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Methods are described for the synthesis and purification by recrystallization of amine nitrilotriacetate salts N(CH2COOH)3: bis(propionic acid 2-ammonium) nitrilotriacetate [HN(CH2COO)3]2–[H3NCH2CH2COOH] , tert-butylammonium nitrilotriacetate [HN(CH2COOH)(CH2COO)2]–[H3NC(CH3)3]+, hexamethylenediammonium nitrilotriacetate [HN(CH2COOH)(CH2COO)2] [H3N(CH2)6NH3]2+, triethanolammonium nitrilotriacetate [HN(CH2COOH)(CH2COO)2]–[HN(CH2CH2OH)3]+⋅Н2О, bis(triethanolammonium) nitrilotriacetate [HN(CH2COO)3]2–[HN(CH2CH2OH)3] , tetramethylethylenediammonium nitrilotriacetate [HN(CH2COOH)(CH2COO)2] [HMe2NCH2CH2NMe2H]2+, and 1,4-diazabicyclo[2,2,2]octane nitrilotriacetate [HN(CH2COOH)(CH2COO)2] [HN(CH2CH2)3NH]2+⋅Н2О. The reactions of 2-aminopropionic acid, tert-butylamine, triethanolamine, and 1,4-diazabicyclo[2,2,2]octane with nitrilotriacetic acid afford needle- or fiber-like crystals, tetramethylethylenediamine gives plate-like crystals, and hexamethylenediamine produces a mixture of needle- and plate-like crystals. The new compounds were characterized by IR spectroscopy, optical and scanning electron microscopy, mass spectrometry, and differential scanning calorimetry. The molecular structure of hexamethylene-1,6-diammonium nitrilotriacetate was determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geological and geomorphological criteria for the areas prone to the earthquakes with magnitudes M ≥ 7.0 are determined for the territory of the Hellenides located in the southern part of the Balkan Peninsula. Intersections of morphostructural lineaments identified by the morphostructural zoning method are considered as seismogenic structures. Geological and geomorphological parameters were determined in a unified manner for all lineament intersections. It is established that earthquake epicenters with М ≥ 7.0 are confined to the intersections of lineaments. The intersections associated with the observed earthquakes with М ≥ 7.0 are used for training the recognition algorithm Cora-3. Based on the geological and geomorphic parameters, the recognition algorithm revealed the characteristic traits according to which all the lineament intersections were classified into the highly seismic (H) (historically called as dangerous, D) and low seismic (L) (historically called non-dangerous (N)) relative to the threshold magnitude М0 = 7.0. As a result, all these intersections were recognized as dangerous, just as another 24 intersections at which the events with magnitude M ≥ 7.0 have not been previously observed. In particular, these intersections are recognized on the Evia Island where the western branch of the North Anatolian fault approaches the coast of Central Greece. Another group of D-intersections is located in the central part of the Gulf of Corinth, the tectonically most active area of the region where, however, the earthquakes with M ≥ 7.0 have not been detected so far. The characteristic traits of D- and N-intersections (seismicity criteria) are formed by the morphometric parameters. The intervals of values of these parameters that are characteristic of D-intersections hint to the processes of subsidence and extension predominant in the areas of these intersections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aqueous suspension of poorly soluble iron(II) (1-hydroxyethylidene)diphosphonate (FeH2L · H2O) whiskers reacts with hydrogen peroxide to form even less soluble amorphous derivative of iron(III). The whisker shape is maintained during the reaction. Slow oxidation of the aqueous suspension of FeH2L · H2O in air oxygen yields amorphous compound of iron(III) without maintenance of the whisker structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The highly seismic Black-Sea-Caspian region contains conjugate mountain edifices of the Caucasus, Alborz, and Kopet Dagh, the Rioni and Kura intermontane troughs, and the deep southern Caspian basin. The goal of the present study is to determine potential sites of larger (М ≥ 7.0) earthquakes in the region. This was done using the methodology designed for identification of sites of possible large earthquakes. The earthquake-generating features are considered to be intersections of morphostructural lineaments as identified by morphostructural zoning. The epicenters of М ≥ 7.0 earthquakes correlate with lineament intersections. The Kora-3 pattern recognition algorithm was used to separate all intersections in the region into high- and low-seismicity ones with respect to М ≥ 7.0 based on the geological and geomorphologic parameters that characterize vicinities of intersections. The result was to recognize 150 intersections as having potential for М ≥ 7.0 earthquakes of a total of 510 intersections that were found in the region by morphostructural zoning. All of these intersections are within mountain belts. No intersections that can generate М ≥ 7.0 earthquakes have been identified in the intermontane troughs and within the southern Caspian deep-sea basin, whose crust is thinner. According to the geological and geomorphologic features of high seismicity intersections, as identified here, they are characterized by high contrasts in neotectonic movements and increased crustal fragmentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poorly soluble zinc ethylenediaminetetraacetate zincate Zn[ZnL] reacts with sodium Na4L, potassium K4L, ammonium (NH4)4L, 2-ammonioethanol (H3NCH2CH2OH)4L, and hexamethylene-1,6-diammonium {H3N(CH2)6NH3}2L salts of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid H4L to give readily soluble sodium Na2[ZnL], potassium K2[ZnL], ammonium (NH4)2[ZnL], 2-ammonioethanol (H3NCH2CH2OH)2[ZnL], and hexamethylene-1,6-diammonium {H3N(CH2)6NH3}[ZnL] ethylenediaminetetraacetate zincates. The reaction of tetrakis(triethylammonium) salt {(C2H5)3NH}4L with Zn[ZnL] does not give the expected bis(triethylammonium) ethylenediaminetetraacetate zincate {(C2H5)3NH}2[ZnL], but gives instead mono(triethylammonium) ethylenediaminetetraacetate zincate, {(C2H5)3NH}H[ZnL]; in aqueous solution, this product generates poorly soluble zinc ethylenediaminetetraacetate H2[ZnL(H2O)]·2H2O, which was studied by X-ray diffraction (CCDC no. 2172274). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tetrabasic ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid H4L binds two molecules of monobasic amines to give the corresponding salts: ethylenediaminetetraacetates of bis(monoethanolaminium) H2L2–⋅2+H3NCH2CH2ОН, tris(hydroxymethyl)methylaminium H2L2–⋅2+H3NС(CH2ОН)3⋅3H2О, diethylaminium H2L2–⋅2+H2N(C2H5)2⋅H2О, tert-butylaminium H2L2–⋅2+H3NС(CH3)3⋅5H2О, and triethanolaminium H2L2–⋅2+HN(CH2CH2ОH)3. Dibasic hexamethylene-1,6-diamine, triethylenediamine, and tetramethylethylenediamine form the following 1 : 1 adducts: H2L2–⋅+NH3(CH2)6NH , H2L2–⋅+NH3CH2CH2(OCH2CH2)2NH , H2L2–⋅ +HN(CH2CH2)3NH+⋅H2О, and H2L2–⋅+H(CH3)2NCH2CH2N(CH3)2H+. The molecular structures of bis(monoethanolaminium) ethylenediaminetetraacetate and bis[tris(hydroxymethyl)methylaminium] ethylenediaminetetraacetate trihydrate were determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A preparation of basic manganese carbonate containing manganite MnO(OH), rhodochrosite MnCO3, and bixbyite Mn2O3 reacts with nitrilotriacetic acid to give low-solubility manganese compound Mn[N(CH2COO)2(CH2COOH)] · 2H2O (manganese nitriloacetate dihydrate) in the form of whisker microcrystals. An alternative method for the preparation of the compound is the reaction of manganese(ii) sulfate with nitrilotriacetic acid disodium salt. This compound can be converted into a water-soluble form by the treatment with organic amines as solubility promoters. The effect of the manganese-containing compounds on the biometric parameters of seedlings of the Zlata spring wheat was studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A suspension of sparingly soluble zinc (1-hydroxyethylidene)diphosphonate ZnH2L•2H2O (H4L = MeC(OH)[P(O)(OH)2]2) is rapidly transformed into an aqueous solution when treated with ammonia or aliphatic amines (hexamethylenediamine, triethylamine, tert-butylamine, di-n-butylamine) containing no hydrophilic groups −OH and −(OCH2CH2)n−. The dissolution effect is due to the decomposition of the coordination polymer giving ammonium derivatives. Dehydrated dry powders of the corresponding ammonium compounds based on triethylamine, tert-butylamine, or di-n-butylamine rapidly dissolve in water to form transparent colorless solutions, whereas hexamethylenediamine and ammonia derivatives are poorly soluble. (1-Hydroxyethylidene)diphosphonic acid forms ammonium salts with hexamethylenediamine, triethylamine, and tert-butylamine. The molecular structures of these compounds are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reaction of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane with (1-hydroxyethylidene)diphosphonic acid in 96% ethanol results in the 3-hydroxy(ethoxy)silylpropylaminium salt of (1-hydroxyethylidene)diphosphonic acid. The compound dissolves in water and is regenerated after evaporation and drying in air and in vacuum. The initial low-porous xerogel and the products of its pyrolysis in air and in an inert atmosphere are amorphous phases with impurities of crystalline components. The reaction of tetraethoxysilane with (1-hydroxyethylidene)diphosphonic acid leads to a completely amorphous non-porous condensation product, which loses 57% of its weight after treatment with water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reactions of nitrilotriacetic acid with 2-aminoethanol, 2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol, and 2,2'-(ethylenedioxy)bis(ethylamine) afford the following salts in high yields: 2-ammonioethanol nitrilotriacetate [HN+(CH2COO–)2(CH2COOH) ⋅ H3N+CH2CH2OH]n, bis{2-ammonio-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol} nitrilotriacetate HN+(CH2COO–)3 ⋅ 2H3N+C(CH2 OH)3, and 2,2'-(ethylenedioxy)bis(ethylammonium) nitrilotriacetate HN+(CH2COO–)3 ⋅ H3N+CH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2N+H3. The molecular structures of 2-ammonioethanol nitrilotriacetate and bis{2-ammonio-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol} nitrilotriacetate were determined. Nitrilotriacetic acid molecules in 2-ammonioethanol nitrilotriacetate are linked by O⋅⋅⋅H⋅⋅⋅O hydrogen bonds involving acid groups of adjacent molecules to form a polymer chain. On the contrary, nitrilotriacetic acid molecules in bis{2-ammonio-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol} nitrilotriacetate do not form polymer chains. In the crystals of both compounds, adjacent molecules are linked by numerous O⋅⋅⋅H interactions to form infinite 3D frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poorly soluble protonated erbium bis(1-hydroxyethylidene)diphosphonate tetrahydrate (HEr(H2L)2 · 4H2O), formed as a result of the reaction of erbium carbonate (Er2(CO3)3 · 4H2O) with an excess of (1-hydroxyethylidene)diphosphonic acid (СН3(ОН)С[P(O)(OH)2]2, H4L), consists of two types of crystals (needle-like and lamellar ones). This compound slowly dissolves in an aqueous medium when adding the following organic amines: 2-aminoethanol, 2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol, and 2,2'-(ethylidenedioxy)bis(ethylamine). The latter are attached to the complex-molecule periphery (i.e., free –Р(О)ОН groups) to form fragments of amine salt (–Р(О)О–+NH3–CH2–). The first coordination sphere of the complex does not change; therefore, the energies of the f–f transitions of the Er3+ cation in the electronic absorption spectra remain invariable after the attachment of various amines, which act as solubility promoters. The interaction of suspension of protonated erbium bis(1-hydroxyethylidene)diphosphonate tetrahydrate with equimolar amounts of amines leads to selective dissolution of fine-grained needles and makes it possible to select the fraction of lamellar crystals in the pure form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interaction of an aqueous suspension of fine-grained iron with one equivalent of (1-hydroxy-ethylidene)diphosphonic acid (H4L) leads to the formation of poorly soluble iron(II) (1-hydroxy-ethylidene)diphosphonate (FeH2L · H2O), which precipitates from the solution in the form of whiskers. A compound consisting of crystalline and X-ray amorphous fractions, whose structure is based on stacked sheets of whiskers, linked by amorphous phase, was selected from the FeH2L · H2O reaction mixture with morpholine. The compounds have been studied by methods of elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interaction of an aqueous suspension of fine-grained iron with one equivalent of (1-hydroxy-ethylidene)diphosphonic acid (H4L) leads to the formation of poorly soluble iron(II) (1-hydroxy-ethylidene)diphosphonate (FeH2L · H2O), which precipitates from the solution in the form of whiskers. A compound consisting of crystalline and X-ray amorphous fractions, whose structure is based on stacked sheets of whiskers, linked by amorphous phase, was selected from the FeH2L · H2O reaction mixture with morpholine. The compounds have been studied by methods of elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seismogenic nodes capable of generating shallow earthquakes with M ≥ 5.0 have been identified in the northeast part of Egypt using the pattern recognition approach. The study region includes the Sinai Peninsula and the northern part of the Eastern Desert between the Nile River and the Red Sea, which comprises the new capital of Egypt and Suez Canal projects and represents a place for much future development. We apply a phenomenological approach based on pattern recognition for identifying seismogenic nodes. The methodology is based on the idea that earthquakes nucleate at nodes: specific structures forming around fault intersections. Morphostructural zoning (MZ) is applied to map nodes over the entire study region without using a priori knowledge of regional seismicity. The pattern recognition is employed to pinpoint seismogenic nodes where earthquakes with M ≥ 5.0 may occur in the future. As a result, seismogenic nodes capable of generating earthquakes with M ≥ 5.0 have been defined in the Sinai Peninsula and the northern part of the Eastern Desert. We also found characteristic geological-geophysical features that discriminate seismogenic nodes (D) from non-seismogenic ones (N). Information on the potential seismic sources represents the main issue in seismic hazard evaluation. Seismogenic nodes prone to earthquakes with M ≥ 5.0, as described in this work, may contribute to the definition of earthquake source zones in the northeast of Egypt because some of the D nodes are potential sources of seismic risk for critical facilities (e.g., Ismailia Tunnels) and large metropolitan areas (e.g., Nile Valley). This information can contribute to the revision of seismic zoning or microzoning and improve the performance of seismic hazard studies of Egypt by adding a new source of information about seismogenic nodes to the seismogenic zones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first vertical electron affinities EA of 13 series of molecules and free radicals D(X i ) n are related to the inductive (σ I ), resonance (σ), and polarization (σα) parameters of substituents X i by the dependences EA = EA H + aΣσ I + bΣσ R/− + cΣσα: In radical anions D+·(X i ) n , compared to radical cations D+·(X i ) n , the polarization interaction is weaker or similar in magnitude but has an opposite sign. The previously unknown resonance parameters σ of substituents SiMe3 and CH2SiMe3 bound to the radical anion center H2C=CH−· were calculated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energies of intramolecular charge-transfer bands and excited singlet and triplet states, as well as the molar absorption coefficients of mono- and para-disubstituted benzenes and monosubstituted naphthalenes and pyridines depend not only on the inductive and resonance substituent effects, but also on their polarization effect which can be characterized by σα constants. The polarization effect determines the lifetime of the triplet state and phosphorescence quantum yield of monosubstituted naphthalenes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrilotris(methylenephosphonic)acid N[CH2P(O)(OH)2]3 (H6L) reacts with zinc oxide in an aqueous medium to give a poorly soluble polymeric crystalline salt (ZnH4L)n. The reaction proceeds through the intermediate formation of a soluble monomer complex ZnH4L. The water-soluble amorphous forms of the coordination compound used as microfertilizers were obtained by treatment of a suspension of this salt with 2-aminoethanol, 2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol, 2,2′-(ethylenedioxy)bis(ethylamine). p-Aminobenzoic acid H2NC6H4COOH reacts in an aqueous solution with hexabasic nitrilotrimethylenephosphonic acid, as well as with the monomeric complex ZnH4L, giving crystals of bis(4-carboxyphenylaminium) nitrilotris(methylenephosphonate) dihydrate H4L2− · 2(H3N-C6H4-COOH)+ · 2H2O. The compounds were investigated by elemental analysis, IR and UV spectroscopy, X-ray phase analysis and X-ray diffraction analysis. Tests of the water-soluble complex with 2-aminoethanol ZnHL3− · 3(H3NCH2CH2OH)+ · 2H2O in the laboratory experiment with seeds of two agricultural crops showed a positive agronomic effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reaction of aqueous suspension of finely dispersed iron with one equivalent of (1-hydroxyethylidene) diphosphonic acid (H4L) results in poorly soluble iron(II) (1-hydroxyethylidene)diphosphate FeH2L·H2O. The reaction with two equivalents of the acid gives a water-soluble compound Fe(H3L)2, which undergoes disproportionation up to FeH2L·H2O and H4L. The reaction of a FeH2L·H2O aqueous suspension with an organic amine results in the dissolution of the complex. Heating the FeH2L·H2O aqueous suspension in a pressure reactor at 150°C in the presence of KF catalytic amounts causes the formation of a new crystal phase and X-ray-amorphous admixtures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reaction of poorly soluble manganese(II) bis(1-hydroxyethylidene)diphosphonate tetrahydrate (Mn(H3L)2•4H2O) with 2-aminoethanol (H2NCH2CH2OH) in an aqueous medium on heating to 70—80 оС causes the initial formation of soluble manganese(II) bis(1-hydroxyethylidene)diphosphonate tris(1-hydroxyethaneaminium) (Mn(H3L)2• •3H2NCH2CH2OH•4H2O), which then disproportionates to slightly soluble manganese(II) (1-hydroxyethylidene)diphosphonate-2-hydroxyethaneaminium (MnH2L•H2NCH2CH2OH) and coordination polymer of 1-hydroxyethylidenediphosphonic acid with 2-aminoethanol containing no metal cations. In the course of the reaction, MnH2L•H2NCH2CH2OH precipitates as whiskers that are grouped into a leaf (lepidoid) structure. The latter was examined by IR spectroscopy, X-ray phase analysis, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, optical microscopy, and thermal desorption of nitrogen. The starting and resulting manganese compounds refer to poorly soluble crystalline complexes. The presence of a 2-aminoethanol molecule in the final product leads to an increase in the solubility from 0.40 to 0.54 g in 100 mL of the solution. Poorly soluble MnH2L•H2NCH2CH2OH is easily converted to a soluble form by the treatment with 2-aminoethanol or 2-amino-2-(hydroxy- methyl)propane-1,3-diol (H2NC(CH2OH)3). The agronomical efficiency of a solution of the Mn(H3L)2•3H2NCH2CH2OH•4H2O complex was studied on the cultures of white lupine Degas, spring wheat Ester, spring rape, and pea Stabil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Polyhexamethyleneguanidine hydrochloride (PHMG) is an antimicrobial biocide of the guanidine family. In the period from August 2006 to May 2007, more than 12500 patients were admitted to hospital with a history of drinking illegal cheap ''vodka'' in 44 different regions in Russia, of whom 9.4% died. In reality, the ''vodka'' was an antiseptic liquid composed of ethanol (≈≈93%), diethyl phthalate, and 0.1--0.14% PHMG (brand name ''Extrasept-1''). Material and methods. We performed an analysis of the clinical features and outcome in four poisoning treatment centers in the cities of Perm, Ekaterinburg, Irkutsk, and Khabarovsk. A total of 579 patients (215 females and 364 males) with similar symptoms were included. Results. The main symptoms on admission included jaundice (99.7%), skin itch (78.4%), weakness (96%), anorexia (65.8%), dizziness (65.3%), nausea (54.8%), vomiting (22.6%), stomach ache (52.7%), diarrhea (32%), and fever (50%). Mild symptoms were found in 2.5% of cases, moderate in 63%, and severe in 34.5%. Laboratory results were (mean ±± SD): total bilirubin 249 ±± 158 μμmol/L, direct bilirubin 166 ±± 97 μμmol/L, cholesterol 14 ±± 8 mmol/L, alanine aminotransferase 207 ±± 174 IU/L, aspartate aminotransferase 174 ±± 230 IU/L, alkaline phosphatase 742 ±± 751 IU/L, and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase 1199 ±± 1095 IU/L. Patients generally recovered over a period of 1--5 months, although high levels of alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase were still found in all patients examined after 6 months. Sixty-one patients (10.5%) died between 23 and 150 days after poisoning. Local cholestasis, inflammatory infiltration, and fibrosis developing into cirrhosis were found by liver biopsy. Conclusion. Acute liver injury caused by PHMG-hydrochloride or PHMG in combination with either ethanol or diethyl phthalate can be characterized as cholestatic hepatitis with a severe inflammatory component causing high mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The carbon 1s binding energies ( Eb) measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy or obtained from quantum chemical calculations for 18 series of compounds in which the reaction center is the C atom are analyzed. It was established for the first time that Eb values in carboncentered radical cations depend on the inductive, resonance, and polarizability effects of substituents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A response by Y. N. Ostapenko et al to a letter to the editor about their article "Acute Cholestatic Liver Injury Caused by Polyhexamethyleneguanidine Hydrochloride Admixed to Ethyl Alcohol" al in the 2011 issue is presented.