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1. Autoantibodies neutralizing type I IFNs are present in similar to 4\% of uninfected individuals over 70 years old and account for similar to 20\% of COVID-19 deaths

Author: Bastard P, Gervais A, Le Voyer T, Rosain J, Philippot Q, Manry J, Michailidis E, Hoffmann H, Eto S, Garcia-Prat M, Bizien L, Parra-Martinez A, Yang R, Haljasmagi L, Migaud M, Sarekannu K, Maslovskaja J, de Prost N, Tandjaoui-Lambiotte Y, Luyt C, Amador-Borrero B, Gaudet A, Poissy J, Morel P, Richard P, Cognasse F, Troya J, Trouillet-Assant S, Belot A, Saker K, Garcon P, Riviere J, Lagier J, Gentile S, Rosen L, Shaw E, Morio T, Tanaka J, Dalmau D, Tharaux P, Sene D, Stepanian A, Megarbane B, Triantafyllia V, Fekkar A, Heath J, Franco J, Anaya J, Sole-Violan J, Imberti L, Biondi A, Bonfanti P, Castagnoli R, Delmonte O, Zhang Y, Snow A, Holland S, Biggs C, Moncada-Velez M, Arias A, Lorenzo L, Boucherit S, Coulibaly B, Anglicheau D, Planas A, Haerynck F, Duvlis S, Nussbaum R, Ozcelik T, Keles S, Bousfiha A, El Bakkouri J, Ramirez-Santana C, Paul S, Pan-Hammarstrom Q, Hammarstrom L, Dupont A, Kurolap A, Metz C, Aiuti A, Casari G, Lampasona V, Ciceri F, Barreiros L, Dominguez-Garrido E, Vidigal M, Zatz M, van de Beek D, Sahanic S, Tancevski I, Stepanovskyy Y, Boyarchuk O, Nukui Y, Tsumura M, Vidaur L, Tangye S, Burrel S, Duffy D, Quintana-Murci L, Klocperk A, Kann N, Shcherbina A, Lau Y, Leung D, Coulongeat M, Marlet J, Koning R, Reyes L, Chauvineau-Grenier A, Venet F, Monneret G, Nussenzweig M, Arrestier R, Boudhabhay I, Baris-Feldman H, Hagin D, Wauters J, Meyts I, Dyer A, Kennelly S, Bourke N, Halwani R, Sharif-Askari N, Dorgham K, Sallette J, Sedkaoui S, AlKhater S, Rigo-Bonnin R, Morandeira F, Roussel L, Vinh D, Ostrowski S, Condino-Neto A, Prando C, Bondarenko A, Spaan A, Gilardin L, Fellay J, Lyonnet S, Bilguvar K, Lifton R, Mane S, Anderson M, Boisson B, Beziat V, Zhang S, Andreakos E, Hermine O, Pujol A, Peterson P, Mogensen T, Rowen L, Mond J, Debette S, de Lamballerie X, Duval X, Mentre F, Zins M, Soler-Palacin P, Colobran R, Gorochov G, Solanich X, Susen S, Martinez-Picado J, Raoult D, Vasse M, Gregersen P, Piemonti L, Rodriguez-Gallego C, Notarangelo L, Su H, Kisand K, Okada S, Puel A, Jouanguy E, Rice C, Tiberghien P, Zhang Q, Cobat A, Abel L, Casanova J, HGID Lab, COVID Clinicians, COVID-STORM Clinicians, NIAID Immune Response Covid Grp, NH-COVAIR Study Grp, Danish CHGE, Danish Blood Donor Study, St Jamess Hosp Sars CoV2 Interest, French COVID Cohort Study Grp, Imagine COVID-Grp, Milieu Interieur Consortium, CoV-Contact Cohort, Amsterdam Umc Covid-19 Biobank Inv, COVID Human Genetic Efft, CONSTANCES Cohort, 3C-Dijon Study, Cerba HealthCare, Etab Sang Study Grp, and Acibadem University Dspace
Abstract: Circulating autoantibodies (auto-Abs) neutralizing high concentrations (10 ng/ml; in plasma diluted 1:10) of IFN-alpha and/or IFN-omega are found in about 10% of patients with critical COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pneumonia but not in individuals with asymptomatic infections. We detect auto-Abs neutralizing 100-fold lower, more physiological, concentrations of IFN-alpha and/or IFN-omega (100 pg/ml; in 1:10 dilutions of plasma) in 13.6% of 3595 patients with critical COVID-19, including 21% of 374 patients >80 years, and 6.5% of 522 patients with severe COVID-19. These antibodies are also detected in 18% of the 1124 deceased patients (aged 20 days to 99 years; mean: 70 years). Moreover, another 1.3% of patients with critical COVID-19 and 0.9% of the deceased patients have auto-Abs neutralizing high concentrations of IFN-beta. We also show, in a sample of 34,159 uninfected individuals from the general population, that auto-Abs neutralizing high concentrations of IFN-alpha and/or IFN-omega are present in 0.18% of individuals between 18 and 69 years, 1.1% between 70 and 79 years, and 3.4% >80 years. Moreover, the proportion of individuals carrying auto-Abs neutralizing lower concentrations is greater in a subsample of 10,778 uninfected individuals: 1% of individuals 80 years. By contrast, auto-Abs neutralizing IFN-beta do not become more frequent with age. Auto-Abs neutralizing type I IFNs predate SARS-CoV-2 infection and sharply increase in prevalence after the age of 70 years. They account for about 20% of both critical COVID-19 cases in the over 80s and total fatal COVID-19 cases.
Published: 2021
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2. Autoantibodies neutralizing type I IFNs are present in ~4% of uninfected individuals over 70 years old and account for ~20% of COVID-19 deaths

Author: Bastard, P. Gervais, A. Voyer, T.L. Rosain, J. Philippot, Q. Manry, J. Michailidis, E. Hoffmann, H.-H. Eto, S. Garcia-Prat, M. Bizien, L. Parra-Martínez, A. Yang, R. Haljasmägi, L. Migaud, M. Särekannu, K. Maslovskaja, J. De Prost, N. Tandjaoui-Lambiotte, Y. Luyt, C.-E. Amador-Borrero, B. Gaudet, A. Poissy, J. Morel, P. Richard, P. Cognasse, F. Troya, J. Trouillet-Assant, S. Belot, A. Saker, K. Garçon, P. Rivière, J.G. Lagier, J.-C. Gentile, S. Rosen, L.B. Shaw, E. Morio, T. Tanaka, J. Dalmau, D. Tharaux, P.-L. Sene, D. Stepanian, A. Megarbane, B. Triantafyllia, V. Fekkar, A. Heath, J.R. Franco, J.L. Anaya, J.-M. Solé-Violán, J. Imberti, L. Biondi, A. Bonfanti, P. Castagnoli, R. Delmonte, O.M. Zhang, Y. Snow, A.L. Holland, S.M. Biggs, C.M. Moncada-Vélez, M. Arias, A.A. Lorenzo, L. Boucherit, S. Coulibaly, B. Anglicheau, D. Planas, A.M. Haerynck, F. Duvlis, S. Nussbaum, R.L. Ozcelik, T. Keles, S. Bousfiha, A.A. El Bakkouri, J. Ramirez-Santana, C. Paul, S. Pan-Hammarström, Q. Hammarström, L. Dupont, A. Kurolap, A. Metz, C.N. Aiuti, A. Casari, G. Lampasona, V. Ciceri, F. Barreiros, L.A. Dominguez-Garrido, E. Vidigal, M. Zatz, M. Van De Beek, D. Sahanic, S. Tancevski, I. Stepanovskyy, Y. Boyarchuk, O. Nukui, Y. Tsumura, M. Vidaur, L. Tangye, S.G. Burrel, S. Duffy, D. Quintana-Murci, L. Klocperk, A. Kann, N.Y. Shcherbina, A. Lau, Y.-L. Leung, D. Coulongeat, M. Marlet, J. Koning, R. Reyes, L.F. Chauvineau-Grenier, A. Venet, F. Monneret, G. Nussenzweig, M.C. Arrestier, R. Boudhabhay, I. Baris-Feldman, H. Hagin, D. Wauters, J. Meyts, I. Dyer, A.H. Kennelly, S.P. Bourke, N.M. Halwani, R. Sharif-Askari, N.S. Dorgham, K. Sallette, J. Sedkaoui, S.M. AlKhater, S. Rigo-Bonnin, R. Morandeira, F. Roussel, L. Vinh, D.C. Ostrowski, S.R. Condino-Neto, A. Prando, C. Bondarenko, A. Spaan, A.N. Gilardin, L. Fellay, J. Lyonnet, S. Bilguvar, K. Lifton, R.P. Mane, S. Anderson, M.S. Boisson, B. Béziat, V. Zhang, S.-Y. Andreakos, E. Hermine, O. Pujol, A. Peterson, P. Mogensen, T.H. Rowen, L. Mond, J. Debette, S. De Lamballerie, X. Duval, X. Mentré, F. Zins, M. Soler-Palacin, P. Colobran, R. Gorochov, G. Solanich, X. Susen, S. Martinez-Picado, J. Raoult, D. Vasse, M. Gregersen, P.K. Piemonti, L. Rodríguez-Gallego, C. Notarangelo, L.D. Su, H.C. Kisand, K. Okada, S. Puel, A. Jouanguy, E. Rice, C.M. Tiberghien, P. Zhang, Q. Cobat, A. Abel, L. Casanova, J.-L. Alavoine, L. Behillil, S. Burdet, C. Charpentier, C. Dechanet, A. Descamps, D. Ecobichon, J.-L. Enouf, V. Frezouls, W. Houhou, N. Kafif, O. Lehacaut, J. Letrou, S. Lina, B. Lucet, J.-C. Manchon, P. Nouroudine, M. Piquard, V. Quintin, C. Thy, M. Tubiana, S. Van Der Werf, S. Vignali, V. Visseaux, B. Yazdanpanah, Y. Chahine, A. Waucquier, N. Migaud, M.-C. Deplanque, D. Djossou, F. Mergeay-Fabre, M. Lucarelli, A. Demar, M. Bruneau, L. Gerardin, P. Maillot, A. Payet, C. Laviolle, B. Laine, F. Paris, C. Desille-Dugast, M. Fouchard, J. Malvy, D. Nguyen, D. Pistone, T. Perreau, P. Gissot, V. Le Goas, C. Montagne, S. Richard, L. Chirouze, C. Bouiller, K. Desmarets, M. Meunier, A. Lefevre, B. Jeulin, H. Legrand, K. Lomazzi, S. Tardy, B. Gagneux-Brunon, A. Bertholon, F. Botelho-Nevers, E. Christelle, K. Nicolas, L. Roufai, L. Amat, K. Couffin-Cadiergues, S. Esperou, H. Hendou, S. Townsend, L. Cheallaigh, C.N. Bergin, C. Martin-Loeches, I. Dunne, J. Conlon, N. O'Farrelly, C. Abad, J. Accordino, G. Achille, C. Aguilera-Albesa, S. Aguilo-Cucurull, A. Ozkan, E.A. Darazam, I.A. Albisures, J.A.R. Aldave, J.C. Ramos, M.A. Khan, T.A. Aliberti, A. Nadji, S.A. Alkan, G. AlKhater, S.A. Allardet-Servent, J. Allende, L.M. Alonso-Arias, R. Alshahrani, M.S. Alsina, L. Alyanakian, M.-A. Borrero, B.A. Amoura, Z. Antoli, A. Aubart, M. Auguet, T. Avramenko, I. Aytekin, G. Azot, A. Bahram, S. Bajolle, F. Baldanti, F. Baldolli, A. Ballester, M. Feldman, H.B. Barrou, B. Barzaghi, F. Basso, S. Bayhan, G.I. Bezrodnik, L. Bilbao, A. Blanchard-Rohner, G. Blanco, I. Blandinieres, A. Blazquez-Gamero, D. Bleibtreu, A. Bloomfield, M. Bolivar-Prados, M. Borghesi, A. Borie, R. Botdhlo-Nevers, E. Bousquet, A. Boutolleau, D. Bouvattier, C. Bravais, J. Briones, M.L. Brunner, M.-E. Bruno, R. Bueno, M.R.P. Bukhari, H. Bustamante, J. Agra, J.J.C. Capra, R. Carapito, R. Carrabba, M. Casasnovas, C. Caseris, M. Cassaniti, I. Castelle, M. Castelli, F. De Vera, M.C. Castro, M.V. Catherinot, E. Celik, J.B. Ceschi, A. Chalumeau, M. Charbit, B. Cheng, M.P. Clave, P. Clotet, B. Codina, A. Cohen, Y. Comarmond, C. Combes, A. Comoli, P. Corsico, A.G. Coşkuner, T. Cvetkovski, A. Cyrus, C. Danion, F. Darley, D.R. Das, V. Dauby, N. Dauger, S. De Munter, P. De Pontual, L. Dehban, A. Delplancq, G. Demoule, A. Desguerre, I. Di Sabatino, A. Diehl, J.-L. Dobbelaere, S. Dubost, C. Ekwall, O. Bozdemir, Ş.E. Elnagdy, M.H. Emiroglu, M. Endo, A. Erdeniz, E.H. Aytekin, S.E. Lasa, M.P.E. Euvrard, R. Fabio, G. Faivre, L. Falck, A. Fartoukh, M. Faure, M. Arquero, M.F. Ferrer, R. Ferreres, J. Flores, C. Francois, B. Fumado, V. Fung, K.S.C. Fusco, F. Gagro, A. Solis, B.G. Gaussem, P. Gayretli, Z. Gil-Herrera, J. Gatineau, A.G. Girona-Alarcon, M. Godinez, K.A.C. Goffard, J.-C. Gonzales, N. Gonzalez-Granado, L.I. Gonzalez-Montelongo, R. Guerder, A. Gulhan, B. Gumucio, V.D. Hanitsch, L.G. Gunst, J. Gut, M. Hadjadj, J. Hancerli, S. Hariyan, T. Hatipoglu, N. Heppekcan, D. Hernandez-Brito, E. Ho, P.-K. Holanda-Pena, M.S. Horcajada, J.P. Hraiech, S. Humbert, L. Hung, I.F.N. Iglesias, A.D. Inigo-Campos, A. Jamme, M. Arranz, M.J. Jimeno, M.-T. Jordan, I. Kanik-Yuksek, S. Kara, Y.B. Karahan, A. Karbuz, A. Yasar, K.K. Kasapcopur, O. Kashimada, K. Demirkol, Y.K. Kido, Y. Kizil, C. Kilic, A.O. Koutsoukou, A. Krol, Z.J. Ksouri, H. Kuentz, P. Kwan, A.M.C. Kwan, Y.W.M. Kwok, J.S.Y. Lam, D.S.Y. Lampropoulou, V. Lanternier, F. Le Bourgeois, F. Leo, Y.-S. Lopez, R.L. Levin, M. Levy, M. Levy, R. Li, Z. Lilleri, D. Lima, E.J.A.B. Linglart, A. Lopez-Collazo, E. Lorenzo-Salazar, J.M. Louapre, C. Lubetzki, C. Lung, K.-C. Lye, D.C. Magnone, C. Mansouri, D. Marchioni, E. Marioli, C. Marjani, M. Marques, L. Pereira, J.M. Martin-Nalda, A. Pueyo, D.M. Marzana, I. Mata-Martinez, C. Mathian, A. Matos, L.R.B. Matthews, G.V. Mayaux, J. McLaughlin-Garcia, R. Meersseman, P. Mege, J.-L. Mekontso-Dessap, A. Melki, I. Meloni, F. Meritet, J.-F. Merlani, P. Akcan, O.M. Mezidi, M. Migeotte, I. Millereux, M. Million, M. Mirault, T. Mircher, C. Mirsaeidi, M. Mizoguchi, Y. Modi, B.P. Mojoli, F. Moncomble, E. Melian, A.M. Martinez, A.M. Morange, P.-E. Mordacq, C. Morelle, G. Mouly, S.J. Munoz-Barrera, A. Nafati, C. Nagashima, S. Nakagama, Y. Neven, B. Neves, J.F. Ng, L.F.P. Ng, Y.-Y. Nielly, H. Medina, Y.N. Cuadros, E.N. Ocejo-Vinyals, J.G. Okamoto, K. Oualha, M. Ouedrani, A. Ozkaya-Parlakay, A. Pagani, M. Papadaki, M. Parizot, C. Parola, P. Pascreau, T. Paz-Artal, E. Pedraza, S. Pellecer, N.C.G. Pellegrini, S. De Diego, R.P. Perez-Fernandez, X.L. Philippe, A. Picod, A. De Chambrun, M.P. Piralla, A. Planas-Serra, L. Ploin, D. Poncelet, G. Poulakou, G. Pouletty, M.S. Pourshahnazari, P. Qiu-Chen, J.L. Quentric, P. Rambaud, T. Raoult, V. Rebillat, A.-S. Redin, C. Resmini, L. Ricart, P. Richard, J.-C. Rivet, N. Rocamora-Blanch, G. Rodero, M.P. Rodrigo, C. Rodriguez, L.A. Rodriguez-Palmero, A. Romero, C.S. Rothenbuhler, A. Roux, D. Rovina, N. Rozenberg, F. Ruch, Y. Ruiz, M. Del Prado, M.Y.R. Ruiz-Rodriguez, J.C. Sabater-Riera, J. Saks, K. Salagianni, M. Sanchez, O. Sanchez-Montalva, A. Sanchez-Ramon, S. Schidlowski, L. Schluter, A. Schmidt, J. Schmidt, M. Schuetz, C. Schweitzer, C.E. Scolari, F. Sediva, A. Seijo, L. Seminario, A.G. Seng, P. Senoglu, S. Seppanen, M. Llovich, A.S. Shahrooei, M. Siguret, V. Siouti, E. Smadja, D.M. Smith, N. Sobh, A. Soler, C. Sozeri, B. Stella, G.M. Stepanovskiy, Y. Stoclin, A. Taccone, F. Taupin, J.-L. Tavernier, S.J. Terrier, B. Thiery, G. Thorball, C. Thorn, K. Thumerelle, C. Tipu, I. Tolstrup, M. Tomasoni, G. Toubiana, J. Alvarez, J.T. Tsang, O.T.Y. Tserel, L. Tso, E.Y.K. Tucci, A. Oz, Ş.K.T. Ursini, M.V. Utsumi, T. Uzunhan, Y. Vabres, P. Valencia-Ramos, J. Van Den Rym, A.M. Vandernoot, I. Velez-Santamaria, V. Veliz, S.P.Z. Vidigal, M.C. Viel, S. Vilain, C. Vilaire-Meunier, M.E. Villar-Garcia, J. Vincent, A. Vogt, G. Voiriot, G. Volokha, A. Vuotto, F. Wauters, E. Wu, A.K.L. Wu, T.-C. Yahşi, A. Yesilbas, O. Yildiz, M. Young, B.E. Yukselmiş, U. Zecca, M. Zuccaro, V. Van Praet, J. Lambrecht, B.N. Van Braeckel, E. Bosteels, C. Hoste, L. Hoste, E. Bauters, F. De Clercq, J. Heijmans, C. Slabbynck, H. Naesens, L. Florkin, B. Boulanger, C. Vanderlinden, D. Allavena, C. Andrejak, C. Angoulvant, F. Azoulay, C. Bachelet, D. Bartoli, M. Basmaci, R. Behillill, S. Beluze, M. Benech, N. Benkerrou, D. Bhavsar, K. Bitker, L. Bouadma, L. Bouscambert-Duchamp, M. Paz, P.C. Cervantes-Gonzalez, M. Chair, A. Coelho, A. Cordel, H. Couffignal, C. D'Ortenzio, E. De Montmollin, E. Debard, A. Debray, M.-P. Desvallee, M. Diallo, A. Diouf, A. Dorival, C. Dubos, F. Eloy, P. Epaulard, O. Esposito-Farase, M. Etienne, M. Garot, D. Gault, N. Gaymard, A. Ghosn, J. Gigante, T. Gilg, M. Goehringer, F. Guedj, J. Hoctin, A. Hoffmann, I. Houas, I. Hulot, J.-S. Jaafoura, S. Kaguelidou, F. Kali, S. Kerroumi, Y. Khalil, A. Khan, C. Kimmoun, A. Laouenan, C. Laribi, S. Le, M. Le Bris, C. Le Gac, S. Le Hingrat, Q. Le Mestre, S. Le Nagard, H. Lemaignen, A. Lemee, V. Lescure, F.-X. Levy, Y. Lingas, G. Lucet, J.C. MacHado, M. Mambert, M. Manuel, A. Meziane, A. Mouquet, H. Mullaert, J. Neant, N. Noret, M. Papadopoulos, A. Paul, C. Peiffer-Smadja, N. Peigne, V. Petrov-Sanchez, V. Peytavin, G. Pham, H. Picone, O. Puechal, O. Rosa-Calatrava, M. Rossignol, B. Rossignol, P. Roy, C. Schneider, M. Su, R. Tardivon, C. Tellier, M.-C. Teoule, F. Terrier, O. Timsit, J.F. Tual, C. Vanel, N. Veislinger, A. Wiedemann, A. Danielson, J.J. Dobbs, K. Kashyap, A. Ding, L. Dalgard, C.L. Sottini, A. Quaresima, V. Quiros-Roldan, E. Rossi, C. Bettini, L.R. D'Angio, M. Beretta, I. Montagna, D. Licari, A. Marseglia, G.L. Storgaard, M. Jorgensen, S. Al-Muhsen, S. Al-Mulla, F. Arias, A.A. Bogunovic, D. Bolze, A. Brodin, P. Bryceson, Y. Bustamante, C.D. Butte, M.J. Chakravorty, S. Christodoulou, J. Constantinescu, S.N. Cooper, M.A. Desai, M. Drolet, B.A. El Baghdadi, J. Espinosa-Padilla, S. Froidure, A. Henrickson, S.E. Hsieh, E.W.Y. Husebye, E.S. Imai, K. Itan, Y. Jarvis, E.D. Karamitros, T. Ku, C.-L. Ling, Y. Lucas, C.L. Maniatis, T. Marodi, L. Milner, J.D. Mironska, K. Novelli, A. Novelli, G. Renia, L. Resnick, I. Sancho-Shimizu, V. Seppanen, M.R.J. Shahrooei, M. Slaby, O. Tayoun, A.A. Ramaswamy, S. Turvey, S.E. Furkan Uddin, K.M. Uddin, M.J. Von Bernuth, H. Zawadzki, P. Bigio, B. De La Chapelle, A. Chen, J. Chrabieh, M. Liu, D. Nemirowskaya, Y. Cruz, I.M. Materna, M. Pelet, S. Seeleuthner, Y. Thibault, C. Liu, Z. Foti, G. Bellani, G. Citerio, G. Contro, E. Pesci, A. Valsecchi, M.G. Cazzaniga, M. Batten, I. Reddy, C. McElheron, M. Noonan, C. Connolly, E. Fallon, A. Erikstrup, C. Pedersen, O.B. Sorensen, E. Mikkelsen, S. Dinh, K.M. Larsen, M.A.H. Paulsen, I.W. Von Stemann, J.H. Hansen, M.B. Annereau, J.-P. Briseno-Roa, L. Gribouval, O. Pelet, A. Alcover, A. Aschard, H. Bousso, P. Bruhns, P. Cerf-Bensussan, N. Cumano, A. D'Enfert, C. Deriano, L. Dillies, M.-A. Di Santo, J. Dromer, F. Eberl, G. Enninga, J. Gomperts-Boneca, I. Hasan, M. Hedestam, G.K. Hercberg, S. Ingersoll, M.A. Lantz, O. Kenny, R.A. Menager, M. Michel, F. Patin, E. Pellegrini, S. Rausell, A. Rieux-Laucat, F. Rogge, L. Fontes, M. Sakuntabhai, A. Schwartz, O. Schwikowski, B. Shorte, S. Tangy, F. Toubert, A. Touvier, M. Ungeheuer, M.-N. Zimmer, C. Albert, M.L. Van Agtmael, M. Algera, A.G. Appelman, B. Van Baarle, F. Bax, D. Beudel, M. Bogaard, H.J. Bomers, M. Bonta, P. Bos, L. Botta, M. De Brabander, J. De Bree, G. De Bruin, S. Buis, D.T.P. Bugiani, M. Bulle, E. Chouchane, O. Cloherty, A. Dijkstra, M. Dongelmans, D.A. Dujardin, R.W.G. Elbers, P. Fleuren, L. Geerlings, S. Geijtenbeek, T. Girbes, A. Goorhuis, B. Grobusch, M.P. Hafkamp, F. Hagens, L. Hamann, J. Harris, V. Hemke, R. Hermans, S.M. Heunks, L. Hollmann, M. Horn, J. Hovius, J.W. De Jong, M.D. Lim, E.H.T. Van Mourik, N. Nellen, J. Nossent, E.J. Paulus, F. Peters, E. Pina-Fuentes, D.A.I. Van Der Poll, T. Preckel, B. Prins, J.M. Raasveld, J. Reijnders, T. De Rotte, M.C.F.J. Schinkel, M. Schultz, M.J. Schrauwen, F.A.P. Schuurman, A. Schuurmans, J. Sigaloff, K. Slim, M.A. Smeele, P. Smit, M. Stijnis, C.S. Stilma, W. Teunissen, C. Thoral, P. Tsonas, A.M. Tuinman, P.R. Van Der Valk, M. Veelo, D. Volleman, C. De Vries, H. Vught, L.A. Van Vugt, M. Wouters, D. Zwinderman, A.H. Brouwer, M.C. Joost Wiersinga, W. Vlaar, A.P.J. Nadif, R. Goldberg, M. Ozguler, A. Henny, J. Lemonnier, S. Coeuret-Pellicer, M. Le Got, S. Tzourio, C. Dufouil, C. Soumare, A. Lachaize, M. Fievet, N. Flaig, A. Martin, F. Bonneaudeau, B. Cannet, D. Gallian, P. Jeanne, M. Perroquin, M. Hamzeh-Cognasse, H. CoV-Contact Cohort St James's Hospital, SARS CoV2 Interest group COVID Clinicians French COVID Cohort Study Group NIAID Immune Response to COVID Group Danish CHGE COVID Human Genetic Effort HGID Lab COVID-STORM Clinicians NH-COVAIR Study Group The Danish Blood Donor Study (DBDS) Imagine COVID-Group The Milieu Interieur Consortium Amsterdam UMC Covid-19 Biobank CONSTANCES cohort 3C-Dijon Study Cerba HealthCare Etablissement du Sang study group
Abstract: Circulating autoantibodies (auto-Abs) neutralizing high concentrations (10 ng/ml; in plasma diluted 1:10) of IFN-α and/or IFN-ω are found in about 10% of patients with critical COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pneumonia but not in individuals with asymptomatic infections. We detect auto-Abs neutralizing 100-fold lower, more physiological, concentrations of IFN-α and/or IFN-ω (100 pg/ml; in 1:10 dilutions of plasma) in 13.6% of 3595 patients with critical COVID-19, including 21% of 374 patients >80 years, and 6.5% of 522 patients with severe COVID-19. These antibodies are also detected in 18% of the 1124 deceased patients (aged 20 days to 99 years; mean: 70 years). Moreover, another 1.3% of patients with critical COVID-19 and 0.9% of the deceased patients have auto-Abs neutralizing high concentrations of IFN-β. We also show, in a sample of 34,159 uninfected individuals from the general population, that auto-Abs neutralizing high concentrations of IFN-α and/or IFN-ω are present in 0.18% of individuals between 18 and 69 years, 1.1% between 70 and 79 years, and 3.4% >80 years. Moreover, the proportion of individuals carrying auto-Abs neutralizing lower concentrations is greater in a subsample of 10,778 uninfected individuals: 1% of individuals 80 years. By contrast, auto-Abs neutralizing IFN-β do not become more frequent with age. Auto-Abs neutralizing type I IFNs predate SARS-CoV-2 infection and sharply increase in prevalence after the age of 70 years. They account for about 20% of both critical COVID-19 cases in the over 80s and total fatal COVID-19 cases. © 2021 The Authors, some rights reserved.
Published: 2021

3. Autoantibodies neutralizing type I IFNs are present in ~4% of uninfected individuals over 70 years old and account for ~20% of COVID-19 deaths

Author: Bastard, P. Gervais, A. Voyer, T.L. Rosain, J. Philippot, Q. Manry, J. Michailidis, E. Hoffmann, H.-H. Eto, S. Garcia-Prat, M. Bizien, L. Parra-Martínez, A. Yang, R. Haljasmägi, L. Migaud, M. Särekannu, K. Maslovskaja, J. De Prost, N. Tandjaoui-Lambiotte, Y. Luyt, C.-E. Amador-Borrero, B. Gaudet, A. Poissy, J. Morel, P. Richard, P. Cognasse, F. Troya, J. Trouillet-Assant, S. Belot, A. Saker, K. Garçon, P. Rivière, J.G. Lagier, J.-C. Gentile, S. Rosen, L.B. Shaw, E. Morio, T. Tanaka, J. Dalmau, D. Tharaux, P.-L. Sene, D. Stepanian, A. Megarbane, B. Triantafyllia, V. Fekkar, A. Heath, J.R. Franco, J.L. Anaya, J.-M. Solé-Violán, J. Imberti, L. Biondi, A. Bonfanti, P. Castagnoli, R. Delmonte, O.M. Zhang, Y. Snow, A.L. Holland, S.M. Biggs, C.M. Moncada-Vélez, M. Arias, A.A. Lorenzo, L. Boucherit, S. Coulibaly, B. Anglicheau, D. Planas, A.M. Haerynck, F. Duvlis, S. Nussbaum, R.L. Ozcelik, T. Keles, S. Bousfiha, A.A. El Bakkouri, J. Ramirez-Santana, C. Paul, S. Pan-Hammarström, Q. Hammarström, L. Dupont, A. Kurolap, A. Metz, C.N. Aiuti, A. Casari, G. Lampasona, V. Ciceri, F. Barreiros, L.A. Dominguez-Garrido, E. Vidigal, M. Zatz, M. Van De Beek, D. Sahanic, S. Tancevski, I. Stepanovskyy, Y. Boyarchuk, O. Nukui, Y. Tsumura, M. Vidaur, L. Tangye, S.G. Burrel, S. Duffy, D. Quintana-Murci, L. Klocperk, A. Kann, N.Y. Shcherbina, A. Lau, Y.-L. Leung, D. Coulongeat, M. Marlet, J. Koning, R. Reyes, L.F. Chauvineau-Grenier, A. Venet, F. Monneret, G. Nussenzweig, M.C. Arrestier, R. Boudhabhay, I. Baris-Feldman, H. Hagin, D. Wauters, J. Meyts, I. Dyer, A.H. Kennelly, S.P. Bourke, N.M. Halwani, R. Sharif-Askari, N.S. Dorgham, K. Sallette, J. Sedkaoui, S.M. AlKhater, S. Rigo-Bonnin, R. Morandeira, F. Roussel, L. Vinh, D.C. Ostrowski, S.R. Condino-Neto, A. Prando, C. Bondarenko, A. Spaan, A.N. Gilardin, L. Fellay, J. Lyonnet, S. Bilguvar, K. Lifton, R.P. Mane, S. Anderson, M.S. Boisson, B. Béziat, V. Zhang, S.-Y. Andreakos, E. Hermine, O. Pujol, A. Peterson, P. Mogensen, T.H. Rowen, L. and Bastard, P. Gervais, A. Voyer, T.L. Rosain, J. Philippot, Q. Manry, J. Michailidis, E. Hoffmann, H.-H. Eto, S. Garcia-Prat, M. Bizien, L. Parra-Martínez, A. Yang, R. Haljasmägi, L. Migaud, M. Särekannu, K. Maslovskaja, J. De Prost, N. Tandjaoui-Lambiotte, Y. Luyt, C.-E. Amador-Borrero, B. Gaudet, A. Poissy, J. Morel, P. Richard, P. Cognasse, F. Troya, J. Trouillet-Assant, S. Belot, A. Saker, K. Garçon, P. Rivière, J.G. Lagier, J.-C. Gentile, S. Rosen, L.B. Shaw, E. Morio, T. Tanaka, J. Dalmau, D. Tharaux, P.-L. Sene, D. Stepanian, A. Megarbane, B. Triantafyllia, V. Fekkar, A. Heath, J.R. Franco, J.L. Anaya, J.-M. Solé-Violán, J. Imberti, L. Biondi, A. Bonfanti, P. Castagnoli, R. Delmonte, O.M. Zhang, Y. Snow, A.L. Holland, S.M. Biggs, C.M. Moncada-Vélez, M. Arias, A.A. Lorenzo, L. Boucherit, S. Coulibaly, B. Anglicheau, D. Planas, A.M. Haerynck, F. Duvlis, S. Nussbaum, R.L. Ozcelik, T. Keles, S. Bousfiha, A.A. El Bakkouri, J. Ramirez-Santana, C. Paul, S. Pan-Hammarström, Q. Hammarström, L. Dupont, A. Kurolap, A. Metz, C.N. Aiuti, A. Casari, G. Lampasona, V. Ciceri, F. Barreiros, L.A. Dominguez-Garrido, E. Vidigal, M. Zatz, M. Van De Beek, D. Sahanic, S. Tancevski, I. Stepanovskyy, Y. Boyarchuk, O. Nukui, Y. Tsumura, M. Vidaur, L. Tangye, S.G. Burrel, S. Duffy, D. Quintana-Murci, L. Klocperk, A. Kann, N.Y. Shcherbina, A. Lau, Y.-L. Leung, D. Coulongeat, M. Marlet, J. Koning, R. Reyes, L.F. Chauvineau-Grenier, A. Venet, F. Monneret, G. Nussenzweig, M.C. Arrestier, R. Boudhabhay, I. Baris-Feldman, H. Hagin, D. Wauters, J. Meyts, I. Dyer, A.H. Kennelly, S.P. Bourke, N.M. Halwani, R. Sharif-Askari, N.S. Dorgham, K. Sallette, J. Sedkaoui, S.M. AlKhater, S. Rigo-Bonnin, R. Morandeira, F. Roussel, L. Vinh, D.C. Ostrowski, S.R. Condino-Neto, A. Prando, C. Bondarenko, A. Spaan, A.N. Gilardin, L. Fellay, J. Lyonnet, S. Bilguvar, K. Lifton, R.P. Mane, S. Anderson, M.S. Boisson, B. Béziat, V. Zhang, S.-Y. Andreakos, E. Hermine, O. Pujol, A. Peterson, P. Mogensen, T.H. Rowen, L.
Published: 2021

4. Local geoid determination combining gravity disturbances and GPS/levelling: a case study in the Lake Nasser area, Aswan, Egypt

Author: Tscherning, C. C., Radwan, Awar, Tealeb, A. A., Mahmoud, S. M., Abd El-Monum, M., Hassan, Ramdan, El-Syaed, I., and Saker, K.
Published: 2001
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5. Relationship between gastrointestinal transit time and anesthetic fasting protocols in the captive chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes

Author: Ardente, A., Chinnadurai, S., De Voe, R., Stringer, E., Webb, T., Ireland, J., and Saker, K.
Published: 2011
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6. Comparison of oxidative stress and antioxidant status in endurance horses in three 80-km races

Author: Williams, C A, Kronfeld, D S, Hess, T M, Saker, K E, Waldron, J E, Crandell, K M, and Harris, P A
Published: 2005

7. Vitamin E intake and systemic antioxidant status in competitive endurance horses

Author: Williams, C A, Kronfeld, D S, Hess, T M, Saker, K E, Waldron, J E, and Harris, P A
Published: 2005

8. DUPLICATED POPLITEAL AND SUPERFICIAL FEMORAL VEINS: INCIDENCE AND POTENTIAL SIGNIFICANCE

Author: Dona, E., Fletcher, J. P., Hughes, T. M. D., Saker, K., Batiste, P., and Ramanathan, I.
Published: 2000

9. Enhancement of magneto-optical properties in magnetic photonic crystal slab waveguide based on yttrium iron garnet

Author: Saker, K, primary, Bouchemat, T, additional, Lahoubi, M, additional, and Bouchemat, M, additional
Published: 2019
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10. Enhanced Magneto-Optical Effects in Magnetic Photonic Crystal Fiber Based on Yttrium Iron Garnet

Author: Saker, K., primary, Bouchemat, T., additional, Lahoubi, M., additional, Bouchemat, M., additional, Pu, S., additional, and Zhao, Y., additional
Published: 2019
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11. Risk of nutritional deficiencies for dogs on a weight loss plan

Author: Gaylord, L., primary, Remillard, R., additional, and Saker, K., additional
Published: 2018
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12. Tasco-Forage: II. Monocyte immune cell response and performance of beef steers grazing tall fescue treated with a seaweed extract

Author: Saker, K. E., Allen, V. G., Fontenot, J. P., Bagley, C. P., Ivy, R. L., Evans, R. R., and Wester, D. B.
Subjects: Grazing -- Health aspects, Tall fescue -- Health aspects, Cattle -- Food and nutrition, Marine algae -- Health aspects, Zoology and wildlife conservation
Abstract: Effects of applying Tasco-Forage, an Ascophyllum nodosum seaweed-based product prepared by a proprietary process, to endophyte (Neotyphodium coenophialum [Morgan-Jones and Gams] Glenn, Bacon, and Hanlin)-infected and endophyte-free tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) were studied in each of 3 yr (1995, 1996, and 1997) in Virginia and in 1996 and 1997 in Mississippi. There were 48 steers at each location in each year (n = 240) in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement with two replications at each location. Steers in Virginia were Angus and Angus x Hereford with initial weights of 245 kg (SD = 20), 234 kg (SD = 9), and 265 kg (SD = 5) in yr 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Steers in Mississippi were 3/4 Angus and 1/4 Brahman and weighed 230 kg (SD = 8) and 250 kg (SD = 2) in yr 2 and 3, respectively. Tasco (3.4 kg/ha) was dissolved in water and applied to pastures in April before grazing was begun and again in July at the same rate. The grazing period was from mid-April to late September or mid-October. Total gains were higher (P [is less than] 0.05) for steers grazing uninfected than for those grazing endophyte-infected tall fescue. Rectal temperatures were increased (P [is less than] 0.05) due to endophyte infection at both locations; Tasco application decreased temperature of steers grazing infected fescue in Virginia (interaction, P [is less than] 0.07) but increased temperatures of steers grazing infected fescue in Mississippi (interaction, P [is less than] 0.05). Presence of the endophyte resulted in rough hair coats and loss of hair color, but the effect was partially offset (P [is less than] 0.05) by Tasco application in Virginia in 1995. Both monocyte phagocytic activity (all years and locations) and major histocompatibility complex class II expression (1995 only) were decreased (P [is less than] 0.05) in steers due to endophyte infection, but this effect was reversed (P [is less than] 0.05) by application of Tasco to pastures. Application of the extract from A. nodosum seems to have use in alleviating adverse effects of endophyte on immune function and may improve hair coat condition in cattle grazing infected fescue, but effects on rectal temperature varied due to location. Key Words: Festuca, Forage, Grazing, Immune Response, Steers, Toxicity
Published: 2001

13. Tasco-Forage: III. Influence of a seaweed extract on performance, monocyte immune cell response, and carcass characteristics in feedlot-finished steers

Author: Allen, V. G., Pond, K. R., Saker, K. E., Fontenot, J. P., Bagley, C. P., Ivy, R. L., Evans, R. R., Brown, C. P., Miller, M. F., Montgomery, J. L., Dettle, T. M., and Wester, D. B.
Subjects: Tall fescue -- Health aspects, Marine algae -- Health aspects, Cattle -- Food and nutrition, Grazing -- Health aspects, Zoology and wildlife conservation
Abstract: Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) infected with the endophyte Neotyphodium coenophialum ([Morgan-Jones and Gams] Glenn, Bacon, and Hanlin) causes fescue toxicosis in cattle grazing the forage, but effects of the endophyte were considered to be abated soon after removal of the animals from pastures. Tasco-Forage, a proprietary extract from the brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum, is a known source of cytokinins and has increased antioxidant activity in both plants and the animals that graze the forage. Tasco was applied at 0 and 3.4 kg/ha to infected and uninfected tall fescue pastures in Virginia and Mississippi. Forty-eight steers grazed the pastures at each location during each of 2 yr (n = 192) before being transported to Texas for feedlot finishing. On arrival at the feedlot, steers from Tasco-treated pastures had higher (P [is less than] 0.01) monocyte phagocytic activity and tended (P [is less than] .0.07) to have higher major histocompatibility complex class II expression than steers that grazed the untreated pastures. A depression (P [is less than] 0.05) in monocyte immune cell function due to grazing infected fescue was detected throughout the feedlot finishing period but was reversed by Tasco. Rectal temperatures were elevated (P [is less than] 0.07) in steers that had grazed the infected tall fescue when they arrived in Texas, but by d 14 no difference was detected. However, by d 28 the temperature effects of infected tall fescue were reversed. Steers that had grazed infected fescue had lower (P [is less than] 0.01) rectal temperatures on d 112 of the feedlot period, demonstrating a much longer-lasting effect of the endophyte on thermoregulatory mechanisms than previously thought. Steers that had grazed Tasco-treated pastures had higher (P [is less than] 0.01) rectal temperatures on d 56 than steers that had grazed untreated fescue. Steers that had grazed the Tasco-treated pastures had higher marbling scores (P [is less than] 0.05) regardless of the endophyte, but no effect of Tasco or endophyte on gain was measured. Our data suggest that Tasco application to tall fescue pastures alleviated some of the negative effects of tall fescue toxicity. Key Words: Beef, Carcass Characteristics, Endophytes, Immune Response
Published: 2001

14. Risk Factors Associated with Preterm Deliveries Among Racial Groups in a National Sample of Married Mothers

Author: Eric Cottington and Saker K. Virji
Subjects: Adult, Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, Alcohol Drinking, Black People, Prenatal care, Weight Gain, White People, Obstetric Labor, Premature, Pregnancy, Risk Factors, Epidemiology, Odds Ratio, medicine, Humans, Marriage, Risk factor, business.industry, Smoking, Age Factors, Infant, Newborn, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gestational age, Prenatal Care, Odds ratio, medicine.disease, United States, Confidence interval, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Educational Status, Female, medicine.symptom, business, Weight gain, Infant, Premature, Demography
Abstract: Seven sociodemographic and behavioral factors that may explain the increased risk of preterm deliveries among black women were examined using data from a national sample of 5823 married mothers who responded to the 1980 National Natality Survey (NNS) Questionnaire. There was a twofold increase in the rate of preterm deliveries among black women. Additionally, there was a significant decrease (by 1 week) in the mean gestational age in black mothers (p less than 0.0001) compared with white mothers. The two groups were similar with respect to smoking and age; however, there were significant differences between the two groups with respect to other risk factors. Black women had a higher rate of heavy alcohol use, significantly fewer prenatal visits, prenatal care was started later during pregnancy (p less than 0.0001) and were less educated compared with white women. The odds ratio (OR) for race adjusted for the risk factors was 1.56 (95% confidence interval (CI) equals 1.21, 2.01). All other risk factors except education had adjusted ORs greater than 1. Those risk factors that were more strongly associated with the risk of preterm births included weight gain (OR, 2.10; 95%, 1.79, 2.47), number of prenatal visits (OR, 3.37; 95% CI, 2.87, 3.95) and smoking (OR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.13, 1.59). We conclude that race is an independent risk factor for preterm deliveries. Additionally, it is shown here that the risk of preterm deliveries is attributable to health behaviors that are amendable to change.
Published: 1991
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15. Characterization of Specific Immune Cell Parameters in Calves Produced by IVF, Microinjection of DNA, and Delivered by Elective Cesearean Section

Author: Caudell, D., Saker, K., Kalnitsky, J., Bailey, T., and Whittier, W. D.
Subjects: Andrology, chemistry.chemical_compound, In vitro fertilisation, chemistry, medicine.medical_treatment, medicine, Immune Cell Function, Specific immune cell, Reproductive technology, Biology, Microinjection, DNA
Abstract: In vitro fertilization (IVF) and micro-injection of DNA are reproductive technologies available to enhance the genome of production animals. Immune cell function is poorly understood in calves produced by these reproductive methods. Based on economic value and potential use, characterizing immune cell function would aid in better understanding of both management and medicine of calves produced by enhanced reproductive technologies. The objective of this study was to evaluate specific immune cell parameters in these calves., American Association of Bovine Practitioners Proceedings of the Annual Conference, 2000
Published: 2000
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16. Comparison of Two Assay Techniques to Study In Vitro Phagocytosis of Bovine Granulocytes Using Flow Cytometry

Author: Caudell, D., McCourt, S., Kalnitsky, J., Ward, D., Sriranganathan, N., and Saker, K. E.
Subjects: animal diseases
Abstract: The response of phagocytic cells to Pasteurella haemolytica is difficult to study in situ. Available assays to study the function of these cell types often do not accurately reflect the physiology of the cell in response to bovine pasteurellosis. This study compared granulocyte phagocytosis of fluorescent beads and fluorescent bacteria using flow cytometry. Development of an in vitro assay would provide a model to study nutrient and pharmaceutical effects on the immune response to Pasteurella infections. It would also allow for future studies of the pathogenesis of not only bovine pasteurellosis but other diseases., American Association of Bovine Practitioners Proceedings of the Annual Conference, 2000
Published: 2000
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17. Influence of Seaweed Extract-treated Tall Fescue on Bovine Antioxidant Activity, Immune Response, and Carcass Characteristics

Author: Saker, K. E., Allen, V. G., Pond, K. R., Miller, M. F., Bagley, C. P., and Fontenot, J. P.
Subjects: Animal science, Antioxidant, Immune system, biology, Festuca, medicine.medical_treatment, medicine, Forage, Fungus, Beef cattle, Neotyphodium, biology.organism_classification, Endophyte
Abstract: It has been well documented that tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceaa) infected with the endophyte fungus Neotyphodium coenophialumb is associated with production and health problems in beef cattle. Various approaches to overcome the negative, animal-related effects of the endophyte have been investigated without consistent and/or economically feasible outcome. This multi-location study investigated effects of applying Tasco™ Forage, a proprietary seaweed-based product, to endophyte-infected fescue to improve animal health and production., American Association of Bovine Practitioners Proceedings of the Annual Conference, 2000
Published: 2000
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18. Activity of Gamma Glutamyl Transferase in Serum of Newborn and Day-old Calves Derived by in-vitro Fertilization

Author: Bailey, T. L., Whittier, W. D., Murphy, J. M., Riva, A. L., Swecker, W. S., Saker, K. E., Scarratt, W. K., and Caudell, D. L.
Subjects: Andrology, In vitro fertilisation, Human fertilization, Gamma glutamyl transferase, medicine.medical_treatment, medicine, Biology, digestive system, digestive system diseases
Abstract: The objective of the study was to determine the activity of gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) in serum of control calves and calves derived by in-vitro fertilization (IVF) procedures., American Association of Bovine Practitioners Proceedings of the Annual Conference, 1998
Published: 1998
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19. Serum Immunoglobulin G Concentrations in in-vitro Fertilized Calves Delivered by Cesarean Section

Author: Bailey, T. L., Whittier, W. D., Murphy, J. M., Riva, A. L., Swecker, W. S., Saker, K. E., Scarratt, W. K., Caudell, D., and Schurig, G. G.
Subjects: Andrology, biology, business.industry, Immunity, biology.protein, Medicine, business, female genital diseases and pregnancy complications, reproductive and urinary physiology, In vitro, Immunoglobulin G
Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate colostral IgG absorption as an indicator of passive transfer of immunity in in-virtro fertilized (IVF) calves delivered by cesarean section., American Association of Bovine Practitioners Proceedings of the Annual Conference, 1998
Published: 1998
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20. Select Immune Response in Beef Calves Grazing Endophyte-infected Tall Fescue

Author: Saker, K. E., Swecker, W. S., and Allen, V. G.
Subjects: Animal science, Immune system, biology, Acremonium, Grazing, biology.organism_classification, Festuca arundinacea, Endophyte
Abstract: Copper status and immune response of weaned beef steers that grazed endophye-infected (Acremonium coenophinlum, Morgan Jones and Gams) tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) was evaluated in a 6 month, bi-location study(Ridge-Valley [R-V] and Southern Piedmont [SP] regions ofVirginia)., American Association of Bovine Practitioners Proceedings of the Annual Conference, 1995
Published: 1995
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21. Effect of Copper Supplementation and Vaccination on Cellular Immune Response in Growing Beef Calves

Author: Saker, K. E., Swecker, W. S., and Eversole, D. E.
Subjects: Vaccination, Animal science, Immune system, chemistry, medicine, Small ruminant, chemistry.chemical_element, Ruminant animal, medicine.symptom, Biology, Weight gain, Copper
Abstract: Investigators have evaluated the effect of stress on copper status of the beef cow using parameters such as weight gain, feed intake and body temperature. Changes in neutrophil, T-lymphocyte and SOD activity in the copper-deficient small ruminant have also been studied to help define the relationship between copper status and immune function in the ruminant animal., American Association of Bovine Practitioners Proceedings of the Annual Conference, 1994
Published: 1994
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22. Antioxidant status and muscle cell leakage during endurance exercise

Author: HARGREAVES, B. J., primary, KRONFELD, D. S., additional, WALDRON, J. N., additional, LOPES, M. A., additional, GAY, L. S., additional, SAKER, K. E., additional, COOPER, W. L., additional, SKLAN, D. J., additional, and HARRIS, P. A., additional
Published: 2010
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23. Speed associated with plasma pH, oxygen content, total protein and urea in an 80 km race

Author: HOFFMAN, R. M., primary, HESS, T. M., additional, WILLIAMS, C. A., additional, KRONFELD, D. S., additional, GRIEWE-CRANDELL, K. M., additional, WALDRON, J. E., additional, GRAHAM-THIERS, P. M., additional, GAY, L. S., additional, SPLAN, R. K., additional, SAKER, K. E., additional, and HARRIS, P. A., additional
Published: 2010
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24. Local geoid determination combining gravity disturbances and GPS/levelling: a case study in the Lake Nasser area, Aswan, Egypt

Author: Tscherning, Carl Christian, Radwan, Awar, Tealeb, A.A., Mahmoud, S.M., Abd El-Monum, M., Hassan, Ramdan, El-Syaed, I., Saker, K., Tscherning, Carl Christian, Radwan, Awar, Tealeb, A.A., Mahmoud, S.M., Abd El-Monum, M., Hassan, Ramdan, El-Syaed, I., and Saker, K.
Published: 2001

25. Cell proliferation of feline and human breast cancer cell types is inhibited by pomegranate juice

Author: Tanner, A. E., primary, Saker, K. E., additional, Ju, Y., additional, Lee, Y. W., additional, O’Keefe, S., additional, Robertson, J., additional, and Tanko, J. M., additional
Published: 2008
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26. Influence of endophyte consumption and heat stress on intravaginal temperatures, plasma lipid oxidation, blood selenium, and glutathione redox of mononuclear cells in heifers grazing tall fescue1

Author: Burke, N. C., primary, Scaglia, G., additional, Saker, K. E., additional, Blodgett, D. J., additional, and Swecker, W. S., additional
Published: 2007
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27. Oxidative stress and inflammatory state induced by obesity in the healthy feline

Author: Tanner, A. E., primary, Martin, J., additional, and Saker, K. E., additional
Published: 2007
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28. Peroxidative protection of high lipid : low dextrose parenteral admixture by D-alpha-tocopherol

Author: Becvarova, I., primary and Saker, K. E., additional
Published: 2005
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29. Brown seaweed- (TascoTM) treated conserved forage enhances antioxidant status and immune function in heat-stressed wether lambs

Author: Saker, K. E., primary, Fike, J. H., additional, Veit, H., additional, and Ward, D. L., additional
Published: 2004
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30. Antioxidant supplementation and subsequent oxidative stress of horses during an 80-km endurance race1

Author: Williams, C. A., primary, Kronfeld, D. S., additional, Hess, T. M., additional, Saker, K. E., additional, Waldron, J. N., additional, Crandell, K. M., additional, Hoffman, R. M., additional, and Harris, P. A., additional
Published: 2004
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31. Tasco: Influence of a brown seaweed on antioxidants in forages and livestock—A review

Author: Allen, V. G., primary, Pond, K. R., additional, Saker, K. E., additional, Fontenot, J. P., additional, Bagley, C. P., additional, Ivy, R. L., additional, Evans, R. R., additional, Schmidt, R. E., additional, Fike, J. H., additional, Zhang, X., additional, Ayad, J. Y., additional, Brown, C. P., additional, Miller, M. F., additional, Montgomery, J. L., additional, Mahan, J., additional, Wester, D. B., additional, and Melton, C., additional
Published: 2001
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32. Influence of Seaweed Extract-treated Tall Fescue on Bovine Antioxidant Activity, Immune Response, and Carcass Characteristics

Author: Saker, K. E., primary, Allen, V. G., additional, Pond, K. R., additional, Miller, M. F., additional, Bagley, C. P., additional, and Fontenot, J. P., additional
Published: 2000
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33. Characterization of Specific Immune Cell Parameters in Calves Produced by IVF, Microinjection of DNA, and Delivered by Elective Cesearean Section

Author: Caudell, D., primary, Saker, K., additional, Kalnitsky, J., additional, Bailey, T., additional, and Whittier, W. D., additional
Published: 2000
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34. Comparison of Two Assay Techniques to Study In Vitro Phagocytosis of Bovine Granulocytes Using Flow Cytometry

Author: Caudell, D., primary, McCourt, S., additional, Kalnitsky, J., additional, Ward, D., additional, Sriranganathan, N., additional, and Saker, K. E., additional
Published: 2000
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35. DUPLICATED POPLITEAL AND SUPERFICIAL FEMORAL VEINS: INCIDENCE AND POTENTIAL SIGNIFICANCE

Author: Dona, E., primary, Fletcher, J. P., additional, Hughes, T. M. D., additional, Saker, K., additional, Batiste, P., additional, and Ramanathan, I., additional
Published: 2000
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36. Activity of Gamma Glutamyl Transferase in Serum of Newborn and Day-old Calves Derived by in-vitro Fertilization

Author: Bailey, T. L., primary, Whittier, W. D., additional, Murphy, J. M., additional, Riva, A. L., additional, Swecker, W. S., additional, Saker, K. E., additional, Scarratt, W. K., additional, and Caudell, D. L., additional
Published: 1998
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37. Serum Immunoglobulin G Concentrations in in-vitro Fertilized Calves Delivered by Cesarean Section

Author: Bailey, T. L., primary, Whittier, W. D., additional, Murphy, J. M., additional, Riva, A. L., additional, Swecker, W. S., additional, Saker, K. E., additional, Scarratt, W. K., additional, Caudell, D., additional, and Schurig, G. G., additional
Published: 1998
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38. Influence of Neotyphodium coenophialum on copper concentration in tall fescue.

Author: Dennis, S B, primary, Allen, V G, additional, Saker, K E, additional, Fontenot, J P, additional, Ayad, J Y, additional, and Brown, C P, additional
Published: 1998
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39. Monocyte immune cell response and copper status in beef steers that grazed endophyte-infected tall fescue.

Author: Saker, K E, primary, Allen, V G, additional, Kalnitsky, J, additional, Thatcher, C D, additional, Swecker, W S, additional, and Fontenot, J P, additional
Published: 1998
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40. Select Immune Response in Beef Calves Grazing Endophyte-infected Tall Fescue

Author: Saker, K. E., primary, Swecker, W. S., additional, and Allen, V. G., additional
Published: 1995
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41. Effect of Copper Supplementation and Vaccination on Cellular Immune Response in Growing Beef Calves

Author: Saker, K. E., primary, Swecker, W. S., additional, and Eversole, D. E., additional
Published: 1994
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42. Brown seaweed- (Tasco TM) treated conserved forage enhances antioxidant status and immune function in heat-stressed wether lambs.

Author: Saker, K. E., Fike, J. H., Veit, H., and Ward, D. L.
Subjects: *IMMUNITY, *AGRICULTURE, *HARVESTING, *TURFGRASSES, *LEAVES, *METALLOENZYMES
Abstract: Twenty-seven wether lambs were utilized to evaluate select innate immunity and oxidative stress in response to diet and heat stress. Dietary treatments were: (i) control (tall fescue) hay = no TascoTM (tradename for the extract of the brown seaweed, Ascophyllum nodosum, Acadian Sealants Ltd, Nova Scotia, Canada); (ii) pre-harvest Tasco-Forage-treated hay and (iii) control hay + post-harvest Tasco-EX. Tasco-Forage and Tasco-EX are two forms of the TascoTM extract that are either applied to foliage or used for direct feeding, respectively. All lambs were supplemented with soyabean meal and trace mineralized salt. Heat stress was applied for 10 days with measurements obtained at days 0, 4 and 10. A heat × treatment interaction indicated hay with Tasco enhanced monocyte oxidative burst through short duration (p < 0.05) and long duration (p < 0.10) heat stress. Phagocytic activity was influenced by days of heat stress (p < 0.001) and treatment (p = 0.02) with post-harvest TascoTM lambs exhibiting the greatest immune enhancement (p < 0.05). Red and white blood cell glutathione peroxidase increased by heat stress day 10 in Tasco lambs. Superoxide dismutase activity was increased and lipid hydroperoxide metabolites minimized (p < 0.01) through long duration heat stress in the pre-harvest Tasco group. Tasco treatment of tall fescue hay prior to harvest appears to provide residual effects on animal antioxidant availability in short-duration heat stress. Tasco supplementation to post-harvest fescue hay enhances immune function and protects against prolonged heat-induced oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2004
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43. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and epidermal growth factor receptor/mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in mammary cancer.

Author: Cowing, Brandy E., Saker, Korinn E., Cowing, B E, and Saker, K E
Subjects: UNSATURATED fatty acids, MAMMARY gland cancer, EPIDERMAL growth factor, PHYSIOLOGY, ANIMALS, BREAST tumors, CELLULAR signal transduction, TRANSFERASES
Abstract: Mammary cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in women, the second most common neoplasm in dogs and the third leading neoplasm in cats. Mammary tumors are similar in morphology and progression in these species, so cats and dogs are good models for determining treatment or prevention modalities for the human population. Epidemiological, in vitro and rodent studies have demonstrated that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) can influence the growth, progression and metastasis of mammary cancer. Although a role of PUFA in modulating mammary cancer growth has been shown, the mechanisms by which this occurs remain unclear. Recent studies have demonstrated that PUFA may influence the activity of the epidermal growth factor receptor/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, which is involved in regulating several oncogenes (c-myc, c-fos, neu/c-erb-b2) involved in the progression of cancer. We review the potential mechanism by which PUFA may modulate the growth of mammary cancer through regulation of the epidermal growth factor receptor/mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction cascade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2001
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44. Acute starvation and subsequent refeeding affect lymphocyte subsets and proliferation in cats.

Author: Freitag, Kimberly A., Saker, Korinn E., Freitag, K A, Saker, K E, Thomas, E, and Kalnitsky, J
Subjects: STARVATION, NUTRITION disorders
Abstract: Although the early identification of patients with suboptimal nutritional status can allow the implementation of nutritional intervention to enhance the ability of the body to fight infection and disease, currently no definitive test of nutritional status exists. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify possible functional indicators of acute nutritional deprivation. The effects of total nutritional deprivation and subsequent refeeding on lymphocyte functions and subpopulations were examined in 23 healthy cats. Peripheral blood samples were analyzed at various times during food deprivation and refeeding periods. During the food deprivation period, decreases were observed in leukocyte number (P: < 0.05), lymphocyte number (P: < 0.05), percentage of CD4(+) cells [before stimulation with concanavalin-A (Con-A); P: < 0.05] and the CD4/CD8 ratio (before stimulation with Con-A; P: < 0.01) compared with d 0. Increases were observed in the percentage of CD8(+) cells [before (P: < 0.05) and after (P: < 0.01) stimulation with Con-A] and in intracellular calcium (P: < 0.01) during acute starvation. During the refeeding period, increases were observed in the percentage of CD4(+) cells (before and after stimulation with Con-A; P: < 0.01), the percentage of CD8(+) cells (before stimulation with Con-A; P: < 0.05) and lymphocyte number (P: < 0.05) compared with d 7. Lymphocyte proliferative capacity tended to decrease (P: = 0.07) during starvation and increased (P: < 0.01) during the refeeding period. These findings suggest that a 7-d starvation period had immunosuppressive effects on cats and that these effects were not completely normalized during 7 d of refeeding. CD4(+)/CD8(+) subset alterations and CD4/CD8 ratio in conjunction with lymphocyte proliferation may be useful as indices of nutritional status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2000
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45. Cluster Ion Implantation for beyond 45nm node novel device applications.

Author: Tanjyo, M., Nagayama, T., Hamamoto, N., Umisedo, S., Koga, Y., Maehara, N., Matsumoto, T., Nagai, N., Ootsuka, F., Katakami, A., Shirai, K., Watanabe, T., Nakata, H., Kitajima, M., Aoyama, T., Eimori, T., Nara, Y., Ohji, Y., Saker, K., and Krull, W.
Published: 2008
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46. Risk Factors Associated with Preterm Deliveries Among Racial Groups in a National Sample of Married Mothers.

Author: Virji, Saker K. and Cottington, Eric
Published: 1991
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47. Sensitivity of Specific Immune Function Tests to Acute Nutrient Deprivation as Indicators of Nutritional Status in a Feline Model

Author: Simon, J. C., Saker, K., and Thomas, E.
Published: 2000
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48. Manipulation of dietary (n-6) and (n-3) fatty acids alters platelet function in cats.

Author: Saker, Korinn E., Eddy, Alison L., Thatcher, Craig D., Kalnitsky, Joan, Saker, K E, Eddy, A L, Thatcher, C D, and Kalnitsky, J
Abstract: Consuming diets enriched with either (n-6) or (n-3) fatty acids (FA) will subsequently influence the proportion of cell membrane–associated lipids, arachidonic acid (AA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Recent investigations suggest that the mechanism underlying the effectiveness of (n-3) FA supplementation involves the reduction of inflammatory mediators (Vaughn et al. 1994). In addition to reducing levels of inflammatory mediators, (n-3) FA have been associated with altered platelet function. Activation of platelets with high concentrations of (n-6) or (n-3) FA in the cell membrane results in the release of increased amounts of proaggregatory thromboxane A2 (TXA2) or antiaggregatory thromboxane A3 (TXA3) metabolites (Hall 1996), respectively. Studies regarding the possible detrimental effects that may occur from intake of dietary (n-3) FA have yielded conflicting results regarding platelet function (Casali et al. 1986, Kristensen et al. 1989, Landhmore et al. 1986). Currently, pet foods are being formulated to maximize the anti-inflammatory effect of (n-3) FA. Although the benefits of increasing dietary (n-3) FA have been studied, potential adverse effects of feeding diets enriched in (n-3) FA on a long-term basis have not been evaluated. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effects of altering dietary (n-6) to (n-3) FA ratios on platelet aggregation, platelet activation, blood coagulation indices and bleeding time in cats. Materials and methods. Animals and facilities. Twelve domestic short-haired cats, six neutered males and six spayed females, (average age 4 y) were used in this experiment. Cats were housed and fed in individual metal cages in a climate-controlled environment at the Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine for the duration of the study. All cats were fed a nutritionally complete dry diet to maintain an optimal body weight and condition score before the start of the study. The prestudy diet contained a (n-6):(n-3) fatty acid ratio of 12:1. The experimental protocol was reviewed and approved by the Virginia Tech Animal Care and Use Committee according to NIH guidelines (NRC 1985). Experimental protocol. Cats were allotted by gender and weight to dietary treatments as follows: enriched (n-6), [(n-6):(n-3) FA ratio 25:1]; control, (12:1); or enriched (n-3), (1.3:1). Experimental diets were formulated by Hill’s Science and Technology Center, Topeka, KS. Fatty acid ratios were manipulated by incorporating specific FA sources into each of the three treatment diets (corn oil, choice white grease or menhaden oil, respectively). During the 16-wk study period, whole blood was collected via jugular venipuncture on d 0, 56 and 112 for evaluation of platelet function, coagulation parameters and fibrinogen concentration. Toenail bleeding time was recorded on d 0 and 112. Platelet isolation. Whole blood was collected via jugular venipuncture into syringes containing 3.8% trisodium citrate (9 parts blood:1 part anticoagulant), and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) was harvested according to the procedure described by Welles et al. (1994). Platelet counts were determined by using a Baker System 9000 Hematology Series Cell Counter (Allentown, PA). Samples of PRP were diluted to 300,000 platelets/ µL with autologous platelet-poor plasma (PPP). Platelet aggregation. Platelet aggregation was performed on diluted PRP stimulated with 50 µmol/L ADP (grade I: Sigma Chemical, St. Louis, MO) using a dual-channel aggregometer (Payton Series 300BD-5, Buffalo, NY). The procedure has been previously described (Welles et al. 1994). Platelet activation. Platelet activation was measured using a modified technique previously reported by Welles et al. (1994). Briefly, PRP stimulated with 50 µmol/L ADP was labeled with fluorescein- conjugated goat F[Ab] monoclonal antibody (Cappel-Organon Teknika, Durham, NC). Fluorescence was measured on the platelets bound with fluorescein-labeled antifibrinogen using a Coulter Epics XL-MCL Flow Cytometer. Determination of bleeding time, coagulation indices, and fibrinogen. Cats were sedated with a combination of acepromazine (0.11 mg/kg, intramuscular) and ketamine HCl (22 mg/kg, intramuscular); one nail was trimmed 2 mm into the capillary bed and gently blotted every 10 s until a clot formed. Time to clot formation was recorded. Whole blood was collected via jugular venipuncture for determination of activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), one-stage prothrombin time (OSPT) and fibrinogen concentration with the use of a Sysmex Coagulation Analyzer 1000. Statistical analysis. Data were tested for normality and homogeneity of variance. An ANOVA (SAS/STAT Version 5.0, SAS Institute, Cary, NC) was used to determine dietary treatment effects on platelet count, platelet aggregation, platelet activation, bleeding time, fibrinogen concentration, APTT and OSPT. Tukey’s studentized range test (HSD) was used for means comparisons. The General Linear Models procedure for repeated-measures ANOVA was used to determine within-subject effects and compare response changes over time. Data were considered significant at P < 0.05. Results. Diet analyses are presented in Table 1. Cats fed the enriched (n-3) FA diet for 112 d exhibited an increased (P < 0.05) toenail bleeding time compared with cats fed either the enriched (n-6) FA or control diet (6.1 vs. 3.2 and 3.2 min, respectively). Peak aggregation of platelets from cats fed the enriched (n-3) FA diet was lower (P < 0.05) compared with both the enriched (n-6) FA and control diet on d 112 (Fig. 1). Platelet activation (Fig. 2) tended (P = 0.15) to be higher in the enriched (n-6) FA and control diet groups on d 56 and 112 compared with the enriched (n-3) FA diet group. There was no difference between treatment groups for OSPT, APTT and fibrinogen concentration throughout the study period (data not shown). Discussion. Manipulation of dietary (n-6):(n-3) ratios does not appear to affect coagulation indices such as APTT and OSPT or platelet count in human studies, but platelet function does appear to be altered (Kristensen et al. 1989). The effects of FA supplementation for 4 or 6 wk on bleeding time in dogs have been contradictory (Casali et al. 1986, Landhmore et al. 1986). In this study, bleeding time was significantly increased in cats fed an enriched (n-3) FA diet for 16 wk. Indices of the intrinsic, extrinsic and common coagulation pathways (APTT and OSPT) were not different among cats in the dietary treatment groups throughout the study. Therefore, it is unlikely that alterations in bleeding time were a function of abnormalities in the coagulation cascade. Alterations in bleeding time due to increased dietary (n-3) FA levels may occur in less time than 16 wk; however, that information could not be determined from our study design. The ability of activated platelets to aggregate appeared to be influenced by the ratio of (n-6) to (n-3) FA in the diet as shown in Figure 1. As the level of dietary (n-6) FA decreased, there would be proportionately less AA incorporated into platelet membranes and, therefore, less AA available for conversion to the proaggregatory TXA2. As the concentrations of TXA2 decreased, the ability of platelets to aggregate would diminish. Kristensen et al. (1989) showed a similar effect on human platelet aggregation when fish-based diets were fed. Aggregation of platelets is dependent on or enhanced by fibrinogen binding to platelets. Alteration of platelet membrane glycoprotein complexes, which form a functional receptor for fibrinogen, is an activation- dependent platelet surface change (Welles et al. 1994). The method of measuring platelet activation in this study used an antifibrinogen antibody, which requires the presence of adequate fibrinogen to first bind to the exposed fibrinogen receptors of activated platelets. Our results indicated that platelets derived from cats fed the enriched (n-3) FA diet tended to exhibit decreased activation compared with platelets from cats fed the enriched (n-6) or control diet; fibrinogen concentration did not differ among treatment groups during the study, and values were within the normal range for cats (Duncan and Prasse 1986). This suggested that a decrease in platelet activation resulted in a decrease in aggregatory ability and that this sequence of events was not limited by fibrinogen concentration. Saynor and Gillott (1992) reported that intake by human subjects of diets containing high concentrations of fish oil for over a 7-y period significantly reduced fibrinogen. Possible longer-term effects on fibrinogen concentration of felines fed (n-3) FA-enriched diets may warrant further study with a larger sample size. The results from this study suggest that prolonged (112 d) intake of enriched (n-3) FA diets in cats alters platelet aggregation and bleeding time, such that there were detrimental effects on platelet function. Specific medical conditions in which an enriched (n-3) FA diet or FA supplementation may be indicated would require long-term feeding to confirm the viability of a desired effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 1998
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49. Peroxidative protection of high lipid : low dextrose parenteral admixture by D-α-tocopherol.

Author: Becvarova, I. and Saker, K. E.
Subjects: *ANIMAL nutrition, *LIPIDS, *PARENTERAL feeding, *VITAMIN E in animal nutrition, *PEROXIDATION
Abstract: A practical alternative to traditional central line delivery of parenteral admixtures (PA) for small animal patients is utilization of a peripheral route. Admixtures delivered via this route should be a lower osmolarity to prevent complications; to attain this goal a high lipid:low dextrose (HL:LD) is formulated. Lipid peroxidation is a common sequella of PA containing high lipid content. This in vitro peroxidation can lead to oxidative injury of biological membranes in vivo. Despite this concern, peripheral PA have many benefits and continue to be utilized. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to measure lipid hydroperoxides in HL:LD PA; and to determine the optimal dose of d-α-tocopherol to minimize peroxidation in the PA during a 24 h hang time. This in vitro experiment included three identical blocks consisting of 14 bags ( n = 7 control; n = 7 treatment) filled aseptically with 109 ml of HL:LD PA. Total lipid content per bag was 8 g as soybean oil (Intralipid®). Natural d-α-tocopherol (Vital E-300™) was added to the treatment bags as 8, 12, 16, 24, 32, 48, 64 IU/g of lipid. Control bags contained Vital E-300™ equivalent amounts of ethanol and benzyl alcohol. Bags were hung for 24 h at room temperature under fluorescent light exposure. Hydroperoxides were measured by FOX assay and tocopherols by HPLC at times 0 and 24 h. The level of hydroperoxides was expressed as μM equivalents tert-butyl hydroperoxide (μM = TBH). A Repeated Measures anova was used for data analysis, with p < 0.05 considered significant. Detectable levels of hydroperoxides were found in all PA at time 0 and 24. Mean TBH concentrations in control bags were 380 and 383 μM at time 0 and 24 respectively. A 3-way interaction (time x treatment x α-toc) was observed, p = 0.0018. d-α-tocpherol supplementation at 24–64 IU/g lipid decreased (p < 0.0001) TBH production from controls at time 0. By time 24 h, significant reduction in TBH was observed with Vit E concentrations of 48 and 64 IU/g lipid of d-α-tocopherol. In conclusion: lipid peroxidation of HL:LD PA occurs immediately following lipid administration, and d-α-tocopherol, as Vital E-300™, appears to significantly minimize this peroxidation process in vitro based on concentration and time of exposure to lipid. This has clinical implications for parenteral feeding in critically ill patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2005
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50. The risk of COVID-19 death is much greater and age-dependent with type I IFN autoantibodies

Author: Manry, Jérémy, Bastard, Paul, Gervais, Adrian, Le Voyer, Tom, Rosain, Jérémie, Philippot, Quentin, Michailidis, Eleftherios, Hoffmann, Hans-Heinrich, Eto, Shohei, Garcia-Prat, Marina, Bizien, Lucy, Parra-Martínez, Alba, Yang, Rui, Haljasmägi, Liis, Migaud, Mélanie, Särekannu, Karita, Maslovskaja, Julia, de Prost, Nicolas, Tandjaoui-Lambiotte, Yacine, Luyt, Charles-Edouard, Amador-Borrero, Blanca, Gaudet, Alexandre, Poissy, Julien, Morel, Pascal, Richard, Pascale, Cognasse, Fabrice, Troya, Jesús, Trouillet-Assant, Sophie, Belot, Alexandre, Saker, Kahina, Garçon, Pierre, Rivière, Jacques, Lagier, Jean-Christophe, Gentile, Stéphanie, Rosen, Lindsey, Shaw, Elana, Morio, Tomohiro, Tanaka, Junko, Dalmau, David, Tharaux, Pierre-Louis, Sene, Damien, Stepanian, Alain, Mégarbane, Bruno, Triantafyllia, Vasiliki, Fekkar, Arnaud, Heath, James, Franco, José Luis, Anaya, Juan-Manuel, Solé-Violán, Jordi, Imberti, Luisa, Biondi, Andrea, Bonfanti, Paolo, Castagnoli, Riccardo, Delmonte, Ottavia, Zhang, Yu, Snow, Andrew, Holland, Steven, Biggs, Catherine, Moncada-Vélez, Marcela, Arias, Andrés Augusto, Lorenzo, Lazaro, Boucherit, Soraya, Anglicheau, Dany, Planas, Anna, Haerynck, Filomeen, Duvlis, Sotirija, Ozcelik, Tayfun, Keles, Sevgi, Bousfiha, Ahmed, El Bakkouri, Jalila, Ramirez-Santana, Carolina, Paul, Stéphane, Pan-Hammarström, Qiang, Hammarström, Lennart, Dupont, Annabelle, Kurolap, Alina, Metz, Christine, Aiuti, Alessandro, Casari, Giorgio, Lampasona, Vito, Ciceri, Fabio, Barreiros, Lucila, Dominguez-Garrido, Elena, Vidigal, Mateus, Zatz, Mayana, van de Beek, Diederik, Sahanic, Sabina, Tancevski, Ivan, Stepanovskyy, Yurii, Boyarchuk, Oksana, Nukui, Yoko, Tsumura, Miyuki, Vidaur, Loreto, Tangye, Stuart, Burrel, Sonia, Duffy, Darragh, Quintana-Murci, Lluis, Klocperk, Adam, Kann, Nelli, Shcherbina, Anna, Lau, Yu-Lung, Leung, Daniel, Coulongeat, Matthieu, Marlet, Julien, Koning, Rutger, Reyes, Luis Felipe, Chauvineau-Grenier, Angélique, Venet, Fabienne, Monneret, Guillaume, Nussenzweig, Michel, Arrestier, Romain, Boudhabhay, Idris, Baris-Feldman, Hagit, Hagin, David, Wauters, Joost, Meyts, Isabelle, Dyer, Adam, Kennelly, Sean, Bourke, Nollaig, Halwani, Rabih, Sharif-Askari, Fatemeh Saheb, Dorgham, Karim, Sallette, Jérôme, Sedkaoui, Souad Mehlal, Alkhater, Suzan, Rigo-Bonnin, Raúl, Morandeira, Francisco, Roussel, Lucie, Vinh, Donald, Erikstrup, Christian, Condino-Neto, Antonio, Prando, Carolina, Bondarenko, Anastasiia, Spaan, András, Gilardin, Laurent, Fellay, Jacques, Lyonnet, Stanislas, Bilguvar, Kaya, Lifton, Richard, Mane, Shrikant, Anderson, Mark, Boisson, Bertrand, Béziat, Vivien, Zhang, Shen-Ying, Andreakos, Evangelos, Hermine, Olivier, Pujol, Aurora, Peterson, Pärt, Mogensen, Trine, Rowen, Lee, Mond, James, Debette, Stéphanie, de Lamballerie, Xavier, Burdet, Charles, Bouadma, Lila, Zins, Marie, Soler-Palacin, Pere, Colobran, Roger, Gorochov, Guy, Solanich, Xavier, Susen, Sophie, Martinez-Picado, Javier, Raoult, Didier, Vasse, Marc, Gregersen, Peter, Piemonti, Lorenzo, Rodríguez-Gallego, Carlos, Notarangelo, Luigi, Su, Helen, Kisand, Kai, Okada, Satoshi, Puel, Anne, Jouanguy, Emmanuelle, Rice, Charles, Tiberghien, Pierre, Zhang, Qian, Casanova, Jean-Laurent, Abel, Laurent, Cobat, Aurélie, Zhang, Peng, Seeleuthner, Yoann, Talouarn, Estelle, Marchal, Astrid, Matuozzo, Daniela, de la Chapelle, Aliénor, Chen, Jie, Chrabieh, Maya, Liu, Dana, Nemirowskaya, Yelena, Cruz, Inés Marín, Materna, Marie, Pelet, Sophie, Thibault, Chloé, Liu, Zhiyong, Abad, Jorge, Accordino, Giulia, Achille, Cristian, Aguilera-Albesa, Sergio, Aguiló-Cucurull, Aina, Özkan, Esra Akyüz, Darazam, Ilad Alavi, Albisures, Jonathan Antonio Roblero, Aldave, Juan, Ramos, Miquel Alfonso, Khan, Taj Ali, Aliberti, Anna, Nadji, Seyed Alireza, Alkan, Gulsum, Allardet-Servent, Jerome, Allende, Luis, Alonso-Arias, Rebeca, Alshahrani, Mohammed, Alsina, Laia, Alyanakian, Marie-Alexandra, Borrero, Blanca Amador, Amoura, Zahir, Antolí, Arnau, Aubart, Mélodie, Auguet, Teresa, Avramenko, Iryna, Aytekin, Gökhan, Azot, Axelle, Bahram, Seiamak, Bajolle, Fanny, Baldanti, Fausto, Baldolli, Aurélie, Ballester, Maite, Feldman, Hagit Baris, Barrou, Benoit, Barzaghi, Federica, Basso, Sabrina, Bayhan, Gulsum Iclal, Bezrodnik, Liliana, Bilbao, Agurtzane, Blanchard-Rohner, Geraldine, Blanco, Ignacio, Blandinières, Adeline, Blázquez-Gamero, Daniel, Bleibtreu, Alexandre, Bloomfield, Marketa, Bolivar-Prados, Mireia, Borghesi, Alessandro, Borie, Raphael, Botdhlo-Nevers, Elisabeth, Bousquet, Aurore, Boutolleau, David, Bouvattier, Claire, Bravais, Juliette, Briones, M. Luisa, Brunner, Marie-Eve, Bruno, Raffaele, Bueno, Maria Rita P., Bukhari, Huda, Bustamante, Jacinta, Agra, Juan José Cáceres, Capra, Ruggero, Carapito, Raphael, Carrabba, Maria, Casasnovas, Carlos, Caseris, Marion, Cassaniti, Irene, Castelle, Martin, Castelli, Francesco, de Vera, Martín Castillo, Castro, Mateus, Catherinot, Emilie, Celik, Jale Bengi, Ceschi, Alessandro, Chalumeau, Martin, Charbit, Bruno, Cheng, Matthew, Clavé, Pere, Clotet, Bonaventura, Codina, Anna, Cohen, Yves, Comarmond, Cloé, Combes, Alain, Comoli, Patrizia, Corsico, Angelo, Coşkuner, Taner, Cvetkovski, Aleksandar, Cyrus, Cyril, Danion, François, Darley, David Ross, Das, Vincent, Dauby, Nicolas, Dauger, Stéphane, de Munter, Paul, de Pontual, Loic, Dehban, Amin, Delplancq, Geoffroy, Demoule, Alexandre, Desguerre, Isabelle, Di Sabatino, Antonio, Diehl, Jean-Luc, Dobbelaere, Stephanie, Domínguez-Garrido, Elena, Dubost, Clément, Ekwall, Olov, Bozdemir, Şefika Elmas, Elnagdy, Marwa, Emiroglu, Melike, Endo, Akifumi, Erdeniz, Emine Hafize, Aytekin, Selma Erol, Lasa, Maria Pilar Etxart, Euvrard, Romain, Fabio, Giovanna, Faivre, Laurence, Falck, Antonin, Fartoukh, Muriel, Faure, Morgane, Arquero, Miguel Fernandez, Ferrer, Ricard, Ferreres, Jose, Flores, Carlos, Francois, Bruno, Fumadó, Victoria, Fung, Kitty, Fusco, Francesca, Gagro, Alenka, Solis, Blanca Garcia, Gaussem, Pascale, Gayretli, Zeynep, Gil-Herrera, Juana, Gatineau, Audrey Giraud, Girona-Alarcón, Mònica, Godínez, Karen Alejandra Cifuentes, Goffard, Jean-Christophe, Gonzales, Nacho, Gonzalez-Granado, Luis, González-Montelongo, Rafaela, Guerder, Antoine, Gülhan, Belgin, Gumucio, Victor Daniel, Hanitsch, Leif Gunnar, Gunst, Jan, Gut, Marta, Hadjadj, Jérôme, Hancerli, Selda, Hariyan, Tetyana, Hatipoglu, Nevin, Heppekcan, Deniz, Hernandez-Brito, Elisa, Ho, Po-Ki, Holanda-Peña, María Soledad, Horcajada, Juan, Hraiech, Sami, Humbert, Linda, Hung, Ivan, Iglesias, Alejandro, Íñigo-Campos, Antonio, Jamme, Matthieu, Arranz, María Jesús, Jimeno, Marie-Thérèse, Jordan, Iolanda, Kanık-Yüksek, Saliha, Kara, Yalcin Burak, Karahan, Aydın, Karbuz, Adem, Yasar, Kadriye Kart, Kasapcopur, Ozgur, Kashimada, Kenichi, Demirkol, Yasemin Kendir, Kido, Yasutoshi, Kizil, Can, Kılıç, Ahmet Osman, Daganou, Maria, Koukaki, Evangelia, Koutsoukou, Antonia, Rapti, Vasiliki, Syrigos, Konstantinos, Król, Zbigniew, Ksouri, Hatem, Kuentz, Paul, Kwan, Arthur, Kwan, Yat Wah M., Kwok, Janette, Lam, David, Conti, Francesca, Pession, Andrea, Lampropoulou, Vicky, Lanternier, Fanny, Bourgeois, Fleur Le, Leo, Yee-Sin, Lopez, Rafael Leon, Levin, Michael, Levy, Michael, Lévy, Romain, Li, Zhi, Lilleri, Daniele, Lima, Edson Jose Adrian Bolanos, Linglart, Agnes, López-Collazo, Eduardo, Lorenzo-Salazar, José, Louapre, Céline, Lubetzki, Catherine, Lung, Kwok-Cheung, Lye, David, Magnone, Cinthia, Mansouri, Davood, Marchioni, Enrico, Marioli, Carola, Marjani, Majid, Marques, Laura, Pereira, Jesus Marquez, Martín-Nalda, Andrea, Pueyo, David Martínez, Marzana, Iciar, Mata-Martínez, Carmen, Mathian, Alexis, Matos, Larissa Rb, Matthews, Gail, Mayaux, Julien, Mclaughlin-Garcia, Raquel, Meersseman, Philippe, Mège, Jean-Louis, Mekontso-Dessap, Armand, Melki, Isabelle, Meloni, Federica, Meritet, Jean-François, Merlani, Paolo, Akcan, Özge Metin, Mezidi, Mehdi, Migeotte, Isabelle, Millereux, Maude, Million, Matthieu, Mirault, Tristan, Mircher, Clotilde, Mirsaeidi, Mehdi, Mizoguchi, Yoko, Modi, Bhavi, Mojoli, Francesco, Moncomble, Elsa, Melián, Abián Montesdeoca, Martinez, Antonio Morales, Morange, Pierre-Emmanuel, Mordacq, Clémence, Morelle, Guillaume, Mouly, Stéphane, Muñoz-Barrera, Adrián, Nafati, Cyril, Nagashima, Shintaro, Nakagama, Yu, Neven, Bénédicte, Neves, João Farela, Ng, Lisa, Ng, Yuk-Yung, Nielly, Hubert, Medina, Yeray Novoa, Cuadros, Esmeralda Nuñez, Ocejo-Vinyals, J. Gonzalo, Okamoto, Keisuke, Oualha, Mehdi, Ouedrani, Amani, Özçelik, Tayfun, Ozkaya-Parlakay, Aslinur, Pagani, Michele, Papadaki, Maria, Parizot, Christophe, Parola, Philippe, Pascreau, Tiffany, Paz-Artal, Estela, Pedraza-Sánchez, Sigifredo, Gálvez-Romero, José Luis, Pellecer, Nancy Carolina González, Pellegrini, Silvia, Diego, Rebeca Pérez De, Pérez-Fernández, Xosé Luis, Philippe, Aurélien, Picod, Adrien, de Chambrun, Marc Pineton, Piralla, Antonio, Planas-Serra, Laura, Ploin, Dominique, Poncelet, Géraldine, Poulakou, Garyphallia, Pouletty, Marie, Pourshahnazari, Persia, Qiu-Chen, Jia Li, Quentric, Paul, Rambaud, Thomas, Raoult, Violette, Rebillat, Anne-Sophie, Redin, Claire, Resmini, Léa, Ricart, Pilar, Richard, Jean-Christophe, Rivet, Nadia, Rocamora-Blanch, Gemma, Rodero, Mathieu, Rodrigo, Carlos, Rodriguez, Luis Antonio, Rodriguez-Gallego, Carlos, Rodriguez-Palmero, Agustí, Romero, Carolina Soledad, Rothenbuhler, Anya, Roux, Damien, Rovina, Nikoletta, Rozenberg, Flore, Ruch, Yvon, Ruiz, Montse, Prado, Maria Yolanda Ruiz Del, Ruiz-Rodriguez, Juan Carlos, Sabater-Riera, Joan, Saks, Kai, Salagianni, Maria, Sanchez, Oliver, Sánchez-Montalvá, Adrián, Sánchez-Ramón, Silvia, Schidlowski, Laire, Schluter, Agatha, Schmidt, Julien, Schmidt, Matthieu, Schuetz, Catharina, Schweitzer, Cyril, Scolari, Francesco, Sediva, Anna, Seijo, Luis, Seminario, Analia Gisela, Seng, Piseth, Senoglu, Sevtap, Seppänen, Mikko, Llovich, Alex Serra, Shahrooei, Mohammad, Siguret, Virginie, Siouti, Eleni, Smadja, David, Smith, Nikaia, Sobh, Ali, Soler, Catherine, Soler-Palacín, Pere, Sözeri, Betül, Stella, Giulia Maria, Stepanovskiy, Yuriy, Stoclin, Annabelle, Taccone, Fabio, Taupin, Jean-Luc, Tavernier, Simon, Terrier, Benjamin, Thiery, Guillaume, Thorball, Christian, Thorn, Karolina, Thumerelle, Caroline, Tipu, Imran, Tolstrup, Martin, Tomasoni, Gabriele, Toubiana, Julie, Alvarez, Josep Trenado, Tsang, Owen, Tserel, Liina, Tso, Eugene, Tucci, Alessandra, Öz, Şadiye Kübra Tüter, Ursini, Matilde Valeria, Utsumi, Takanori, Uzunhan, Yurdagul, Vabres, Pierre, Valencia-Ramos, Juan, van den Rym, Ana Maria, Vandernoot, Isabelle, Velez-Santamaria, Valentina, Veliz, Silvia Patricia Zuniga, Viel, Sébastien, Villain, Cédric, Vilaire-Meunier, Marie, Villar-García, Judit, Vincent, Audrey, Vogt, Guillaume, Voiriot, Guillaume, Volokha, Alla, Vuotto, Fanny, Wauters, Els, Wu, Alan, Wu, Tak-Chiu, Yahşi, Aysun, Yesilbas, Osman, Yildiz, Mehmet, Young, Barnaby, Yükselmiş, Ufuk, Ghirardello, Stefano, Zuccaro, Valentina, Andrés, Ana De, van Praet, Jens, Lambrecht, Bart, van Braeckel, Eva, Bosteels, Cédric, Hoste, Levi, Hoste, Eric, Bauters, Fré, Clercq, Jozefien De, Heijmans, Cathérine, Slabbynck, Hans, Naesens, Leslie, Florkin, Benoit, Boulanger, Cécile, Vanderlinden, Dimitri, Foti, Giuseppe, Bellani, Giacomo, Citerio, Giuseppe, Contro, Ernesto, Pesci, Alberto, Valsecchi, Maria Grazia, Cazzaniga, Marina, Danielson, Jeffrey, Dobbs, Kerry, Kashyap, Anuj, Ding, Li, Dalgard, Clifton, Sottini, Alessandra, Quaresima, Virginia, Quiros-Roldan, Eugenia, Rossi, Camillo, Bettini, Laura Rachele, D’angio, Mariella, Beretta, Ilaria, Montagna, Daniela, Licari, Amelia, Marseglia, Gian Luigi, Batten, Isabella, Reddy, Conor, Mcelheron, Matt, Noonan, Claire, Connolly, Emma, Fallon, Aoife, Storgaard, Merete, Jørgensen, Sofie, Pedersen, Ole Birger, Sørensen, Erik, Mikkelsen, Susan, Dinh, Khoa Manh, Larsen, Margit Anita Hørup, Paulsen, Isabella Worlewenut, von Stemann, Jakob Hjorth, Hansen, Morten Bagge, Ostrowski, Sisse Rye, Townsend, Liam, Ni Cheallaigh, Cliona, Bergin, Colm, Martin-Loeches, Ignacio, Dunne, Jean, Conlon, Niall, O’farrelly, Cliona, Allavena, Clotilde, Andrejak, Claire, Angoulvant, François, Azoulay, Cecile, Bachelet, Delphine, Bartoli, Marie, Basmaci, Romain, Behillill, Sylvie, Beluze, Marine, Benech, Nicolas, Benkerrou, Dehbia, Bhavsar, Krishna, Bitker, Laurent, Bouscambert-Duchamp, Maude, Paz, Pauline Caraux, Cervantes-Gonzalez, Minerva, Chair, Anissa, Chirouze, Catherine, Coelho, Alexandra, Cordel, Hugues, Couffignal, Camille, Couffin-Cadiergues, Sandrine, D’ortenzio, Eric, de Montmollin, Etienne, Debard, Alexa, Debray, Marie-Pierre, Deplanque, Dominique, Descamps, Diane, Desvallée, Mathilde, Diallo, Alpha, Diouf, Alphonsine, Dorival, Céline, Dubos, François, Duval, Xavier, Eloy, Philippine, Enouf, Vincent, Epaulard, Olivier, Esperou, Hélène, Esposito-Farase, Marina, Etienne, Manuel, Garot, Denis, Gault, Nathalie, Gaymard, Alexandre, Ghosn, Jade, Gigante, Tristan, Gilg, Morgane, Goehringer, François, Guedj, Jérémie, Hoctin, Alexandre, Hoffmann, Isabelle, Houas, Ikram, Hulot, Jean-Sébastien, Jaafoura, Salma, Kafif, Ouifiya, Kaguelidou, Florentia, Kali, Sabrina, Kerroumi, Younes, Khalil, Antoine, Khan, Coralie, Kimmoun, Antoine, Laine, Fabrice, Laouénan, Cédric, Laribi, Samira, Le, Minh, Le Bris, Cyril, Le Gac, Sylvie, Le Hingrat, Quentin, Le Mestre, Soizic, Le Nagard, Hervé, Lemaignen, Adrien, Lemee, Véronique, Lescure, François-Xavier, Letrou, Sophie, Levy, Yves, Lina, Bruno, Lingas, Guillaume, Lucet, Jean Christophe, Machado, Moïse, Malvy, Denis, Mambert, Marina, Manuel, Aldric, Mentré, France, Meziane, Amina, Mouquet, Hugo, Mullaert, Jimmy, Neant, Nadège, Nguyen, Duc, Noret, Marion, Papadopoulos, Aurélie, Paul, Christelle, Peiffer-Smadja, Nathan, Peigne, Vincent, Petrov-Sanchez, Ventzislava, Peytavin, Gilles, Pham, Huong, Picone, Olivier, Piquard, Valentine, Puéchal, Oriane, Rosa-Calatrava, Manuel, Rossignol, Bénédicte, Rossignol, Patrick, Roy, Carine, Schneider, Marion, Su, Richa, Tardivon, Coralie, Tellier, Marie-Capucine, Téoulé, François, Terrier, Olivier, Timsit, Jean-François, Tual, Christelle, Tubiana, Sarah, van der Werf, Sylvie, Vanel, Noémie, Veislinger, Aurélie, Visseaux, Benoit, Wiedemann, Aurélie, Yazdanpanah, Yazdan, Annereau, Jean-Philippe, Briseño-Roa, Luis, Gribouval, Olivier, Jaïs, Jean-Philippe, Pelet, Anna, Alcover, Andres, Aschard, Hugues, Bousso, Philippe, Brodin, Petter, Bruhns, Pierre, Cerf-Bensussan, Nadine, Cumano, Ana, D’enfert, Christophe, Deriano, Ludovic, Dillies, Marie-Agnès, Di Santo, James, Dromer, Françoise, Eberl, Gérard, Enninga, Jost, Gomperts-Boneca, Ivo, Hasan, Milena, Hedestam, Gunilla Karlsson, Hercberg, Serge, Ingersoll, Molly, Lantz, Olivier, Kenny, Rose Anne, Ménager, Mickaël, Michel, Frédérique, Patin, Etienne, Pellegrini, Sandra, Rausell, Antonio, Rieux-Laucat, Frédéric, Rogge, Lars, Fontes, Magnus, Sakuntabhai, Anavaj, Schwartz, Olivier, Schwikowski, Benno, Shorte, Spencer, Tangy, Frédéric, Toubert, Antoine, Touvier, Mathilde, Ungeheuer, Marie-Noëlle, Zimmer, Christophe, Albert, Matthew, Alavoine, Loubna, Behillil, Sylvie, Charpentier, Charlotte, Dechanet, Aline, Ecobichon, Jean-Luc, Frezouls, Wahiba, Houhou, Nadhira, Lehacaut, Jonathan, Lucet, Jean-Christophe, Manchon, Pauline, Nouroudine, Mariama, Quintin, Caroline, Thy, Michael, Vignali, Valérie, Chahine, Abir, Waucquier, Nawal, Migaud, Maria-Claire, Djossou, Félix, Mergeay-Fabre, Mayka, Lucarelli, Aude, Demar, Magalie, Bruneau, Léa, Gérardin, Patrick, Maillot, Adrien, Payet, Christine, Laviolle, Bruno, Paris, Christophe, Desille-Dugast, Mireille, Fouchard, Julie, Pistone, Thierry, Perreau, Pauline, Gissot, Valérie, Le Goas, Carole, Montagne, Samatha, Richard, Lucie, Bouiller, Kévin, Desmarets, Maxime, Meunier, Alexandre, Bourgeon, Marilou, Lefèvre, Benjamin, Jeulin, Hélène, Legrand, Karine, Lomazzi, Sandra, Tardy, Bernard, Gagneux-Brunon, Amandine, Bertholon, Frédérique, Botelho-Nevers, Elisabeth, Kouakam, Christelle, Leturque, Nicolas, Roufai, Layidé, Amat, Karine, Espérou, Hélène, Hendou, Samia, van Agtmael, Michiel, Algera, Anne Geke, Appelman, Brent, van Baarle, Frank, Bax, Diane, Beudel, Martijn, Bogaard, Harm Jan, Bomers, Marije, Bonta, Peter, Bos, Lieuwe, Botta, Michela, de Brabander, Justin, de Bree, Godelieve, de Bruin, Sanne, Buis, David, Bugiani, Marianna, Bulle, Esther, Chouchane, Osoul, Cloherty, Alex, Dijkstra, Mirjam, Dongelmans, Dave, Dujardin, Romein, Elbers, Paul, Fleuren, Lucas, Geerlings, Suzanne, Geijtenbeek, Theo, Girbes, Armand, Goorhuis, Bram, Grobusch, Martin, Hafkamp, Florianne, Hagens, Laura, Hamann, Jorg, Harris, Vanessa, Hemke, Robert, Hermans, Sabine, Heunks, Leo, Hollmann, Markus, Horn, Janneke, Hovius, Joppe, de Jong, Menno, Lim, Endry, van Mourik, Niels, Nellen, Jeaninne, Nossent, Esther, Paulus, Frederique, Peters, Edgar, Pina-Fuentes, Dan, van der Poll, Tom, Preckel, Bennedikt, Prins, Jan, Raasveld, Jorinde, Reijnders, Tom, de Rotte, Maurits, Schinkel, Michiel, Schultz, Marcus, Schrauwen, Femke, Schuurman, Alex, Schuurmans, Jaap, Sigaloff, Kim, Slim, Marleen, Smeele, Patrick, Smit, Marry, Stijnis, Cornelis, Stilma, Willemke, Teunissen, Charlotte, Thoral, Patrick, Tsonas, Anissa, Tuinman, Pieter, van der Valk, Marc, Veelo, Denise, Volleman, Carolien, de Vries, Heder, Vught, Lonneke, van Vugt, Michèle, Wouters, Dorien, Zwinderman, A., Brouwer, Matthijs, Wiersinga, W. Joost, Vlaar, Alexander, Al-Muhsen, Saleh, Al-Mulla, Fahd, Arias, Andrés, Bogunovic, Dusan, Bolze, Alexandre, Bryceson, Yenan, Bustamante, Carlos, Butte, Manish, Chakravorty, Samya, Christodoulou, John, Constantinescu, Stefan, Cooper, Megan, Desai, Murkesh, Drolet, Beth, El Baghdadi, Jamila, Espinosa-Padilla, Sara, Froidure, Antoine, Henrickson, Sarah, Hsieh, Elena, Husebye, Eystein, Imai, Kohsuke, Itan, Yuval, Jarvis, Erich, Karamitros, Timokratis, Ku, Cheng-Lung, Ling, Yun, Lucas, Carrie, Maniatis, Tom, Maródi, László, Milner, Joshua, Mironska, Kristina, Novelli, Antonio, Novelli, Giuseppe, de Diego, Rebeca Perez, Perez-Tur, Jordi, Arkin, Lisa, Asano, Takaki, Oriol, Roger Colobran, Renia, Laurent, Resnick, Igor, Sancho-Shimizu, Vanessa, Seppänen, Mikko R.J., Shahrooei, Mohammed, Slaby, Ondrej, Tayoun, Ahmad Abou, Ramaswamy, Sathishkumar, Turvey, Stuart, Uddin, K., Uddin, Mohammed, von Bernuth, Horst, Zawadzki, Pawel, Grimbacher, Bodo, Pape, Jean, Perlin, David, Pesole, Graziano, García, Paula Andrea Gaviria, López, Gustavo Andrés Salguero, Rojas-Villaraga, Adriana, Vélez, Verónica Posada, Landinez, Lina Marcela Acevedo, Correales, Luisa Paola Duarte, Gómez, Oscar, Guaqueta, Jeser Santiago Grass, Pérez, Cristian Alejandro Ricaurte, Carrillo, Jorge, Vergara, José Alejandro Daza, Landinez, Sandra, Mantilla, Rubén, Yepes, Jairo David Torres, Ricaurte, Oscar Andrés Briceño, Pérez-Díaz, Carlos, Mateus, Yady Nataly, Navarro, Laura Mancera, Rodríguez, Yhojan, Acosta-Ampudia, Yeny, Monsalve, Diana, Rojas, Manuel, Nadif, Rachel, Goldberg, Marcel, Ozguler, Anna, Henny, Joseph, Lemonnier, Sylvie, Coeuret-Pellicer, Mireille, Got, Stéphane Le, Tzourio, Christophe, Dufouil, Carole, Soumaré, Aïcha, Lachaize, Morgane, Fievet, Nathalie, Flaig, Amandine, Martin, Fernando, Bonneaudeau, Brigitte, Cannet, Dorothée, Gallian, Pierre, Jeanne, Michel, Perroquin, Magali, Hamzeh-Cognasse, Hind, Imagine - Institut des maladies génétiques (IHU) (Imagine - U1163), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Rockefeller University [New York], Hiroshima University, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), University of Tartu, CHU Henri Mondor, Hôpital Avicenne [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Institut de cardiologie [CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière], CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Hôpital Lariboisière-Fernand-Widal [APHP], Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille - INSERM U 1019 - UMR 9017 - UMR 8204 (CIIL), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Lille-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Etablissement Français du Sang [La Plaine Saint-Denis] (EFS), Etablissement français du sang - Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes (EFS), Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor [Madrid], Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL), Grand Hôpital de l'Est Francilien (GHEF), Vall d'Hebron University Hospital [Barcelona], Institut Hospitalier Universitaire Méditerranée Infection (IHU Marseille), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH), Tokyo Medical and Dental University [Japan] (TMDU), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Institute for Systems Biology [Seattle] (ISB), Universidad de Antioquia = University of Antioquia [Medellín, Colombia], Universidad del Rosario [Bogota], Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr Negrin, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali Civili di Brescia [Brescia], Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca = University of Milano-Bicocca (UNIMIB), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [Bethesda] (NIAID-NIH), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), University of British Columbia (UBC), CHU Necker - Enfants Malades [AP-HP], Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Ghent University Hospital, Goce Delchev University (UGD), Invitae Corporation, Bilkent University [Ankara], Necmettin Erbakan University [Konya, Turquie], Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Hassan II (CHU HII), CHU Ibn Rochd [Casablanca], Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie - UMR (CIRI), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Karolinska Institute, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center [Te Aviv], The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute [Milan, Italie], IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele [Milan, Italy], Universidade de São Paulo = University of São Paulo (USP), Fundacion Rioja Salud, Amsterdam Neuroscience [Pays-Bas], Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU)-University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA)-VU University Medical Center [Amsterdam], Innsbruck Medical University = Medizinische Universität Innsbruck (IMU), Shupyk National Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education [Kiev] (SNMAPE), I.Horbachevsky Ternopil State Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine, Hospital Donostia, Garvan Institute of medical research, Sorbonne Université (SU), Immunologie Translationnelle - Translational Immunology lab, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Charles University [Prague] (CU), University Hospital Motol [Prague], Dmitriy Rogachev National Center for Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology [Moscow, Russia], The University of Hong Kong (HKU), Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (CHRU Tours), Morphogénèse et antigénicité du VIH et du virus des Hépatites (MAVIVH - U1259 Inserm - CHRU Tours ), Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (CHRU Tours)-Université de Tours (UT)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), University of La Sabana = Universitad de la Sabana, Hôpital Robert Ballanger [Aulnay-sous-Bois], Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University (TAU), Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), University Hospitals Leuven [Leuven], Tallaght Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, University of Sharjah (UoS), Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire CERBA [Saint Ouen l'Aumône], King Fahad University, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge [Barcelone] (IDIBELL), McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada], Aarhus University [Aarhus], Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Principe, Hôpital Jean Verdier [AP-HP], Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Yale University [New Haven], University of California [San Francisco] (UC San Francisco), University of California (UC), Academy of Athens, Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Bordeaux population health (BPH), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie et de Développement (ISPED)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Centre d'investigation Clinique [CHU Bichat] - Épidémiologie clinique (CIC 1425), AP-HP - Hôpital Bichat - Claude Bernard [Paris], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), CIC Hôpital Bichat, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-UFR de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), European Genomic Institute for Diabetes - FR 3508 (EGID), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IrsiCaixa (Institut de Recerca de la Sida), Hôpital Foch [Suresnes], Etablissement Français du Sang, EFS, Institut Necker Enfants-Malades (INEM - UM 111 (UMR 8253 / U1151)), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Rockefeller University, St. Giles Foundation, National Institutes of Health (US), George Mason University, Yale University, National Human Genome Research Institute (US), Fisher Center for Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Meyer Foundation, JPB Foundation, Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le SIDA et les Hépatites Virales (France), Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research, Ministre de l'Enseignement Supérieur, de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (France), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (France), Université de Paris, Fondation Bettencourt Schueller, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Raras (España), European Commission, G. Harold & Leila Y. Mathers Foundation, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (US), National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (US), Estonian Research Council, Al Jalila Foundation, American University of Sharjah, National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia), University of New South Wales (Australia), Regione Lombardia, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Sorbonne Université, Université de Bordeaux, National Cancer Institute (US), Research Foundation - Flanders, Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation, Sao Paulo Research Foundation, The Meath Foundation, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Cardiovasculaires, du Métabolisme et de la Nutrition = Research Unit on Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (ICAN), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut de Cardiométabolisme et Nutrition = Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition [CHU Pitié Salpêtrière] (IHU ICAN), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), INSERM UMRS-1144, Université Paris Cité, Réanimation Médicale et Toxicologique, Hôpital Lariboisière, Génétique Evolutive Humaine - Human Evolutionary Genetics, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), The Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases is supported by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, the St. Giles Foundation, the NIH (Grants R01AI088364 and R01AI163029), the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH Clinical and Translational Science Awards program (Grant UL1 TR001866), a Fast Grant from Emergent Ventures, Mercatus Center at George Mason University, the Yale Center for Mendelian Genomics and the Genome Sequencing Program Coordinating Center funded by the National Human Genome Research Institute (Grants UM1HG006504 and U24HG008956), the Yale High Performance Computing Center (Grant S10OD018521), the Fisher Center for Alzheimer’s Research Foundation, the Meyer Foundation, the JPB Foundation, the French National Research Agency (ANR) under the 'Investments for the Future' program (Grant ANR-10-IAHU-01), the Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratory of Excellence (Grant ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID), the French Foundation for Medical Research (FRM) (Grant EQU201903007798), the French Agency for Research on AIDS and Viral hepatitis (ANRS) Nord-Sud (Grant ANRS-COV05), the ANR GENVIR (Grant ANR-20-CE93-003), AABIFNCOV (Grant ANR-20-CO11-0001), CNSVIRGEN (Grant ANR-19-CE15-0009-01), and GenMIS-C (Grant ANR-21-COVR-0039) projects, the Square Foundation, Grandir–Fonds de solidarité pour l’Enfance, the Fondation du Souffle, the SCOR Corporate Foundation for Science, The French Ministry of Higher Education, Research, and Innovation (Grant MESRI-COVID-19), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), REACTing-INSERM, and the University Paris Cité. P. Bastard was supported by the FRM (Award EA20170638020). P. Bastard., J.R., and T.L.V. were supported by the MD-PhD program of the Imagine Institute (with the support of Fondation Bettencourt Schueller). Work at the Neurometabolic Disease lab received funding from Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) (Grant ACCI20-767) and the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement 824110 (EASI Genomics). Work in the Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease was supported by the NIH (Grants P01AI138398-S1, 2U19AI111825, and R01AI091707-10S1), a George Mason University Fast Grant, and the G. Harold and Leila Y. Mathers Charitable Foundation. The Infanta Leonor University Hospital supported the research of the Department of Internal Medicine and Allergology. The French COVID Cohort study group was sponsored by INSERM and supported by the REACTing consortium and by a grant from the French Ministry of Health (Grant PHRC 20-0424). The Cov-Contact Cohort was supported by the REACTing consortium, the French Ministry of Health, and the European Commission (Grant RECOVER WP 6). This work was also partly supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH (Grants ZIA AI001270 to L.D.N. and 1ZIAAI001265 to H.C.S.). This program is supported by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (Grant ANR-10-LABX-69-01). K.K.’s group was supported by the Estonian Research Council, through Grants PRG117 and PRG377. R.H. was supported by an Al Jalila Foundation Seed Grant (Grant AJF202019), Dubai, United Arab Emirates, and a COVID-19 research grant (Grant CoV19-0307) from the University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. S.G.T. is supported by Investigator and Program Grants awarded by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia and a University of New South Wales COVID Rapid Response Initiative Grant. L.I. reports funding from Regione Lombardia, Italy (project 'Risposta immune in pazienti con COVID-19 e co-morbidità'). This research was partially supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Grant COV20/0968). J.R.H. reports funding from Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (Grant HHSO10201600031C). S.O. reports funding from Research Program on Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases from Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (Grant JP20fk0108531). G.G. was supported by the ANR Flash COVID-19 program and SARS-CoV-2 Program of the Faculty of Medicine from Sorbonne University iCOVID programs. The 3C Study was conducted under a partnership agreement between INSERM, Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2 University, and Sanofi-Aventis. The Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale funded the preparation and initiation of the study. The 3C Study was also supported by the Caisse Nationale d’Assurance Maladie des Travailleurs Salariés, Direction générale de la Santé, Mutuelle Générale de l’Education Nationale, Institut de la Longévité, Conseils Régionaux of Aquitaine and Bourgogne, Fondation de France, and Ministry of Research–INSERM Program 'Cohortes et collections de données biologiques.' S. Debette was supported by the University of Bordeaux Initiative of Excellence. P.K.G. reports funding from the National Cancer Institute, NIH, under Contract 75N91019D00024, Task Order 75N91021F00001. J.W. is supported by a Research Foundation - Flanders (FWO) Fundamental Clinical Mandate (Grant 1833317N). Sample processing at IrsiCaixa was possible thanks to the crowdfunding initiative YoMeCorono. Work at Vall d’Hebron was also partly supported by research funding from Instituto de Salud Carlos III Grant PI17/00660 cofinanced by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF/FEDER). C.R.-G. and colleagues from the Canarian Health System Sequencing Hub were supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Grants COV20_01333 and COV20_01334), the Spanish Ministry for Science and Innovation (RTC-2017-6471-1, AEI/FEDER, European Union), Fundación DISA (Grants OA18/017 and OA20/024), and Cabildo Insular de Tenerife (Grants CGIEU0000219140 and 'Apuestas científicas del ITER para colaborar en la lucha contra la COVID-19'). T.H.M. was supported by grants from the Novo Nordisk Foundation (Grants NNF20OC0064890 and NNF21OC0067157). C.M.B. is supported by a Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research Health Professional-Investigator Award. P.Q.H. and L. Hammarström were funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (Antibody Therapy Against Coronavirus consortium, Grant 101003650). Work at Y.-L.L.’s laboratory in the University of Hong Kong (HKU) was supported by the Society for the Relief of Disabled Children. MBBS/PhD study of D.L. in HKU was supported by the Croucher Foundation. J.L.F. was supported in part by the Evaluation-Orientation de la Coopération Scientifique (ECOS) Nord - Coopération Scientifique France-Colombie (ECOS-Nord/Columbian Administrative department of Science, Technology and Innovation [COLCIENCIAS]/Colombian Ministry of National Education [MEN]/Colombian Institute of Educational Credit and Technical Studies Abroad [ICETEX, Grant 806-2018] and Colciencias Contract 713-2016 [Code 111574455633]). A. Klocperk was, in part, supported by Grants NU20-05-00282 and NV18-05-00162 issued by the Czech Health Research Council and Ministry of Health, Czech Republic. L.P. was funded by Program Project COVID-19 OSR-UniSR and Ministero della Salute (Grant COVID-2020-12371617). I.M. is a Senior Clinical Investigator at the Research Foundation–Flanders and is supported by the CSL Behring Chair of Primary Immunodeficiencies (PID), by the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven C1 Grant C16/18/007, by a Flanders Institute for Biotechnology-Grand Challenges - PID grant, by the FWO Grants G0C8517N, G0B5120N, and G0E8420N, and by the Jeffrey Modell Foundation. I.M. has received funding under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (Grant Agreement 948959). E.A. received funding from the Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation (Grant INTERFLU 1574). M. Vidigal received funding from the São Paulo Research Foundation (Grant 2020/09702-1) and JBS SA (Grant 69004). The NH-COVAIR study group consortium was supported by a grant from the Meath Foundation., HGID Lab, COVID Clinicians, COVID-STORM Clinicians, NIAID Immune Response to COVID Group, NH-COVAIR Study Group, Danish CHGE, Danish Blood Donor Study, St. James's Hospital, SARS CoV2 Interest Group, French COVID Cohort Study Group, Imagine COVID-Group, Milieu Intérieur Consortium, CoV-Contact Cohort, Amsterdam UMC Covid-19 Biobank Investigators, COVID Human Genetic Effort, CP-COVID-19 Group, CONSTANCES cohort, 3C-Dijon Study, Cerba Health-Care, Etablissement Français du Sang Study group, ANR-10-LABX-0062,IBEID,Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases(2010), ANR-20-COVI-0003,GENCOVID,Identification des défauts monogéniques de l'immunité responsables des formes sévères de COVID-19 chez les patients précédemment en bonne santé(2020), ANR-20-CE93-0003,GENVIR,Analyse multi-omique de l'immunité anti-virale: de l'identification des circuits biologiques pertinents à la découverte de défauts monogéniques héréditaires de l'immunité chez les patients avec infections virales sévères(2020), ANR-19-CE15-0009,CNSVIRGEN,Déficits immunitaires innés dans les infections sévères du tronc cérébral(2019), ANR-20-CO11-0001,AABIFNCOV,Bases génétiques et immunologiques des auto-anticorps contre les interférons de type I prédisposant aux formes sévères de COVID-19.(2020), ANR-21-COVR-0039,GenMIS-C,Recherche des Déficits immunitaires innées monogéniques prédisposant au syndrome inflammatoire multisystémique chez l'enfant.(2021), European Project: 948959,ERC-2020-STG,MORE2ADA2(2021), Manry, J, Bastard, P, Gervais, A, Le Voyer, T, Rosain, J, Philippot, Q, Michailidis, E, Hoffmann, H, Eto, S, Garcia-Prat, M, Bizien, L, Parra-Martínez, A, Yang, R, Haljasmägi, L, Migaud, M, Särekannu, K, Maslovskaja, J, de Prost, N, Tandjaoui-Lambiotte, Y, Luyt, C, Amador-Borrero, B, Gaudet, A, Poissy, J, Morel, P, Richard, P, Cognasse, F, Troya, J, Trouillet-Assant, S, Belot, A, Saker, K, Garçon, P, Rivière, J, Lagier, J, Gentile, S, Rosen, L, Shaw, E, Morio, T, Tanaka, J, Dalmau, D, Tharaux, P, Sene, D, Stepanian, A, Mégarbane, B, Triantafyllia, V, Fekkar, A, Heath, J, Franco, J, Anaya, J, Solé-Violán, J, Imberti, L, Biondi, A, Bonfanti, P, Castagnoli, R, Delmonte, O, Zhang, Y, Snow, A, Holland, S, Biggs, C, Moncada-Vélez, M, Arias, A, Lorenzo, L, Boucherit, S, Anglicheau, D, Planas, A, Haerynck, F, Duvlis, S, Ozcelik, T, Keles, S, Bousfiha, A, El Bakkouri, J, Ramirez-Santana, C, Paul, S, Pan-Hammarström, Q, Hammarström, L, Dupont, A, Kurolap, A, Metz, C, Aiuti, A, Casari, G, Lampasona, V, Ciceri, F, Barreiros, L, Dominguez-Garrido, E, Vidigal, M, Zatz, M, van de Beek, D, Sahanic, S, Tancevski, I, Stepanovskyy, Y, Boyarchuk, O, Nukui, Y, Tsumura, M, Vidaur, L, Tangye, S, Burrel, S, Duffy, D, Quintana-Murci, L, Klocperk, A, Kann, N, Shcherbina, A, Lau, Y, Leung, D, Coulongeat, M, Marlet, J, Koning, R, Reyes, L, Chauvineau-Grenier, A, Venet, F, Monneret, G, Nussenzweig, M, Arrestier, R, Boudhabhay, I, Baris-Feldman, H, Hagin, D, Wauters, J, Meyts, I, Dyer, A, Kennelly, S, Bourke, N, Halwani, R, Sharif-Askari, F, Dorgham, K, Sallette, J, Sedkaoui, S, Alkhater, S, Rigo-Bonnin, R, Morandeira, F, Roussel, L, Vinh, D, Erikstrup, C, Condino-Neto, A, Prando, C, Bondarenko, A, Spaan, A, Gilardin, L, Fellay, J, Lyonnet, S, Bilguvar, K, Lifton, R, Mane, S, Anderson, M, Boisson, B, Béziat, V, Zhang, S, Andreakos, E, Hermine, O, Pujol, A, Peterson, P, Mogensen, T, Rowen, L, Mond, J, Debette, S, de Lamballerie, X, Burdet, C, Bouadma, L, Zins, M, Soler-Palacin, P, Colobran, R, Gorochov, G, Solanich, X, Susen, S, Martinez-Picado, J, Raoult, D, Vasse, M, Gregersen, P, Piemonti, L, Rodríguez-Gallego, C, Notarangelo, L, Su, H, Kisand, K, Okada, S, Puel, A, Jouanguy, E, Rice, C, Tiberghien, P, Zhang, Q, Casanova, J, Abel, L, Cobat, A, Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Imagine Institute, Microbes évolution phylogénie et infections (MEPHI), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Cohortes épidémiologiques en population (CONSTANCES), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), UFR Médecine [Santé] - Université Paris Cité (UFR Médecine UPCité), Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Neurology, AII - Infectious diseases, ANS - Neuroinfection & -inflammation, Graduate School, Université Paris Cité - UFR Médecine [Santé] (UPCité UFR Médecine), Gunst, Jan, Acibadem University Dspace, Manry, Jérémy, Bastard, Paul, Gervais, Adrian, Le Voyer, Tom, Rosain, Jérémie, Philippot, Quentin, Michailidis, Eleftherio, Hoffmann, Hans-Heinrich, Eto, Shohei, Garcia-Prat, Marina, Bizien, Lucy, Parra-Martínez, Alba, Yang, Rui, Haljasmägi, Lii, Migaud, Mélanie, Särekannu, Karita, Maslovskaja, Julia, de Prost, Nicola, Tandjaoui-Lambiotte, Yacine, Luyt, Charles-Edouard, Amador-Borrero, Blanca, Gaudet, Alexandre, Poissy, Julien, Morel, Pascal, Richard, Pascale, Cognasse, Fabrice, Troya, Jesú, Trouillet-Assant, Sophie, Belot, Alexandre, Saker, Kahina, Garçon, Pierre, Rivière, Jacques G, Lagier, Jean-Christophe, Gentile, Stéphanie, Rosen, Lindsey B, Shaw, Elana, Morio, Tomohiro, Tanaka, Junko, Dalmau, David, Tharaux, Pierre-Loui, Sene, Damien, Stepanian, Alain, Mégarbane, Bruno, Triantafyllia, Vasiliki, Fekkar, Arnaud, Heath, James R, Franco, José Lui, Anaya, Juan-Manuel, Solé-Violán, Jordi, Imberti, Luisa, Biondi, Andrea, Bonfanti, Paolo, Castagnoli, Riccardo, Delmonte, Ottavia M, Zhang, Yu, Snow, Andrew L, Holland, Steven M, Biggs, Catherine M, Moncada-Vélez, Marcela, Arias, Andrés Augusto, Lorenzo, Lazaro, Boucherit, Soraya, Anglicheau, Dany, Planas, Anna M, Haerynck, Filomeen, Duvlis, Sotirija, Ozcelik, Tayfun, Keles, Sevgi, Bousfiha, Ahmed A, El Bakkouri, Jalila, Ramirez-Santana, Carolina, Paul, Stéphane, Pan-Hammarström, Qiang, Hammarström, Lennart, Dupont, Annabelle, Kurolap, Alina, Metz, Christine N, Aiuti, Alessandro, Casari, Giorgio, Lampasona, Vito, Ciceri, Fabio, Barreiros, Lucila A, Dominguez-Garrido, Elena, Vidigal, Mateu, Zatz, Mayana, van de Beek, Diederik, Sahanic, Sabina, Tancevski, Ivan, Stepanovskyy, Yurii, Boyarchuk, Oksana, Nukui, Yoko, Tsumura, Miyuki, Vidaur, Loreto, Tangye, Stuart G, Burrel, Sonia, Duffy, Darragh, Quintana-Murci, Llui, Klocperk, Adam, Kann, Nelli Y, Shcherbina, Anna, Lau, Yu-Lung, Leung, Daniel, Coulongeat, Matthieu, Marlet, Julien, Koning, Rutger, Reyes, Luis Felipe, Chauvineau-Grenier, Angélique, Venet, Fabienne, Monneret, Guillaume, Nussenzweig, Michel C, Arrestier, Romain, Boudhabhay, Idri, Baris-Feldman, Hagit, Hagin, David, Wauters, Joost, Meyts, Isabelle, Dyer, Adam H, Kennelly, Sean P, Bourke, Nollaig M, Halwani, Rabih, Sharif-Askari, Fatemeh Saheb, Dorgham, Karim, Sallette, Jérôme, Sedkaoui, Souad Mehlal, Alkhater, Suzan, Rigo-Bonnin, Raúl, Morandeira, Francisco, Roussel, Lucie, Vinh, Donald C, Erikstrup, Christian, Condino-Neto, Antonio, Prando, Carolina, Bondarenko, Anastasiia, Spaan, András N, Gilardin, Laurent, Fellay, Jacque, Lyonnet, Stanisla, Bilguvar, Kaya, Lifton, Richard P, Mane, Shrikant, Anderson, Mark S, Boisson, Bertrand, Béziat, Vivien, Zhang, Shen-Ying, Andreakos, Evangelo, Hermine, Olivier, Pujol, Aurora, Peterson, Pärt, Mogensen, Trine H, Rowen, Lee, Mond, Jame, Debette, Stéphanie, de Lamballerie, Xavier, Burdet, Charle, Bouadma, Lila, Zins, Marie, Soler-Palacin, Pere, Colobran, Roger, Gorochov, Guy, Solanich, Xavier, Susen, Sophie, Martinez-Picado, Javier, Raoult, Didier, Vasse, Marc, Gregersen, Peter K, Piemonti, Lorenzo, Rodríguez-Gallego, Carlo, Notarangelo, Luigi D, Su, Helen C, Kisand, Kai, Okada, Satoshi, Puel, Anne, Jouanguy, Emmanuelle, Rice, Charles M, Tiberghien, Pierre, Zhang, Qian, Casanova, Jean-Laurent, Abel, Laurent, Cobat, Aurélie, Vougny, Marie-Christine, and Amsterdam Neuroscience - Neuroinfection & -inflammation
Subjects: Adult, Male, Risk, infection fatality rate, [SDV.IMM] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology, autoantibodies, chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, CHRONIC MUCOCUTANEOUS CANDIDIASIS, Autoimmunity, IMMUNITY, [SDV.MHEP.PSR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Pulmonology and respiratory tract, Article, DISEASE, Basic medicine, [SDV.MHEP.CSC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Cardiology and cardiovascular system, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, INFECTION, Medicine and Health Sciences, Humans, IMUNOLOGIA, Aged, Autoantibodies, Aged, 80 and over, disease, [SDV.MHEP.ME]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases, Multidisciplinary, SARS-CoV-2, type I IFNs, Age Factors, COVID-19, Type I IFNs, Middle Aged, autoantibodie, immunity, Antibodies, Neutralizing, infection, Infection fatality rate, Relative risk, relative risk, [SDV.TOX]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Toxicology, Interferon Type I, [SDV.IMM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Female, type I IFN
Abstract: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection fatality rate (IFR) doubles with every 5 y of age from childhood onward. Circulating autoantibodies neutralizing IFN-α, IFN-ω, and/or IFN-β are found in ∼20% of deceased patients across age groups, and in ∼1% of individuals aged 4% of those >70 y old in the general population. With a sample of 1,261 unvaccinated deceased patients and 34,159 individuals of the general population sampled before the pandemic, we estimated both IFR and relative risk of death (RRD) across age groups for individuals carrying autoantibodies neutralizing type I IFNs, relative to noncarriers. The RRD associated with any combination of autoantibodies was higher in subjects under 70 y old. For autoantibodies neutralizing IFN-α2 or IFN-ω, the RRDs were 17.0 (95% CI: 11.7 to 24.7) and 5.8 (4.5 to 7.4) for individuals, The Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases is supported by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute; The Rockefeller University; the St. Giles Foundation; the NIH (Grants R01AI088364 and R01AI163029); the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences; NIH Clinical and Translational Science Awards program (Grant UL1 TR001866); a Fast Grant from Emergent Ventures; Mercatus Center at George Mason University; the Yale Center for Mendelian Genomics and the Genome Sequencing Program Coordinating Center funded by the National Human Genome Research Institute (Grants UM1HG006504 and U24HG008956); the Yale High Performance Computing Center (Grant S10OD018521); the Fisher Center for Alzheimer’s Research Foundation; the Meyer Foundation; the JPB Foundation; the French National Research Agency (ANR) under the “Investments for the Future” program (Grant ANR-10-IAHU-01); the Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratory of Excellence (Grant ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID); the French Foundation for Medical Research (FRM) (Grant EQU201903007798); the French Agency for Research on AIDS and Viral hepatitis (ANRS) Nord-Sud (Grant ANRS-COV05); the ANR GENVIR (Grant ANR-20-CE93-003), AABIFNCOV (Grant ANR-20-CO11-0001), CNSVIRGEN (Grant ANR-19-CE15-0009-01), and GenMIS-C (Grant ANR-21-COVR-0039) projects; the Square Foundation; Grandir–Fonds de solidarité pour l’Enfance; the Fondation du Souffle; the SCOR Corporate Foundation for Science; The French Ministry of Higher Education, Research, and Innovation (Grant MESRI-COVID-19); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), REACTing-INSERM; and the University Paris Cité. P. Bastard was supported by the FRM (Award EA20170638020). P. Bastard., J.R., and T.L.V. were supported by the MD-PhD program of the Imagine Institute (with the support of Fondation Bettencourt Schueller). Work at the Neurometabolic Disease lab received funding from Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) (Grant ACCI20-767) and the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement 824110 (EASI Genomics). Work in the Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease was supported by the NIH (Grants P01AI138398-S1, 2U19AI111825, and R01AI091707-10S1), a George Mason University Fast Grant, and the G. Harold and Leila Y. Mathers Charitable Foundation. The Infanta Leonor University Hospital supported the research of the Department of Internal Medicine and Allergology. The French COVID Cohort study group was sponsored by INSERM and supported by the REACTing consortium and by a grant from the French Ministry of Health (Grant PHRC 20-0424). The Cov-Contact Cohort was supported by the REACTing consortium, the French Ministry of Health, and the European Commission (Grant RECOVER WP 6). This work was also partly supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH (Grants ZIA AI001270 to L.D.N. and 1ZIAAI001265 to H.C.S.). This program is supported by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (Grant ANR-10-LABX-69-01). K.K.’s group was supported by the Estonian Research Council, through Grants PRG117 and PRG377. R.H. was supported by an Al Jalila Foundation Seed Grant (Grant AJF202019), Dubai, United Arab Emirates, and a COVID-19 research grant (Grant CoV19-0307) from the University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. S.G.T. is supported by Investigator and Program Grants awarded by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia and a University of New South Wales COVID Rapid Response Initiative Grant. L.I. reports funding from Regione Lombardia, Italy (project “Risposta immune in pazienti con COVID-19 e co-morbidità”). This research was partially supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Grant COV20/0968). J.R.H. reports funding from Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (Grant HHSO10201600031C). S.O. reports funding from Research Program on Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases from Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (Grant JP20fk0108531). G.G. was supported by the ANR Flash COVID-19 program and SARS-CoV-2 Program of the Faculty of Medicine from Sorbonne University iCOVID programs. The 3C Study was conducted under a partnership agreement between INSERM, Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2 University, and Sanofi-Aventis. The Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale funded the preparation and initiation of the study. The 3C Study was also supported by the Caisse Nationale d’Assurance Maladie des Travailleurs Salariés, Direction générale de la Santé, Mutuelle Générale de l’Education Nationale, Institut de la Longévité, Conseils Régionaux of Aquitaine and Bourgogne, Fondation de France, and Ministry of Research–INSERM Program “Cohortes et collections de données biologiques.” S. Debette was supported by the University of Bordeaux Initiative of Excellence. P.K.G. reports funding from the National Cancer Institute, NIH, under Contract 75N91019D00024, Task Order 75N91021F00001. J.W. is supported by a Research Foundation - Flanders (FWO) Fundamental Clinical Mandate (Grant 1833317N). Sample processing at IrsiCaixa was possible thanks to the crowdfunding initiative YoMeCorono. Work at Vall d’Hebron was also partly supported by research funding from Instituto de Salud Carlos III Grant PI17/00660 cofinanced by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF/FEDER). C.R.-G. and colleagues from the Canarian Health System Sequencing Hub were supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Grants COV20_01333 and COV20_01334), the Spanish Ministry for Science and Innovation (RTC-2017-6471-1; AEI/FEDER, European Union), Fundación DISA (Grants OA18/017 and OA20/024), and Cabildo Insular de Tenerife (Grants CGIEU0000219140 and “Apuestas científicas del ITER para colaborar en la lucha contra la COVID-19”). T.H.M. was supported by grants from the Novo Nordisk Foundation (Grants NNF20OC0064890 and NNF21OC0067157). C.M.B. is supported by a Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research Health Professional-Investigator Award. P.Q.H. and L. Hammarström were funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (Antibody Therapy Against Coronavirus consortium, Grant 101003650). Work at Y.-L.L.’s laboratory in the University of Hong Kong (HKU) was supported by the Society for the Relief of Disabled Children. MBBS/PhD study of D.L. in HKU was supported by the Croucher Foundation. J.L.F. was supported in part by the Evaluation-Orientation de la Coopération Scientifique (ECOS) Nord - Coopération Scientifique France-Colombie (ECOS-Nord/Columbian Administrative department of Science, Technology and Innovation [COLCIENCIAS]/Colombian Ministry of National Education [MEN]/Colombian Institute of Educational Credit and Technical Studies Abroad [ICETEX, Grant 806-2018] and Colciencias Contract 713-2016 [Code 111574455633]). A. Klocperk was, in part, supported by Grants NU20-05-00282 and NV18-05-00162 issued by the Czech Health Research Council and Ministry of Health, Czech Republic. L.P. was funded by Program Project COVID-19 OSR-UniSR and Ministero della Salute (Grant COVID-2020-12371617). I.M. is a Senior Clinical Investigator at the Research Foundation–Flanders and is supported by the CSL Behring Chair of Primary Immunodeficiencies (PID); by the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven C1 Grant C16/18/007; by a Flanders Institute for Biotechnology-Grand Challenges - PID grant; by the FWO Grants G0C8517N, G0B5120N, and G0E8420N; and by the Jeffrey Modell Foundation. I.M. has received funding under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (Grant Agreement 948959). E.A. received funding from the Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation (Grant INTERFLU 1574). M. Vidigal received funding from the São Paulo Research Foundation (Grant 2020/09702-1) and JBS SA (Grant 69004). The NH-COVAIR study group consortium was supported by a grant from the Meath Foundation.
Published: 2022
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