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1. Exploring cell-free assays for COVID-19 serosurvey

Author: Lucia Inchauste, Elif Nurtop, Nadège Brisbarre, Laetitia Ninove, Pierre Gallian, Xavier de Lamballerie, and Stéphane Priet
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: Abstract Serosurveys to monitor immunity toward COVID-19 in the population are primarily performed using an ELISA to screen samples for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, followed by confirmation by a virus neutralization test, which is considered the Gold Standard. However, virus neutralization test may not be feasible for some laboratories because of the requirement for specific facilities and trained personnel. In an attempt to address this limitation, we evaluated three cell-free methods as potential alternatives for assessing SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in human population from plasma. We report the establishment of two inhibition ELISAs designed to detect anti-Spike RBD IgG antibodies and a microsphere quantitative suspension array technology assay, based on the Luminex xMAP platform, to measure the presence of antibodies against various SARS-CoV-2 antigens, including anti-RBD. These methods were also compared to a commercial chemiluminescent immunoassay designed for anti-RBD antibodies detection and to the combined ELISA + virus neutralization test strategy. These cell-free assays performed equally to estimate the percentage of positive and negative samples and could be used to determine the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in human population, at least in cohort with high-expected prevalence, without the use of seroneutralization assay.
Published: 2024
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2. Orthopoxvirus Seroprevalence and Infection Susceptibility in France, Bolivia, Laos, and Mali

Author: Léa Luciani, Nathanaël Lapidus, Abdennour Amroun, Alessandra Falchi, Chanthala Souksakhone, Mayfong Mayxay, Audrey Dubot-Pérès, Paola Mariela Saba Villarroel, Issa Diarra, Ousmane Koita, Pierre Gallian, and Xavier de Lamballerie
Subjects: Orthopoxvirus, vaccinia virus, cowpox virus, monkeypox virus, seroprevalence, sexually transmitted infections, Medicine, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract: To determine a demographic overview of orthopoxvirus seroprevalence, we tested blood samples collected during 2003–2019 from France (n = 4,876), Bolivia (n = 601), Laos (n = 657), and Mali (n = 255) for neutralizing antibodies against vaccinia virus. In addition, we tested 4,448 of the 4,876 samples from France for neutralizing antibodies against cowpox virus. We confirmed extensive cross-immunity between the 2 viruses. Seroprevalence of antibodies was
Published: 2022
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3. SARS-CoV-2 IgG seroprevalence surveys in blood donors before the vaccination campaign, France 2020-2021

Author: Pierre Gallian, Nathanaël Hozé, Nadège Brisbarre, Paola Mariela Saba Villarroel, Elif Nurtop, Christine Isnard, Boris Pastorino, Pascale Richard, Pascal Morel, Simon Cauchemez, and Xavier de Lamballerie
Subjects: Immunology, Immune response, Virology, Science
Abstract: Summary: We conducted a cross-sectional study for SARS-CoV-2 anti-S1 IgG prevalence in French blood donors (n = 32605), from March-2020 to January-2021. A mathematical model combined seroprevalence with a daily number of hospital admissions to estimate the probability of hospitalization upon infection and determine the number of infections while correcting for antibody decay. There was an overall seroprevalence increase over the study period and we estimate that ∼15% of the French population had been infected by SARS-CoV-2 by January-2021. The infection/hospitalization ratio increased with age, from 0.31% (18-30yo) to 4.5% (61-70yo). Half of the IgG-S1 positive individuals had no detectable antibodies 4 to 5 months after infection. The seroprevalence in group O donors (7.43%) was lower (p = 0.003) than in A, B, and AB donors (8.90%). We conclude, based on seroprevalence data and mathematical modeling, that a large proportion of the French population was unprotected against severe disease prior to the vaccination campaign.
Published: 2023
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4. Arboviral Risk Associated with Solid Organ and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Grafts: The Prophylactic Answers Proposed by the French High Council of Public Health in a National Context

Author: Bruno Pozzetto, Gilda Grard, Guillaume Durand, Marie-Claire Paty, Pierre Gallian, Sophie Lucas-Samuel, Stéphanie Diéterlé, Muriel Fromage, Marc Durand, Didier Lepelletier, Christian Chidiac, Bruno Hoen, and Xavier Nicolas de Lamballerie
Subjects: products of human origin, solid organ, hematopoietic stem cell, West Nile virus, dengue virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, Microbiology, QR1-502
Abstract: Diseases caused by arboviruses are on the increase worldwide. In addition to arthropod bites, most arboviruses can be transmitted via accessory routes. Products of human origin (labile blood products, solid organs, hematopoietic stem cells, tissues) present a risk of contamination for the recipient if the donation is made when the donor is viremic. Mainland France and its overseas territories are exposed to a complex array of imported and endemic arboviruses, which differ according to their respective location. This narrative review describes the risks of acquiring certain arboviral diseases from human products, mainly solid organs and hematopoietic stem cells, in the French context. The main risks considered in this study are infections by West Nile virus, dengue virus, and tick-borne encephalitis virus. The ancillary risks represented by Usutu virus infection, chikungunya, and Zika are also addressed more briefly. For each disease, the guidelines issued by the French High Council of Public Health, which is responsible for mitigating the risks associated with products of human origin and for supporting public health policy decisions, are briefly outlined. This review highlights the need for a “One Health” approach and to standardize recommendations at the international level in areas with the same viral epidemiology.
Published: 2023
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5. Inflammatory markers and auto-Abs to type I IFNs in COVID-19 convalescent plasma cohort studyResearch in context

Author: Fabrice Cognasse, Hind Hamzeh-Cognasse, Mickael Rosa, Delphine Corseaux, Brigitte Bonneaudeau, Chloe Pierre, Julie Huet, Charles Antoine Arthaud, Marie Ange Eyraud, Amélie Prier, Anne Claire Duchez, Theo Ebermeyer, Marco Heestermans, Estelle Audoux-Caire, Quentin Philippot, Tom Le Voyer, Olivier Hequet, Anne-Marie Fillet, Patricia Chavarin, Dominique Legrand, Pascale Richard, France Pirenne, Pierre Gallian, Jean Laurent Casanova, Sophie Susen, Pascal Morel, Karine Lacombe, Paul Bastard, and Pierre Tiberghien
Subjects: Transfusion, Endothelial cells, Convalescent plasma, COVID-19, Inflammation, Adverse events, Medicine, Medicine (General), R5-920
Abstract: Summary: Background: COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) contains neutralising anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies that may be useful as COVID-19 passive immunotherapy in patients at risk of developing severe disease. Such plasma from convalescent patients may also have additional immune-modulatory properties when transfused to COVID-19 patients. Methods: CCP (n = 766) was compared to non-convalescent control plasma (n = 166) for soluble inflammatory markers, ex-vivo inflammatory bioactivity on endothelial cells, neutralising auto-Abs to type I IFNs and reported adverse events in the recipients. Findings: CCP exhibited a statistically significant increase in IL-6 and TNF-alpha levels (0.531 ± 0.04 vs 0.271 ± 0.04; (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.07371–0.4446; p = 0.0061) and 0.900 ± 0.07 vs 0.283 ± 0.07 pg/mL; (95% [CI], 0.3097–0.9202; p = 0.0000829) and lower IL-10 (0.731 ± 0.07 vs 1.22 ± 0.19 pg/mL; (95% [CI], −0.8180 to −0.1633; p = 0.0034) levels than control plasma. Neutralising auto-Abs against type I IFNs were detected in 14/766 (1.8%) CCPs and were not associated with reported adverse events when transfused. Inflammatory markers and bioactivity in CCP with or without auto-Abs, or in CCP whether or not linked to adverse events in transfused patients, did not differ to a statistically significant extent. Interpretation: Overall, CCP exhibited moderately increased inflammatory markers compared to the control plasma with no discernible differences in ex-vivo bioactivity. Auto-Abs to type I IFNs detected in a small fraction of CCP were not associated with reported adverse events or differences in inflammatory markers. Additional studies, including careful clinical evaluation of patients treated with CCP, are required in order to further define the clinical relevance of these findings. Funding: French National Blood Service—EFS, the Association “Les Amis de Rémi” Savigneux, France, the “Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (Medical Research Foundation)–REACTing 2020”.
Published: 2023
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6. Risk for Hepatitis E Virus Transmission by Solvent/Detergent–Treated Plasma

Author: Pierre Gallian, Sébastien Lhomme, Pascal Morel, Sylvie Gross, Carole Mantovani, Lisette Hauser, Xavier Tinard, Elodie Pouchol, Rachid Djoudi, Azzedine Assal, Florence Abravanel, Jacques Izopet, and Pierre Tiberghien
Subjects: hepatitis E virus, HEV, viruses, transmission, solvent/detergent–treated plasma, plasma, Medicine, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract: Hepatitis E has emerged as a major transfusion-transmitted infectious risk. Two recipients of plasma from 2 lots (A and B) of pooled solvent/detergent–treated plasma were found to be infected by hepatitis E virus (HEV) that was determined to have been transmitted by the solvent/detergent–treated plasma. HEV RNA viral loads were 433 IU in lot A and 55 IU in lot B. Retrospective studies found that 100% (13/13) of evaluable lot A recipients versus 18% (3/17) of evaluable lot B recipients had been infected by HEV (p50,000 IU were infected, most likely by the HEV-containing solvent/detergent–treated plasma, versus only 7% with a transfused HEV RNA load
Published: 2020
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7. The Quality of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 T Cell Responses Predicts the Neutralizing Antibody Titer in Convalescent Plasma Donors

Author: Marie Kroemer, Laura Boullerot, Mélanie Ramseyer, Laurie Spehner, Christophe Barisien, Eleonore Gravelin, Adeline Renaudin, Fabrice Cognasse, Pierre Gallian, Olivier Hermine, Karine Lacombe, Pierre Tiberghien, and Olivier Adotévi
Subjects: neutralizing antibodies, COVID-19, COVID-19 serotherapy, T cell, t-lymphocyte, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract: Convalescent plasma therapy has been described as an attractive approach to treat critically ill patients with COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease 2019). The selection of convalescent plasma donors (CPD) is commonly based on neutralizing antibody titer. A better understanding of the quality of immune responses following COVID-19 will enable the optimization of convalescent donors' selection in convalescent plasma programs. The involvement of SARS-CoV-2 specific T cells in the induction and persistence of high affinity anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody is still poorly investigated. In this study, 115 CPD who presented SARS-CoV-2 and who were eligible for plasma donation were included. Comprehensive analysis of T cells together with humoral responses were performed in regards of sex, age and blood group type. High frequency of T cell responses against SARS-CoV-2 related protein such as spike glycoprotein (80.0%), nucleocapsid (NCAP) (70.4%) and membrane protein (VME1) (74.8%) were detected in CPD by ex vivo IFN-γ and TNF-α ELISpot assays. Among CPD responders, most exhibited poly-specific T cell responses (75%) defined by the ability to mount responses against at least two SARS-CoV-2 antigens. We found a positive correlation between the magnitude and the poly-specificity of anti-SARS-CoV-2 T cell responses in CPD. Notably, both the magnitude and poly-specificity of SARS-CoV-2 T cell responses were highly correlated with neutralizing antibody titer in CPD. The present study highlights that the poly-specificity and strength of SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell responses predicts neutralizing antibody titer following COVID-19. These observations show the interest to combine T cell assays and antibody titer for the selection of CPD and to a latter extend to assess COVID-19 vaccine efficacy in at-risk patients.
Published: 2022
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8. Zika Virus Circulation in Mali

Author: Issa Diarra, Elif Nurtop, Abdoul Karim Sangaré, Issaka Sagara, Boris Pastorino, Souleymane Sacko, Amatigué Zeguimé, Drissa Coulibaly, Bakary Fofana, Pierre Gallian, Stephane Priet, Jan Felix Drexler, Anna-Bella Failloux, Abdoulaye Dabo, Mahamadou Ali Thera, Abdoulaye Djimdé, Bourèma Kouriba, Simon Cauchemez, Xavier de Lamballerie, Nathanaël Hozé, and Ogobara K. Doumbo
Subjects: Zika virus, seroprevalence, Mali, viruses, arbovirus, vector-borne infections, Medicine, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract: The circulation of Zika virus (ZIKV) in Mali has not been clearly characterized. Therefore, we conducted a serologic survey of 793 asymptomatic volunteers >15 years of age (2016), and 637 blood donors (2013) to assess the seroprevalence of ZIKV infection in 2 ecoclimatic regions of Mali, tropical savannah and warm semiarid region, using ELISA and seroneutralization assays. The overall seroprevalence was ≈12% and increased with age, with no statistical difference between male and female participants. In the warm semiarid study sites we detected immunological markers of an outbreak that occurred in the late 1990s in 18% (95% CI 13%–23%) of participants. In tropical savannah sites, we estimated a low rate of endemic transmission, with 2.5% (95% CI 2.0%–3.1%) of population infected by ZIKV annually. These data demonstrate the circulation of ZIKV in Mali and provide evidence of a previously unidentified outbreak that occurred in the late 1990s.
Published: 2020
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9. Combination of ELISA screening and seroneutralisation tests to expedite Zika virus seroprevalence studies

Author: Elif Nurtop, Paola Mariela Saba Villarroel, Boris Pastorino, Laetitia Ninove, Jan Felix Drexler, Yelin Roca, Bouba Gake, Audrey Dubot-Peres, Gilda Grard, Christophe Peyrefitte, Stéphane Priet, Xavier de Lamballerie, and Pierre Gallian
Subjects: Zika virus, Seroepidemiology, Virus neutralization test, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract: Abstract Here we propose a strategy allowing implementing efficient and practicable large-scale seroepidemiological studies for Zika Virus (ZIKV). It combines screening by a commercial NS1 protein-based Zika IgG ELISA, and confirmation by a cytopathic effect-based virus neutralization test (CPE-based VNT). In post-epidemic samples from Martinique Island blood donors (a population with a dengue seroprevalence above 90%), this strategy allowed reaching specificity and sensitivity values over 98%. The CPE-based VNT consists of recording CPE directly under the optical microscope, which is easy to identify with ZIKV strain H/PF/2013 at day 5 pi. Overall, considered that CPE-based VNT is cost effective and widely automatable, the NS1 protein-based Zika IgG ELISA+CPE-based VNT combination strategy represents a convenient tool to expedite ZIKV seroprevalence studies.
Published: 2018
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10. Hepatitis E Virus Infection in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients, France

Author: Sebastien Lhomme, Laurent Bardiaux, Florence Abravanel, Pierre Gallian, Nassim Kamar, and Jacques Izopet
Subjects: hepatitis E, blood transfusion, solid organ transplant patients, hepatitis E virus, viruses, France, Medicine, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract: The rate of transfusion-transmitted hepatitis E virus (HEV) in transplant recipients is unknown. We identified 60 HEV-positive solid organ transplant patients and retrospectively assessed their blood transfusions for HEV. Seven of 60 patients received transfusions; 3 received HEV-positive blood products. Transfusion is not the major route of infection in this population.
Published: 2017
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11. Low seroprevalence of Zika virus in Cameroonian blood donors

Author: Bouba Gake, Marie A. Vernet, Isabelle Leparc-Goffart, Jan Felix Drexler, Ernest A. Gould, Pierre Gallian, and Xavier de Lamballerie
Subjects: Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216, Microbiology, QR1-502
Abstract: A Zika virus seroepidemiology study was performed in 1084 blood donors collected from August to October 2015 in six sites of Cameroon representing a large panel of eco-environments. Samples were tested using an anti-NS1 IgG ELISA detection kit and positives were further confirmed by seroneutralization. The observed global seroprevalence was low (around 5%, peaking at 10% and 7.7% in Douala and Bertoua, respectively) with risk factors associated with seropositivity pointing to the existence of a local (peri-)sylvatic cycle of transmission. These results call attention to the potential introduction and subsequent spread in African urban areas of Asian genotype Zika virus currently circulating in the Americas and adapted to transmission by peri-domestic mosquitoes. They should leverage reinforced surveillance efforts in Africa. Keywords: Zika virus, Seroprevalence, Africa
Published: 2017
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12. Zika virus epidemiology in Bolivia: A seroprevalence study in volunteer blood donors.

Author: Paola Mariela Saba Villarroel, Elif Nurtop, Boris Pastorino, Yelin Roca, Jan Felix Drexler, Pierre Gallian, Thomas Jaenisch, Isabelle Leparc-Goffart, Stéphane Priet, Laetitia Ninove, and Xavier de Lamballerie
Subjects: Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, RC955-962, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract: Zika virus (ZIKV), was widely reported in Latin America and has been associated with neuropathologies, as microcephaly, but only few seroprevalence studies have been published to date. Our objective was to determine the seroprevalence amongst Bolivian blood donors and estimate the future potential circulation of the virus.A ZIKV seroprevalence study was conducted between December 2016 and April 2017 in 814 asymptomatic Bolivian volunteer blood donors residing in various eco-environments corresponding to contrasting entomological activities. It was based on detection of IgG to ZIKV using NS1 ELISA screening, followed by a seroneutralisation test in case of positive or equivocal ELISA result.Analysis revealed that ZIKV circulation occurred in tropical areas (Beni: 39%; Santa Cruz de la Sierra: 21.5%) but not in highlands (~0% in Cochabamba, La Paz, Tarija). It was modulated by Aedes aegypti activity and the virus spread was not limited by previous immunity to dengue. Cases were geo-localised in a wide range of urban areas in Santa Cruz and Trinidad. No differences in seroprevalence related to gender or age-groups could be identified. It is concluded that ZIKV has been intensely circulating in the Beni region and has still a significant potential for propagating in the area of Santa Cruz.
Published: 2018
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13. Hepatitis E Virus Infections in Blood Donors, France

Author: Pierre Gallian, Sébastien Lhomme, Yves Piquet, Karine Sauné, Florence Abravanel, Azzedine Assal, Pierre Tiberghien, and Jacques Izopet
Subjects: hepatitis E, hepatitis E virus, HEV, viruses, HEV RNA, viremia, Medicine, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract: We screened plasma samples (minipools of 96 samples, corresponding to 53,234 blood donations) from France that had been processed with solvent–detergent for hepatitis E virus RNA. The detection rate was 1 HEV-positive sample/2,218 blood donations. Most samples (22/24) from viremic donors were negative for IgG and IgM against HEV.
Published: 2014
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14. Epidemiology of Chikungunya Virus Outbreaks in Guadeloupe and Martinique, 2014: An Observational Study in Volunteer Blood Donors.

Author: Pierre Gallian, Isabelle Leparc-Goffart, Pascale Richard, Françoise Maire, Olivier Flusin, Rachid Djoudi, Jacques Chiaroni, Remi Charrel, Pierre Tiberghien, and Xavier de Lamballerie
Subjects: Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, RC955-962, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract: During Dec-2013, a chikungunya virus (CHIKV) outbreak was first detected in the French-West Indies. Subsequently, the virus dispersed to other Caribbean islands, continental America and many islands in the Pacific Ocean. Previous estimates of the attack rate were based on declaration of clinically suspected cases.Individual testing for CHIKV RNA of all (n = 16,386) blood donations between Feb-24th 2014 and Jan-31st 2015 identified 0·36% and 0·42% of positives in Guadeloupe and Martinique, respectively. The incidence curves faithfully correlated with those of suspected clinical cases in the general population of Guadeloupe (abrupt epidemic peak), but not in Martinique (flatter epidemic growth). No significant relationship was identified between CHIKV RNA detection and age-classes or blood groups. Prospective (Feb-2014 to Jan-2015; n = 9,506) and retrospective (Aug-2013 to Feb-2014; n = 6,559) seroepidemiological surveys in blood donors identified a final seroprevalence of 48·1% in Guadeloupe and 41·9% in Martinique. Retrospective survey also suggested the absence or limited "silent" CHIKV circulation before the outbreak. Parameters associated with increased seroprevalence were: Gender (M>F), KEL-1, [RH+1/KEL-1], [A/RH+1] and [A/RH+1/KEL-1] blood groups in Martiniquan donors. A simulation model based on observed incidence and actual seroprevalence values predicted 2·5 and 2·3 days of asymptomatic viraemia in Martiniquan and Guadeloupian blood donors respectively.This study, implemented promptly with relatively limited logistical requirements during CHIKV emergence in the Caribbean, provided unique information regarding retrospective and prospective epidemiology, infection risk factors and natural history of the disease. In the stressful context of emerging infectious disease outbreaks, blood donor-based studies can serve as robust and cost-effective first-line tools for public health surveys.
Published: 2017
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15. Seroprevalence Study of Anti-HEV IgG among Different Adult Populations in Corsica, France, 2019

Author: Lisandru Capai, Shirley Masse, Pierre Gallian, Cécile Souty, Christine Isnard, Thierry Blanchon, Brigitte Peres, Xavier de Lamballerie, Rémi Charrel, and Alessandra Falchi
Subjects: seroprevalence, hepatitis e, igg, risk factor, corsica, hyperendemic, hepatitis, france, Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a major cause of acute hepatitis worldwide. In France, hyperendemic areas including Corsica have an anti-HEV Immunoglobulin G (IgG) prevalence higher than 50%. The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of anti-HEV IgG in three adult populations in Corsica and the risk factors associated with antibody detection. Between 2017 and 2019, a total of 930 individuals, including 467 blood donors, 393 students or university staff members and 70 patients from general practice, were tested for the presence of anti-HEV IgG using the Wantai HEV IgG enzyme immunoassay kit and filled a questionnaire. The association between seropositivity and potential risk factors was tested with univariate and multivariate analyses. Out of the 930 samples, 52.3% (486/930) were seropositive—54.4% (254/467) among blood donors, 47.6% (187/393) among university students and 64.3% (45/70) among patients of general practice. Three main risk factors were identified: (i) skinning and butchering (Adjusted Odds Ratio aOR = 2.76, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] [1.51−5.37]; p-value < 10−3), (ii) consumption of a local pork live raw sausage (fittonu) (aOR = 1.95 95% CI [1.45−2.64]; p-value = 10−5), and (iii) increasing age (p-value = 0.003). Seropositivity rates between the different populations were homogeneous after age stratification. This cross-sectional study indicates a high anti-HEV IgG seroprevalence in the Corsican adult population, not significantly different between women and men and increasing with age. This serosurvey also showed homogeneity regarding the exposure to HEV among three different types of populations. Finally, we confirmed the endemicity of Corsica with respect to HEV and identified a strong association between consumption of figatellu/fittonu and the practice of skinning and butchering with the detection of anti-HEV IgG.
Published: 2019
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16. Correction to: Combination of ELISA screening and seroneutralisation tests to expedite Zika virus seroprevalence studies

Author: Elif Nurtop, Paola Mariela Saba Villarroel, Boris Pastorino, Laetitia Ninove, Jan Felix Drexler, Yelin Roca, Bouba Gake, Audrey Dubot-Peres, Gilda Grard, Christophe Peyrefitte, Stéphane Priet, Xavier de Lamballerie, and Pierre Gallian
Subjects: Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract: In the original publication of this article [1], Table 1 has some errors.
Published: 2019
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17. Risk Factors Associated with Ebola and Marburg Viruses Seroprevalence in Blood Donors in the Republic of Congo.

Author: Nanikaly Moyen, Laurence Thirion, Petra Emmerich, Amelia Dzia-Lepfoundzou, Hervé Richet, Yannik Boehmann, Yannick Dimi, Pierre Gallian, Ernest A Gould, Stephan Günther, and Xavier de Lamballerie
Subjects: Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, RC955-962, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract: BACKGROUND:Ebola and Marburg viruses (family Filoviridae, genera Ebolavirus and Marburgvirus) cause haemorrhagic fevers in humans, often associated with high mortality rates. The presence of antibodies to Ebola virus (EBOV) and Marburg virus (MARV) has been reported in some African countries in individuals without a history of haemorrhagic fever. In this study, we present a MARV and EBOV seroprevalence study conducted amongst blood donors in the Republic of Congo and the analysis of risk factors for contact with EBOV. METHODOLOGY AND FINDINGS:In 2011, we conducted a MARV and EBOV seroprevalence study amongst 809 blood donors recruited in rural (75; 9.3%) and urban (734; 90.7%) areas of the Republic of Congo. Serum titres of IgG antibodies to MARV and EBOV were assessed by indirect double-immunofluorescence microscopy. MARV seroprevalence was 0.5% (4 in 809) without any identified risk factors. Prevalence of IgG to EBOV was 2.5%, peaking at 4% in rural areas and in Pointe Noire. Independent risk factors identified by multivariate analysis were contact with bats and exposure to birds. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE:This MARV and EBOV serological survey performed in the Republic of Congo identifies a probable role for environmental determinants of exposure to EBOV. It highlights the requirement for extending our understanding of the ecological and epidemiological risk of bats (previously identified as a potential ecological reservoir) and birds as vectors of EBOV to humans, and characterising the protection potentially afforded by EBOV-specific antibodies as detected in blood donors.
Published: 2015
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18. Emergence of Toscana Virus in Europe

Author: Rémi N. Charrel, Pierre Gallian, José-María Navarro-Marí, Loredana Nicoletti, Anna Papa, Mária Paz Sánchez-Seco, Antonio Tenorio, and Xavier de Lamballerie
Subjects: Toscana virus, phlebovirus, emergence, Europe, meningitis, perspective, Medicine, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract: Toscana virus (TOSV) is an arthropodborne virus first identified in 1971 from the sandfly Phlebotomus perniciosus in central Italy. Many case reports in travelers and clinical research and epidemiologic studies conducted around the Mediterranean region have shown that TOSV has a tropism for the central nervous system (CNS) and is a major cause of meningitis and encephalitis in countries in which it circulates. In central Italy, TOSV is the most frequent cause of meningitis from May to October, far exceeding enteroviruses. In other northern Mediterranean countries, TOSV is among the 3 most prevalent viruses associated with meningitis during the warm seasons. Therefore, TOSV must be considered an emerging pathogen. Here, we review the epidemiology of TOSV in Europe and determine questions that should be addressed in future studies. Despite increasing evidence of its major role in medicine as an emerging cause of CNS infections, TOSV remains an unstudied pathogen, and few physicians are aware of its potential to cause CNS infections.
Published: 2005
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19. Seroprevalence of Toscana Virus in Blood Donors, France, 2007

Author: Nadège Brisbarre, Houssam Attoui, Pierre Gallian, Paola Di Bonito, Colomba Giorgi, Jean-Francois Cantaloube, Philippe Biagini, Mhammed Touinssi, Francois Jordier, and Philippe de Micco
Subjects: Viruses, Toscana virus, blood donors, France, sandflies, vector-borne infections, Medicine, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Published: 2011
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20. Hepatitis E Virus Infection in Sheltered Homeless Persons, France

Author: Mamadou Kaba, Philippe Brouqui, Hervé Richet, Sekené Badiaga, Pierre Gallian, Didier Raoult, and Philippe Colson
Subjects: Hepatitis E virus, homeless persons, HEV transmission, autochthonous hepatitis, injection drug use, France, Medicine, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract: To determine the prevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection among sheltered homeless persons in Marseille, France, we retrospectively tested 490 such persons. A total of 11.6% had immunoglobulin (Ig) G and 2.5% had IgM against HEV; 1 person had HEV genotype 3f. Injection drug use was associated with IgG against HEV.
Published: 2010
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21. Parvovirus 4 in Blood Donors, France

Author: Mhammed Touinssi, Nadège Brisbarre, Christophe Picard, Coralie Frassati, Bertrand Dussol, Rathviro Uch, Pierre Gallian, Jean-François Cantaloube, Philippe de Micco, and Philippe Biagini
Subjects: PARV4, Parvovirus 4, blood donors, viruses, France, letter, Medicine, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Published: 2010
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22. Human Parvovirus 4 in Kidney Transplant Patients, France

Author: Philippe Biagini, Bertrand Dussol, Mhammed Touinssi, Philippe Brunet, Christophe Picard, Valérie Moal, Mourad Belhouchet, Pierre Gallian, Jean-François Cantaloube, Houssam Attoui, Yvon Berland, and Philippe de Micco
Subjects: PARV4, blood, transplant, kidney, hemodialysis, blood donors, Medicine, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Published: 2008
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23. Transfusion-associated Hepatitis E, France

Author: Philippe Colson, Carole Coze, Pierre Gallian, Mireille Henry, Philippe de Micco, and Catherine Tamalet
Subjects: hepatitis E virus, transfusion, nosocomial infection, HEV RNA, immunosuppressive therapy, letter, Medicine, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Published: 2007
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24. Low neutralization capacity against SARS‐CoV ‐2 Omicron BQ .1.1 of convalescent plasma collected during circulation of Omicron BA .1

Author: Pierre Gallian, Nadége Brisbarre, Elif Nurtop, Sophie Le Cam, Touret Franck, Christine Isnard, Lucile Malard, Syria Laperche, Pascale Richard, Pascal Morel, Pierre Tiberghien, Xavier de Lamballerie, Etablissement Français du Sang [La Plaine Saint-Denis] (EFS), Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), and Etablissement Français du Sang Provence-Alpes Côte-d'Azur et Corse (EFS)
Subjects: [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Hematology, General Medicine
Published: 2023

25. Low rate of <scp>RNAemia</scp> in blood donations collected during the first wave of <scp>COVID</scp> ‐19 in France

Author: Sophie Le Cam, Pierre Gallian, Céline Ricard, Céline Narboux, Valérie Barlet, Claude Maugard, Lisette Hauser, Nadège Brisbarre, Pierre Cappy, Josiane Pillonel, Syria Laperche, Pascal Morel, Institut Hospitalier Universitaire Méditerranée Infection (IHU Marseille), Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)
Subjects: RNAemia, SARS-CoV-2, nucleic acid testing, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Immunology, COVID-19, Humans, RNA, Viral, blood donors, Immunology and Allergy, Hematology, plasma, Retrospective Studies
Abstract: To investigate the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 via blood, we conducted retrospective molecular screening in blood donated during the first pandemic peak in the two French regions with the highest community transmission.Archived plasma samples randomly selected from donations collected between March 23 and 29, 2020, in Eastern and Northern regions of France were tested for SARS-CoV-2 RNA in minipools of 4 donations (MP4) using the Grifols ProcleixSARS-CoV-2 assay. Reactive MP4 and the four corresponding plasmas were further tested with alternative RT-PCRs and sequencing. Testing for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and in vitro infectivity in cell culture were also performed.Among the 2818 MP4 (corresponding to 9672 donations) tested for viral RNA, 5 were weakly reactive. Among the 20 plasmas included in these five MP4, one presented low-level reactivity with RT-PCRs and Procleix SARS-CoV-2 and was confirmed on sequencing. The estimated prevalence was 1.03/10,000 (95% CI 0-3.1). The 20 plasmas were antibody nonreactive and none of them showed cytopathic effects in cell culture. When recalled, the index-donor declared having had symptoms compatible with SARS-CoV-2 infection a few days after donation. The two immunocompromised recipients transfused with red blood cells and an inactivated pooled platelet product did not develop COVID-19.Our results indicated a low prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the plasma of asymptomatic blood donors during the pandemic peak and no evidence of infectivity in vivo and in vitro. The transfusion risk remains theoretical and does not justify the implementation of SARS-CoV-2 NAT for blood donations.
Published: 2022

26. Long-Term Infectivity of Chikungunya Virus Stored in the Dark at 4°C

Author: Laura Pezzi, Odile Py, Magali Gilles, Paola Mariela Saba Villarroel, Issa Diarra, Toscane Fourié, Ernest Andrew Gould, Pierre Gallian, Xavier de Lamballerie, Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), and Etablissement Français du Sang [La Plaine Saint-Denis] (EFS)
Subjects: 0303 health sciences, chikungunya, infectivity, viruses, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Darkness, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Microbiology, Cell Line, Specimen Handling, Cold Temperature, 03 medical and health sciences, PCR, 0302 clinical medicine, Infectious Diseases, Virology, RNA, Viral, alphavirus, Chikungunya virus, 030304 developmental biology
Abstract: International audience; We call into question the established dogma that viruses with envelopes and RNA genomes have limited stability by demonstrating the staggering long-term viability, ∼2 years, of chikungunya virus when stored in liquid environments at +4°C in the dark. We contend that our understanding of the infectivity of a variety of enveloped viruses requires a new approach to identify under standardized conditions the primary determinants of their viability.
Published: 2021

27. Risk of a blood donation contaminated with hepatitis E virus entering the blood supply before the implementation of universal RNA screening in France

Author: Josiane Pillonel, Claude Maugard, Cécile Sommen, Julie Figoni, Chloé Pierre, Sophie LeCam, Pascale Richard, Pascal Morel, Pierre Gallian, Syria Laperche, Santé publique France Guyane, Santé publique France - French National Public Health Agency [Saint-Maurice, France], Etablissement Français du Sang [Occitanie] (EFS Occitanie), Etablissement Français du Sang [La Plaine Saint-Denis] (EFS), Interactions hôte-greffon-tumeur, ingénierie cellulaire et génique - UFC (UMR INSERM 1098) (RIGHT), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Etablissement français du sang [Bourgogne-Franche-Comté] (EFS BFC)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Institut Hospitalier Universitaire Méditerranée Infection (IHU Marseille), Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)
Subjects: [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Hematology, General Medicine
Abstract: The risk of a blood donation contaminated with hepatitis E virus (HEV) entering the blood supply before introducing universal HEV-RNA screening in France was estimated to assess the benefit of such a measure.The results of selective HEV nucleic acid testing (HEV-NAT) performed in mini pool of six plasma donations between 2018 and 2020 were extrapolated to the whole blood donor (BD) population after adjustment on three variables: regional establishment, sex and age group.Among the 246,285 plasma donations collected from 172,635 BDs tested for HEV-RNA, 248 (10.1/10,000) were positive. The extrapolation to all BDs led to an estimated rate of 5.9/10,000 donations (95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.5-7.4) which would be positive to HEV-RNA and a prevalence of 9.9/10,000 BDs (95% CI: 7.5-12.3). This prevalence was 4.4 times higher in males than females (16.8/10,000 vs. 3.8/10,000, p 10The risk of an HEV-RNA-positive donation entering the blood supply was estimated at 1 in 1682 donations. This risk does not translate directly to the risk of HEV transfusion transmission, which mainly depends on the total number of viral particles in the transfused blood component and the sensitivity of NAT.
Published: 2022

28. Seroprevalence surveys in blood donors population and complexity of immunization patterns

Author: Pierre Gallian, Nadége Brisbarre, Christine Isnard, Pascal Morel, Xavier de Lamballerie, Institut Hospitalier Universitaire Méditerranée Infection (IHU Marseille), Etablissement Français du Sang [La Plaine Saint-Denis] (EFS), Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), and EFS ALPES MEDITERRANEE
Subjects: [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Biochemistry (medical), Clinical Biochemistry, Hematology
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2022

29. Impact of vaccination on SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence rate in French blood donors: An assessment as of July 2021

Author: Pierre, Gallian, Ahmed, Slimani, Lucile, Malard, Pascal, Morel, Xavier, de Lamballerie, Etablissement Français du Sang [La Plaine Saint-Denis] (EFS), Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Etablissement Français du Sang [Ivry-sur-Seine] (E.F.S - Ile-de-France ), and ANR-20-COV9-0005,ECHO,PErceptions et impact de l'épidémie liée à la COVID-19 dans les centres d'Hébergements pour les personnes en situation d'exclusiOn(2020)
Subjects: [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Biochemistry (medical), Clinical Biochemistry, Hematology
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2022

30. L-07 Paludisme : risque résiduel et profils biologiques particuliers en transfusion sanguine

Author: Sophie Le Cam, Pierre Gallian, Claude Maugard, Valérie Barlet, Marlène Guillet, Céline Narboux, Pascale Richard, and Pascal Morel
Subjects: Biochemistry (medical), Clinical Biochemistry, Hematology
Published: 2022

31. Susceptibility to monkeypox virus infection: seroprevalence of orthopoxvirus in 4 population samples; France, Bolivia, Laos and Mali

Author: Léa Luciani, Nathanaël Lapidus, Abdennour Amroun, Alessandra Falchi, Chanthala Souksakhone, Mayfong Mayxay, Audrey Dubot-Pérès, Paola Mariela Saba Villarroel, Issa Diarra, Ousmane Koita, Pierre Gallian, and Xavier de Lamballerie
Abstract: Europe is experiencing an epidemic of monkeypox virus against a background of limited knowledge of population immunity to orthopoxviruses. We tested antibodies neutralizing vaccinia virus in blood samples from Bolivia (n=601), Laos (n=657), Mali (n=255) and France (n=4876). We also tested neutralization of cowpox virus in 4448 French samples, which confirmed extensive cross-immunity between both viruses. Using a cut-off titer of 20, seroprevalence is e.g. monkeypox) infections.Article summary lineSeroprevalence of orthopoxvirus tested on 4 continents is very low, even for people born before the eradication of smallpox, making populations vulnerable to the emergence of zoonotic orthopoxviruses such as monkeypox virus.
Published: 2022

32. Convalescent plasma therapy for B-cell–depleted patients with protracted COVID-19

Author: Stanislas Faguer, Pierre Tiberghien, Etienne Crickx, Fanny Pommeret, David Veyer, Claire Rouzaud, Fabrice Camou, Olivier Hermine, Elie Azoulay, Pierre Gallian, Cécile Pouderoux, Deborah Eshagh, Jonathan London, Fatiha Merabet, Philippe Petua, David Boutboul, Laure Anne Raillon, Valérie Zeller, Hélène Péré, Benjamin Planquette, Jérôme Pacanowski, Adrien Joseph, Marc Michel, Martin Martinot, Matthieu Mahévas, Lucienne Chatenoud, Karine Lacombe, Anne Lise Beaumont, David Ghez, Amani Ouedrani, Tali Anne Szwebel, Arsène Mekinian, Florence Ader, Thomas Hueso, Marc Garnier, and Sébastien Clerc
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Clinical Trials and Observations, Immunology, Pneumonia, Viral, Context (language use), 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Biochemistry, Immunoglobulin G, Serology, 03 medical and health sciences, Betacoronavirus, 0302 clinical medicine, Agammaglobulinemia, medicine, Humans, Adverse effect, Pandemics, COVID-19 Serotherapy, Autoimmune disease, B-Lymphocytes, biology, business.industry, SARS-CoV-2, Brief Report, Bacterial pneumonia, Immunization, Passive, COVID-19, Cell Biology, Hematology, medicine.disease, 3. Good health, Pneumonia, 030104 developmental biology, biology.protein, Antibody, business, Coronavirus Infections
Abstract: There is a Blood Commentary on this article in this issue., Key Points As a proof of concept, COVID-19 convalescent plasma represents an interesting approach in B-cell–depleted patients with protracted COVID-19.COVID-19 convalescent plasma induces a decrease in temperature and inflammatory parameters within 1 week associated with oxygen weaning., Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies are widely used for the treatment of hematological malignancies or autoimmune disease but may be responsible for a secondary humoral deficiency. In the context of COVID-19 infection, this may prevent the elicitation of a specific SARS-CoV-2 antibody response. We report a series of 17 consecutive patients with profound B-cell lymphopenia and prolonged COVID-19 symptoms, negative immunoglobulin G (IgG)-IgM SARS-CoV-2 serology, and positive RNAemia measured by digital polymerase chain reaction who were treated with 4 units of COVID-19 convalescent plasma. Within 48 hours of transfusion, all but 1 patient experienced an improvement of clinical symptoms. The inflammatory syndrome abated within a week. Only 1 patient who needed mechanical ventilation for severe COVID-19 disease died of bacterial pneumonia. SARS-CoV-2 RNAemia decreased to below the sensitivity threshold in all 9 evaluated patients. In 3 patients, virus-specific T-cell responses were analyzed using T-cell enzyme-linked immunospot assay before convalescent plasma transfusion. All showed a maintained SARS-CoV-2 T-cell response and poor cross-response to other coronaviruses. No adverse event was reported. Convalescent plasma with anti–SARS-CoV-2 antibodies appears to be a very promising approach in the context of protracted COVID-19 symptoms in patients unable to mount a specific humoral response to SARS-CoV-2., Visual Abstract
Published: 2020

33. Zika Virus Circulation in Mali

Author: Abdoulaye Dabo, Simon Cauchemez, Souleymane Sacko, Bourema Kouriba, Abdoulaye Djimde, Jan Felix Drexler, Anna-Bella Failloux, Pierre Gallian, Abdoul Karim Sangaré, Ogobara K. Doumbo, Issa Diarra, Drissa Coulibaly, Amatigue Zeguime, Xavier de Lamballerie, Nathanaël Hozé, Elif Nurtop, Bakary Fofana, Boris Pastorino, Stéphane Priet, Issaka Sagara, Mahamadou Ali Thera, Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Malaria Research and Training Center [Bamako, Mali], Université de Bamako, Ministère de la Santé et des Affaires Sociales du Mali [Bamako, Mali], Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Etablissement Français du Sang - Alpes-Méditerranée (EFS - Alpes-Méditerranée), Etablissement Français du Sang, German Center for Infection Research, Partnersite Munich (DZIF), Arbovirus et Insectes Vecteurs - Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Modélisation mathématique des maladies infectieuses - Mathematical modelling of Infectious Diseases, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-16-CONV-0005,INCEPTION,Institut Convergences pour l'étude de l'Emergence des Pathologies au Travers des Individus et des populatiONs(2016), BUISINE, Soline, Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université des sciences, des techniques et des technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Institut Pasteur [Paris], and Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Microbiology (medical), Male, Epidemiology, 030231 tropical medicine, Population, vector-borne infections, lcsh:Medicine, Blood Donors, Zika Virus Circulation in Mali, Mali, Asymptomatic, Arbovirus, lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases, Zika virus, Serology, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Seroepidemiologic Studies, medicine, Seroprevalence, Humans, lcsh:RC109-216, viruses, 030212 general & internal medicine, education, mosquitoes, [SDV.MP.VIR] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, education.field_of_study, biology, seroprevalence, Transmission (medicine), Zika Virus Infection, Research, lcsh:R, Outbreak, Zika Virus, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Virology, 3. Good health, Infectious Diseases, arbovirus, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Female, medicine.symptom
Abstract: International audience; The circulation of Zika virus (ZIKV) in Mali has not been clearly characterized. Therefore, we conducted a serologic survey of 793 asymptomatic volunteers >15 years of age (2016), and 637 blood donors (2013) to assess the seroprevalence of ZIKV infection in 2 ecoclimatic regions of Mali, tropical savannah and warm semiarid region, using ELISA and seroneutralization assays. The overall seroprevalence was ≈12% and increased with age, with no statistical difference between male and female participants. In the warm semiarid study sites we detected immunological markers of an outbreak that occurred in the late 1990s in 18% (95% CI 13%-23%) of participants. In tropical savannah sites, we estimated a low rate of endemic transmission, with 2.5% (95% CI 2.0%-3.1%) of population infected by ZIKV annually. These data demonstrate the circulation of ZIKV in Mali and provide evidence of a previously unidentified outbreak that occurred in the late 1990s.
Published: 2020

34. SARS-CoV-2 and post-donation information: a one-year experience of the French haemovigilance network

Author: Pierre, Cappy, Saadia, Legrain-Jbilou, Lila, Chabli, Melissa, N'Debi, Pierre, Gallian, Nadège, Brisbarre, Josiane, Pillonel, Pascal, Morel, Syria, Laperche, Institut Hospitalier Universitaire Méditerranée Infection (IHU Marseille), Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)
Subjects: Transfusion Medicine and Transfusion Complications, SARS-CoV-2, Blood Safety, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], COVID-19, Humans, RNA, Viral, Blood Donors
Abstract: BACKGROUND: There is growing evidence to support the hypothesis that SARS-CoV-2 is probably not transmissible by blood transfusion. In this study, we use the data gathered over one year by the French haemovigilance network on post-donation information related to SARS-CoV-2, and virological investigations on corresponding plasma to explore viral transmission by transfusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Whenever a donor reported COVID-19 symptoms and/or a positive SARS-CoV-2 nasopharyngeal (NP) PCR test, information regarding diagnosis and symptoms was collected using a specific questionnaire, and repository plasmas were screened using the SARS-COV-2 R-GENE(®) assay (Biomérieux). RNA sequencing (Sanger and deep sequencing) and virus isolation on Vero E6 cells were applied in plasma from donors testing positive. RESULTS: We investigated 1,092 SARS-CoV-2-related post-donation information (PDI) reports. PDI donors were younger than the global donor population and donated more often in the Paris region. Sixty-eight percent reported a positive NP real-time (RT)-PCR or antigenic testing and 22% of these also had symptoms at the time of testing. Thirty-seven (3.4%) donations tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA, 11 (30%) were confirmed by another molecular assay, and 7 (19%) by sequencing, confirming low viral level. Most RNAemic blood donors donated in southern regions and in Paris. There was no difference in demographic data or duration parameter between RNAemic and non-RNAemic donors. Duration parameter was determined as the time elapsed between donation and: i) the onset of symptoms; ii) a positive NP RT-PCR; and iii) PDI. Cell culture experiments did not show any infectivity related to RNAemic plasmas. DISCUSSION: SARS-CoV-2 RNA can be detected in a small fraction of blood donors with PDI, reporting very low levels of RNA. The corresponding plasma is probably not infectious. These findings highlight the value of haemovigilance and PDI to guide blood safety strategies.
Published: 2022

35. Reduced neutralizing antibody potency of COVID ‐19 convalescent vaccinated plasma against SARS‐CoV ‐2 Omicron variant

Author: Pierre Gallian, Abdennour Amroun, Syria Laperche, Sophie Le Cam, Nadège Brisbarre, Lucile Malard, Elif Nurtop, Christine Isnard, Pascale Richard, Pascal Morel, Pierre Tiberghien, Xavier de Lamballerie, Institut Hospitalier Universitaire Méditerranée Infection (IHU Marseille), Etablissement Français du Sang Provence-Alpes Côte-d'Azur et Corse (EFS), Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Etablissement Français du Sang [La Plaine Saint-Denis] (EFS), and Dubois Frid, Caroline
Subjects: [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], SARS-CoV-2, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Immunization, Passive, COVID-19, Humans, Hematology, General Medicine, Antibodies, Viral, Antibodies, Neutralizing, COVID-19 Serotherapy, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant displays increased infectiveness as well as mutations resulting in reduced neutralizing activity of antibodies acquired after vaccination or infection involving earlier strains. To assess the ability of vaccinated COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP-V) collected before November 2021 to seroneutralize Omicron, we compared neutralizing antibody (nAb) titres of 63 samples against Omicron and earlier B.1 (D614G) strains.Relationship between anti-Omicron titres and IgG anti-S1 levels (binding arbitrary unit: BAU/ml) was studied. Although correlated, anti-Omicron titres were significantly lower than anti-B.1 titres (median = 80 [10-1280] vs. 1280 [160-10,240], p 0.0001). Omicron nAb titres and IgG anti-S1 levels were correlated (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient = 0.67). Anti-S1 IgG threshold at 7000 BAU/ml may allow to discard CCP-V without anti-Omicron activity (nAb titre40). Conversely, only those with highest titres (≥160) had systematically anti-S1 IgG levels7000 BAU/ml.A fraction of CCP-V collected before November 2021 retains anti-Omicron seroneutralizing activity that may be selected by quantitative anti-IgG assays, but such assays do not easily allow the identification of 'high-titre' CCP-V. However, collecting plasma from vaccinated donors recently infected with Omicron may be the best option to provide optimal CCP-V for immunocompromised patients infected with this variant.
Published: 2022

36. Inflammatory Markers and Auto-Abs to Type I IFNs in COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma

Author: Fabrice Cognasse, Hind Hamzeh-Cognasse, Mickael Rosa, Delphine Corseaux, Brigitte Bonneaudeau, Chloe Pierre, Julie Huet, Charles Antoine Arthaud, Marie Ange Eyraud, Amélie Prier, Anne Claire Duchez, Theo Ebermeyer, Marco Heestermans, Estelle Audoux-Caire, Quentin Philippot, Tom Le Voyer, Olivier Hequet, Anne-Marie Fillet, Patricia Chavarin, Dominique Legrand, Pascale Richard, France Pirenne, Pierre Gallian, Jean Laurent Casanova, Sophie Susen, Pascal Morel, Karine Lacombe, Paul Bastard, and Pierre Tiberghien
Subjects: History, Polymers and Plastics, Business and International Management, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering
Published: 2022

37. COVID‐19 convalescent plasma: Evolving strategies for serological screening in France

Author: Pierre Gallian, Sophie Le Cam, Nadège Brisbarre, Boris Pastorino, Abdennour Amroun, Lucile Malard, Xavier Lamballerie, Cathy Bliem, Pascale Richard, Pascal Morel, Pierre Tiberghien, Institut Hospitalier Universitaire Méditerranée Infection (IHU Marseille), Etablissement Français du Sang [La Plaine Saint-Denis] (EFS), Etablissement Français du Sang Provence-Alpes Côte-d'Azur et Corse (EFS), Interactions hôte-greffon-tumeur, ingénierie cellulaire et génique - UFC (UMR INSERM 1098) (RIGHT), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Etablissement français du sang [Bourgogne-Franche-Comté] (EFS [Bourgogne-Franche-Comté])-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), and Dubois Frid, Caroline
Subjects: 0303 health sciences, SARS-CoV-2, anti-spike, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Immunization, Passive, COVID-19, Hematology, General Medicine, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Antibodies, Viral, vaccination, Antibodies, Neutralizing, 3. Good health, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, convalescent plasma, Humans, neutralizing antibodies, COVID-19 Serotherapy, Retrospective Studies, 030304 developmental biology
Abstract: International audience; Quantitation of anti-SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) neutralizing antibodies (Nabs) is a key parameter in determining the effective dose for treatment with COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP). Interpretation of results from clinical trials conducted worldwide requires comparison of Nabs titres obtained from different methods. As virus neutralization tests (VNTs) are not standardized scalable or commercially available, strategies based on intensity of ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay) or chemiluminescent binding serological tests were implemented to allow comparisons and establish criteria for determining 'high-titres' of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (Abs). To this end, the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) has proposed criteria to define high-titre plasmas using different serological assays, including the one used in France for the CCP SARS-CoV-2 Abs screening (Euroimmun anti-S1 IgG). A retrospective study revealed that when using the FDA criteria (ELISA signal-to-cut-off [S/C ratio] ≥3.5), 91% of CCP had Nabs titres ≥40 as assessed with an in-house VNT. French strategy to ensure sufficient stocks of CCP of increasing titre has evolved over time. Recently, we improved our strategy by collecting only plasma from vaccinated convalescent donors as we confirmed that the mean IgG antibody level (ELISA S/C ratio) was significantly higher in plasma from vaccinated convalescent donors compared to donations from unvaccinated convalescent donors: 9.31 (CI 95%: 8.46-10.16) versus 3.22 (CI 95%: 3.05-3.39) (p
Published: 2021

38. L-06 Point sur les arboviroses et évolution des stratégies de prévention

Author: Pierre Gallian, Sophie Le Cam, Pascale Richard, Pascal Morel, and Syria Laperche
Subjects: Biochemistry (medical), Clinical Biochemistry, Hematology
Published: 2022

39. L-05 VIH et don de sang : actualités

Author: Syria Laperche, Pierre Gallian, Claire Sauvage, Sophie Le Cam, Pascal Morel, Pascale Richard, and Josiane Pillonel
Subjects: Biochemistry (medical), Clinical Biochemistry, Hematology
Published: 2022

40. CL-12 Incidence de la syphilis chez les donneurs de sang en France métropolitaine

Author: Claire Sauvage, Josiane Pillonel, Sophie Le Cam, Pascal Morel, Pascale Richard, Pierre Gallian, Emilie Chazelle, Florence Lot, and Syria Laperche
Subjects: Biochemistry (medical), Clinical Biochemistry, Hematology
Published: 2022

41. International Forum on the Collection and Use of COVID‐19 Convalescent Plasma: Responses

Author: Richard Gammon, Pierre Gallian, J. N. S. Leung, David J. Roberts, Karin van den Berg, James Daly, Robby Nur Aditya, Michel Toungouz Nevessignsky, Rekha Hans, Paula Verónica Cini, Pierre Tiberghien, Levent Sagdur, Nil Banu Pelit, Gopal Kumar Patidar, Nancy M. Dunbar, Eilat Shinar, Ivan Hung, Carlos Alberto Gonzalez, Richard Schäfer, Rita A. Reik, Hua Xu, Ru Yang, Khuloud Al Maamari, Salwa Hindawi, Naomi Rahimi-Levene, Patricia Scuracchio, Rahul Chaurasia, Sinyoung Kim, Marion Vermeulen, Hans Vrielink, Lise Sofie H. Nissen-Meyer, Mark H. Yazer, Melissa Lopez, Jarkko Ihalainen, Silvano Wendel, Vincenzo De Angelis, Pampee P. Young, Ratti Ram Sharma, Cynthia So-Osman, Antti Vierikko, Hem Chandra Pandey, Ai Leen Ang, Yan Qiu, Angelo Ostuni, Renée Bazin, Cheuk-Kwong Lee, Giuseppe Marano, Zaid Al-Hinai, Roberta Fachini, Pascal Morel, Marina Izak, Lise J Estcourt, Pierluigi Berti, Tanya Nadia Glatt, David Martin Ferrari, Thierry Burnouf, Veronica C. Hoad, Maha A. Badawi, Levent Tufan Kumaş, Magdy El Ekiaby, Vernon J. Louw, Darrell J. Triulzi, Arwa Z. Al-Riyami, Divjot Singh Lamba, Suchet Sachdev, Kiat Hoe Ong, Dana V. Devine, Sheila Maclennan, and Institut Hospitalier Universitaire Méditerranée Infection (IHU Marseille)
Subjects: 0303 health sciences, 2019-20 coronavirus outbreak, Convalescent plasma, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), business.industry, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Hematology, General Medicine, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Virology, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Medicine, International Forum, business, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 030304 developmental biology
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2021

42. A Report of Zika Virus Seroprevalence in Republic of the Congo

Author: Jan Felix Drexler, Xavier de Lamballerie, Laetitia Ninove, Stéphane Priet, Pierre Gallian, Yannick Dimi, Amelia Dzia-Lepfoundzou, Nanikaly Moyen, Elif Nurtop, Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de Transfusion Sanguine, Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Institut Hospitalier Universitaire Méditerranée Infection (IHU Marseille), Établissement Français du Sang Alpes-Méditerranée (EFS Alpes-Méditerranée), Architecture et fonction des macromolécules biologiques (AFMB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre National de Transfusion Sanguine [Brazzaville, Congo] (CNTS), Institute of Virology [Berlin, Germany] (Charité), Charité - UniversitätsMedizin = Charité - University Hospital [Berlin], Etablissement Français du Sang - Alpes-Méditerranée (EFS - Alpes-Méditerranée), Etablissement Français du Sang, BUISINE, Soline, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut Hospitalier Universitaire Méditerranée Infection (IHU AMU), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and EFS ALPES MEDITERRANEE
Subjects: Male, 0301 basic medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 030231 tropical medicine, Population, Blood Donors, Antibodies, Viral, Microbiology, Arbovirus, Virus, Zika virus, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Virology, Epidemiology, medicine, Humans, Seroprevalence, education, [SDV.MP] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, education.field_of_study, biology, Zika Virus Infection, Transmission (medicine), Outbreak, 030108 mycology & parasitology, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, 3. Good health, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, Infectious Diseases, Congo, History, 16th Century, [SDV.SPEE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Africa, Female, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, seroepidemiology, [SDV.MHEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology
Abstract: International audience; Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arthropod-borne RNA virus (arbovirus), belonging to the Spondweni serogroup. ZIKV was first described in Africa in 1947 and remained sporadic until Micronesia outbreak in 2007, which was followed by outbreaks in the Pacific Islands, Latin America, and the Caribbean. Subsequent to the epidemics, ZIKV revealed its severity as virus was sexually transmissible, and it was associated with serious fetal and neurological complications. ZIKV originated from Africa; however, little is known about the epidemiology of the virus in African populations. Following a recent study in Cameroon that evidenced low ZIKV epidemiology associated with a presumptive (peri-)sylvatic transmission, we performed a seroepidemiological study in Republic of the Congo, neighbor of Cameroon. To accomplish this, 386 serum specimens from volunteer blood donors collected in 2011 from rural and urban areas of Republic of the Congo were tested with ZIKV-specific methodology; primary screening with anti-NS1 ZIKV IgG ELISA followed by confirmation with cytopathic effect (CPE)-based virus neutralization test (VNT). ZIKV seropositivity was determined as low as 1.8%, varying slightly between urban and rural areas (1.7% and 3.6%). These results demonstrate that the majority of the population of Republic of the Congo is immunologically naïve against ZIKV with a presumptive (peri-)sylvatic transmission cycle, which emphasizes the importance of surveillance studies in Africa.
Published: 2020

43. Transfusion-Transmitted Hepatitis E Virus Infection in France

Author: Jacques Izopet, Elodie Pouchol, Sylvie Gross, Vincent Mallet, Anne-Marie Roque-Afonso, Nassim Kamar, Sébastien Lhomme, Rachid Djoudi, Azzedine Assal, Philippe Bierling, Lina Mouna, Pierre Gallian, Pierre Tiberghien, Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Etablissement Français du Sang [La Plaine Saint-Denis] (EFS), Laboratoire Virologie [CHU Toulouse], Institut Fédératif de Biologie (IFB), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Pôle Biologie [CHU Toulouse], Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse), Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Service de Virologie [Villejuif], Hôpital Paul Brousse, Etablissement Français du Sang [Créteil], Etablissement Français du Sang Nouvelle Aquitaine [Bordeaux] (EFS Bordeaux Nouvelle Aquitaine), Département de Néphrologie et Transplantation d'organes [CHU Toulouse], Pôle Urologie - Néphrologie - Dialyse - Transplantations - Brûlés - Chirurgie plastique - Explorations fonctionnelles et physiologiques [CHU Toulouse], Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse), Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Physiopathologie du système immunitaire (Inserm U1223), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Service d'hépatologie médicale [CHU Cochin], Hôpital Cochin [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Interactions hôte-greffon-tumeur, ingénierie cellulaire et génique - UFC (UMR INSERM 1098) (RIGHT), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Etablissement français du sang [Bourgogne-Franche-Comté] (EFS BFC)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Ecole des Ingénieurs de la Ville de Paris, Réponses cellulaires aux microorganismes pathogènes, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut de médecine moléculaire de Rangueil (I2MR), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-IFR150-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Etablissement français du sang [Bourgogne-Franche-Comté] (EFS [Bourgogne-Franche-Comté]), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Etablissement français du sang [Bourgogne-Franche-Comté] (EFS [Bourgogne-Franche-Comté])-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), and CCSD, Accord Elsevier
Subjects: Male, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], medicine.medical_treatment, Clinical Biochemistry, MESH: Blood Donors / statistics & numerical data, Blood Donors, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, medicine.disease_cause, Severity of Illness Index, Gastroenterology, Organ transplantation, chemistry.chemical_compound, MESH: Aged, 80 and over, 0302 clinical medicine, Hepatitis E virus, Risk Factors, MESH: Risk Factors, MESH: Child, Transfusion transmitted infection, Child, MESH: Blood Safety / statistics & numerical data, Whole blood, Aged, 80 and over, [SDV.MP.VIR] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, MESH: France / epidemiology, MESH: Middle Aged, Immunosuppression, Hematology, Middle Aged, Hepatitis E, 3. Good health, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], MESH: Transfusion Reaction / diagnosis, Immunosuppressive drug, MESH: Young Adult, Acute Disease, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, MESH: Acute Disease, Female, France, Transfusion-transmitted infection, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Blood Safety, MESH: Hepatitis E / diagnosis, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, MESH: Severity of Illness Index, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, Aged, Retrospective Studies, MESH: Adolescent, MESH: Hepatitis E / epidemiology, MESH: Humans, business.industry, MESH: Chronic Disease, MESH: Hepatitis E / transmission, Ribavirin, MESH: Transfusion Reaction / epidemiology, Biochemistry (medical), Transfusion Reaction, MESH: Adult, MESH: Retrospective Studies, medicine.disease, MESH: Male, chemistry, [SDV.SPEE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Chronic Disease, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, business, MESH: Female, 030215 immunology
Abstract: International audience; There is growing concern regarding the risk of transfusion- transmitted (TT) hepatitis E. Since the first described case in 2006, several TT hepatitis E have been reported to the French hemovigilance network. We performed a retrospective analysis of all cases of TT hepatitis E reported between 2006 and 2016. Transfusion-transmitted hepatitis E with high imputability according to phylogenetic analysis occurred in 23 patients aged 8 to 88 years and involved mostly solid organ recipients (n = 9) or patients with malignant hematological diseases (n = 9, including 4 hematopoietic allograft recipients). Involved blood products were plasma (n = 7), among which 6 had undergone pathogen reduction with solvent/detergent (n = 4) or amotosalen + ultra-violet A (UVA) (n = 2 from 1 donation) treatments, red blood concentrates (n = 7), apheresis platelets concentrates (n = 3) and whole blood pooled platelets concentrates (n = 6), among which one had underwent amotosalen + UVA treatment. Median hepatitis E virus (HEV) RNA dose infused was 5.79 [4.36-10.10] log IU. HEV infection progressed to chronic hepatitis E in 14 (61%) immunocompromised patients, 2 of whom had advanced liver fibrosis at diagnosis. Chronic hepatitis E patients cleared HEV with ribavirin treatment (n = 10), after immunosuppressive drug reduction (n = 3), or spontaneously (n = 1). One additional organ transplant recipient with associated co-morbidities died with ongoing HEV infection and multiple organ failure. The other 8 (34.8%) patients with TT hepatitis E cleared HEV within 6 months with ribavirin treatment (n = 3), reduced immunosuppression (n = 1) or spontaneously (n = 4). Red cells, platelets, and plasma transfusions may be associated with TT hepatitis E that can evolve to chronic hepatitis E in immunocompromised patients. Hepatitis E virus has emerged in France as a clinically significant TT infection risk.
Published: 2019

44. Cluster of COVID-19 in northern France: A retrospective closed cohort study

Author: Nathalie Jolly, Christèle Huon, Laura Tondeur, Bernadette Crescenzo, Sarah Temmam, Sandie Munier, Camille Besombes, Isabelle Staropoli, Timothée Bruel, Isabelle Cailleau, Rebecca Grant, Pierre Gallian, Simon Cauchemez, Marie-Noëlle Ungeheuer, Yoann Madec, Sylvie van der Werf, Bruno Hoen, Ludivine Grzelak, Marc Eloit, Sandrine Fernandes Pellerin, Olivier Schwartz, Caroline Demeret, Kuang-Yu Chen, Arnaud Fontanet, Lucie Kuhmel, Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Sorbonne Université (SU), Centre de Recherche Translationnelle - Center for Translational Science (CRT), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Investigation Clinique et d’Accès aux Ressources Biologiques (Plate-forme) - Clinical Investigation and Access to BioResources (ICAReB), Direction de la recherche médicale de l'Institut Pasteur, Centre Médical de l'Institut Pasteur (CMIP), Découverte de pathogènes – Pathogen discovery, Biologie des ARN et virus influenza - RNA Biology of Influenza Virus, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN - Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses (GMV-ARN (UMR_3569 / U-Pasteur_2)), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Virus et Immunité - Virus and immunity (CNRS-UMR3569), Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Etablissement Français du Sang [La Plaine Saint-Denis] (EFS), Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Modélisation mathématique des maladies infectieuses - Mathematical modelling of Infectious Diseases, École nationale vétérinaire - Alfort (ENVA), Funding: Institut Pasteur, CNRS, Université de Paris, Santé publique France, Labex IBEID (ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID), REACTing, EU grant Recover, INCEPTION project (PIA/ANR-16-CONV-0005)., ANR-10-LABX-0062,IBEID,Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases(2010), ANR-16-CONV-0005,INCEPTION,Institut Convergences pour l'étude de l'Emergence des Pathologies au Travers des Individus et des populatiONs(2016), European Project: 101003589, H2020-SC1-PHE-CORONAVIRUS-2020,RECOVER(2020), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Institut Pasteur [Paris], Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Université de Paris (UP), Virus et Immunité - Virus and immunity, Université de Paris (UP), École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort (ENVA), demeret, caroline, Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases - - IBEID2010 - ANR-10-LABX-0062 - LABX - VALID, Institut Convergences pour l'étude de l'Emergence des Pathologies au Travers des Individus et des populatiONs - - INCEPTION2016 - ANR-16-CONV-0005 - CONV - VALID, Rapid European COVID-19 Emergency Response research - RECOVER - - H2020-SC1-PHE-CORONAVIRUS-20202020-02-14 - 2022-02-13 - 101003589 - VALID, Centre Médical de l'Institut Pasteur, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), and Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)
Subjects: 0303 health sciences, medicine.medical_specialty, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), business.industry, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Attack rate, Ageusia, Disease cluster, Confidence interval, 3. Good health, Herd immunity, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, [SDV.SPEE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Internal medicine, Case fatality rate, medicine, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, 030212 general & internal medicine, medicine.symptom, business, 030304 developmental biology, Cohort study
Abstract: SummaryBackgroundThe Oise department in France has been heavily affected by COVID-19 in early 2020.MethodsBetween 30 March and 4 April 2020, we conducted a retrospective closed cohort study among pupils, their parents and siblings, as well as teachers and non-teaching staff of a high-school located in Oise. Participants completed a questionnaire that covered history of fever and/or respiratory symptoms since 13 January 2020 and had blood tested for the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. The infection attack rate (IAR) was defined as the proportion of participants with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection based on antibody detection. Blood samples from two blood donor centres collected between 23 and 27 March 2020 in the Oise department were also tested for presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.FindingsOf the 661 participants (median age: 37 years), 171 participants had anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. The overall IAR was 25.9% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 22.6-29.4), and the infection fatality rate was 0% (one-sided 97.5% CI = 0 - 2.1). Nine of the ten participants hospitalised since mid-January were in the infected group, giving a hospitalisation rate of 5.3% (95% CI = 2.4 –9.8). Anosmia and ageusia had high positive predictive values for SARS-CoV-2 infection (84.7% and 88.1%, respectively). Smokers had a lower IAR compared to non-smokers (7.2% versus 28.0%, P InterpretationThe relatively low IAR observed in an area where SARS-CoV-2 actively circulated weeks before confinement measures indicates that establishing herd immunity will take time, and that lifting these measures in France will be long and complex.FundingInstitut Pasteur, CNRS, Université de Paris, Santé publique France, Labex IBEID (ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID), REACTing, EU grant Recover, INCEPTION project (PIA/ANR-16-CONV-0005).Research in contextEvidence before the studyThe first COVID-19 cases in France were reported on 24 January 2020. Substantial transmission has occurred since then, with the Oise department, north of Paris, one of the heaviest affected areas in the early stages of the epidemic in France. As of 13 April 2020, 98,076 cases had been diagnosed in France, including 5,379 deaths.Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19 have been widely reported, but this has largely been centred on cases requiring medical care. What remains unclear at this stage is the extent to which SARS-CoV-2 infections may be asymptomatic or present as subclinical, non-specific symptoms. While extensive contact tracing has identified asymptomatic infections using RT-PCR testing, serologic detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies is needed to determine the real infection attack rate and the proportion of all infections that are asymptomatic or subclinical.Added value of this studyUsing a combination of serologic assays with high sensitivity and specificity for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, we conducted a retrospective closed cohort study. In a high school linked to a cluster of COVID-19 in the Oise department, we showed an overall infection attack rate (IAR) of 40.9% in the high school group, and 10.9% in parents and siblings of the pupils. The proportion of infected individuals who had no symptoms during the study period was 17.0%.Implications of all of the available evidenceThe relatively low IAR in this area where SARS-CoV-2 actively circulated before confinement measures were introduced indicates that establishing herd immunity will take time, and that the lifting of these measures in France will be long and complex.
Published: 2021

45. Preventing transfusion-transmitted malaria in France

Author: Claude Maugard, Pierre Tiberghien, Pascal Morel, Sandrine Houzé, Valérie Barlet, Céline Narboux, Pierre Gallian, Olivier Garraud, Sophie Le Cam, Etablissement Français du Sang Provence-Alpes Côte-d'Azur et Corse (EFS), and Institut Hospitalier Universitaire Méditerranée Infection (IHU Marseille)
Subjects: Transfusion transmitted malaria, medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 030231 tropical medicine, MEDLINE, Hematology, General Medicine, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Malaria, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine, Humans, Blood Transfusion, France, Intensive care medicine, business, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2021

46. SARS-CoV-2 neutralising antibody testing in Europe: towards harmonisation of neutralising antibody titres for better use of convalescent plasma and comparability of trial data

Author: Marieke Hoogerwerf, Pierre Gallian, C. Ellen van der Schoot, Joaquin Mendoza, Salvador Oyonarte, Ria Lassaunière, Maurice Steenhuis, Fiona Brouwer, Hubert Schrezenmeier, Anders Fomsgaard, Piet Maes, Nadège Brisbarre, Johan Reimerink, Marta Romano, Mutien Garigliany, Abdennour Amroun, Isabelle Leparc Goffart, Hendrik B. Feys, Katarina Resman Rus, Chantal Reusken, Dung Nguyen, Daniel Desmecht, Bram Van Holm, Tatjana Avšič-Županc, Eva Zusinaite, Sophie Le Cam, Peter Simmonds, Heli Harvala, Elise Wouters, Gunnveig Grødeland, Christophe Martinaud, Cyril Barbezange, Institut Hospitalier Universitaire Méditerranée Infection (IHU Marseille), Landsteiner Laboratory, and AII - Inflammatory diseases
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, 2019-20 coronavirus outbreak, Convalescent plasma, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Epidemiology, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Neutralising antibody, standardisation, Antibodies, Viral, MESH: Antibodies, Neutralizing, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Virology, Medicine and Health Sciences, Medicine, MESH: COVID-19, Humans, MESH: SARS-CoV-2, neutralising antibodies, COVID-19 Serotherapy, Science & Technology, MESH: Humans, Plasma samples, biology, business.industry, SARS-CoV-2, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Immunization, Passive, COVID-19, standardisation, COVID-19, Antibodies, Neutralizing, 3. Good health, Europe, 030104 developmental biology, Infectious Diseases, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Immunology, convalescent plasma, biology.protein, MESH: Immunization, Passive, MESH: Europe, Antibody, business, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Rapid Communication, MESH: Antibodies, Viral
Abstract: We compared the performance of SARS-CoV-2 neutralising antibody testing between 12 European laboratories involved in convalescent plasma trials. Raw titres differed almost 100-fold differences between laboratories when blind-testing 15 plasma samples. Calibration of titres in relation to the reference reagent and standard curve obtained by testing a dilution series reduced the inter-laboratory variability ca 10-fold. The harmonisation of neutralising antibody quantification is a vital step towards determining the protective and therapeutic levels of neutralising antibodies. ispartof: EUROSURVEILLANCE vol:26 issue:27 ispartof: location:Sweden status: published
Published: 2021

47. Risk for Hepatitis E Virus Transmission by Solvent/Detergent-Treated Plasma

Author: Xavier Tinard, Rachid Djoudi, Azzedine Assal, Florence Abravanel, Carole Mantovani, Pierre Tiberghien, Sébastien Lhomme, L. Hauser, Sylvie Gross, Pierre Gallian, Pascal Morel, Jacques Izopet, Elodie Pouchol, Institut Hospitalier Universitaire Méditerranée Infection (IHU Marseille), and Etablissement Français du Sang [La Plaine Saint-Denis] (EFS)
Subjects: Microbiology (medical), infectious dose, Epidemiology, viruses, retrospective study, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Detergents, 030231 tropical medicine, lcsh:Medicine, hepatitis E virus, medicine.disease_cause, lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Hepatitis E virus, Humans, Medicine, lcsh:RC109-216, Solvent detergent plasma, 030212 general & internal medicine, plasma, Retrospective Studies, Risk for Hepatitis E Virus Transmission by Solvent/Detergent–Treated Plasma, business.industry, Transmission (medicine), Research, Infectious dose, lcsh:R, transmission, virus diseases, Hepatitis E, medicine.disease, Virology, 3. Good health, zoonoses, Infectious Diseases, HEV, Solvents, RNA, Viral, blood donors, Infectious risk, solvent/detergent–treated plasma, France, business, Viral load
Abstract: International audience; Hepatitis E has emerged as a major transfusion-transmitted infectious risk. Two recipients of plasma from 2 lots (A and B) of pooled solvent/detergent-treated plasma were found to be infected by hepatitis E virus (HEV) that was determined to have been transmitted by the solvent/detergent-treated plasma. HEV RNA viral loads were 433 IU in lot A and 55 IU in lot B. Retrospective studies found that 100% (13/13) of evaluable lot A recipients versus 18% (3/17) of evaluable lot B recipients had been infected by HEV (p50,000 IU were infected, most likely by the HEV-containing solvent/detergent-treated plasma, versus only 7% with a transfused HEV RNA load
Published: 2020

48. Collecting and evaluating convalescent plasma for COVID‐19 treatment: why and how?

Author: Pierre Gallian, Karine Lacombe, Xavier de Lamballerie, Yazdan Yazdanpanah, Pierre Tiberghien, Pascal Morel, Etablissement Français du Sang [La Plaine Saint-Denis] (EFS), Interactions hôte-greffon-tumeur, ingénierie cellulaire et génique - UFC (UMR INSERM 1098) (RIGHT), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Etablissement français du sang [Bourgogne-Franche-Comté] (EFS BFC)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU), CHU Saint-Antoine [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), REACTing [Paris], Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), AP-HP - Hôpital Bichat - Claude Bernard [Paris], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Etablissement français du sang [Bourgogne-Franche-Comté] (EFS [Bourgogne-Franche-Comté])-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Bodescot, Myriam, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), and Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Etablissement français du sang [Bourgogne-Franche-Comté] (EFS [Bourgogne-Franche-Comté])
Subjects: [SDV.MHEP.HEM] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Hematology, medicine.medical_specialty, Convalescent plasma, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Blood Safety, infectious disease, Pneumonia, Viral, Disease, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Immunopathology, antibody, Pandemic, medicine, Humans, In patient, Intensive care medicine, Pandemics, COVID-19 Serotherapy, plasma, [SDV.MP.VIR] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, [SDV.MHEP.ME] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases, Blood Specimen Collection, [SDV.MHEP.ME]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases, business.industry, Immunization, Passive, COVID-19, [SDV.MHEP.HEM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Hematology, Hematology, General Medicine, 3. Good health, Infectious disease (medical specialty), convalescent plasma, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Viral spread, Coronavirus Infections, business, 030215 immunology
Abstract: International audience; Plasma provided by COVID-19 convalescent patients may provide therapeutic relief as the number of COVID-19 cases escalates steeply worldwide. Prior findings in various viral respiratory diseases including SARS-CoV-related pneumonia suggest that convalescent plasma can reduce mortality, although formal proof of efficacy is still lacking. By reducing viral spread early on, such an approach may possibly downplay subsequent immunopathology. Identifying, collecting, qualifying and preparing plasma from convalescent patients with adequate SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing Ab titres in an acute crisis setting may be challenging, although well within the remit of most blood establishments. Careful clinical evaluation should allow to quickly establish whether such passive immunotherapy, administered at early phases of the disease in patients at high risk of deleterious evolution, may reduce the frequency of patient deterioration, and thereby COVID-19 mortality.
Published: 2020

49. Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus among blood donors on Corsica, France, 2017

Author: Jacques Izopet, Lisandru Capai, Simon Cauchemez, Pierre Gallian, Sylvie Gross, Stéphane Priet, Rémi N. Charrel, Frédéric Bosseur, Xavier de Lamballerie, Alessandra Falchi, Nathanaël Hozé, Rachid Djoudi, Jacques Chiaroni, Laboratoire de Virologie [UNIV Corse-Inserm] (EA7310), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Pascal Paoli (UPP), Modélisation mathématique des maladies infectieuses - Mathematical modelling of Infectious Diseases, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Etablissement Français du Sang - Alpes-Méditerranée (EFS - Alpes-Méditerranée), Etablissement Français du Sang, Anthropologie bio-culturelle, Droit, Ethique et Santé (ADES), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-EFS ALPES MEDITERRANEE-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Etablissement Français du Sang [La Plaine Saint-Denis] (EFS), Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sciences pour l'environnement (SPE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pascal Paoli (UPP), Etablissement Français du Sang Provence-Alpes Côte-d'Azur et Corse (EFS), Université Pascal Paoli (UPP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Pascal Paoli (UPP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Dubois Frid, Caroline
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Male, Veterinary medicine, Epidemiology, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Seroprevalence, Corsica, medicine.disease_cause, 0302 clinical medicine, Hepatitis E virus, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Prevalence, 030212 general & internal medicine, education.field_of_study, MESH: IgG titres, biology, Middle Aged, 3. Good health, Hepatitis E, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], Female, France, Antibody, Viral hepatitis, Adult, MESH: Hepatitis E virus, medicine.medical_specialty, IgG titres, Adolescent, Population, Blood donors, Virus, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, Immunity, Virology, medicine, Humans, Hepatitis Antibodies, MESH: Corsica, education, Aged, business.industry, Research, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, medicine.disease, MESH: Blood donors, MESH: Seroprevalence, MESH: Epidemiology, 030104 developmental biology, Immunoglobulin G, biology.protein, business
Abstract: Background Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an emerging zoonotic pathogen and an important cause of acute viral hepatitis in European countries. Corsica Island has been previously identified as a hyperendemic area for HEV. Aim Our aim was to characterise the prevalence and titres of IgG antibodies to HEV among blood donors on Corsica and establish a model of the annual force of infection. Methods Between September 2017 and January 2018, 2,705 blood donations were tested for anti-HEV IgG using the Wantai HEV IgG enzyme immunoassay. Results The overall seroprevalence was 56.1%. In multivariate analysis, seroprevalence was higher in men than in women (60.0% vs 52.2%; p Conclusion We confirmed the high HEV seroprevalence on Corsica and identified three aspects that should be further explored: (i) the epidemiology in those younger than 18 years, (ii) common sources of contamination, in particular drinking water, that may explain the wide exposure of the population, and (iii) the actual protection afforded by the low IgG titres observed and the potential susceptibility to secondary HEV infection.
Published: 2020

50. Cluster of COVID-19 in Northern France: A Retrospective Closed Cohort Study

Author: Olivier Schwartz, Yoann Madec, Timothée Bruel, Camille Besombes, Nathalie Jolly, Christèle Huon, Laura Tondeur, Rebecca Grant, Marie-Noëlle Ungeheuer, Sandie Munier, Bruno Hoen, Sylvie van der Werf, Sandrine Fernandes Pellerin, Sarah Temmam, Ludivine Grzelak, Pierre Gallian, Marc Eloit, Isabelle Cailleau, Caroline Demeret, Simon Cauchemez, Kuang-Yu Chen, Arnaud Fontanet, Lucie Kuhmel, Bernadette Crescenzo, and Isabelle Staropoli
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, biology, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), business.industry, Attack rate, Disease cluster, biology.organism_classification, Herd immunity, Informed consent, Family medicine, Case fatality rate, medicine, business, Sida, Cohort study
Abstract: Background: The Oise department in France has been heavily affected by COVID-19 in early 2020. Methods: Between 30 March and 4 April 2020, we conducted a retrospective closed cohort study among pupils, their parents and siblings, as well as teachers and non-teaching staff of a high-school located in Oise. Participants completed a questionnaire that covered history of fever and/or respiratory symptoms since 13 January 2020 and had blood tested for the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. The infection attack rate (IAR) was defined as the proportion of participants with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection based on antibody detection. Blood samples from two blood donor centres collected between 23 and 27 March 2020 in the Oise department were also tested for presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Findings: Of the 661 participants (median age: 37 years), 171 participants had anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. The overall IAR was 25.9% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 22.6-29.4), and the infection fatality rate was 0% (one-sided 97.5% CI = 0 - 2.1). Nine of the ten participants hospitalised since mid-January were in the infected group, giving a hospitalisation rate of 5.3% (95% CI = 2.4 –9.8). Anosmia and ageusia had high positive predictive values for SARS-CoV-2 infection (84.7% and 88.1%, respectively). Smokers had a lower IAR compared to non-smokers (7.2% versus 28.0%, P
Published: 2020

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