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Objective: to assess the possibility of using markers of renal injury and carcinogenesis as additional criteria for the choice of the method of surgical treatment of RCC and to minimize the risk of development and progression of kidney injury. Material and Methods. 60 patients with morphologically confirmed RCC T1-3M0N0 operated on in the volume of open nephrectomy or laparoscopic nephrectomy or laparoscopic resection and the kidney were examined. Patients were divided into 3 groups: group 1: patients after nephrectomy performed for kidney cancer using traditional surgical technique, group 2: patients after laparoscopic nephrectomy and group 3: after laparoscopic resection of kidney tumor. Before surgical operation, on the 5-7 day and after 1 month, all patients were examined by concentrations of urinary excreted lipocalin 2 (NGAL), and serum concentrations of IL-18, MMP-9 and IGF-1. Renal function was estimated using the calculated GFR equation (CKD-EPI 2009) based on serum creatinine level. Immunohistochemical study of histological preparations of distant tumors on proliferation antibodies (Ki-67, PCNA), apoptosis (BAX, Bcl-2) was performed. Differences in clinical data and clinical variables were compared using Spearman rank correlations and t-test. Results. The studied indices of renal damage of IL-18, NGAL, MMP-9 and IGF-1 both in the early (5-7 days) and later (1 month) postoperative period showed a correlation between the surgical intervention method and the degree of tumor cell differentiation. Conclusion. The levels of biomolecular markers of renal damage (IL-18, NGAL, MMP-9 and IGF-1) correlate with the degree of differentiation in thetumoral cells and functional activity of the remaining renal parenchyma in the postoperative period, but also depend on the individual characteristics of the patient's body. A certain level of expression of MMP-9 and IL-18 with a small tumor size can be a guide to determine the indications for the choice of organ-preserving surgery in patients.

Purpose: assessment of the diagnostic value of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) in predicting the outcome treatment of patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Material and Methods. The study involved 264 people: 204 patients with RMP; 60 people aged 21 to 60 years were the comparison group. Patients with RMP are divided into stages of the disease. With non-muscle-invasive ВС (NIRMP) under TA-1NxMo there were 75 patients. Out of 129 patients with muscle-invasive ВС (MIRE) within the body (pT2aN0M0-T2bN0M0) was diagnosed in 69 of people. In 60 patients, the tumor sprouted paravesical tissue and surrounding organs (rt3a-bn0m0-41; pT36N1M0-11; pT4N1M0-5; T4N1M1-3); 19 patients had metastases to the iliac lymph nodes are installed only after the operation. Metastases were found in three patients out of 19 in addition to the lymphonoduses in the lungs. Tumors had the following gradations: G1-97; G2-37; G3-58. All patients NMIN (n=75) completed a TUR of the bladder wall with the tumor. MERE patients underwent radical cystectomy (n=117), open resection of the bladder (n=12), palliative surgery (n=3). The period of follow-up after surgical treatment was 3.5±0.5years. Quantitative determination of VEGF in blood serum was performed by solid-phase ELISA. Results. Despite the fact that the increase in VEGF level of blood serum in groups of patients with NIMRE and MIRE has significant differences both before and in the postoperative period, it is associated with the aggressiveness of tumor growth, development of metastases and recurrences of the disease. Conclusion. The increase in the content of VEGF serum suitable for use as an indicator: the risk of relapse within the first year after TUR in patients NMIN; development of relapses and metastases in pre and postoperative periods in MERE patients.

Purpose: to establish the nature of change of the maintenance of PSA and markers of angiogenesis and inflammation in blood serum at patients with prostate diseases. Material and Methods. 72 patients with the level of the general PSA more than 4 ju/ml were examined. The first group of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia with histology conclusion and with benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia of low degree included 29 patients, the second group consisted of 9 patients with prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia of high degree, the third group included 5 patients with the localized prostate cancer, the fourth group consisted of 25 patients with locally advanced prostate cancer, and the fifth group with 6 metastatic prostate cancer patients. Results. At patients with prostate diseases the rise of VEGF level in blood serum occurs with increase of the maintenance of PSA and develops at the precancer stage (the prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia of high degree) and against high concentration of biomarkers of inflammation. Determination of VEGF concentration in blood serum at patients with "a gray zone" of PSA may have clinical value at the personified maintaining of patients with prostate cancer at the stage of pre-biopsy diagnostics. Conclusion. The simultaneous increase of the VEGF content in blood serum and the general PSA at prostate cancer patients is one of characteristics of a progression of tumoral growth.

Purpose: improvement of differential diagnostics of benign and malignant renal tumors basing on complex estimation of the results of MRTand the level of such biomarkers as vascular endothelial growth factor, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 in blood serum and urine. Material and Methods. A total of 106 patients including the main group of 60 patients with renal cancer (RC), the group of comparison of 16 patients with benign renal tumors and the control group of 30 practically healthy persons were examined. ELISA was employed for detection of the biomarkers in blood serum and urine. The tumors were diagnosed by MRT Results. The increase of the level of the biomarkers in blood serum and urine was registered independently of the character of neoplastic process; more significant increase was observed in patients with RC, especially at the early stages of the disease. Some peculiarities of changing of the level of the biomarkers depending on the dimensions of malignant tumors were found. Conclusion. At the early stages of RC complex detection of the abovementioned biomarkers in blood serum and urine can serve an additional clinical diagnostic and prognostic criterion.

Prostate cancer is one of the most urgent problems of modern oncology. The article provides an overview of the methods of treatment of locally advanced prostate cancer, comparative characteristics, the advantages of both independent and combined methods. The results of multicenter studies have been stated.

Purpose: to establish the nature of changes in markers of angiogenesis and inflammation in the blood serum and urine in patients with obstruction of the ureteropelvic segment or upper third of the ureter by ureteral stones in different terms of the kidney drainage. Material and Methods. 53 patients with urolithiasis have been examined. The main group consisted of 33 patients with concrements of the upper third of the ureter or renal pelvis-ureteral segment with pres- ent obstructive uropathy. The comparison group consisted of 20 patients with calculi of the kidney without symptoms of obstruction. In the main group patients underwent drainage of the kidney by percutaneous-nephrostomy puncture. Results. Patients of the main group revealed a significant increase in the levels of markers of angiogenesis and inflammation before the kidney drainage. The level of MCP-1 correlated with the level of serum creatinine. In the process of drainage the levels of these markers were decreased as a result of increased GFR. Determination of the concentration of urinary VEGF, IL-8 and MCP-1 in patients may have clinical value in personalized management of patients with obstructive uropathy to determine the optimal terms of the second stage of the surgical intervention. Conclusion. Determination of markers of inflammation and angiogenesis in the urine of patients in conjunction with assessment of renal function by creatinine level is important for determining the term of kidney drainage.

Objective: to carry out the comparative efficacy evaluation of various immunohistochemical markers in stage definition and prognosis of muscle-invasive urinary bladder cancer. Material and methods. Surgical material has included 80 patients with urinary bladder neoplasms. Clinical, histological, immunohistochemical and statistical methods of research has been used. Results. The immunohistochemical investigation has showed that only 4 markers from the 12 (Ki-67, рбЗ, p53 и EGFR) make possible to determine the stage of urinary bladder cancer and the disease prognosis. Conclusion. The proliferative activity of marker Ki-67 can be used as an auxiliary marker in the choice of volume of surgical treatment, which could predict an unfavorable outcome of disease in 81,2% of cases.

Purpose: to establish efficiency of a range of uric and serum biomarkers of bladder cancer for diagnostics and the prognosis of risk of development of disease recurrence. Material and methods: TPA and TPS, VEGF level research in blood serum, UBC in urine in 176 people, among which 135 patients with bladder cancer (RMP) have been conducted. Group of comparison has included16 patients (patients with cystitis). The control group has been made of 25 almost healthy men. 75 patients had non-muscle invasive RMP (Ta-1N0M0). Results. It has been statistically determined that reliable growth of of TPA, TPS in blood serum and UBC in urine in patients with non-muscle invasive RMP in comparison with patients in groups of control and comparison has been established. The increase of UBC in urine of patients of this group with recurrence of tumoral growth within a year has been noted. In comparison with cytological research of urine sedimentation, molecular markers of RMP (the uric UBC and serum TPA, TPS) possess diagnostic sensitivity, allow to confirm the presence of disease, to carry out diagnostics of stages of organ and extra invasion. RMP is possible to consider as an additional prognostic serum marker increase in the VEGF level in blood serum. Conclusion. Inclusion in diagnostic process in the clinical research of biomarkers showed that identification of NMIRMP increased from 18,1% in 2006 to 55,6% in 2011. The chosen volume of complex treatment allowed to reduce recurrence and lethality in the first two years from 32 to 15,5%.

The purpose of the article is to assess the severity of the morphological changes in the internal organs of laboratory animals with prolonged oral administration of gold nanoparticles of different sizes. Material and methods: The experiment was carried out on 40 albino rats which were divided into 4 groups. Animals of the experimental group received oral gold nanoparticles by the appropriate scheme. Results: At comparing the morphological changes in the internal organs of laboratory animals it was established that the introduction of gold nanoparticles of different sizes leads to the same type of disturbances of morphological structure, the gold nanoparticles of 1-3 and 50 nm cause the most expressive changes. Conclusion: The most significant morphological modifications in the internal organs were caused by gold nanoparticles of 1-3 and 50 nm. It points out to the size-dependence of the effect of gold nanoparticles.

The aim of the study is to improve the treatment of patients with male reproductive organs pathology, formed by chronic brucellosis infection. Material and methods: We have analyzed the dynamics of the clinical manifestations of diseases of the scrotal organs, data of physical and ultrasound studies, semen parameters, the quality of life in 22 patients with chronic brucellosis and the presence of orchitis / orchiepididymitis against conventional therapy (10 patients), and combined treatment with the inclusion of cycloferon (i/m, 2 injection rate from 5 (0.25g) with a break 10 days) — 12. Results: We have proved ability of cycloferon to reduce the severity of the inflammatory process in the testis and epididymis, with improving of spermatogenesis and the quality of life for patients. We have marked the reduction in the number of exacerbations of chronic orchitis / orchiepididymitis 2.4 times after the course of cycloferon, its good tolerability of patients, no side effects. Conclusion: Using these results, the presence of anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory potencies, cycloferon can be recommended in treatment of inflammatory lesions of the scrotal organs in patients with chronic brucellosis.

Research objective: The study investigates the antifibrotic nephroprotective effects of aliskiren on the condition of renal hemodynamics, changes of profibrotic cytokines level and markers of renal damage in patients with nephrolithiasis undergone various types of surgery. Materials and methods: Patients have been divided into 2 groups. The investigations have been performed before the surgery and in a month period. Concentrations of TGF-p, markers of acute renal tubulointerstitial damage — NGAL and p2-microglobulin in urine, levels of ET-1 in serum and indicator of endothelial dysfunction have been determined. Assessment of renal blood flow state by Doppler ultrasonography has been carried out in the same terms. Results: As a result of aliskiren treatment the decrease of mediators of tubulointerstitial damage and nephrofibrosis, significant improvement in renal blood flow in a month period after the surgery have been marked in comparison with the group which had not received nephroprotective therapy. Conclusion: Direct renin inhibitor aliskiren may be used as a means of renal protection therapy in treatment of patients with nephrolithiasis.

The aim of the study is a comparative evaluation of the diagnostic value of determining of concentration of cyto-kines in the serum and urine of patients with acute pyelonephritis. Materials and Methods: The study of cytokine profile in blood serum and urine has been performed in 21 patients with acute pyelonephritis aged from 23 to 63 years. The concentration of interleukin (IL-1 p, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10) receptor antagonist, IL-1 (IL-1RA), tumor necrosis factor — alpha (TNF-a), C-reactive protein (CRP), in serum and urine of patients under the survey have been determined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using the appropriate reagent sets «Vector-Best» (Novosibirsk). The study of all these biomarkers in patients with acute pyelonephritis has been performed three times: at admission before antibiotic therapy (1 point); in a 5-7 days-period from the beginning of treatment (2 points); 1.5 months after completion of treatment (3 points,). Results: Before the treatment there has been an increase in levels of IL-6, IL-8, IL-1RA, TNF-a, CRP in serum. Simultaneously, the concentration of these substances in the urine has been higher. In 2 and 3-point changes the level of cytokines has been different; however, the content of them in the urine has been determined to be higher than in the serum. Conclusion: Analysis of changes in levels of cytokines and C-reactive protein in serum and urine showed that these biomarkers in acute pyelonephritis may be used as indicators of inflammatory activity. The data received suggest that the study of cytokine levels in the urine may be used to assess the severity of inflammatory changes in the renal parenchyma and in monitoring of therapy effectiveness.

It is stated that kidney cancer takes one of the leading places in the cancer incidence. Particular attention should be paid to renal cell carcinoma. By means of modern methods of volume visualization it is possible to diagnose small renal tumors, to prognose the process of tumor development and to save organs by surgical intervention.

The purpose of the article is to identify the most characteristic and significant changes in indicators in patients with bladder cancer during diffusion-weighted whole-body imaging (DWIBS). Materials: From September 2009 till 2011 98 patients have been examined (61 (62,24%) with morphologically verified bladder cancer and 37 (37,76%) with cystitis. Results: The study has revealed that the sensitivity of DWIBS-study in detecting bladder cancer is 98,36%, specificity of 10,81 %, the efficacy of 65,38%. Conclusions: DWIBS is an informative noninvasive method for screening diagnostics of bladder cancer, to identify suspicious areas on regional, and distant metastases

Aim: The article considers the results of research of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in blood serum in patients with kidney and bladder tumors after surgical intervention. Materials and methods: The total of investigated patients consisted of 75 primary patients with kidney cancer (stages pT1-pT3N0M0), 75 patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), stages pTa-1NxMoG1-3, 25 patients with cysts of kidneys and 30 healthy patients. Results of research of content of VEGF in patients with kidney cancer and NMIBC in the postoperative period confirmed the role of angiogenesis processes both in the development of tumoral tissue and relapses of disease. Conclusion: Investigations of VEGF in blood serum may be additional method of revealing kidney cancer and NMIBC after surgical treatment of relapses of disease and may influence on the duration of recurrence-free period

The research goal is the comparative analysis of Russian and foreign studies concerned the possibility of radiological methods of diagnostics of cancer of urinary bladder. The problem of early diagnostics of initial tumor and tumor recurrence, determination of stages of bladder cancer, its prognosis and outcome remains an actual one

The diagnostic significance of molecular markers was evaluated by immunohistochemical research of surgical and biopsy material of 106 patients with diseases of bladder and 57 patients with diseases of prostate. They received treatment at Scientific Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Uronephrology with monoclonal antibodies: Ki-67, PCNA, p63 (markers of proliferative activity), p53 (suppressor of tumor growth), Bcl-2, Bax (markers of apoptosis), EGFR (receptor of epidermal growth factors), PSA, PSMA, AMACR (prostate-specific antigens) and cytokeratin profile. The morphometric research was conducted on the basis of automated analysis system of digital images Ariol SL50 (Genetix)

The aim of this study was the estimation of clinical importance markers of renal damage at surgical treatment of nephrolithiasis. We studied results of operations in 110 patients with nephrolithiasis. The study presents new candidates for biochemical markers of acute kidney injury and renal interstitial fibrosis, with potentially high sensitivity and specificity. In this study were measured the concentrations of these biomarkers in urine. We suggested, that increased concentrations molecular mediators of renal damage (L2, IL-18) and interstitial fibrosis (MCP-1, TGFp, IGF1) in the patients with nephrophibrosis and strongetubulointerstitial injury, saved long-time period after operation, has been shown of progression chronic kidney disease