitarica. Pri proizvodnji mesa ove pasmine treba naglasiti i tradiciju uzgoja svinja te prehrambene navike stanovništva kao vrlo značajan čimbenik u prihvatljivosti mesa crne slavonske svinje kao izvornog proizvoda.

Trulež klipa kukuruza uzrokovana Fusarium vrstama ima za posljedicu smanjenje uroda kao i smanjenje kakvoće zrna. Tijekom tri godine (2001-2003) posijano je sedam samooplodnih linija kukuruza na dvije lokacije (Sesvetačko polje – pseudoglej, Orubica – amfiglej). Statistički značajne razlike u pojavi fuzarijske truleži klipa kukuruza utvrđene su između istraživanih linija, godina i lokacija. Najtolerantnije linije tijekom naših istraživanja u sve tri godine i na obje lokacije bile su OS 89-9 i OS 86-39. Najslabiji intenzitet zaraze utvrđen je na liniji OS 138- 9.