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Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate mucositis grades changes in patients before, during and after irradiation therapy in oral, head and neck region in connection with isolation of fungi from oral mucosal swabs. During one year period, we examined 25 patients with oral, hand and neck cancer operated and irradiated (22 males 88%, 3 females 12%) aged from 47 84, (average age 63) with ionizing radiation delivered by external source. The dosage of irradiation was 6000 cGy in 30 separated doses, 200 cGy each(max. dosage 7000 cGy in 35 separated doses, or min. 4880 in 26 separated doses). Patients were examined on three occasions: prior the irradiation, during the second week of irradiation and three weeks after the irradiation. The examination included establishing grade of mucositis (0 5), as well as taking swabs for mycological analysis. Results: The mucositis grades changes during second week of irradiation comparing to those before irradiation and those three weeks after the irradiation were statistically significant (p = 0.012 ; p = 0.010), while there were no statistically significant changes in mucositis grades before and after irradiation (p = 0.547). Candida isolation in quantity was equal before, during and after the irradiation with statistical significance, but with differences in quality during the irradiation. Conclusion: Statistically significant increase of mucositis grades in patients during the second week of irradiation is not connected with higher number of candida isolate in the same patients, but may be connected with candida species in that isolate.

Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate mucositis grades changes in patients before, during and after irradiation therapy of oral, head and neck region in connection with isolation of fungi from oral mucosal swabs. During one-year period we examined 25 patients with oral, hand and neck cancer operated and irradiated (22 males - 88%, 3 females - 12%) aged from 47– 84, (average age 63) with ionizing radiation delivered by external source. The dosage of irradiation was 6000 cGy in 30 separated doses, 200 cGy each (max. dosage 7000 cGy in 35 separated doses, or min. 4880 in 26 separated doses). Patients were examined on three occasions: prior the irradiation, during the second week of irradiation and three weeks after the irradiation has finished. Examination included establishing grade of mucositis (0– 5), as well as taking swabs for mycological analysis. Results The mucositis grades changes during the irradiation were statistically significant (v2 = 10 760 ; P = 0.0046). During the irradiation therapy, there were more patients with isolated fungi and there were more non-albicans isolates, but the differences were not statistically significant. (v2 = 2.256 ; P = 0.324). Conclusion Although there was statistically significant increase of mucositis grades in patients during the second week of irradiation, we didn’ t find statistically significant increase of yeasts isolation from taken oral swabs. Therefore, the increase of mucositis grades cannot be connected with fungal mucosal infection in our study group.

The influence of war circumstances on tumor morphological characteristics in patients with breast cancer has not been studied up to now. The aim of this study is to investigate if war circumstances have influenced breast cancer incidence. The study covered both the patients in which during a period of observation a breast cancer was diagnosed as well as those who died of the same disease in the same period. Three sources of data were used: 1) The archives of the Oncology and Radiotherapy Center of the University Hospital "Split" (UHS): hospital data of 768 patients were reviewed. The war sample consisted of 380 patients aged 59.4 +/- 12.1 (31 to 86) (including 5 males), whereas the pre-war sample was made up of 388 patients aged 58.4 +/- 12.7 (19 to 88) (including 3 males) ; 2) Register of death of the Pathology Department of UHS with 162 analyzed persons whose death was caused by breast cancer in the six-year period between 1988 and 1993. The list of 162 dead patients included 79 people who died from breast cancer diagnosed in that period (1988-1993) and another 83 people that had been diagnosed before that period ; 3) The biopsy register of the Pathology Department of UHS with 851 breast biopsies performed between 1988 and 1993. Breast cancer is predominantly a female illness (99.1%). The war circumstances influenced the of T N and M rate. The rate of N2, 10, M1 were conspicuously higher in the war period. There were significantly more malignant histological diagnoses found in new patients and also significantly more patients died due to breast cancer. Stress and other war circumstances undoubtedly have a negative impact on the numerous markers of breast cancer which we have proved in this study.

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is mucocutaneous autoimmune disease of still unknown etiology. Among all etiological factors, OLP can be associated with carbohydrate disorders. As it is known that some HLA B and DR 3/4 antigens are cross-linked, we have determined the frequencies of HLA B antigens in group of 50 Croatian patients (5 males) with OLP and compared them with the 1089 healthy controls. Alterations in the frequencies of several HLA B antigens were noted, in particular, the frequencies of HLA B 15 were 4 times higher, and HLA B18 were 4 times lower compared with controls. The OLP patients with carbohydrate metabolism disorders had more frequently HLA B16, B2 and B40 and the patients with OLP without disturbed carbohydrate metabolism had more frequently HLA B5, B7 and BX. HLA B15 and B18 are closely connected with DR 3/4 antigens in diabetes mellitus, so these particular antigens may predispose a person to a lichen planus.

Svrha rada je mikrobiološki utvrditi povezanost pojave oralne i vaginalne mikoze, na trideset trudnica sa klinički suspektnom mikozom. Uzeti ubrisci vagine i oralne sluznice na kvasnice nasijani su na Sbouraud bujon i inkubirani na 48 sati. Kod 22% trudnica oba obriska bila su pozitivna, čime nije dokazana signifikantna povezanost između oralne i vaginalne mikoze.

Istraživanje je bilo provedeno sa ciljem da se ustanovi koje su sustavske bolesti u osnovi OLR-a, u našoj populaciji, na 150 osoba sa kroničnim oblikom OLR-a. Pacijenti oboljeli od OLR-a u našoj populaciji imaju jednu ili više sustavskih bolesti, od čega 67% hepatobilijarnog trakta, 37% gastritisa i 26% diabetes mellitusa.

The Internet is the greatest computer network with many services like Web, FTP, Gopher, E-mail Discussion Groups, and Usenet Discussion Groups, that provides a rapid and the cheapest exchange of information. The benefits to anthropologists of using the Internet are growing rapidly, as the Internet becomes easier to use and ever more anthropological resources become available on line. Physiological anthropology is concerned with the evolution and biological features of human population and it's sources on the Internet are growing continuously. However, in that enormous number of data, is not easy to find a needed information. Currently, number of indexed physiological anthropology related sites on Web only is 233990 (October 98). This paper provides informations about Internet and needed hardware and software for using it. It also describes and lists the most important physiological anthropology addresses, together with physiological anthropology-related journals on the Internet, as well as the ways of searching them.

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory mucocutaeous disease, predominntly seen in middle-aged female patients. Histopathologically, OLP includes parakeratosis with T-lymphocite subepithelial infiltration. In the etiology of OLP, chronically liver and billiary diseases, stress-induced hypertension, inheritance and most commonly carbohydrate metabolism disorders including diabetes mellitus are mentioned. Considering the autoimune nature of the illness and the role of the HLA DR 3/4 antigenes in development of diabetes mellitus we hypothesized that the same antigenes could play role in the development of OLP. We examined 50 unrealated Croatian patients (5 males) from Institute of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Zagreb, with clinical and histopathological diagnosis of OLP. They were all tested for HLA DR and compared with 1089 Croatian s that underwent the tissue standardization in fathership cases. OLP patients had blood sugar level controlled, and those with HLA DR3/4 and those with blood sugar level higher than 5, 6 mmol/l additionally underwent standard oral glucose tolerance test. Carbohydrate metabolism disorders was found in 13 OLP patients (226%) while 10 of them (20%) had diabetes mellitus type 1. This finding is 400 times more frequent than is appearance of diabetes in healthy controls (0, 05%) in Croatia.

Parodontne bolesti i zubni karijes među najučestalijim su oralnim bolestima i glavni razlog gubitka zuba. Prevencija ovih bolesti smatra se prioritetom jer je isplativija od njihova liječenja. Dentalni plak glavni je čimbenik nastanka i razvoja parodontnih bolesti i zubnoga karijesa. Svakodnevno mehaničko uklanjanje dentalnoga plaka četkanjem važan je dodatak profesionalnom čišćenju zubnih naslaga i ključna je strategija u očuvanju oralnoga zdravlja. No, četkice za zube ne mogu sasvim prodrijeti u interdentalne prostore, gdje su parodontne bolesti i zubni karijes najčešći. Zato se sredstva za interdentalno čišćenje preporučuju kao dodatak redovitom četkanju, a najčešće su to zubni konac i interdentalne četkice. S ciljem procjene učinkovitosti i sigurnosti uporabe zubnoga konca i interdentalnih četkica, uz četkanje zubi, u prevenciji i kontroli parodontnih bolesti i zubnoga karijesa u odraslih provedena su dva Cochrane sustavna pregledna rada. Metodologija korištena u oba rada temeljena je na eksplicitnim metodama opisanim u Cochrane Priručniku za sustavne preglede intervencija (135). Prema unaprijed određenim kriterijima uključenja, u sustavne preglede uključeni su isključivo radomizirani kontrolirani pokusi. 12 studija je uključeno u sustavni pregledni rad o učinkovitosti uporabe zubnoga konca sa 582 ispitanika u skupini koja je koristila četkicu za zube i zubni konac i 501 ispitanik u kontrolnim skupinama. Pronađeni su dokazi o učinkovitosti uporabe zubnoga konca uz četkanje u smanjenju gingivitisa nakon jednog, tri i šest mjeseci te slabi i vrlo nepouzdani dokazi o njegovoj koristi u smanjenju dentalnoga plaka nakon jednog i tri mjeseca. Sedam studija uključeno je u sustavni pregled o učinkovitosti uporabe interdentalnih četkica sa 197 ispitanika u skupini koja je koristila četkice za zube i interdentalne četkice i 195 ispitanika u skupini koja je koristila četkice za zube i zubni konac. Uporaba interdentalnih četkica uz četkanje pokazala se korisnijom od samog četkanja u smanjenju gingivitisa i dentalnoga plaka nakon mjesec dana. U usporedbi sa zubnim koncem, interdentalne su četkice učinkovitije u ublažavanju gingivitisa nakon mjesec dana. Što se tiče dentalnoga plaka, nema dostatnih dokaza kojima bi se potvrdila korist ijednog od navedenih sredstava. Zbog nedosljednosti u izvještavanju, analiza podataka o štetnim učincima nije bila moguća. Nisu pronađene studije o učinkovitosti uporabe zubnoga konca i interdentalnih četkica u prevenciji karijesa kod odraslih., Periodontal diseases and dental caries are among the most common oral diseases and the main reason for tooth loss. Prevention of these diseases is of high priority considering the high cost of its treatment. Dental plaque is the main factor in the development and progression of periodontal diseases and dental caries. Daily mechanical plaque removal by toothbrushing is an important addition to professional plaque removal techniques and a key strategy for oral health maintenance. However, toothbrushes alone are unable to adequately penetrate interdental areas where periodontal diseases and dental caries are most commonly found. Therefore, interdental cleaning aids, namely dental floss and interdental brushes, have been recommended in addition to regular toothbrushing. In order to assess the efficacy and safety of flossing and interdental brushing, in addition to toothbrushing, in the prevention and control of periodontal diseases and dental caries in adults two Cochrane systematic reviews have been conducted. The methodology used in both reviews is based on the explicit methods described in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. According to the predefined inclusion criteria, only RCTs were included in the reviews. 12 studie were included in the Flossing review with 582 participants in the toothbrushing and flossing group and 501 participants in the toothbrushing only control groups. There is evidence of the efficiency of flossing, in addition to toothbrushing, in the reduction of gingivitis at one, three and six months. However, only weak and unreliable evidence of its benefit in the reduction of dental plaque after one and three months have been found. Seven studies were included in the Interdental brushing review with 197 participants enrolled in the interdental brushing plus toothbrushing study arms and 195 participants in the flossing plus toothbrushing control groups. The use of interdental brushes in addition to toothbrushing has proved to be more beneficial than toothbrushing alone, in the reduction of gingivitis after one month. When compared to dental floss, interdental brushes are more efficient in reducing gingivitis after one month. As for dental plaque, there was insufficient evidence to claim a benefit for either of the interdental aids. Due to inconsistency in reporting, data analysis concerning adverse effects was not possible. No studies examining the efficiency of dental floss and interdental brushes in the prevention of caries in adults have been found.

Svrha provedenog istraživanja bila je ispitati kako vibracijski podražaji, kao neinvazivne i relativno jednostavne fizikalne metode, djeluju na ortodontski postupak. Ortodontski model primjenjen je na štakorima kojima su prvi maksilarni kutnjaci bili pomicani prema sjekutićima, mizijalno, u trajanju od 2 tjedna. Vibracijski podražaji primijenjivani su 2 puta tjedno u trajanju od 10 minuta okomito na okluzijsku površinu kutnjaka. Koristili smo dvije vibracijske frekvencije, 30 i 60Hz, jednake sile djelovanja od 0,4N. Obje korištene frekvencije pokazale su usporenje ortodontskog pomaka. To usporenje najvjerojatnije je bilo izazvano djelovanjem vibracijskiih podražaja na aktivnost osteoklasta i kočenje resorpcije alveolarne kosti. Resorpcija je vrlo važna i neizbježna pojava tijekom ortodontskog pomaka. Kao nuspojava zabilježena su značajna ostećenja stanica i dezorganizacija kolagenskih vlakana unutar parodontnog ligamenta najvjerojatnije izazvana prevelikom silom vibracijskih frekvencija (0,4N). Sve navedene promjene bile su jače izražene kod frekvencije od 30Hz nego od 60Hz. U budućnosti su potrebne dodatne studije koje bi detaljnije istražile utjecaj čitavog raspona vibracijskih sila i frekvecija na alveolarnu kost i koštanu pregradnju koja se javlja tijekom ortodontskog postupka. Rezultati ove studije upućuju na zaključak da vibracijski stimulusi, zbog potencijalnog kočenja aktivnosti osteoklasta i resorpcije kosti, mogu imati korisnu primjenu pri prevenciji ortodontskog relapsa koji se javlja neposredno nakon završetka ortodontskog tretmana i predstavlja veliki klinički problem u ortodonciji., In this study we wanted to investigate how cyclical (vibratory forces), as noninvasive and relatively simple and nonexpensive psysical methods, could affect orthodontic tooth movement in rats. Two different vibrational frequences, 30 and 60Hz, at the force of 0.4Newton were applied oclusally twice a week for 10 minutes in experimantal rats where the first left maxillary molars were moved mesially for 2 weeks. Both vibrational frequencies inhibited the amount of tooth movement. That effect was probably caused by the inhibition of osteoclastic activity and alveolar bone resorption that is important and necessary event during the orthodontic tooth movement. We also found that vibratory forces caused increased number of apoptotic cells and marked disorganization of the collagen fibril structure within the periodontal ligament, probably due to the excessive force levels used in these experiments. All changes were more prominent with 30Hz vibrational frequencies. Future studies should include additional analysis that would evaluate the effect of the whole range of vibrational forces and frequencies on the alveolar bone and resorption during the ortodontic tooth movement. Those studies should also evaluate more carefully the frequency and the point of their application (vibrating the alveolar bone directly insead of the tooth crown). Based on the results from this study, vibratory forces, because of their inhibitory effect on osteoclastic activity and bone resorption and decceleration of tooth movement, could have a significant impact and clinical use in the prevention of the orthodontic relapse, unwanted orthodontic event that occurs immediately after the termination of treatment and present an enormous problem in orthodontics.

Cilj istraživanja: Cilj ove studije bio je odrediti točnost biopsije malih labijalnih žlijezda slinovnica u dijagnozi SS. Specifični ciljevi istraživanja bili su: utvrditi postoji li korelacija FS-a s anti-SSA (Ro), anti-SSB (La), anti-SSA+SSB protutijelima, Qs i Qss, odrediti i usporediti vrijednosti Qs i Qss u obje skupine ispitanika te usporediti korisnost Qs i Qss u obje skupine ispitanika. Materijali i metode: Istraživanje je provedeno na 37 ispitanika. Ispitanici su podijeljeni u dvije skupine. Ispitnu skupina se sastojala od 15 pacijenata s dijagnozom SS-a, dok je kontrolna skupina od 22 pacijenata uključivala one pacijente koji nisu zadovoljavali ACR/EULAR dijagnostičke kriterije. Rezultati: Izračunata osjetljivost, specifičnost i točnost biopsije MLŽS iznosili su 86,7 %, 100 % i 94,6 %. Nadalje, rezultati pokazuju statistički značajnu povezanost FS-a i ANA (P = 0,002). Također je Pearsonovom korelacijom pokazana slaba, negativna i statistički neznačajna korelacija Qs (r = -0,058, P = 0,731) i Qss (r = -0,022, P = 0,899) obzirom na FS. Dobiveni rezultati ukazuju na veću korisnost Qss u odnosu na Qs u dijagnostici SS-a. Zaključak: Iako biopsija MLŽS ima veliku dijagnostičku vrijednost u dijagnozi SS-a te pokazuje veliku točnost, ona nije uvijek točna. Za točnije rezultate potrebna je standardizacija histopatološke interpretacije., Objectives: This study aimed to determine the accuracy of minor salivary gland biopsy in diagnosing Sjögren syndrome. The specific purposes of the research were to determine whether FS correlates with anti-SSA (Ro), anti-SSB (La), anti-SSA+SSB, Qs and Qss, and to determine and compare the usefulness of Qs and Qss in both groups of respondents. Materials and methods: The research was conducted on 37 subjects. The respondents were divided into two groups. The test group consisted of 15 patients diagnosed with SS, while the control group of 22 patients included those patients who did not meet the ACR/EULAR diagnostic criteria. Results: The calculated sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of minor salivary gland biopsy were 86.7%, 100% and 94.6%. Furthermore, the results obtained by the Fisher exact test show a statistically significant association between FS and ANA (P = 0.002). Also, Pearson's correlation showed a weak, negative, statistically insignificant correlation between Qs (r = -0.058, P = 0.731 and Qss (r = -0.022, P = 0.899) to FS. Obtained results indicate greater usefulness of Qss compared to Qs in diagnosing SS. Conclusion: Although minor salivary gland biopsy has a significant diagnostic value in the diagnosis of SS and shows excellent accuracy, it is not always accurate. Standardization of histopathological interpretation is needed for more accurate results.

Cilj istraživanja: Ovo istraživanje imalo je za cilj procijeniti stope ranog dječjeg karijesa u populaciji trogodišnjaka na području grada Splita te ispitati koliko često dijete posjećuje doktora dentalne medicine, ima li dijete odabranog doktora dentalne medicine i sudjeluju li roditelji aktivno u održavanju djetetove oralne higijene. Također, cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati eventualne potrebe za hitnim dentalnim intervencijama u djeteta, primjenom analgetika ili antibiotika zbog zuba. Metode i materijali: Istraživanje je provedeno u dječjim vrtićima na području grada Splita u razdoblju od listopada 2019. do ožujka 2020. Roditelji trogodišnjaka ispunili su anketni upitnik prije dentalnog pregleda djeteta. Anketnim upitnikom ispitalo se održavanje oralne higijene trogodišnjaka, prvi posjeti doktoru dentalne medicine, učestalost hitnih intervencija, natečenosti zbog zuba, konzumiranje analgetika i antibiotika zbog boli zuba. Djeca su pregledavana u vrtićima, a kopija dentalnoga statusa svakoga djeteta poslana je roditeljima. Preglede su provodile doktorice dentalne medicine s višegodišnjim iskustvom. Rezultati: Od 170 pregledanih trogodišnjaka, 74,70% imalo je zdrave zube, a karijesom su najviše bili zahvaćeni mliječni kutnjaci (24,70%), pri čemu su donji kutnjaci bili više zahvaćeni karijesom od gornjih mliječnih kutnjaka. Od ukupnog broja ispitanika, 65 trogodišnjaka (38,20%) nema odabranog doktora dentalne medicine, a prvi posjet djeteta doktoru dentalne medicine (41, 50%) bio je zbog potrebe. Što se tiče četkanja zuba, 90 roditelja (52, 90%) navodi kako njihovo dijete samostalno četka zube dva puta dnevno. Potrebe za hitnim dentalnim intervencijama zahtjevalo je sedmero djece (4,10%), osmero djece (4,70%) je uzimalo lijekove za ublažavanje odontogene boli, a petero djece (2,90%) uzimalo je antibiotik zbog upale zuba. Zaključak: Većina pregledanih trogodišnjaka ima zdrave zube. Najčešće karijesne lezije su na mliječnim kutnjacima, i to češće u donjoj čeljusti nego u gornjoj čeljusti. Odabranoga doktora dentalne medicine nema jedna trećina pregledanih trogodišnjaka, a prvi posjeti doktoru dentalne medicine su prema potrebi. Djeca češće četkaju zube samostalno i dva puta dnevno, a potreba za hitnim intervencijama, natečenost, konzumiranje analgetika ili antibiotika zbog zuba u ovoj djetetovoj dobi je rijetko., Objective: To estimate the rate of early childhood caries among the three-year-olds in the City of Split. Specific objectives of this study include assessments of the frequency of dental check-ups, examine whether a child has its chosen dentist, how is oral hygiene performed and whether a child was in need for an emergency dental intervention, whether any swelling or a need to use analgesics or antibiotics for dental reasons occured. Materials and methods: This research took place in kindergartens in the City of Split from October 2019 to March 2020. Overall, 170 three-year-olds participated, and their dental statuses were taken. Dental examinations were performed by experienced dental medicine doctors. Parents of the three-year-olds completed a survey before childrens' dental statuses were taken. The survey examined performance of childrens' oral hygiene, their first visit to dental ofiice, frequency of emergency interventions, swelling, consumption of analgesics and antibiotics due to toothache. Childrens' dental statuses were taken in the kindergartens, and a copy of a dental status of each child was sent to their parents. Dental examinations were done by experienced dental medicine doctors. Results: From the overall of 170 examined three-year-olds, 74,70% had healthy teeth, with primary molars being the most affected by caries (24,70%), of which lower molars were more affected by caries than the upper ones. Of the total number of participants, 65 three-year-olds (38,20%) children don't have their chosen dentist, and for the 41,50% children the first visit to the dentist was according to the need. As for toothbrushing, 90 parents (52,90%) state that their children brushes their teeth twice a day on their own. The need for emergency dental interventions was required by seven children (4,10%), eight children (4,70%) were taking medications to relieve odontogenic pain and five children (2,90%) were taking antibiotics for dental inflammation. Conclusion: Majority of the three-year olds are caries free. Most often carious lesions were found on molars, of which most commonly on lower molars than on upper molars. One third of the examined three-year-olds don't have selected dentist and the first visit to the dentist are as needed, Children brush their teeth more often on their own and twice a day, emergency interventions, swelling, consuming analgesics or antibiotics for teeth are rare.

Cilj: Ovo kliničko istraživanje procjenjivalo je učinak izbjeljivanja različitih komercijalno dostupnih sredstava za izbjeljivanje te zadovoljstvo ispitanika postignutom bojom zuba. Materijal i metode: Pedeset i šest ispitanika je podijeljeno u tri skupine, prema sredstvima koja su koristili za izbjeljivanje: zubna pasta, olovka za izbjeljivanje i njihova kombinacija. Ispitanici su dobili upute kako koristiti ponuđena sredstva i četkicu za zube u standardiziranim oralnim higijenskim postupcima tijekom dva tjedna. Boja zuba, indeks izbjeljivanja i ΔE procijenjeni su spektrofotometrijom na početku istraživanja te nakon sedam i 14 dana. Zadovoljstvo pacijenata karakteristikama tretmana izbjeljivanja ocijenjeno je na Likertovoj ljestvici od 5 bodova na kraju tretmana. Podatci su analizirani jednosmjernom ANOVA i Tukeyjevim post-hoc testom. P-vrijednost je postavljena na 0,05. Rezultati: Nakon sedam dana primjene, promjena boje (ΔE) i ΔL* vrijednosti bile su značajno veće za olovku i olovku / pastu od skupine koja je koristila zubnu pastu (4,22 ± 2,40 i 4,12 ± 2,73 nasuprot 2, 58 ± 2,43, P = 0,013; 4,49 ± 2,69 i 4,56 ± 2,91 u odnosu na 1,85 ± 4,12, P = 0,003). Ne postoji razlika u zadovoljstvu ispitanika s ukupnim tretmanom, konačnom bojom zuba i udobnošću tijekom tretmana između korištenih sredstava. Zaključak: Iako su sva ispitivana sredstva rezultirala izbjeljivanjem boje, olovka je pokazala veću učinkovitost izbjeljivanja od paste za zube. Potrebna su dodatna istraživanja za razumijevanje sveobuhvatnosti učinkovitosti izbjeljivanja komercijalno dostupnih sredstava., Objective: This clinical trial evaluated the whitening potential of different commercially available tooth whitening agents and patients' satisfaction with tooth color. Material and methods: Fifty six patients were selected and divided into three groups, according to the tooth whitening agents used: toothpaste, pen, and the combination of the two. The participants were instructed to use only the provided agents and toothbrush in standardized oral hygiene procedures for two weeks. Tooth shade, bleaching index and ΔE was assessed by spectrophotometry at baseline and weekly using two assessment points (seven and 14 days). Patient satisfaction with characteristics of whitening treatment was evaluated on a 5-point Likert-type scales at the end of the treatment. The data were analyzed by a one-way ANOVA and a Tukey’s post-hoc test. The p-value was set at 0.05. Results: After seven days of treatment, the color change (ΔE) and ΔL* values were significanty higher for whitening pen and whitening pen / toothpaste than the dentifrice group (4.22 ± 2.40 and 4.12 ± 2.73 vs. 2.58 ± 2.43, P = 0.013; 4.49 ± 2.69 and 4.56 ± 2.91 vs. 1.85 ±4.12, P = 0.003; respectively). There is no diffrenece in patients' satisfaction with overall treatment, final tooth colour and comfort during treatment between used agents. Conclusion: Although all agents assessed resulted in colour whitening, the whitening pen demonstrated greater bleaching effectiveness than toothpaste. Further research is required for understanding the comprehensiveness of whitening efficiency of over-the-counter whitening agents.

Svrha: Dentalne traume su jedan od važnih problema oralnoga zdravlja djece i adolescenata. Djecu i adolescente ubrajamo u ugroženu skupinu, koja veliki dio aktivnog dana provodi u školskom okružju. Cilj ove presječne studije bila je procjena znanja i iskustva hrvatskih učitelja i nastavnika o zbrinjavanju traumatskih ozljeda zuba. Materijali i metode: Istraživanje se temeljilo na anketnom online upitniku, kojim se ispitivalo znanje i iskustvo o traumatskim ozljedama zuba među 803 prosvjetna djelatnika osnovnih i srednjih škola (67,4 % osnovna škola i 32,4 % srednja škola). Podaci su obrađeni Student-T testom ili jednosmjernom analizom varijance (ANOVA) s Tukeyevim post-hoc testom. Razina značajnosti postavljena je na P ≤ 0,05. Rezultati: Ukupno srednje znanje učitelja i nastavnika osnovnih i srednjih škola u Republici Hrvatskoj o hitnim postupcima prilikom zbrinjavanja dentalnih trauma bilo je 6,59 ± 2,51 (min 0, max 14). Nema razlike u znanju ispitanika koji educiraju djecu u nižim i višim razredima osnovnih škola te nastavnika u srednjim školama (6,88 ± 2,53 naspram 6,48 ± 2,42 i 6,44 ± 2,58, slijedom; P = 0,140). Očekivano, ispitanici koji su imali osobno iskustvo s traumatskim ozljedama zuba pokazuju bolju razinu znanja (7,19 ± 2,56 naspram 6,39 ± 2,46, P ≤ 0,001). Zaključak: Razina znanja o traumatskim ozljedama zuba i njihovu upravljanju među prosvjetnim djelatnicima osnovnih i srednjih škola je nedovoljna. Budući da je većina ispitanika izjavila da je voljna učiti na ovu temu, preporučuje se pokrenuti edukacijske kampanje., Objectives: Dental trauma is one of the important oral health problems in adolescent and childhood period. Children are high-risk group that spends large part of its active day in school. This cross-sectional study has assessed the level of knowledge and experience of Croatian primary and secondary school teachers concerning the management of dental trauma. Materials and methods: A questioner-based online study has assessed knowledge and experience with dental injuries among 803 primary and secondary school teachers. The data have been evaluated by the Student-T test or one-way ANOVA, with Tukey’s post-hoc. The level of significance was set at P ≤ 0.05. Results: Total mean value of teachers knowledge regarding emergency management of dental trauma was 6.59 ± 2.51 (min 0, max 14). There is no significant difference in knowledge among teachers from lower primary, upper primary and secondary education (6.88 ± 2.53 vs 6.48 ± 2.42 and 6.44 ± 2.58, respectively; P = 0.140). As expected, teachers who had personal experience with dental trauma had better knowledge (7.19 ± 2.56 vs 6.39 ± 2.46; P ≤ 0.001). Conclusion: The knowledge on emergency management of dental trauma among primary and secondary school teachers in Croatia is insufficient. Since most of teacher expressed willingness for future education regarding this subject, educational campaigns are recommended.

Cilj istraživanja: Iako se titanijum (Ti) temeljeni dentalni implantati smatraju bioinertnima, potvrđeno je kao su podložni koroziji i trošenju. Cilj ove in vivo provedene studije bio je procijeniti genotoksičan potencijal dvije vrste dentalni implantata u gingivnim epitelnim stanicama. Materijali i metode: U 78 ispitanika uzeti su uzorci oljuštenih gingivnih stanica tri puta. Prije postavljanja dentalnih implantata (T0), 90 dana nakon implantacije - neposredno prije postavljanja gingiva formera (T1) te 21 dan od postavljanja gingiva formera (T2). DNK oštećenje je procjenjivano mikronukleus testom. Rezultati: Dobiveni rezultati pokazuju kako nakon postavljanja obje vrste ispitivanih dentalnih implantata (Ankylos i Dentium) dolazi do značajnog povećanja broja binuklearnih stanica u odnosu na početne vrijednosti (T0 naspram T1; p = 0,011 i p ≤ 0,001). Također u odnosu na početne vrijednosti, nakon postavljanja gingiva formera (T0 naspram T2) kod ispitanika dolazi do značajnog povećanja broja stanica s mikronukleusom (p = 0,007 i p = 0,022) i binuklearnih stanica (p = 0,006 i p ≤ 0,001). Zaključak: Na osnovu dobivenih rezultata može se zaključiti kako titanijum temeljeni dentalni implantati ne izazivaju citotoksične i genotoksične učinke u gingivnim stanicama nakon postavljanja. Uočeni blagi učinci ne mogu se označiti kao biološki relevantni., Objective: Although titanium (Ti) based implants are considered bioinert, it has been found that they can undergo corrosion and wear. The aim of this in vivo study was to evaluate genotoxic potential from two different implants in gingival epithelial cells. Material and methods: Exfoliated gingival cells were taken from 78 participants three times. Before implant insertion (T0), 90 days following dental implant insertion immediately before gingiva former placement (T1), and 21 days following gingiva former placement (T2). DNA damages were analyzed using the micronucleus test. Results: Obtained average cytogenetic damage values in individuals after implementation of both tested dental implants, Ankylos (Dentsply Implants Manufacturing GmbH, Mannheim, Germany) and Dentium (Dentium Co., Seoul, Korea), showed a significant increase only in the number of binuclei (T0 vs T1; p =0.011 and p ≤ 0.001). Until, frequency of cells with micronuclei (p = 0.007 and p = 0.022) and binuclei (p= 0.006 and p ≤ 0.001) were significantly higher 21 days following gingiva former placement (T0 vs T2). Conclusion: Based on the results, can be concluded that there is no Ti based implants dependent cytotoxic or genotoxic effect in gingival epithelial cells. The biological relevance of the observed slightly increased cytogenetic damages cannot be assessed.

Cilj istraživanja: Svrha ovog istraživanja bila je utvrditi promjene kefalometrijskih varijabli koje nastaju zbog resorpcije gornje i donje čeljusti ispod baze potpunih proteza u razdoblju od pet godina te ispitati postoji li povezanost između spola ispitanika s brzinom resorpcije čeljusti. Materijali i metode: U ispitivanju je sudjelovao 31 ispitanik. Napravljena su dva telerendgenograma, jedan prilikom predaje proteza, a drugi nakon pet godina nošenja proteza. Sva su snimanja vršena na istom rendgenskom aparatu (Simens Roentgen Kugel 2E) uz upotrebu istog kefalostata te konvencionalnog rendgenskog filma (AGFA-ORTHO CP–G PLUS). Statistička analiza napravljena je s pomoću statističkoga paketa SPSS 12.0. (Statistical package for Social Science, Chicago, Illinois, USA). Rezultati: Rezultati pokazuju da je kod svih ispitanika došlo do statistički značajne resorpcije rezidualnoga grebena, odnosno do promjena karakteriziranih smanjenjem donje trećine lica (ANS-Xi/Xi-Pm, SN/Go-Gn, Go-Gn/ANS-PNS, ANS-Me) i pomicanjem mandibule prema naprijed (FH/N-Pog, SNPog, SNB, ANB). Nisu dokazane statistički značajne razlike između spolova u nijednoj ispitivanoj kefalometrijskoj varijabli. Zaključak: Tijekom petogodišnjeg razdoblja nošenja potpunih zubnih proteza dolazi do značajnih promjena u kefalometrijskim varijablama koje su povezane s pomakom mandibule prema naprijed te sa smanjenjem donje trećine lica. Na temelju dobivenih rezultata ne možemo zaključivati o utjecaju spola na brzinu resorpcije rezidualnog grebena., Objectives: The aim of this study was to measure the rate of mandibular and maxillary alveolar ridge resorption under the base of complete dentures through a five year period of denture wearing, and to assess the correlation between gender and the rate of residual alveolar ridge resorption. Materials and Methods: Thirty one participants were included in this study. The first lateral cephalogram was obtained at the delivery of complete dentures. The second lateral cephalogram was obtained after five years of denture wearing. Cephalograms were produced using Simens Roentgen Kugel 2E. The same cephalostat was used throughout the study and all films were AGFA-ORTHO CP–G PLUS. Statistical analysis was performed on selected craniograms using SPSS 12.0. (Statistical package for Social Science, Chicago, Illinois, USA). Results: All participants showed significant reduction (resorption) of residual alveolar ridges, the reduction of the height of the lower third of the face and the forward shifting of the mandible. There was no statistically significant correlation between gender and the rate of residual alveolar ridge resorption. Conclusion: Significant changes of cephalometric measurments after five years of wearing complete dentures were related to the reduction of the height of the lower third of the face and the forward shifting of the mandible. Further investigation is necessary to assess the correlation between gender and the rate of residual alveolar ridge resorption.

Cilj: Glavni cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi sposobnost učenika srednjoškolskog uzrasta da kritički procijene zdravstvene tvrdnje, kao i njihove stavove i ponašanja u vezi s donošenjem odluka o zdravlju. Specifični ciljevi istraživanja bili su procijeniti postoji li razlika u sposobnosti procjene zdravstvenih tvrdnji s obzirom na spol ispitanika i ispitati razlike u procjeni zdravstvenih tvrdnji s obzirom na različite srednjoškolske programe koje ispitanici pohađaju. Materijali i metode: U ovom istraživanju sudjelovalo je 302 učenika srednjih škola Splitsko-dalmatinske županije, no 13 učenika nije u potpunosti ispunilo upitnik pa je ukupno 289 upitnika analizirano. Za potrebe ovog istraživanja koristili smo test sačinjen od validiranih pitanja sastavljenih u sklopu projekta pod nazivom Informed Health Choices, a koja su dostupna u bazi podataka pitanja tzv. CLAIM Evaluation Tools Database. Upitnik je bio u potpunosti anoniman i sastojao se od 18 pitanja u kojima su učenici trebali pokazati sposobnost procjene ponuđenih zdravstvenih tvrdnji. Korišten je online obrazac za izradu upitnika. Podatci su obrađeni u programu Microsoft Excel 2007 i kodirani za daljnju statističku obradu. Podaci su analizirani korištenjem statističkoga paketa SPSS (IBM Corp., Armonk, New York). Rezultati: Kad su u pitanju znanja i stavovi o zdravstvenim tvrdnjama, statističkom analizom je utvrđena je razlika u broju točnih i netočnih odgovora. Tri učenika imala su samo tri točna odgovora, što je ujedno i najlošiji rezultat upitnika. Niti jedna učenik nije imao svih 18 točnih rezultata, a najbolje riješeni test sa 17 točnih odgovora imala su dva učenika. S obzirom na spol ispitanika, druga hipoteza je odbačena pa su stoga daljnje analize za muški i ženski spol rađene zasebno. vidljivo je kako su učenice u prosjeku odgovorile točno na 11,43 pitanja, dok su učenici točno odgovorili na 10,33 pitanja. Nisu uočene razlike između gimnazija i zdravstvene škole (p=0,25). Nisu utvrđene razlike u rezultatima upitnika među učenicima s obzirom na tip škole, no zamjetna je tendencija ka postojanju razlike (P < 0,10). Naknadnom, tzv. post-hoc analizom korištenjem LSD Fisherova testa, međutim, utvrđeno je da postoji značajna razlika između učenika koji pohađaju strukovne škole i učenika iz gimnazija (p=0,032). Zaključak: Sveukupno znanje učenika o zdravstvenim tvrdnjama raznoliko je izraženo. Primjećena je statistički značajna razlika u znanju između muškog i ženskog spola. Također, unutar poduzorka ispitanika i ispitanica postoji razlika s obzirom na tip škole koju pohađaju. Ovo istraživanje učenicima bi moglo poslužiti kao poticaj za razvijanje boljih vještina u traženju i procjeni točnosti zdravstvenih podataka i tvrdnji. Buduća istraživanja trebala bi uzeti u obzir više varijabli, kao što su srednjoškolski programi o zdravlju koji se provode, količinu literature koju učenik čita, razinu obrazovanja roditelja i pokušati analizirati istraživane vještine kritičke prosudbe u odnosu na ova varijable., Objective: The main objective of this study was to determine the ability of high school students to critically evaluate health claims as well as their attitudes and behaviors regarding health decision making. The specific objectives of the study were to assess whether there is a difference in the ability to assess health claims with respect to the gender of the respondents and to examine differences in the assessment of health claims with respect to the different high school programs that respondents attend. Materials and methods: 302 high school students from Split-Dalmatia County participated in this research, but 13 students did not complete the questionnaire, so a total of 289 questionnaires were analyzed. For the purposes of this research, we used a test composed of validated questions compiled as part of a project called Informed Health Choices, which are available in the database of so-called questions. CLAIM Evaluation Tools Database. The questionnaire was completely anonymous and consisted of 18 questions in which students were required to demonstrate the ability to assess the health claims offered. The data were processed in Microsoft Excel 2007 and coded for further statistical processing. The data were anzlysed by using the SPSS statistical software (IBM Corp., Armonk, New York). Results: When it comes to knowledge and attitudes about health claims, statistical analysis found a difference in the number of correct and incorrect answers. Three students had only three correct answers, which is also the worst result of the questionnaire. No student had all 18 correct answers, and the best solved test with 17 correct answers. With regard to the gender of the respondents, the second hypothesis was rejected and therefore further analyzes for male and female sex were done separately. It is noticed that the female students answered exactly 11.43 questions on average, while the male students answered 10.33 questions correctly. No differences were observed between grammar schools and health schools (p = 0.25). No differences were found in the results of the questionnaire among students with regard to the type of school, but there is a noticeable tendency towards a difference (P

Cilj: Cilj istraživanja bio je procijeniti stavove i znanja studenata pet studijskih programa (Dentalna medicina, Medicina, Kineziologija, Rani i predškolski odgoj i obrazovanje, Učiteljski studij) o traumatskim ozljedama zuba i hitnim terapijskim postupcima njihovog zbrinjavanja. Materijali i metode: Ova presječna studija provedena je temeljem anketnog upitnika na ukupno 679 studenata (152 studij Dentalna medicina, 135 studij Medicina, 130 studij Rani i predškolski odgoj i obrazovanje, 128 studij Učiteljski i 134 Kineziološki fakultet). Ispitanici su podijeljeni po demografskim i profesionalnim osobinama te je znanje procijenjeno Student t-testom ili jednosmjernom ANOVA-om s Tukeyevim post-hoc testom. Rezultati: Ukupna srednja vrijednost znanja studenata o traumatskim ozljedama zuba i hitnim terapijskim mogućnostima bila je 4,32±2,25 bodova, s maksimalnim mogućim rezultatom od deset. Studenti studija Dentalne medicine pokazali su najbolje rezultate znanja u odnosu na studente studija Medicine, Kineziologije, Ranog i predškolskog odgoja i Učiteljskog smjera (6,75±2,17 vs 4,32±1,67, 3,69±1,67, 3,38±1,76 i 3,05±1,55, slijedom; P≤0,001). Očekivano, bolje znanje su pokazali studenti koji su tijekom svoga školovanja bili educirani na temu traumatskih ozljeda zuba (6,78±2,23 vs 3,67±1,65; P≤0,001) Zaključci: Na temelju rezultata ovog istraživanja zaključeno je kako studenti Splitsko-dalmatinske županije nemaju dovoljno znanja o dentalnim traumama te o postupcima njihovog hitnog zbrinjavanja. Dobiveni podaci ističu važnost dodatne edukacije studenata s ciljem boljih ishoda liječenja trauma zuba, Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of knowledge and experience of students from five different studies (Dental Medicine, Medicine, Physical Education, Preschool Education, Teachers Education), of the dental trauma and management of traumatic dental injuries. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional survey was conducted among 679 students. Among them, 152 were students of dental medicine, 135 medical students, 130 preschool education students, 128 teachers’ education students and 134 physical education students. The respondents were grouped according to the demographic and professional profiles and the data were evaluated by the Student t - test or one - way ANOVA, with Tukey's post‐hoc test. Results: Total mean value of students' knowledge of traumatic tooth injuries and emergency therapies was 4.32± 2.25, with a maximum possible score of ten. Dental medicine students have shown the best results, comparing with Dental Medicine, Medicine, Physical Education, Preschool Education and Teachers Education students (6.75±2.17 vs 4.32±1.67, 3.69±1.67, 3.38±1.76 and 3.05±1.55, respectively; P≤0.001). As expected, better knowledge was demonstrated by students who had been educated on the topic of traumatic tooth injury (6.78±2.23 vs 3.67±1.65, P≤0.001) Conclusion: Based on the results of this survey, it can be concluded that the students of the Split-Dalmatia County do not have enough knowledge about dental injuries and their emergency treatment procedures. The obtained data emphasize the importance of additional student education with the aim of improving the outcomes of tooth trauma treatment.

Cilj istraživanja: Svrha istraživanja bila je utvrditi razliku između parametara kranijalne baze, maksile, mandibule i dentoalveolarnih parametara između klase I, klase II potklase 1, klase II potklase 2 i klase III. Materijali i metode: U ispitivanju su korištene 43 laterolateralna rendgenograma glave ispitanika snimljena prije ortodontske terapije. Kefalometrijska obrada provedena je u računalnom programu AudaxCeph (Audax, Ljubljana, Slovenija) korištenjem Zagreb 82 i Ricketts analize. Za svakog ispitanika su mjerene 24 linearne i kutne varijable. Rezultati: Nema statistički značajne razlike među mjerenim parametrima kranijalne baze unutar pojedinih skeletnih klasa. Duljina korpusa maksile (SNA-SNP) ne pokazuje statistički značajnu razliku između ispitivanih skeletnih klasa (51,22±3,27 mm vs 52,29±3,70 mm vs 53,04±2,00 mm; P=0,068), dok duljina korpusa mandibule (Me-Go) pokazuje statistički značajnu razliku između skeletne klase II i skeletne klase III (64,19±4,90 mm vs 70,81±5,08 mm; P=0,039). Vrijednost interincizalnog kuta u ispitanika sa skeletnom klasom II/1 su manje, a u ispitanika sa skeletnom klasom II/2 i skeletnom klasom III veće u usporedbi s ispitanicima sa skeletnom klasom I (119,01±7,07° vs 145,77±7,37° vs 138,54±5,73 ° vs 129,02±11,82°; P, Objectives: The aim of the study was to determine the difference between cranial bases, maxilla, mandible, and dentoalveolar parameters between class I, class II/1, class II/2, and class III. Materials and Methods: In this study there were forty-three laterolateral head roentgenogram of participants captured before starting orthodontic therapy used. Cephalometric processing was performed in the AudaxCeph (Audax, Ljubljana, Slovenija) using Zagreb 82 and Ricketts analysis. Twenty-four linear and angular variables were measured for each subject. Results: There were no statistically significant difference between the measured cranial base parameters within the individual skeletal classes. The length of maxilla corpus (SNA-SNP) showed no statistically significant difference between the skeletal classes (51.22±3.27 mm vs 52.29±3.51 mm vs 56.11±3.70 mm vs 53.04±2.00 mm; P=0,068), while the length of mandible corpus (Me-Go) showed a statistically significant difference between skeletal class II and skeletal class III (64.19±4.90 mm vs 70.81±5.08 mm; P=0.039). The value of the interincisal angle was lower in participants with skeletal class II/1 and higher in participants with skeletal class II/2 and skeletal class III compared to participants with skeletal class I (119.01±7.07° vs 145.77±7.37° vs 138.54±5.73° vs 129.02±11.82°; P

Cilj: Cilj istraživanja je bio ispitati promjene u kefalometrijskim odnosima potpuno bezubih pacijenata nakon pet godina nošenja totalnih zubnih proteza, te ispitati postoji li poveznost između promjena u kefalometrijskim odnosima i kvalitete života ovisne o oralnom zdravlju pacijenata. Materijali i metode: Nove totalne zubne proteze u obje čeljusti su bile izrađene za 30 sudionika ovog istraživanja. Svim ispitanicima su napravljena dva lateralna kefalograma sa potpunim zubnim protezama u položaju maksimalne interkuspidacije (centrične relacije): prvi neposredno nakon predaje totalnih zubnih proteza pacijentu, a drugi nakon pet godina nošenja totalnih zubnih proteza. Svi ispitanici su ispunili OHIP-CRO14 upitnik nakon pet godina nošenja totalnih zubnih proteza. Rezultati: Istraživanje je pokazalo da je nakon pet godina nošenja totalnih zubnih proteza došlo do značajnih promjena u većini kefalometrijskih mjerenja, te do smanjenja visine donje trećine lica i do pomaka mandibule prema naprijed i gore. Također, značajne promjene u odnosu okluzalne ravnine i referentnih kefalometrijskih ravnina (kutevi okluzalna ravnina / SN, okluzalna ravnina / FH, te u kutu okluzalna ravnina / ANS-PNS) su pronađene. Rezultati pokazuju i značajnu korelaciju između zbroja bodova OHIP-CRO14 upitnika i pet kefalometrijskih varijabli (kuta ANS-Xi / Xi-Pm, kuta FH / N-Pog, kuta SN / Go-Gn, kuta Go-Gn / ANS-PNS i kuta okluzalna ravnina / FH). Zaključak: Promjene u kefalometrijskim odnosima potpuno bezubih pacijenata tijekom petogodišnjeg razdoblja nošenja totalnih zubnih proteza, odnosno promjenjeni međučeljusni odnosi i promjene u estetici lica pacijenta su povezani sa kvalitetom života ovisnom o oralnom zdravlju