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Parental mediation to protect children from gaming disorders may have unintended consequences. According to the self-determination theory, parental mediation with psychological control may exacerbate problem behavior. Therefore, investigating the indirect effects of parental controlling mediation on gaming disorders is worthwhile. This study aimed to examine the conditional effect of parental controlling mediation on the relationship between escape motivation and gaming disorder, mediated by daily game time. The following research questions were investigated: whether escape motivation has an indirect effect on gaming disorder through daily game time, and whether parental controlling mediation moderates the relationship between gaming disorder and daily gaming time. The convenience sample included 501 mid-school students (251 male and 250 female) in grades 5-7. The conditional indirect effects model was developed using Hayes's model 14 and Process Macro. The results showed that escape motivation was positively related to gaming disorder through daily game time, and parental controlling mediation had a moderating effect on the relationship between daily game time and gaming disorder. These findings suggest that parental mediation to protect children from excessive gaming may be related to gaming disorder when implemented with psychological control. Higher parental controlling mediation may be a risk factor for gaming disorder even when their children play games less frequently. These findings are discussed in light of the literature., Author(s): Zeynep Görgülü [sup.1] , Arif Özer [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/01wntqw50, grid.7256.6, 0000 0001 0940 9118, Department of Educational Sciences, Ankara University, , Cebeci Campus, Çankaya, 06590, Ankara, Türkiye [...]

The study explored the personal experiences of individuals making the decision to move an older parent into a residential care facility via retrospective narrative. It aimed to gain an understanding of how individuals experienced this transition, the emotions they felt at specific moments throughout the transition, and the perceived effect it had on their psychological wellbeing. 13 semi-structured video interviews were conducted online with individuals who had been active in the decision of moving an older parent into a care home or nursing home. The data was analysed using thematic analysis, along with relational analysis to explore relations between themes. Findings informed 8 different themes, which were subsumed under three meta-themes of The Decision Process, Conflicting Emotions and Reflective Evaluation. It was found that the decision was recalled as a complex and often stressful negotiation between multiple stakeholders, that emotions ranged from grief to guilt and relief, and that reflections emphasised the positive that had come out of the transition. The results from this study provide valuable insights into the uniqueness of this transition from the perspective of relatives and the range of emotions experienced at different stages of the transition., Author(s): Oliver Robinson [sup.1] , Amy Fisher [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/00bmj0a71, grid.36316.31, 0000 0001 0806 5472, School of Human Sciences, University of Greenwich, , SE10 9LS, London, UK Approximately [...]

Objective: In the transition to college, students with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) often face difficulties. Parental support may aid in the successful adjustment to college, and a strong parent-child relationship (PCR) may optimize the balance between autonomy and support necessary during this transition. Method: Few studies have examined this; therefore, a qualitative study using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was conducted. First- and second-year college students with ADHD participated in open-ended, one-on-one interviews (N = 11; 64% women, 91% White). Results: The two broad categories of findings included Parental Support and the Renegotiation of the Parent-Child Relationship. Participants described feeling supported by their parents in the progress toward their short- and long-term goals. Students described this support as helpful when they managed or initiated the contact, but as unhelpful when the parent was perceived as over involved. They described a strong PCR in this transition as helpful to their adjustment and enjoyed the renegotiation of the PCR in terms of their own increased autonomy and responsibility. Many additional themes and sub-themes are described herein. Conclusion: Optimal levels of involvement and support from parents in the context of a strong PCR is beneficial for adjustment to college for those with ADHD. We discuss the clinical implications of our findings, such as therapists helping families transition to college, and working with college students with ADHD on an adaptive renegotiation of the PCR in their transition to adulthood., Author(s): Anne E. Stevens [sup.1] , Elizabeth K. Lefler [sup.2] , Judah W. Serrano [sup.1] , Cynthia M. Hartung [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/01485tq96, grid.135963.b, 0000 0001 2109 0381, Department [...]

Effectively responding to children's noncompliance and/or temper tantrums can be challenging for parents. It is even more challenging in the context of parents' own need to regulate their emotions. Recent reviews emphasized the role of parents' emotion regulation abilities in children's mental health. The present study aims to investigate two sequential mediation models of the relationship between authoritarian parenting style, parental practices, and children's externalizing problems, by examining the mediating role of rational/irrational parental beliefs regarding child noncompliance, parental emotion regulation strategies, and parental distress. Participants (N = 238) are parents of children (ages 2-8) identified as having elevated levels of noncompliance and/or temper tantrum behaviors. We examined the two sequential mediation models via path analyses. Authoritarian parenting style was significantly and positively associated with parental irrational beliefs, parental emotion regulation difficulties, parental distress, harsh and inconsistent parental practices, and children's externalizing problems. Our results support both models of mediation, with the model investigating the link between authoritarian parenting style and parental practices indicating a better fit. This study offers a better understanding of the emotional and cognitive parental mechanisms involved in children's externalizing problems and the use of parenting practices. Implications of the findings are discussed considering the development of innovative and focused parental interventions for targeting specific interpersonal, emotional and cognitive mechanisms in the case of parents who deal with children's noncompliance and/or temper tantrum behaviors., Author(s): Georgiana Maria Roòca [sup.1] , Ioana Alexandra Iuga [sup.1] [sup.3] , Oana Alexandra David [sup.2] [sup.3] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/02rmd1t30, grid.7399.4, 0000 0004 1937 1397, Evidence-Based Psychological Assessment and [...]

A review of the research literature indicated that early diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and acceleration in receiving specialist help is associated with beneficial clinical outcomes and better ASD prognosis. However, there is a significant gap between the onset of early signs of ASD and the receipt of specialist advice. This study aimed to investigate the factors affecting "the time of receiving specialized counseling (TSC)"; For this aim, a retrospective-comparative study was completed, 502 parents of children and adolescents with ASD were selected from seventeen ASD special schools and special services centers in Iran. Researchers examined the early behavioral signs and other developmental and demographic characteristics of the children. To investigate TSC, the participants were divided into three groups based on the child's age in the first action to receive specialized counseling: early action (n = 155), timely action (n = 178), and late action (n = 169). Data were analyzed to obtain a comprehensive view of intergroup differences as well as to examine relationships across the total sample. The results showed that the severity of signs, developmental delays, and parents' awareness plays an important role in receiving specialized help. This study also suggested that TSC can be considered an important factor for the early identification of ASD. We think that the mere focus on formal diagnosis of ASD can ignore the benefits of TSC and parental identification; Therefore, studying the different aspects of this can be an essential step in facilitating the early diagnosis of ASD and a better prognosis for children with ASD., Author(s): Masoud Shekarro [sup.1] , Saeid Hassanzadeh [sup.1] , Ryan Kellems [sup.2] , Fatemeh Nikkhoo [sup.3] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/05vf56z40, grid.46072.37, 0000 0004 0612 7950, Department of Psychology and Special [...]

A mixed-method approach was used to explore and compare self-forgiveness, guilt, shame, and parental stress in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and parents of neurotypical (NT) children. The data were obtained by the Heartland Forgiveness Scale (Thompson et al., 2005 (See CR49)), Guilt and Shame Experience Scale (Malináková et al., 2019 (See CR32)), Parental Stress Scale (Berry & Jones, 1995 (See CR5)) and by open-ended questions. The research sample consisted of 143 parents of children with ASD and 135 parents of NT children from Slovakia. The regression analysis confirmed that guilt, shame, and self-forgiveness explained 23% of the variance in parental stress, while the only significant negative predictor was self-forgiveness. Furthermore, shame mediated the pathway between self-forgiveness and parental stress in parents of children with ASD. Parents of children with ASD experience more shame than parents of NT children. The qualitative analysis obtained a more comprehensive understanding of both groups. Parents of children with ASD mostly experienced shame in regard to their child's inappropriate behavior or it being misunderstood by society, while parents of NT children mostly did not feel ashamed of their parenting. Acceptance, social support, religious beliefs, and love from the child were the most often mentioned factors helping self-forgiveness in parents of children with ASD. We highlight the importance of self-forgiveness as a potential coping mechanism for parental stress and suggest focusing on negative aspects of shame in parents of children with ASD., Author(s): Denisa Marcinechová [sup.1] , Lucia Záhorcová [sup.2] , Katarína Lohazerová [sup.2] [sup.3] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/03h7qq074, grid.419303.c, 0000 0001 2180 9405, Institute of Experimental Psychology of the Centre of [...]

Parenting a child with disability is a challenging task globally. The purpose of this study was to examine the association of positive parenting style and parenting efficacy of parents having Children with special needs in China. A total of 373 Chinese parents (126 fathers and 248 mothers) of children with special needs participated in this study by reporting their positive parenting style, resilience and parenting efficacy scales. We found that (1) the neither significant differences of parents' resilience nor parenting Efficiency had significant differences across child's disability types; however, parents with children with hearing disability and visual disabilities had significantly lower levels of positive parenting than other types. (2) positive parenting style had a positive relationship with parents' self-efficacy. Positive parental rearing was associated with higher resilience. (3) In addition, resilience played a fully mediating role between positive parenting style and parents' efficacy. Family-centered interventions should be applied to help parents develop a positive parenting style and resilience., Author(s): Wangqian Fu [sup.1] , Qiannqian Pan [sup.2] , Meiju Zhao [sup.3] , Chenying Ji [sup.4] , Peng Peng [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/022k4wk35, grid.20513.35, 0000 0004 1789 9964, School [...]

Parental monitoring of adolescent social media activity was investigated in relation to adolescent mental health and self-perception. Monitoring was assessed from the perspective of parents and adolescents. Participants were 316 parent-adolescent dyads with adolescents ranging in age from 14 to 17 years. Factor analysis supported a 3-factor model of parent-reported parental monitoring with 2 factors (i.e., Control, Open Communication) showing adequate reliability. Adolescent-reported parental monitoring fell along 3 dimensions (i.e., Control, Open Communication, Following). Open Communication was associated with lower adolescent-reported loneliness, whereas parent-reported Control strategies were related to higher adolescent narcissism. Further, parental monitoring did not moderate the relation between adolescent social media use and mental health or self-perception. The results point to the potential benefits of open communication surrounding adolescent social media use, but further work is needed on the developmental role of parental monitoring in the association between social media use and adjustment., Author(s): Christopher T. Barry [sup.1] , Hyunah Kim [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/05dk0ce17, grid.30064.31, 0000 0001 2157 6568, Department of Psychology, Washington State University, , PO Box 644820, 99164-4820, Pullman, [...]

Parents of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) experience higher levels of stress than parents of typically-developing (TD) children, due to differences in their children's emotional functioning. The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated the cognitive and practical demands on vulnerable populations and their families. The aim of this study was to examine parenting stress levels in parents of children ASD and TD children, considering the children's emotional functioning (i.e., anxiety and cognitive emotion regulation strategies), and stressful life events deriving from the COVID-19 pandemic. The study involved 64 parent-child dyads comprising children from 7 to 16 years old, divided into two groups: 32 (26 M) children and adolescents with ASD but no intellectual disability, and 32 (26 M) with typical development. Our results show that parents of children with ASD reported higher levels of stress, but factors relating to the child and the context had a different influence on parenting stress in the ASD and TD groups. The higher level of parenting stress in the ASD group seemed to relate more to the children's emotional characteristics, while the TD group was more affected by the unpredictable stressful events prompted by COVID-19. Families' mental health should be considered a core aspect of supporting parents having to deal with both their child's emotional adjustment and the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic., Author(s): Rachele Lievore [sup.1] , Silvia Lanfranchi [sup.1] , Irene C. Mammarella [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/00240q980, grid.5608.b, 0000 0004 1757 3470, Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of [...]

Caring for a child diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) can be challenging for parents. Many of parent's challenges are related to the spectrum of symptoms associated with the condition. Because one of the most pivotal changes made in the DSM-5 relates to ASD concerns the symptoms' impact on social communication aspects of functioning we sought to assess symptoms of autism in relation to parents' mental health. Specifically, this investigation assessed the association between diagnoses of autism spectrum disorders and the mental health profile of parents. In our study, we used two measures for assessment of autism. The first was DSM5 diagnosis of autism and the second was The Krug Aspeger Disorder Index (KADI). A sample of 184 parents was used to evaluate the above association. Of the sample collected, 154 parents indicated that their child met the diagnostic criteria for Asperger Syndrome. The main findings in this study suggested that a DSM 5 diagnosis of autism was associated with an elevated level of depression of the parents. A higher chance of a diagnosis of Asperger Syndrome was associated with higher levels of suicidal ideation among parents. Finally, parents who indicated that their child would have a high to very high chance of being diagnosed with Asperger Syndrome received a higher score on the anxiety and depression measures compare with parents of a child who would have an extremely low chance of being diagnosed. The implication for practice, assessment, and research are presented., Author(s): Oren Shtayermman [sup.1] , Yiwei Zhang [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/04tdsr307, grid.428532.a, 0000 0004 0378 2116, Chamberlain University, , Illinois, USA (2) https://ror.org/04yrkc140, grid.266815.e, 0000 0001 0775 5412, University [...]

Previous studies suggested that controlling parenting behaviors and higher social media use seem to be associated with several internalizing problems, such as anxiety or rejection sensitivity. In the present study, based on the Tripartite Sociocultural Influence Model and the Sociocultural Model of Disordered Eating, we investigated the mediating role of interpersonal sensitivity on the relationship between adolescents' perceived parental controlling behaviors, social network use, and physical appearance anxiety. A cross-sectional approach was used in a sample consisting of 488 early and middle adolescents aged 12 to 15 (M = 13.57, SD = .93, 52.3% females). The results suggested that adolescents' sensitivity to other people's behaviors and feelings decreased when controlling parenting was higher. In addition, interpersonal sensitivity partially mediated the relation between adolescents' perceived parental controlling behaviors and physical appearance anxiety, as well as between social network use and physical appearance anxiety, when controlling for gender and age. Though further research is needed, these specific results might shed more light on the benefits of using social media responsibly and exposure to healthy body image-related content., Author(s): Alexandra Maftei [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/022kvet57, grid.8168.7, 0000 0004 1937 1784, Department of Educational Sciences, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, , [...]

The role of childhood parental practices in long-term mental health problems is well-documented. However, recent developmental perspectives suggest that parenting strategies exerted during adolescence play a crucial role in shaping adolescents' emotion regulation (ER), a role which may hold the key to our understanding on how parenting relates to adolescent psychopathology. This study set out to investigate specific links between perceived parenting practices (emotional warmth, rejection, and control), adolescents' use of cognitive ER strategies when encountering negative situations, and adolescence-related symptomatology (internalizing, externalizing symptoms, social interaction disturbances) in a sample of 16- to 18-year-olds (N = 197). Findings showed that: (1) parental emotional warmth was directly linked to adolescents' lower symptomatology across all indices of psychopathology, (2) heightened control was indirectly linked to higher levels of adolescent internalizing symptoms, through its positive relationship to greater use of cognitive maladaptive ER strategies, (3) parental rejection was indirectly linked to adolescents': (a) social interaction disturbances through both its negative relationship to greater use of adaptive ER, and its positive association with maladaptive ER strategies, (b) externalizing problems, via its positive relation with adolescents' use of maladaptive cognitive ER strategies. Thus, findings suggest that while parental emotional warmth appears to be a substantial protective factor in adolescent mental health, by engaging in dysfunctional (harsh, invalidating, or controlling) rearing practices, parents may maladaptively shape adolescents' cognitive response to negative information which, in turn, may increase their susceptibility to internalizing, externalizing, and social interaction issues. Implications for intervention and mental health policy makers are discussed., Author(s): Eva Kallay [sup.1] , Lavinia Cheie [sup.2] [sup.3] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/02rmd1t30, grid.7399.4, 0000 0004 1937 1397, Department of Psychology, Babeò-Bolyai University, , Republicii Street, no. 37, 400015, Cluj-Napoca, [...]

As the primary agent of socialization for their children, parents are expected to educate their children about healthy, safe behavior and about obeying the law. But what if the parents themselves occasionally use drugs? This study examines the differences between the attitudes of parents who do not use drugs and those who use cannabis or other drugs toward drug use by their children, and the parents' tendency to encourage or prevent it. The study was conducted using a quantitative research questionnaire completed by 626 parents in Israel, and found that parents' attitudes toward their children's drug use mediate the effect of their use on their tendency to encourage or prevent their children from using drugs. The findings corroborate theories that examine the relationship between attitudes and behavior and contribute to understanding the processes of conveying messages that encourage or reduce drug use. They can also guide the design of intervention programs for parents, at a time when there is an increasing perception of substance use as normative., Author(s): Vered Ne'eman-Haviv [sup.1] , Yael Wilchek-Aviad [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/03nz8qe97, grid.411434.7, 0000 0000 9824 6981, The Department of Criminology, Ariel University, , Ariel, 40700, Israel Introduction The professional [...]

The positive predictive effect of children's problem behaviors on parenting stress has been verified to some extent, but research on parents of children with special needs remains insufficient. Moreover, the role of parental personality traits in the relationship between children's problem behaviors and parenting stress, and whether it differs from before the COVID-19 pandemic, remains unclear. Accordingly, in this study, online questionnaires were used to survey parents of children with autism and intellectual disabilities in China - 337 parents before and 604 during the COVID-19 pandemic - to explore the relationship between problem behaviors in the children and parenting stress as well as the moderating effect of parents' personality. The results showed that problem behaviors of children with autism and intellectual disabilities had a positive predictive effect on parenting stress. However, there was no significant difference in this effect before and during the pandemic. In addition, the relationship between children's problem behaviors and parenting stress was moderated by the Agreeableness and Neuroticism of the parents, but only during COVID-19 pandemic. The research results suggest that, during the pandemic when facing problem behaviors of children with autism or intellectual disabilities, positive personality characteristics such as Agreeableness have a protective effect on parenting stress. By contrast, negative personality characteristics such as Neuroticism are risk factors. The study results provide evidence from special groups regarding the role of parents' personalities in the parent - child interaction and the parenting stress models., Author(s): Xiaohong Wen [sup.1] , Jie Ren [sup.1] [sup.2] , Xingkai Li [sup.3] , Jianlin Li [sup.1] [sup.4] , Suiqing Chen [sup.1] [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/05ar8rn06, grid.411863.9, 0000 0001 [...]

Previous research has revealed that corporal punishment was a risk factor for adolescents' externalizing problems; however, little is known about the underlying mechanisms that may mediate or moderate this association. This study examined the mediator of psychological distress and the moderator of the parent-child relationship in the association between corporal punishment and externalizing problems among Chinese adolescents. A sample of 728 Chinese adolescents was recruited from a cross-sectional survey conducted in senior high schools in Hebei, China. Results showed that depression and stress partially mediated the relationship between corporal punishment and externalizing problems. Besides, the direct effect of corporal punishment on adolescent externalizing problems was moderated by the quality of the parent-child relationship, with the effect being stronger for adolescents with lower quality of relationship with parents. The present study deepened our understanding of the mechanisms through which corporal punishment affected adolescents' externalizing problems. Practical implications of this study were also discussed., Author(s): Shan Jiang [sup.1] , Chaoxin Jiang [sup.2] , Yuhang Cheng [sup.1] , Wenyan Hu [sup.3] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/00a2xv884, grid.13402.34, 0000 0004 1759 700X, Department of Sociology, Zhejiang University, [...]

The present study examined how temperament and parenting stress relate to social competence in early childhood, and more specifically how parenting stress moderates the relationship between temperament and social competence. Participants included 134 preschool children (76 boys), their parents, and their teachers. All participating children were enrolled in a public preschool and their ages ranged from 38 to 78 months (M = 62.52, SD = 8.58). They were mostly from households of low socioeconomic status. The mothers evaluated the temperamental characteristics of their children and parenting stress, while data on the social competence of the children were obtained from their teachers. According to the results of hierarchical regression analysis, reactive temperament was negatively correlated with children's social competence. Parenting stress and social competence were also negatively correlated. Furthermore, parenting stress moderated the link between reactivity and children's social competence. Accordingly, children with higher temperamental reactivity had lower scores for social competence when they were exposed to average or high levels of parenting stress. The findings were discussed within the context of the existing literature. Implications and suggestions were provided for practice and future research., Author(s): Mefharet Veziroglu-Celik [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/037jwzz50, grid.411781.a, 0000 0004 0471 9346, Department of Early Childhood Education, Faculty of Education, Istanbul Medipol University, , Guney Kampus A Blok 4. [...]

Adverse early interactions with parents deeply affect the socio-emotional development of an individual, leading to feelings of inferiority and negatively influencing the development of self-conscious emotions, such as shame. Moreover, dysfunctional parenting was found in the histories of people suffering from substance and behavioral addictions. In this context, there is currently no agreement in the literature regarding the role of shame proneness on the severity of the addiction. The present study aimed to evaluate the mediating (risk or protective) role of the two shame dimensions (withdrawal action tendencies and negative self-evaluation) in the association between dysfunctional parenting and the severity of addiction, testing two structural equation models (SEMs; for substance and behavioral addiction respectively). An online survey recruiting 710 Italian young adults was administered using the Measure of Parental Styles, the Guilt and Shame Proneness Scale, and the brief Screener for Substance and Behavioral Addiction. The SEMs confirmed the predictive role of dysfunctional parenting on the severity of the addiction. Moreover, two dimensions of shame mediated the association in opposite ways. The withdrawal action tendencies positively mediated the association between dysfunctional parenting and the severity of substance and behavioral addiction, potentially acting as a risk factor. Negative self-evaluation negatively mediated the association between dysfunctional parenting and the severity of substance addiction, playing a potential protective role. In a therapeutic context, the findings emphasized the importance of evaluating the different dimensions of shame experiences among addicted individuals and assessing the strategies used to withdraw from these experiences., Author(s): Giorgio Veneziani [sup.1] , Chiara Ciacchella [sup.1] , Virginia Campedelli [sup.1] , Carlo Lai [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/02be6w209, grid.7841.a, Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, [...]

Having a toddler with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can be challenging for parents and may negatively impact on parents' mental health. This study examined the relationship between parental depressive symptoms and their cognitive control and cognitive flexibility, and toddlers' ASD symptoms. A total of 68 parents with toddlers with ASD participated in this cross-sectional study. Parents completed a series of questionnaires covering the toddlers' symptoms of ASD (Gilliam Autism Rating Scale (GARS-2), and their symptoms of depression (Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II)) and their cognitive control and cognitive flexibility (Cognitive Control and Flexibility Questionnaire (CCFQ)). Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression were used to analyze the data. Toddlers' greater severity of ASD symptoms (r = 0.33; p < 05), parents' a lower ability of cognitive control (r = -0.62; p < 01) and cognitive flexibility (r = -0.33; p < 05) were associated with parents' greater severity of depressive symptoms. Toddlers' severity of ASD (11%) and parents' cognitive control (39%) and cognitive flexibility (11%) explained significant changes of the variance of parents' depressive symptoms. Parents' cognitive control, but less so toddlers' severity of ASD, predicted the severity of their depressive symptoms. Interventions to improve cognitive control among parents of toddlers with ASD might favorably impact on parents' symptoms of depression., Author(s): Saeid Sadeghi [sup.1] [sup.2] , Hamid Reza Pouretemad [sup.1] [sup.2] , Serge Brand [sup.3] [sup.4] [sup.5] [sup.6] [sup.7] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/0091vmj44, grid.412502.0, 0000 0001 0686 4748, Institute for [...]

The loss of a child is considered one of the most tragic experiences that parents can go through. The present systematic review aims to compile the most recently published interventions in bereavement support for these parents, being particularly interested in those made from a meaning-centered approach. The search for the units of analysis was guided by the standards of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) Statement and was entered in Web of Science, Scopus and EBSCO, obtaining a total of 485 papers of which 21 have been included in this article. The results found are heterogeneous in terms of the type of intervention used and results, but they all seem to have something in common: the lack of research and reliable interventions that exist for this population. With this systematic review we intend to achieve a better understanding of these parents' needs and to highlight the enormous work that still remains ahead in order to make their bereavement experience a little less devastating., Author(s): L. Pelacho-Rios [sup.1] , G. Bernabe-Valero [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.440831.a, 0000 0004 1804 6963, MEB Lab (Mind, Emotion, and Behavior Research Laboratory), Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente [...]

The present study aimed to analyze the differences between maternal and paternal parenting stress and children's behavioral functioning, as determined by teacher and parent reports. In addition, it sought to evaluate the presence of clusters based on parenting stress and to determine whether perceptions of children's behavioral functioning varied across these clusters. The sample was composed of the parents and teachers of N = 201 children. Parents completed a self-report questionnaire on parenting stress and parents and teachers filled out report-form questionnaires assessing children's emotional and behavioral functioning. The results showed that mothers had higher levels of parenting stress than fathers, and both parents reported more prosocial behavior in children than did teachers. Furthermore, middle stressed parents had children who expressed more prosocial behavior than did parents in other clusters. The findings also showed that parenting stress influenced partners' perceptions of children's behavioral functioning. The multiplicity of child observers facilitated a better understanding of how parenting stress, linked to parent-child interactions, may play an important role in shaping parents' perceptions of their children., Author(s): Carmen Trumello [sup.1] , Giulia Ballarotto [sup.2] , Piera Ricciardi [sup.1] , Marinella Paciello [sup.3] , Valentina Marino [sup.1] , Mara Morelli [sup.2] , Renata Tambelli [sup.2] , Alessandra [...]

To better understand the attachment-depression link among undergraduate students in Iran, the current study examined reflective functioning (RF) and loneliness as variables explaining the relationship between attachment avoidance and anxiety and depressive symptoms. Participants were 423 undergraduate female students in Tehran, Iran, aged between 18 and 25 years old. Participants reported attachment anxiety and avoidance with both parents (ECR-RS), as well as reflective functioning (RFQ-17) and Loneliness (UCLA). Multiple mediation analyses revealed that reflective functioning and loneliness partially explained the relationship between avoidant and anxious attachment toward both parents and depressive symptoms. Results suggested that reflective functioning and loneliness provide two distinctive explanations of the link between insecure attachment and depressive symptoms., Author(s): Minoo Pouravari [sup.1] [sup.2] , Tayebeh ZandiPour [sup.1] , Simin Hoseinian [sup.1] , Guy Bosmans [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/013cdqc34, grid.411354.6, 0000 0001 0097 6984, Department of Counseling, Faculty [...]

Parents of pediatric oncology patients have an increased prevalence of psychiatric symptoms. The feasibility of two short-term interventions (CBT with Biofeedback; Supportive Therapy and audio-visual relaxation, 9 sessions over 6 weeks in both arms) on reducing psychiatric morbidity was tested in 16 parents of pediatric oncology patients. Parents' and children's questionnaires and parents' endocrinological and immunological parameters (blood count, cortisol levels, lymphocyte cells subpopulations) were evaluated before and after interventions. Parents had fewer post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms (d = 0.74) and lower dysfunction scores (r = -0.51) after interventions, lower cortisol levels and platelet count (d = 0.41 and d = 0.46), and higher CD16 cell numbers (d = -0.46). This pilot study demonstrates the benefit of short-term psychological interventions for parents of pediatric oncology patients, as they may reduce PTSD symptomatology in this population., Author(s): Shiri Liber [sup.1] , Yuval Oded [sup.1] , Boaz Stern [sup.1] , Julia Katz [sup.1] , Yona Kodman [sup.2] , Avi Valevski [sup.3] , Chaim G. Pick [sup.4] , [...]

Compared with the heterosexual population, the prevalence of mental health outcomes such as suicidality (suicidal ideation, suicide plans, and suicide attempts) is higher among sexual minority youth, particularly those who identify themselves as bisexuals. Bisexuals are at an even elevated risk within the LGB populations due to biphobia, monosexism, bisexual invisibility or erasure, and lack of support resources. These experiences may bring about issues regarding concealment of their sexual orientation linked to suicidality. Studies have also identified that parental support is a protective factor against suicidality among the youth, particularly their sexual orientation. The present study used a cross-sectional, predictive research design to examine parental sexual orientation support and concealment and their associations and predictive abilities in the suicidality of 151 Filipino bisexual youths aged 18-24 years old. The participants were recruited online within six months, from July 2021 to December 2021. As measured by the Parental Support for Sexual Orientation Scale, Sexual Orientation Concealment Scale, and Suicide Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised, results showed that among our bisexual participants, parental sexual orientation support and concealment did not have a significant relationship with and could not predict their risk for suicidality. Limitations and suggestions for further research were discussed, considering our findings., Author(s): Marc Eric S. Reyes [sup.1] , Alyzza Meynell D. Escote [sup.1] , Antonia Veronica C. Ferrer [sup.1] , Judith Kate O. Marpuri [sup.1] , Anna Clarissa D. R. Santos [...]

Parental stress is related to child mental health problems, with numerous evidence indicating that it is an important predictor of parenting and parent-child relationship. New approaches to psychopathology could be particularly informative for clinical research, however, there is limited research that employs network analysis with parents. Network analysis could contribute to a better understanding of the relationship between child mental health problems and parental stress by highlighting the most central nodes and how the two constructs influence each other. The scope of the study was to identify potential new intervention targets to reduce the mental health problems of children and prevent contagion between parent stress and child psychopathology. Furthermore, we also sought to test whether the dynamic between parental stress and child psychopathology differs across the level of parent stress and child total difficulties. In this endeavor, we had three main directions. First, we estimated a network at the level of child mental health problems and identified the most central nodes. Second, we mapped the main paths through which parent stress and child mental health problems communicate with each other. Third, we investigated the network invariance across the level of parent stress (high vs moderate) and child mental health problems (low vs. high total difficulties). Participants (N = 1014) were parents of children with ages between four and 17 years old. The analyses were conducted in RStudio. Results indicated that perceived coping was a central node, bridging the two constructs. The global strength of the network was higher for parents who reported high levels of stress compared to those who reported only moderate levels of stress. In contrast, we found that the global strength of the network was lower for children with high levels of total difficulties compared to those with low levels of total difficulties. In conclusion, we argue the importance of focusing on the targeting nodes with high bridge centrality, such as perceived coping, for designing prevention and intervention programs. Future research should use temporal dynamics between parental stress and child mental health problems and explore mechanisms between the two constructs., Author(s): Costina-Ruxandra Pasarelu [sup.1] [sup.2] , Anca Dobrean [sup.1] [sup.2] , IonuÈ Stelian Florean [sup.1] [sup.2] , Elena Predescu [sup.3] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/02rmd1t30, grid.7399.4, 0000 0004 1937 1397, Department [...]

Given the significance of education in Chinese culture and based on the contextual model of parenting style (Darling & Steinberg, Psychological Bulletin, 113, 487-496, 1993 (See CR14)), the present study attempted to explain the association between parental expectations and students' educational expectations in Chinese families by testing the potential moderating role of the training parenting style, a parenting style that is based on Chinese culture. 281 Chinese adolescent-parent dyads, including early adolescents (49.5% girls, M.sub.age = 12.54) and one of their parents (70.5% mothers, M.sub.age = 40.91), completed two versions of a self-report survey questionnaire. Results indicated that parental expectations exerted influence on students' educational expectations with perceived parental expectations as a mediator. Moreover, training parenting style moderated the relationship between parental expectations and perceived parental expectations. High training parenting style buffered the effect of low parental expectations on perceived parental expectations. The interaction between parental expectations and training parenting style revealed a culturally specific mechanism that contributed to the transmission of educational expectations in Chinese families., Author(s): Ru-De Liu [sup.1] , Cai-Xia Shen [sup.2] , Yan Sun [sup.1] , Yi Ding [sup.3] , Xinchen Fu [sup.1] , Shuyang Jiang [sup.1] , Tian-Po Oei [sup.4] [sup.5] , [...]

Parental burnout results from chronic stress in parenting, and it can be accompanied by harmful behaviors such as parental neglect and violence (Mikolajczak & Roskam, 2018). Network analysis examines psychological phenomena within a system of its constituents, and thus it is promising for understanding the distinct features of parental burnout and behaviors related to it. Recently, Blanchard et al. (2021) conducted the first network analysis of parental burnout and related harmful behaviors in the family context, but did so using an outdated measure and conceptualization of parental burnout. In the present study, in a sample of French-speaking parents (N = 3144, from five different previous studies), we aimed to investigate how each of the four features in the new conceptualization of parental burnout (i.e., emotional exhaustion, feeling fed up, emotional distance, and contrast with the previous parental self) interact with one another and with parental neglect and violence in a network system. In this preregistered reanalysis, we generated two network models commonly used with cross-sectional data: a Graphical Gaussian Model and a Directed Acyclic Graph. Our results point to emotional exhaustion and feeling fed up as key driving forces of the network structure, while emotional distance appears as a critical feature tying parental burnout with parental neglect and violence., Author(s): Rana Begum Kalkan [sup.1] [sup.2] , M. Annelise Blanchard [sup.2] [sup.3] , Moïra Mikolajczak [sup.2] , Isabelle Roskam [sup.2] , Alexandre Heeren [sup.2] [sup.3] [sup.4] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.5596.f, [...]

Using cross-lagged model design, the present study is the first one to longitudinally examine whether bidirectional associations between child psychopathy features and negative parenting behaviors remain when controlling for parental psychopathic traits. The relationship between parental and child psychopathology, child conduct problems and parental rejection was assessed in 175 children (80 boys) at the ages 5, 6 and 8. Child psychopathy features and conduct problems at age 5-8 years were assessed using kindergarten/teacher-reported questionnaires, whereas parenting behaviors across all waves and parental psychopathic traits at Wave 1 were assessed using self-reports. Similar to past research, parental psychopathic traits were significantly related to both negative parenting practices and child's psychopathy features. However, although cross-lagged models provided evidence for bidirectional dynamics between child psychopathy features and parenting at all waves, this relationship became non-significant once parental psychopathic traits were entered into the model. These findings provide important new evidence that parental psychopathic personality has an important effect on the relationship between child psychopathy features and parenting practices observed in previous longitudinal studies. Thus, in addition to child psychopathy features, interventions for children with conduct problems should also target parental psychopathy in order to contribute to children's healthy development., Author(s): Silvija Rucevic [sup.1] , David P. Farrington [sup.2] , Henrik Andershed [sup.3] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.412680.9, 0000 0001 1015 399X, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, [...]

Whilst there is a large evidence base demonstrating the impact of maternal depression on the development of adolescent internalising problems, less is known about the association between paternal depression and adolescent internalising problems, and the mechanisms through which risk is conferred. This study examined the association between paternal depression and adolescent internalising problems, investigating parenting style as a pathway through which this association may be mediated. Participants included 4048 families taking part in the Growing Up in Ireland child cohort study. Self-report measures of paternal depression were completed when the study child was aged 9. Adolescents assessed paternal demandingness, responsiveness and autonomy granting at the age of 13. Adolescent internalising symptoms were measured at the age of 17/18 by the primary caregiver. A parallel multiple mediator model was used to test the total and specific indirect effects of the three parenting styles, whilst controlling for covariates and other mediators in the model. A direct effect of paternal depression on adolescent internalising problems was found (B = .051, 95% CI: 0.020, 0.083). However, no support for mediation via any of the paternal parenting styles (i.e., responsiveness, demandingness, or autonomy-granting) were found. These findings build on an emerging evidence-base demonstrating a specific direct association between paternal depression and adolescent internalising problems, and suggest that interventions ought to also target fathers suffering from depression to help reduce the risk of adolescent internalising problems., Author(s): Lorna Maciver [sup.1] , Lisa-Christine Girard [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.4305.2, 0000 0004 1936 7988, School of Health in Social Science, Clinical Psychology, Old Medical School, University of Edinburgh, [...]

Parents of children with emotional and behavioral problems often experience emotional regulation difficulties and decreased well-being. The study examined two models (mediating and moderating) explaining associations between difficulties in emotion regulation, self-compassion, and subjective well-being among parents of children with emotional and behavioral problems. The sample comprised 662 parents of children attending the child and adolescent psychiatric center of a public hospital. Measurements included: Personal Wellbeing Index, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, and Self-Compassion Scale. A regression-based path analysis directly tested the proposed moderation model using model 1 in PROCESS. Path analysis using AMOS examined the mediation model. Results supported the moderation model wherein self-compassion moderated the association between difficulties in emotion regulation and well-being. The interaction between difficulties in emotion regulation and self-compassion was significant in predicting subjective well-being. Increased difficulties in emotion regulation were associated with decreased subjective well-being, and increased self-compassion was associated with increased subjective well-being. Parents with high difficulties in emotion regulation and low self-compassion had the worst subjective well-being. The mediation model, wherein difficulties in emotion regulation mediated the association between self-compassion and subjective well-being. was not supported. The results support the subjective well-being homeostasis theory, suggesting self-compassion is a protective factor. Cultivating self-compassion may foster parents' ability to respond to emotional distress and improve well-being., Author(s): Vered Shenaar-Golan [sup.1] , Ayelet Gur [sup.1] , Uri Yatzkar [sup.2] [sup.3] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.443193.8, 0000 0001 2107 842X, Department of Social Work, Tel-Hai Academic College, , 12208, [...]

Parents of children with disabilities face more significant economic, psychological, and social pressure, which may impact their subjective well-being (SWB). Conversely, parents' SWB also contributes to the children's physical and mental development. However, parents of children with disabilities are a less studied population, and their SWB needs further attention. In this study, we recruited 616 parents of children with disabilities. We used the Family Closeness and Adaptation Scale, Simple Coping Style Questionnaire, Psychological Resistivity Scale, and Subjective Well-being Scale to investigate the influencing mechanism of family adaptability and cohesion on SWB. Structural equation models were built to explore the relationships between variables. Our findings indicate that the family adaptability and cohesion of parents of children with disabilities positively predict SWB, active coping style and resilience partially mediate the relationship between family adaptability and cohesion and SWB, and family adaptability and cohesion indirectly and positively predicated SWB through the chain mediation of resilience and active coping., Author(s): Minjie Ma [sup.1] [sup.2] , Ruiying Gao [sup.1] [sup.3] , Qianqian Wang [sup.1] [sup.4] , Mingxuan Qi [sup.1] , Yueming Pi [sup.1] , Tingzhao Wang [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) [...]

Migration not only represents geographical movements of residence but also plays an important role in the well-being of migrants and their children. This study is one of the first to empirically examine the cognitive and noncognitive consequences of children's internal migration in China. Using data from the China Education Panel Survey (CEPS), the present study investigated the associations and possible mechanisms of internal migration with cognitive test scores and the Big Five personality traits among migrant and left-behind children. The results demonstrated that migrant children had significantly higher levels of cognitive skills and the Big Five noncognitive skills compared to their left-behind peers. The findings remained robust to a battery of validity checks. Further, the disparities in cognitive and noncognitive development between migrant and left-behind children were more prominent for children who were non-boarders, only-child in a household, and had a rural hukou. In addition, the mechanism analysis in this study suggested that parental supervision and peer relationship are two important pathways underlying the associations of internal migration with children's cognitive and noncognitive outcomes. Our study highlights the importance of reducing institutional constraints on migration, implementing evidence-based interventions aiming to avoid involuntary parent-child separation, and facilitating the development of disadvantaged children during the process of internal migration., Author(s): Xiaodong Zheng [sup.1] , Yue Zhang [sup.1] , Wenyu Jiang [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.413072.3, 0000 0001 2229 7034, School of Economics, Zhejiang Gongshang University, , No.18 Xuezheng Street, [...]

The current study examined the mediating roles of emotion regulation strategies (i.e., cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression) and resilience in the relationship between perceived parental support and depressive symptoms among college students during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in China. A large sample of Chinese college students (N = 2, 423) participated in this investigation. Results indicated that perceived parental support was negatively related to depressive symptoms. The two emotion regulation strategies and resilience partially and serially mediated the relation between perceived parental support and depressive symptoms. Theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed., Author(s): Baojuan Ye [sup.1] , Shunying Zhao [sup.1] , Yadi Zeng [sup.1] , Chuansheng Chen [sup.2] , Yanzhen Zhang [sup.3] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.411862.8, 0000 0000 8732 9757, Center of [...]

This study is consisted of a randomized controlled trial with two groups using a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up design to detect the effect of interventions based on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) implemented with parents of children with special needs regarding parents' levels of psychological inflexibility, depression, anxiety, stress, and caregiver burden. A total of 60 eligible parents were recruited and randomly assigned to the intervention and control group. The intervention group participated in ACT-based interventions consisting of 6 sessions. The control group, only participated in routine training sessions organized at the school. Data were analyzed using t-tests for independent and depedent samples, ANOVAs, and the Mann-Whitney U test. It was determined that the ACT-based interventions implemented with parents were effective in decreasing parents' levels of psychological inflexibility, depression, anxiety, stress, and caregiver burden. These observed changes continued over time. The ACT-based interventions results showed that the interventions were effective and had positive effects on the mental states of parents with special needs children. Findings of this study add important knowledge about the effect of ACT-based intervention on psychological inflexibility, depression, anxiety, stress, and caregiver burden of parents with special needs children. Considering the findings, the present study provides both important and practical contributions to the current literature. It appears that ACT is effective for supporting the mental states of parents with children with special needs. Registration number: The study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04307706., Author(s): Ecem Çiçek Gümüs [sup.1] , Selma Öncel [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.449350.f, 0000 0004 0369 647X, Departments of Public Health Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, University of Bartin, , [...]

Left-behind children's internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors have become an important public health issue that may affect their well-being and mental health. Interparental conflict, a stronger and cannot be hidden family risk factor, is easily perceived by LBC and further affects LBC's internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors. Moreover, in LBC's families, interparental conflict are more likely to occur due to the poor economic status and the low quality of communication and interaction between parents. However, no research has examined the relationship between perceived interparental conflict and LBC's internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors. Besides, previous research of the association between parents and children's problem behaviors have been largely restricted to the unidirectional effect of parental traits on children. This study aimed to examine the reciprocal relationships between perceived interparental conflict and LBC's internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors following a three-wave longitudinal design. A total of 660 LBC (442 boys and 218 girls) aged 8-11 years (Mage = 9.58, SDage = 0.67 at T1) in China completed a battery of questionnaires at three time points. The results indicated that perceived interparental conflicts positively predicted LBC's internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors. In turn, LBC's internalizing problem behaviors exacerbated the perception of interparental conflicts. Furthermore, perceived interparental conflict mediated the longitudinal relation between LBC's internalizing problem behaviors and externalizing problem behaviors. The findings provide evidence for the accumulating disadvantage for LBC that results from the mutual reinforcement of perceived interparental conflict and problem behaviors over time., Author(s): Die Wang [sup.1] , Ruibo Xie [sup.1] , Wan Ding [sup.1] , Xinyu Li [sup.1] , Weijian Li [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.453534.0, 0000 0001 2219 2654, Parent Education [...]

The pursuit of learning in high school generally draws on multiple sources of motivation that could be affected by learning contexts and cultural values about education. We conducted this study to capture the complex interplay between various motivational regulation strategies across countries. Our goal was threefold: (1) to identify high-schoolers' motivation profiles using the seven types of regulation strategies proposed by the Self-Determination Theory; (2) to investigate the role of parenting practices and youth's mental health in predicting profile membership, and (3) to investigate whether motivation profiles and their associated predictors are replicated across two cross-national samples (435 Canadian and 414 Belgian adolescents), and across two consecutive school years. Participants completed self-report questionnaires at two time points over one year. Latent profile analysis revealed three school motivation profiles that differ on quantity and quality of motivation: high quantity (highest intrinsic and extrinsic, lowest amotivation), moderately motivated (moderate intrinsic, high extrinsic, low amotivation) and poor quality (lowest intrinsic, moderately high extrinsic, highest amotivation). High levels of positive parenting practices (need support, warmth, monitoring) and low levels of externalizing behaviors predicted increased likelihood of membership in the high quantity than in the other two motivation profiles. The structure of the three profiles and the relationships between predictors and profile membership were generally replicated across the two samples and the two school years. The generalizability of our three-profile solution and the importance of a positive family environment and mental health in the development of school motivation in adolescence are discussed., Author(s): Marie-Pier Petit [sup.1] , Marie-Hélène Véronneau [sup.1] , Cécile Mathys [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.38678.32, 0000 0001 2181 0211, Département de Psychologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, , Montréal, [...]

Based on Abidin's model, we examined the contribution of three clusters of variables - parental variables (attachment orientation and self-awareness), child's temperament, and quality of the couple relationship among mothers and fathers of young children (0-7) - to perceived parental stress, as well as the moderating role of parental reflection, one of the self-awareness scales, in the association between attachment orientation and parental stress. To examine these questions, we distributed questionnaires containing a series of self-report measures to a sample of 294 Israeli parents (147 fathers and 147 mothers). We found that fathers, compared to mothers, reported more avoidant attachment, less reflection and less rumination. Young age, high education, high reflective parenting and better quality of couple relationships were associated with lower parental stress. Avoidant attachment orientation and rumination were associated with greater parental stress. As regards the child's characteristics, we found that emotional temperament was associated with greater parental stress. Our findings also show that parents' reflection skills moderated the association between avoidant attachment orientation and parental stress. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed., Author(s): Ofir Ben Yaakov [sup.1] , Shirley Ben Shlomo [sup.2] , Noga Levin Keini [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.22098.31, 0000 0004 1937 0503, The School of Social Work, Ashkelon Academic [...]

This study investigated mean differences in real-world executive functioning (real-world-EF) for those with and without the Broad Autism Phenotype (BAP), correlations between real-world-EF and BAP traits, and real-world-EF predictors of BAP traits. Also examined was a sub-sample of parents of children with autism (n = 42) vs. parents of children with other developmental disabilities (n = 36). The BAP group (n = 28) had higher scores, and more people with clinically significant scores (t-scores [greater than or equal to] 65), than the Non-BAP group (n = 118) on all Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functioning-Adult (BRIEF-A) scales except Organization of Materials and Inhibition. When compared with parents of children with various non-autism developmental disabilities, parents of children with autism had similar means and proportions of people with clinically significant scores on all BRIEF-A scales. Inhibition, Shift, Working Memory, and Plan/Organize were correlated with Broad Autism Phenotype Questionnaire (BAPQ) scores. Pragmatic Language demonstrated consistent higher correlations with the most real-world-EF scales. Regressions revealed Shift as a significant predictor for all BAPQ scores. Findings underscore the importance of individual BAP-trait evaluation, investigation of the practical significance of mean differences, the pervasiveness of Shift weaknesses in the BAP, and the possibility for interventions based on intact areas of functioning., Author(s): Amy Camodeca [sup.1] [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.267455.7, 0000 0004 1936 9596, Psychology Deparment, University of Windsor, , 401 Sunset Ave., N9B 3P4, Windsor, ON, Canada (2) grid.29857.31, 0000 [...]

This descriptive phenomenological study examines career adaptability of parents of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Participants include 30 parents (18 fathers and 12 mothers; 6 of them were couples) ranging in age from 26 to 45 years, selected by a purposive sampling method. The semi-structured interview form developed by the researchers based on the Career Construction Theory was used to collect data after receiving expert verification on the questions. In addition, to triangulate data sources, the Participant Feedback Form filled by the participants on the day following the interview and the Researcher Diary filled by the interviewer during the data collection process were utilized. Colaizzi's seven-step method was followed to analyze the data. Four major domains emerged, highlighting traumas/changes in work-life after ASD, career adaptability, influences of COVID-19 pandemic, and post-interview awareness of this particular sample. Results from the study highlighted looking ahead, being persistent, career decision-making, career-exploration accompanied by some expectations such as more time, income and flexibility, and coping skills build upon the ASD, along with postponement and abandonment of previous career goals, alteration of future career plans, and lack of self-exploration. The results contributed to the theory by providing evidence for career adaptability of parents of children with individual differences, including career adaptability resources and needs. Findings also implied the need for interventions to foster career adaptability skills of parents regarding looking ahead in a positive way, decision-making, self-exploration, and coping with career barriers and difficulties., Author(s): Nurten Karacan Ozdemir [sup.1] , Muharrem Koç [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.14442.37, 0000 0001 2342 7339, Education Faculty, Guidance and Psychological Counseling, Hacettepe University, , 06800, Ankara, Turkey Autism [...]

A growing body of research suggests an association between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and allergic disorders, but little work has been done to explore the role of external factors such as parental smoking at home in the development of comorbid ADHD and allergic disorders. This study aimed to examine the association between allergic diseases and ADHD adjusted for exposure to parental smoking at home in early adolescents. We recruited 250 male (41.7%) and 350 female (58.3%) adolescents (mean [SD] age, 13.29 [0.52] years) via chain-referral sampling. Their ADHD symptoms were assessed by the parent proxy-report version of the Chinese Strengths and Weaknesses of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity-symptoms and Normal-behaviours (SWAN) rating scale. Data on the participants' history of clinician-diagnosed allergic diseases, family socio-demographics, and parental smoking habit were collected using a parent-completed questionnaire. Regression analyses were performed to examine the associations of interest. The levels of ADHD symptoms were comparable between allergic and non-allergic participants after controlling for child and family demographics and parental smoking at home. Notably, the risk of probable ADHD was particularly high in participants with food allergies (odd ratio = 4.51, p = 0.011) but not in those with allergic rhinitis after adjusting for parental smoking at home. Our findings suggest that second-hand smoke exposure at home is a potential risk factor underlying the link between ADHD and allergic diseases. Current management guidelines should emphasize the importance of early identification and cessation of tobacco smoke exposure for prevention of comorbidity of ADHD and allergic disorders. Clinical Trial Registration (if any): NA., Author(s): Rosa S. Wong [sup.1] [sup.2] [sup.3] , Keith T. S. Tung [sup.1] , Hugo E. Leung [sup.1] , Reena Chow [sup.1] , Gilbert T. Chua [sup.1] , Macro H. [...]

The child anxiety impact scale-parent version (CAIS-P) is a useful measure to assess the impact of anxiety on a child's daily life; however, a Japanese version of the CAIS-P has not been developed, and whether the CAIS-P can be utilized in Eastern countries remains unascertained. The purpose of this study was to develop a Japanese version of the CAIS-P and examine its reliability and validity. Parents of 400 children (aged 7 to 15 years) from the Japanese community completed the CAIS-P. A confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the factor structure of the original CAIS-P, consisting of school activity, social activity, and home/family activity factors, provided a good fit for the Japanese version of the CAIS-P. Estimated Spearman's correlation coefficients showed moderate correlations between the total and factor scores of the CAIS-P, anxiety symptoms (Spence Child Anxiety Scale-parent version), and depressive symptoms (Child Depression Inventory). Furthermore, the item response theory model revealed that each factor of the CAIS-P is a high information reliable measure for children with high trait anxiety. These results provide support for the Japanese version of the CAIS-P's factorial validity, convergent validity, and reliability and its potential for application in child anxiety research in Japan., Author(s): Sho Okawa [sup.1] [sup.2] [sup.3] , Honami Arai [sup.2] [sup.4] , Hideki Nakamura [sup.3] , Yuko Urao [sup.2] , Tessa Reardon [sup.5] [sup.6] , Sophie Giles [sup.5] [sup.6] , [...]

The death of a parent is a traumatic event usually accompanied by profound grief and psychological challenges. This study explored some of the factors which may predict sense of self, depression and adaption to grief in 328 parentally bereaved emerging adults. Our findings revealed a presence of pathological grief among young adults. The results also highlighted a strong negative relationship between sense of self and depression. Furthermore, depression was accounted for by sense of self, adaption to grief and time since loss of the parent/s. Interventions for parentally bereaved emerging adults should aim at strengthening their sense of self, for example through boosting resilience, social and professional support, meaningful relationships and ameliorative lifestyle changes., Author(s): Shannen Jones [sup.1] , Matteo Martini [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.60969.30, 0000 0001 2189 1306, Department of Psychology, University of East London, , Water Lane, E15 4LZ, London, UK [...]

The admission of an adolescent to a child and adolescent psychiatric inpatient unit has a serious impact on the entire family unit. The emotional experience of those primary caregivers has been scarcely studied qualitatively despite being recommended by previous research. This study aims to examine the experience of parents of adolescents with mental health needs that required psychiatric hospitalization in a child and adolescent unit. Qualitative cross-sectional research was carried out under the recommendations of Grounded Theory with three Focus Groups of parents (N = 22) of adolescents who required psychiatric hospitalization in a child and adolescent ward. The COREQ quality criteria were applied. The parental experience implies a high level of emotional suffering modulated by feelings of guilt, stigma, parental awareness of their child's illness and the passage of time. The use of Prochaska's and Diclemente's trans-theoretical model of health behavior change is useful in understanding the parental experience., Author(s): Beatriz Merayo-Sereno [sup.1] , Aránzazu Fernández-Rivas [sup.1] [sup.2] , Keyth Lany de Oliveira-Silva [sup.3] , Francisco-Javier Sánchez-Andérez [sup.1] , Eva Sesma-Pardo [sup.1] [sup.2] , Esther Vivanco-González [sup.1] , Miguel [...]

Previous studies have shown that depression is a serious public health problem among children, and it is necessary to explore the causes and potential mechanisms of depression in children. Therefore, this study examined the relationship between parental marital quality and children's depression and the mediating effects of parental harsh discipline-psychological aggression and corporal punishment-in China. The participants were 735 primary school students from grades 5-6 and their parents in Chinese families. Participants completed a series of questionnaires measuring marital quality, harsh discipline and children's depression. Two path analysis models-one for fathers and the other for mothers-were constructed. The findings indicated that maternal but not paternal marital quality was negatively and directly associated with children's depression. Both fathers' and mothers' psychological aggression mediated the associations between parental marital quality and children's depression, while fathers' and mothers' corporal punishment did not. The findings from this study imply that interventions for decreasing children's depression should not only focus on improving maternal marital quality but also target fathers' and mothers' harsh discipline, especially psychological aggression., Author(s): Wenxiu Tian [sup.1] , Fang Wang [sup.2] , Meifang Wang [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.253663.7, 0000 0004 0368 505X, Research Center for Child Development, College of Elementary Education, Capital [...]

This study examines the impact of parents' depression on their children's online gaming addiction and investigates the mediating roles of intrusive parenting and children's social motivation for playing online games on this relationship. The data for this study were derived from the Game Use Panel Fifth Year Research conducted by the Korea Creative Content Agency in the first half of 2018. We narrowed the sample down to parent-child dyads of children who were online game players and their parents (both N = 356). We tested the relationships between the variables via hierarchical regression analysis and Hayes's (2013) model PROCESS macro. The results indicated that there is a significant positive relationship between parents' depression and their children's online gaming addiction (B = .33, SE = .11, p < .01). Moreover, the findings showed that the relationship between parents' depression and children's online gaming addiction was significantly mediated by intrusive parenting (B = .06, Boot SE = .03, 95% Boot CI = .007, .15) and children's social motivation for playing online games (B = .12, Boot SE = .05, 95% Boot CI = .014, .24). The results imply that parents' mental health and parenting behavior and children's motivations for playing online games should be considered when evaluating children's online game addiction and devising preventative interventions., Author(s): Il Bong Mun [sup.1] , Seyoung Lee [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.264381.a, 0000 0001 2181 989X, Research Center for Media, Culture and Contents, Sungkyunkwan University, , Seoul, South Korea [...]

Because of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, 'Circuit-breaker' safety distancing was implemented in Singapore from April to May 2020. Schools and workplaces were closed and parents had to balance telecommuting with parenting responsibilities. Coupled with the high degree of economic uncertainty and reduced social support, these circumstances are hypothesized to increase parenting stress. Based on the Parental Stress Model, this study aims to understand how parents' perceived impact of COVID-19 increased harsh parenting and reduced parent-child relationship closeness through the mediating effects of parenting stress. We collected data from 258 parents living in Singapore using online surveys disseminated through Facebook and community organizations. Our predictor was the perceived impact of COVID-19. Parental stress (mediator) was measured with the Parental Stress Scale. Two outcomes were used: parent-child relationship closeness and harsh parenting (spanking, yelling). Using mediation analysis in the SEM framework, we tested the indirect effects using bias-corrected bootstrap confidence intervals. Our results indicated that parenting stress was a significant mediator in the relationship between the perceived impact of COVID-19 and (a) parent-child closeness (indirect effect = -.30, Bootstrap 99% CI[-.59, -.11]) and (b) harsh parenting (indirect effect = .58, Bootstrap 99% CI[.25, .94]). The impact of COVID-19 and stay-home orders can increase parenting stress. This, in turn, has a negative impact on parenting by affecting parents' relationship with their children and increasing the use of harsh parenting. Given that these are risk factors for potential child abuse, supporting parents and mitigating the impact of COVID-19 are important., Author(s): Gerard Chung [sup.1] , Paul Lanier [sup.1] , Peace Yuh Ju Wong [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.10698.36, 0000000122483208, School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, [...]

A vast number of research addressed dating involvement during emerging adulthood; however, few studies focused on romantic involvement among adolescents, especially from non-western cultural settings. In cultures, where relational aspects of the self is more pronounced, parental norms about dating and constructs related to social self-consciosness may play an important role in adolescents' dating involvement. The aim of the present study was to test the predictive role of gender, parental attitutes about dating, social anxiety and social physique anxiety in Turkish adolescents' dating involevement. Participants of the study were 172 middle adolescents (104 female), ages ranging from 15 to 18 (M = 16.93; SD = .72). A logistic model was fitted to the data to test the research hypothesis. According to the results, both social physique anxiety score and mothers' dating attitudes were significant predictors of dating behavior, while gender, social anxiety and fathers' dating attitudes yielded no significant results. Several goodness-of-fit measures suggested that the overall model predicts 26% to 37% of adolescents' dating involvement., Author(s): Ilkay Demir [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.506076.2, 0000 0004 1797 5496, Hasan Ali Yücel Faculty of Education, Department of Guidance and Psychological Counseling, Istanbul University- Cerrahpasa, , Istanbul, Turkey [...]

The current study was aimed at contributing to the understanding of the role of perceived parental monitoring, psychological control, and coping strategies on adolescents' problem behaviors, in terms of anxiety and drinking behavior. Participants were 541 high school students, 17 to 19-year old (M = 17.09, SD = 0.80) high school students in Sicily and Calabria (Italy). Participants completed self-report measures assessing parental monitoring, psychological control, coping strategies (i.e., Task-Oriented, Emotion-Oriented, and Avoidance-Oriented). Results of the path analysis showed that coping strategies play a mediating role in the association between parental psychological control and both adolescents' anxiety and drinking behavior. Furthermore, a direct positive association was reported from parental psychological control and anxiety, while a negative direct association was reported from parental monitoring to drinking behavior. Results of this study provide a comprehensive model that showed that the different coping strategies could explain the psychological mechanisms that underline the associations between two different kinds of parental control (psychological control and monitoring) and both internalizing and externalizing adolescents' form of maladjustment (e.g. anxiety and drinking behaviors). Overall, coping strategies seem to be a fruitful target for the prevention programs for adolescents' anxiety and drinking behaviors., Author(s): Cristiano Inguglia [sup.1] , Sebastiano Costa [sup.2] , Sonia Ingoglia [sup.1] , Francesca Cuzzocrea [sup.3] , Francesca Liga [sup.4] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.10776.37, 0000 0004 1762 5517, Dipartimento di [...]

This study was conducted to evaluate the worry level in healthcare professionals and the mental symptoms encountered in their children during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The study was designed in a cross-sectional, descriptive and relational screening model. Target population of the study comprised healthcare professionals living in Turkey who had children aged 6 to 16 years. The study data was obtained from 457 healthcare professionals who were accessible online between June 15 and August 15, 2020. The Introductory Information Form, the Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ) and the Pediatric Symptom Checklist-17 (PSC-17) were used as data collection method. The mean age of the healthcare professionals was 39.82 ± 4.83 years and 88.6% of them were female, 58.6% were nurses, 9.0% were doctors and 54.3% were working in the pandemic service. The mean total PSWQ score of the healthcare professionals was 53.53 ± 11.82 and the mean total PSC-17 score of their children was 10.74 ± 5.68. The mean PSWQ score of the healthcare professionals who had a psychological disease and provided care to COVID-19 patients was significantly higher. The PSC-17 scores were significantly higher in children with a mental disorder. There was a statistically significant positively correlation between the mean total PSWQ score of the healthcare professionals and the mean total PSC-17 score of their children. The study showed that children of healthcare professionals who experience all aspects of the pandemic, comprise an important risk group because they are unable to have physical contact with their parents and they experience the pandemic-related measures more., Author(s): Nevin Günaydin [sup.1] , Dilek Küçük Alemdar [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.412366.4, 0000 0004 0399 5963, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nursing Department, Ordu University, , 52200, Ordu, Turkey Introduction [...]

Co-occurring emotional and behavioral problems (EBPs) frequently exist in young autistic children. There is evidence based on parental report that parenting interventions reduce child EBPs. More objective measures of child EBPs should supplement parent reported outcomes in trials. We describe the development of a new measure of child and parenting behavior, the Observation Schedule for Children with Autism-Anxiety, Behaviour and Parenting (OSCA-ABP). Participants were 83 parents/carers and their 4-8-year-old autistic children. The measure demonstrated good variance and potential sensitivity to change. Child and parenting behavior were reliably coded among verbal and minimally verbal children. Associations between reports from other informants and observed behavior showed the measure had sufficient convergent validity. The measure has promise to contribute to research and clinical practice in autism mental health beyond objective measurement in trials., Author(s): Melanie Palmer [sup.1] , Juan Paris Perez [sup.1] , Joanne Tarver [sup.1] [sup.2] , Thomas Cawthorne [sup.1] , Margot Frayne [sup.1] , Sophie Webb [sup.3] , Elena Baker [sup.1] [...]