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Heterocyclic compounds possess diverse biological properties that have led to intense study and research of these compounds. One of these compounds is Oxadiazole which has been found to exhibit various pharmacological activities. 1,3,4-oxadiazole having heterocyclic nucleus is a novel molecule which attract the chemist to search a new therapeutic molecule. Research on 1,3,4-oxadiazole and their synthetic analogues have revealed a variety of pharmacological activities including anti-microbial, anti-tubercular and insecticidal agents. Some of these compounds have also analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-HIV agent, anti-parkinsonian and anti-proliferative agent. It was our interested to make novel derivatives of the titled compounds and evaluate the anti-tubercular activities. 1,3,4-oxadiazole and its derivatives (4a-4e) were obtained. The current study discusses the microwave irradiation synthesis of derivatives with the goal of generating new medications with high specificity for mycobacterium tuberculosis and low harm to the human.

Controlled and sustained drug delivery has recently become the industry standard, and extensive research has been conducted in order to improve drug product effectiveness, reliability, and safety. The ‘in-situ gel' system has emerged as one of the best innovative drug delivery systems; its unique feature of ‘Sol to Gel' transition aids in the sustained and controlled release of drugs. A formulation that is in solution form before entering the body, but changes to gel form under certain physiological conditions, is known as an in-situ gelling system. The advantages of in-situ forming polymeric delivery systems, including simplicity of administration and reduced frequency of administration, increased patient compliance and comfort, have spurred attention. In-situ gels are a type of hydrogel that starts off as a solution and gels when exposed to bodily fluids or changes in pH. Guar gum, gellan gum, xanthan gum, carrageenan, xyloglucan, pectin, chitosan, and thiolated chitosan are some of the polymers employed in in-situ gelling systems. This review focused on introduction, advantages and disadvantages, approaches and mechanism, preparation methods, polymers used, characterization as well as applications.

Nanoparticles are defined as particles with one or more dimensions and sizes between one and one hundred nanometers (nm) by ISO and ASTM standards. Due to their special qualities, silver nanoparticles have a wide range of uses, including antibacterial, anticancer, larvicidal, catalytic, and wound healing processes. Any medication that treats parasitic worm-related infections is known as an anthelmintic (helminthes). An established anthelmintic medication is Albendazole. Certain tapeworm infections are treated with the drug Albendazole (such as neurocysticercosis and hydatid disease). The centrifugation method wasused for 3 hours and 34 hours, respectively, to manufacture silver nanoparticles from Albendazole and Euphorbia thymifolia. Pheretima posthuma, an Indian earthworm, was tested for anthelmintic activity using Albendazole and Euphorbia thymifolia nanoparticles in ethanol. The results were stated for paralysis and bacterial death time after monitoring various concentrations of both Albendazole and Euphorbia thymifolia. Both plants' dose-dependent activity was seen. However, the synthetic medicineAlbendazole exhibits greater activity than the herbal drug Euphorbia thymifolia. It was determined thatboth the synthetic and natural medicines had anthelmintic activity, withAlbendazole having more of aneffect thanEuphorbia thymifolia.

Heterocyclic compounds show various potent biological activity. Every heterocyclic compound has different structure, different functional group and designed for different biological activities. Oxadiazole is one of those heterocyclic compounds possess various biological activity. The structure is simple contain carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen. It shows various type of biological activities such as anti- convulsant, anti- microbial, anti- tumor, anti-helminth, anti- HIV, anti- Alzheimer, insecticidal, pesticidal, anti- inflammatory. This review gives a glance on oxadiazole compound, its different derivatives and its biological uses.

There has been considerable interest in the development of novel anticonvulsant compounds, , analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antimycobacterial, antitumour, and antitubercular activities. 1,3,4-thiadiazole constitute Significant class of compounds for new drugs development. They Have an interesting pharmacophore displaying a wide range of pharmacological activity. The 1,3,4-thiadiazole compound is an interesting heterocycle. A group that was used to synthesise a variety of useful bioactive compounds. The stability of the thiadiazole nucleus has inspired the medicinal chemist to perform various structural variations in the ring. Marketed drugs such as acetazolamide and methazolamide have shown their therapeutic potential Therefore, many researchers have identified these compounds as target structures and evaluated their biological activities. This review highlights the different pharmacological activities associated with the 1,3,4-thiadiazole ring system.

Pharmacosomes are the colloidal dispersions of drugs covalently bound to lipids and can exist, depending on the chemical structure, as ultrafine vesicular, micellar, or hexagonal aggregates. Because of the linking of a drug (pharmakon) to a carrier (soma), they are rightly termed "pharmacosomes."Pharmacosomes can be characterized as a neutral molecule with both positive and negative charges, water-loving and fat-loving characteristics, and in complex form, an ideal polyphenol-to-phospholipid ratio. Pharmacosomes are amphiphilic lipid vesicular systems that have demonstrated their ability to increase the bio-accessibility of poorly water-soluble and poorly lipophilic medicines. Drug pharmacosomes provide an effective method of delivering the drug directly to the infection site, which contributes to a lowering in drug toxicity without harmful effects, and also lowers the cost of therapy by improving the drug's bioavailability, particularly in the case of poorly soluble drugs. Pharmacosomes are appropriate to incorporate both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs. Pharmacosomes have been designed for multiple anti-inflammatory medications that are non-steroidal, neurological, and antineoplasty.

Olanzepine a potential antidepressant drug with high affinity of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), dopamine (DA) and noradrenaline (NA) in selected regions of the rat brain. Depression is a debilitating psychiatric condition that remains the second most common cause of disability worldwide. Hence the purpose of present study is to investigate effect of Olanzepine microsphere prepared by using combination of sodium alginate and carbopol polymer on monoamine concentration in rat brain. Our main aim is to study relationship such as serotonin (5HT), dopamine (DA) and nonadrenaline (NA)in the brain of rat It showed that significant reduction occur in monoamine formation in brain of rat. Thus study suggest that prepared Olanzepine microsphere showed decreased the monoamine on rat brain.

A series of 1,2,4-triazole derivatives were synthesized under microwave irradiation and characterized by IR, 1H-NMR, and mass spectral data. Pathogenic microorganisms are causative agents for different types of serious infectious diseases. Despite advancements in medication, bacterial infections continue to be a growing problem in health care. As more and more bacteria become resistant to antibiotics used in therapy there is considerable interest in the development of new compounds with antimicrobial activity. Inflammation is a central part of the response to injury and infection in the immune system. It may become problematic if the inflammatory process continues for too long. External infections involving the skin and wound are the most frequent complications affecting humans and animals. The compounds containing a heterocyclic ring play an important role among organic compounds with biological activity used as drugs in human, veterinary medicine or as insecticides and pesticides in agriculture. The compounds were evaluated for their in antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity against some strains of bacteria. The pharmacological evaluation of 1,2,4-triazole derivatives revealed that, among all the compounds screened compound code 2b showed leading antibacterial activity against the selected pathogenic strains of bacteria and compound code 2e were found to have promising anti-inflammatory activity.

A series of novel N-(1H-benzimidazole-2-yl-carbamothioyl)benzamide derivatives were synthesized under microwave irradiation and evaluated for anticancer activity. The synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, 1H-NMR, and mass spectral data. Complexity associated with cancer disease and prevalence of diversified cell populations vindicates highly specific treatment options for treatment of cancer. Resistance to these anticancer agents has posed a great hindrance in successful treatment of cancer. Pondering this ongoing situation, it was speculated to develop novel compounds targeting cancer. All the newly synthesized compounds 3a-f were further evaluated for anticancer activity against MCF-7 cell lines using MTT assay. Molecular docking studies were performed using VLife MDS 4.3 software. The compounds 3c exhibited good docking scores of -60.37. The anticancer and docking results highlight the fact that the synthesized compounds 3c could be considered as possible hit as therapeutic agents. A significant correlation was observed between the in silico and the in vitro studies.

Objective: Objective of the present study was to develop an immediate release solid dispersion tablet to enhance oral bioavailability of Azilsartan. Methods: Solid dispersion of azilsartan was developed using Soluplus® as a novel solubility enhancer by the solvent evaporation technique. 32factorial design was used in a fully randomized order to study effect of amount of azilsartan and Soluplus on solubility (µg/ml) and % drug dissolved in 30 min. Prepared solid dispersion was evaluated for different micromeritic properties, saturation solubility, and wettability. Then solid dispersion of all the batches compressed into an immediate-release tablet using sodium starch glycolate as a super disintegrant. Developed tablet formulations were evaluated for various post-compression parameters and satisfactory formulation among these were further studied for Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Scanning Colorimeter (DSC), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), in vivo absorption and stability study. Results: Results of micromeritic properties of solid dispersion showed that good flowability, compressibility, wettability, and saturation solubility. Post compression parameters of immediate-release tablets were found to be in acceptable limits. Batch ASD2 containing 40 mg Diacerein and 80 mg of Soluplus showed maximum drug release i.e. 99.82 % within 30 min. Compatibility study using FTIR, DSC, and XRD showed that drug is compatible with Soluplus. In vivo absorption study showed that, 2.67 fold increase in Area Under Curve (AUC) as compared to plain Azilsartan. Relative bioavailability was found to be 267.11 %. Results of stability study indicate that developed formulations were stable at accelerated temperature and humidity conditions. Conclusion: Study concluded that solid dispersion using Soluplus as a solubility enhancer is a suitable formulation strategy to enhance solubility, dissolution, and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drug-like Azilsartan.

The new series oxadiazole derivatives were prepared by reacting aromatic carboxylic acids.In the present work 10 different 5-substituted-1,3,4-oxadiazole -2-amine derivatives (3a -i) were synthesized. Substituted carboxylic acid is converted into substituted ethyl benzoate by esterification. Different ethyl benzoate is converted into different aroyl hydrazide by treating with hydrazine hydrate.The different aroyl hydrazide is converted 5-substituted-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-amine derivatives by treating with cyanogen bromide.Confirmation of the chemical structure of the synthesized compounds was substantiated by TLC,IR,1H NMR, and MS spectroscopy.In present study,a series of 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives(3a- i)were evaluated for in vivo anti-inflammatory activity by carrageenan induced paw edema method. The results of anti-inflammatory evaluation revealed that compounds 3c, 3e and3i exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity at a dose of 25 mg kg-1 compared to indomethacin used as the reference standard.The anti-inflammatory activity investigation highlights that the synthesized compound 3e could be considered for further clinical studies.

Shampoos were mainly intended for hair and scalp washing. Since ancient times people have been using herbs to clean, beautify and treat hair. It is the most prevalent type of hair care. Shampoos were mainly items intended for hair and scalp washing. In the current situation, it seems unlikely that herbal shampoos would be popular with customers, even though they are better in consistency and healthier than conventional ones. A more progressive method would be to mold the preferences of customers from a shampoo, with an focus on health and effectiveness. The present research focuses on the preparation and evaluation of anti-dandruff cosmetic shampoo.

Series of novel substituted Synthesis of N-{[5-(substituted)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-yl] carbamothioyl} derivatives containing 1,3,4-oxadiazole moiety were synthesized by microwave as a green chemistry method and conventional method by using pyridine 3- carboxylic acid as a starting material. The structures of the synthesized compounds were characterized by physicochemical data, IR, Mass spectra and 1HNMR. All the newly synthesized compound screened for their antimicrobial and In-vivo and In-vitro Anti-inflammatory studies. Anti-inflammatory studies revealed that compound 4f showed significant in-vivo and in-vitro anti-inflammatory activity as well potent antimicrobial activity.

The purpose of this study was to see if ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Bauhinia acuminatea (Linn.) had any hepatoprotective activity against CCl4-induced albino rats. The levels of biochemical parameters (SGOT, SGPT and ALP) were reduced and the levels of hepatic antioxidant enzymes such as GSH and CAT were decreased whereas the level of hepatic lipid peroxidation (MDA) was elevated byCCl4 induction in Albino rats when compared with the normal group. The ethanolic and aqueous extract of Bauhinia acuminata (Linn.) and Silymarin treated animal groups showed significant decrease in activities of different biochemical parameters like SGOT, SGPT, ALP and lipid peroxidase i.e., MDA level which were elevated by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) intoxication, at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg and increased the level of antioxidant enzymes such as GSH and CAT. The high dose of ethanolic extracts (400 mg/kg) was more effective as compared to low dose (200 mg/kg). So, it was concluded from the result that the ethanolic extract of Bauhinia acuminata (Linn.) possesses significant hepatoprotective activity compared to aqueous extracts against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in rats.

The intention of the present work was to synthesize the f-MWCNT and f-SWCNT terminated with proper functional group, loading of 5-Flurouracil and to perform cytotoxic activity. Functionalization of MWCNTs and SWCNTs was achieved through the acid treatment (H2SO4 + HNO3). 5-flurouracil was loaded into the prepared functionalized CNTs, thereafter; in vitro drug loading capacity and % drug release were calculated. Also the prepared f-CNTs, 5-flurouracil loaded CNTs were distinguished by using SEM, TGA, DSC, X-ray diffraction, Raman and FTIR spectroscopy. MCF-7 and COLO320DM cells were treated with selected concentrations of 5-FU loaded f-MWCNTs and f-SWCNTs to estimate the cytotoxic activity. It was observed that 5-FU loaded f-SWCNTs showed good activity against selected cell lines than others. Moreover, apoptosis percentage was reported to be 84.46 ± 4.3515 and 92.78 ± 2.6549 for 5-FU loaded f-SWCNTs against MCF-7 and COLO320DM cells respectively. It is evident from the results that the prepared drug loaded CNTs have comparable antitumor activity in cancer cell lines.

Imidacloprid is an insecticide for the control of green peach aphids on selected fruits and vegetables. Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) is used as a functional food for its wholesome nutritional, antioxidants and anti-cancer composition. In the present study, HPLC technique is applied to detect Imidacloprid residues in fresh Spinach, when treated with legal and illegal doses by some farmers. Samples of fresh bio-vegetables were bought and divided into three groups (blank, group treated with legal dose and group treated with illegal dose of Imidacloprid). Freeze-dried samples were extracted with ethyl acetate, filtered and evaporated till dryness. Interestingly, comparison of antioxidant activity of organic spinach sample (not exposed to pesticide) with treated samples (propylgallate positive control having 100% antioxidant activity) showed reduction of antioxidant activity for the treated samples (spinach sample with illegal dose) but slightly higher in spinach sample with legal dose. These results indicate a lower nutritional quality of the treated Spinach with illegal doses.

Objective: This study was aimed to design and characterize Paclitaxel-loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) to achieve site specificity,reduce toxicity and sustained release pattern. Methods: Paclitaxel-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles were fabricated by microemulsion followed by probe sonication technique using stearic acid as lipid and stabilized of the mixture of surfactants. In this study, 32 full factorial design was employed for optimizing the concentration of lipid as stearic acid and surfactant (soya lecithin) for the nanoparticles. The optimization was done by studying the dependent variable of particle size and % entrapment efficiency. Results: The results showed that the paclitaxel-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles prepared with the concentration of 33.31 % stearic acid and 500 mg of soya lecithin were optimum characteristic than other formulations. They showed the average particles size 149±4.10 nm and PDI 250±2.04. The zeta potential, % EE and % drug loading capacity was found to be respectively-29.7, 93.38±1.90 and 0.81±0.01. The optimized batch of Paclitaxel SLNs exhibited spherical shape with smooth surface analyzed by Transmission Electron Microscopy. In vitro study showed sustained release profile and was found to follow Higuchi Kinetics Equation. Conclusion: The SLNs of paclitaxel m et al. l the requirements of a colloidal drug delivery system. They had a particle size in nanosize; their size distribution was narrow and all the particles were in a spherical shape.

Objective: The objective of the present study was to develop solid self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (S-SMEDDS) of diacerein (DCN) for enhancement of dissolution rate. Methods: Three batches of liquid SMEDDS were prepared using oleic acid, Tween 80, and polyethylene glycol 200 as oil, surfactant, and cosurfactant, respectively. Microemulsion region was recognized by constructing a pseudoternary phase diagram containing a different proportion of oil, surfactant, and cosurfactant. Prepared liquid SMEDDS was evaluated for thermodynamic stability study, dispersibility tests, globule size, zeta potential, and viscosity. Liquid SMEDDS was then converted to S-SMEDDS by adsorption technique using Neusilin US2 as a solid carrier. Prepared S-SMEDDS was evaluated for different micromeritic properties, drug content, reconstitution properties, in vitro dissolution study, Fourier transform infrared, and scanning electron microscopy. Results: The results showed that all batches of liquid SMEDDS were found to be thermodynamically stable. Reconstitution properties of S-SMEDDS showed spontaneous microemulsification with globule size 0.271 μm and −16.18 mV zeta potential. From the results of in vitro dissolution study, it was found that the release of DCN was significantly increased as compared with plain DCN. Conclusion: The study concluded that dissolution rate of poorly water-soluble drug like DCN can be increased by developing S-SMEDDS formulation.

Cisplatin (Cis diaminedichloro platinum) was the first platinum drug to be used as an anticancer drug, and it is widely used in the treatment of testicular, head, neck, ovarian and lung cancer. The use of Cisplatin is limited due to its intrinsic and acquired resistance and severe side effects such as chronic neurotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. The colloidal carriers such as emulsion, liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles have been extensively studied to overcome above limitations. The solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), amongst other colloidal carriers, were found to be an ideal carrier for lipophillic drug for better stability and release retardation. Cisplatin loaded solid lipid nanoparticles was prepared by microemulsion technique. Stearic acid was used as lipid. The other excipients were used as DPPG, Soya lecithin and Poloxamer P407 and acidic buffer PH4. Also used Probe sonication for 10 min at 79 Amplitude. Cisplatin SLNs Batch C13 showed particle size of 119.23±1.52 nm, Zeta potential of -37.33±2.47 mV, % Entrapment efficiency of 90.2 ± 2.1 %., % Drug loading capacity of 1.62 ± 1.34 %., The TEM study of optimized Cisplatin SLN illustrated the spherical shape of nanoparticles. Total release amount of Cisplatin was 82.62± 2.04 % after 48 hrs. The formulation performed kinetics study followed Peppas plot equation The SLNs of Cisplatin met all the requirements of a colloidal drug delivery system. They had particle size in nanosize; their size distribution was narrow and all the particles were in spherical shape and stable. Keywords: Cisplatin, Solid Lipid nanoparticles, zeta potential, Particle size, Transmission electron Microscopy.

Peptides and proteins have great therapeutic potential. Proteins and peptides may be administered for therapeutic effects at comparatively low doses because of their relatively specific mode of action. For several chronic conditions such as cancer, hepatitis, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis and leukaemia, this potent therapy is indicated. While the peptide and protein therapeutic market has developed significantly over the past decades, their use has been limited by delivery. Most are currently delivered intravenously or subcutaneously due to degradation and limited absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, although oral delivery is preferred. In order to facilitate the oral peptide delivery, absorption enhancers, enzyme inhibitors, carrier systems and stability enhancers are therefore being studied. Additionally, the delivery of transdermal peptides avoids gastrointestinal tract problems but also faces absorption limitations. Injections (i.e. intravenous, intramuscular, or subcutaneous route) remain the most common means of administering these protein and peptide drugs until recently. The oral, buccal, intranasal, pulmonary, transdermal, ocular and rectal routes that have been tried with varying degrees of success. This review discusses oral and transdermal peptide drug delivery, focusing on barriers and solutions to absorption and recent advances are discussed.

The microwave assisted organic reaction comes under green chemistry proved to be eco-friendly and higher yield. In present article we performed some organic reactions using microwave irradiation. This green processes have resulted through use of less or no catalyst, readily recyclable solvents and yield that are often higher than conventional method. Microwave heating produces heat in entire material in the same rate and the same time at a high speed and at a high rate of reaction. Microwave assisted synthesis has become an important tool to the medicinal chemist for rapid organic synthesis. The microwave reactions were performed using microwave assisted synthesis on microwave, the reactions were worked up extensively to obtain a pure form of product which was isolated using literature work-up procedures. The products were further recrystallized with suitable solvents. The reactions were monitored with TLC intermittently for microwave assisted synthesis and hourly for conventional method of synthesis.

Microwave assisted organic synthesis offers clean, simple, efficient, fast and economic for the synthesis of a number of organic molecules such reaction has new tool in the organic synthesis. Important advantage of this technology includes highly accelerated rate of the reaction time with an improvement in yield and quality of product. This technique is considered as important approach toward green chemistry because this technique is more environments friendly and this technology is used in the laboratory. Traditional reactions were performed using microwave at specific power levels and time periods, as well as by conventional method of synthesis; the reactions work extensively to obtain pure form of product which was isolated using literature work-up procedures. The products obtained from traditional reactions using microwave assisted synthesis as those obtained from the conventional method of synthesis was shorter with higher yields.

A rapid and economic UV spectrophotometric method developed by using a solvent methanol: acetonitrile (48:52) composed together to estimate the ursodeoxycholic acid content in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage formulation. Pre-determined study of λmax is 216nm it was proved linear range of 1.0–10.0μg/ml and exhibited good correlation coefficient (R2=0.992) and excellent mean recovery (98.00–100.05%). This method was successfully applied to the determination of λmax of ursodeoxycholic acid and results were in good agreement with label claims. The method was validated statistically and by recovery studies for linearity, precision, repeatability and reproducibility the obtained result proved that the method can be employed for the routine analysis of ursodexycholic acid in bulks formulation.

Cancer can be characterized as a disease where an uncontrollably growing group of abnormal cells disregarding the normal mechanism of cell division. The healthy cells that are continuously subject to stimuli that determine whether the cell will reproduce, differentiate or die. Cancer cells experience a degree of autonomy from these signals, resulting in uncontrolled growth and proliferation and metastasis. There are over 200 different cancer forms. The sequence, predicting a dominant autosomal gene that resulted in an increased risk of developing breast cancer, was published the same year as the cloned BRCA1 gene. Different model has used cancer and steroid hormone evidence to determine the risk of breast cancer in women with family history of cancer of the breast. There are over sixty different organs in the body that can develop cancer from nearly any cell type in the body. As a result, more than 150 ongoing clinical trials are being conducted that investigate the efficacy of nanotechnological drug carrires which target cancer have developed quickly into the nanotechnology field.

SARI is the most of viral infections that cause generalised clinical symptoms that cannot be easily differentiated from other respiratory infections. Monitoring SARI cases of influenza strains such as H1N1 and Sars-Cov-2, which triggers Covid-19, helps create trends of infection nationally and enhances disease monitoring, which informs response and preparedness to containment. In present article information about genome, Clinical management of severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) in suspect/confirmed novel coronavirus (nCoV) cases by immediate implementation of appropriate IPC measures, early supportive therapy and monitoring, management of hypoxemic respiratory failure, management of septic shock and specific anti-Novel-CoV treatments were given.

The present research is aimed to formulate and evaluating herbal mouthwash and evaluating its efficacy against microbial oral cavity load. Due to its physicochemical properties and antimicrobial activity, prepared mouthwash was further evaluated. Malvastrum coromandelianum and Neem extracts and the polyherbal mouth rinse demonstrated good sensitivity to micro-organisms such as E. coli and S. aureus. Natural herbs such as malvastrum coromandelianum, Neem and fennel and many others are used as single or in combination have been scientifically proven to be safe and effective medicine against oral health problems such as bleeding gums, halitosis, mouth ulcers, and preventing tooth decay. Clove is most commonly applied directly to the gums for toothache, pain control during work, and other dental-related issues. We have developed a mouthwash with some common food materials and herbs and which can replace costly chemicals like alcohol, coloring agents and preservatives making our mouthwash economically more viable than commercial mouthwash. The anti-inflammatory and anti-infectious properties of neem make it a powerful treatment for gum disease. The results of this study indicate that the existence of compounds such as glycosides, terpenoids, flavanoids and saponins that can be responsible for the antibacterial efficacy of extracts and polyherbal mouthwash rinse against these microorganisms that are known to be mostly responsible for oral cavity bacterial infection.

Polymorphism has emerged as a major focus for industry and regulatory agencies respectively. Polymorphism can affect physical and chemical stability, apparent solubility, dissolution, bioavailability and bioequivalence and drug product manufacturability, which require special attention during product development as it affects drug product quality, protection and effectiveness.It describes to exsist in two or more crystalline phases which have different arrangement of molecules in solid state with different arrangements or conformations of constituents in crystal lattices. The knowledge of the thermodynamic stability and thermokinetics is desired for better understanding of transformations and the time required for these transformations. Some of techniquesexamines difference in temperature form between reference and sample like function of temperature. It is useful in vapourization, boiling, fusion; solid-solid transition crystallization structure inversion and also used to characterize polymorphism to provide a powerful to isolate and identify of crystalline modification and its size and shape plays important role if they used as sustained release dosage. It usually have important role in properties like hardness of tablet and suspension stability and used to know difference between anhydrous and solvate form then for identification of polymorphs. Furthermore, the effect of polymorphism, polymorphism monitoring and regulation, and polymorphic knowledge reporting scheme in Abbreviated New Drug Application.

According to World Health Organization (WHO), Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses which can infect birds and mammals, including humans. At the end of 2019 in Wuhan, China, a novel coronavirus, known as 2019-nCoV, emerged. While COVID-19 and SARS-CoV belong to the same subgroup of beta corona virus, genome-level similarity is only 70 percent, and genetic differences from SARS-CoV have been identified in the novel group. Transfusion of convalescent blood products (CBP), especially convalescent plasma (CP), is useful if the latter induces neutralizing antibodies against emerging infectious agents. CBPs are extracted from a convalescent source by collecting whole blood or plasma apheresis. Passive immunization therapy was successfully implemented back to the 1890s to treat infectious diseases. An individual who is ill with infectious diseases and is recovering has blood drawn and screened for antibodies neutralizing specific microorganisms. After identifying those with high titers of neutralizing antibody, convalescent plasma containing such neutralizing antibodies can be administered to minimize symptoms and mortality in individuals with a specified clinical disease. Convalescent Plasma Transfusion (CPT) has been the subject of increasing attention, especially in the wake of large-scale epidemics.

Azilsartan has solubility problem which leads to low dissolution and hence bioavailability, hence it is necessary to improve solubility of azilsartan. Objective of study was to develop self micro emulsifying tablet of azilsartan to enhance dissolution. Liquid self micro emulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) was prepared using ethyl oleate, Tween 80 and Transcutol P as oil, surfactant and co-surfactant respectively. Microemulsion region was predicted by constructing a pseudo-ternary phase diagram containing a different proportion of oil, surfactant, and co-surfactant. Liquid SMEDDS was then converted to solid form (S-SMEDDS) by adsorption technique using Neusilin US2 as a solid carrier and evaluated for various pre-compression micromeritic properties. This S-SMEDDS were then compressed into immediate release tablet. Developed tablet of azilsartan were reconstituted and evaluated for % Transmittance, globule size, zeta potential. Tablets were also evaluated for post compression parameters, in-vitro dissolution study, DSC, XRD and FTIR. Reconstitution properties of self emulsifying tablet showed spontaneous micro emulsification with globule size 210 nm and-37 mV zeta potential. From results of in-vitro dissolution study, it was found that the release of azilsartan was significantly increased as compared with pure azilsartan. Study concluded that dissolution of azilsartan can be significantly improved by formulating it in to self emulsifying tablet for getting improved oral bioavailability.

Microwave assisted synthesis has revolutionized chemical synthesis. Small molecules can be built in a fraction of the time required by conventional methods. Green chemistry holds the promise of reducing health and environmental damage. In the past we have focused on cleaning up toxic messes, is a movement to design chemicals that are safer for the environment and human. Microwave assisted reactions in organic chemistry achieve the same by ensuring facilitation of faster reactions under bulk conditions as well as promoting reduction of reaction time. In conventional heating methods oil bath or hot plate are used as a source of heat to a chemical reaction. Microwave irradiation is widely used as a source of heating in chemical synthesis. This article has discussed the different applications of Microwave assisted synthesis of organic compounds most thoroughly by focusing on aspects of speed, reproducibility and scalability. From this review it is clearly identified that independent on the type of organic material, data consistently points out to MW as a novel and powerful tool which has enable synthesis of a number of new compounds and presents the need for future research in this area. The basic mechanisms observed in microwave assisted synthesis are dipolar polarization and conduction. Microwave-assisted synthesis provides clean synthesis with the advantage of enhanced reaction rates, higher yields, greater selectivity, and economic for the synthesis of a large number of organic molecules, have provided the momentum for many chemists to switch from conventional heating method to microwave assisted chemistry.

Microwave assisted organic synthesis has as a new “lead” in the organic synthesis. The technique offers clean, simple, efficient, fast and economic for the synthesis of a number of organic molecules such reaction has new tool in the organic synthesis. Conventional method of organic synthesis usually requires longer heating time, tedious apparatus setup which result in higher cost of process and the excessive use of solvents or reagents lead to environmental pollution. This technique is considered as important approach toward green chemistry because this technique is more environments friendly and this technology is used in the laboratory and has the potential to have a large impact on the fields of combinatorial chemistry. The microwave reactions were performed using microwave assisted synthesis on microwave, the reactions were worked up extensively to obtain a pure form of product which was isolated using literature work-up procedures. The products were further recrystallized with suitable solvents. The reactions were monitored with TLC intermittently for microwave assisted synthesis and hourly for conventional method of synthesis.

The neuroprotective potential of ethanolic extract of Lagenaria vulgaris EELV seeds against Oxidative Stress in Rat Hippocampus was evaluated to ascertain the validity of folkloric claims The neuroprotective potential was evaluated through oxidative stress induced by sodium azide in the hippocampus of rats Brain homogenates were pre incubated for minutes with mg mL EELV and then incubated for minutes with mM sodium azide and were examined for oxidative markers viz thiobarbituric acid reactive substances TBARS catalase CAT superoxide dismutase SOD since their levels are altered on exposure to sodium azide The results indicated that the levels of TBARS CAT activity were enhanced and SOD activity was reduced by sodium azide EELV prohibited the changes in TBARS CAT and SOD Cell viability was evaluated by the dimethylthiazol yl diphenyl tetrazolium bromide MTT and it rsquo s showed no change in MTT reduction by Sodium azide However EELV increased MTT reduction in the presence or absence of sodium azide Hence it can be concluded that EELV has potential antioxidant and neuroprotective activity in the rat hippocampal homogenate which may be due to the presence of flavonoids