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Three recent surveys of 21-cm line emission in the Galactic plane, combining single dish and interferometer observations to achieve resolution of 1 arcmin to 2 arcmin, 1 km/s, and good brightness sensitivity, have provided some 650 absorption spectra with corresponding emission spectra for study of the distribution of warm and cool phase H I in the interstellar medium. These emission-absorption spectrum pairs are used to study the temperature of the interstellar neutral hydrogen in the outer disk of the Milky Way, outside the solar circle, to a radius of 25 kpc. The cool neutral medium is distributed in radius and height above the plane with very similar parameters to the warm neutral medium. In particular, the ratio of the emission to the absorption, which gives the mean spin temperature of the gas, stays nearly constant with radius to 25 kpc radius. This suggests that the mixture of cool and warm phases is a robust quantity, and that the changes in the interstellar environment do not force the H I into a regime where there is only one temperature allowed. The mixture of atomic gas phases in the outer disk is roughly 15% to 20% cool (40 K to 60 K), the rest warm, corresponding to mean spin temperature 250 to 400 K. The Galactic warp appears clearly in the absorption data, and other features on the familiar longitude-velocity diagram have analogs in absorption with even higher contrast than for 21-cm emission. In the third and fourth Galactic quadrants the plane is quite flat, in absorption as in emission, in contrast to the strong warp in the first and second quadrants. The scale height of the cool gas is similar to that of the warm gas, and both increase with Galactic radius in the outer disk., Comment: Accepted for Ap J and scheduled for 2009 March 1 volume 693. LaTeX 27 pages with 29 figures

This paper provides an overview of current techniques to allow the industrial systems to automatically adapt to change while maintaining predictable and stable system behaviour. This is performed along the dimensions of simple, dynamic and intelligent reconfiguration and focuses on the physical device and software component levels of the shop floor and in particular, on automatic reconfiguration of programmable logic controller systems. Through an analysis of recent work by the authors and others in this area, the paper identifies the basic requirements for intelligent reconfiguration and the outstanding issues in this area.

We have analyzed 793 atomic hydrogen emission and absorption spectrum pairs toward continuum background sources in the northern and southern Galactic plane. In this paper we focus on absorption features from cold gas in the outermost arms of the Galaxy. We find H I absorption associated on a global scale with the outer spiral arm (first and second Galactic quadrants). To a lesser extent we also see absorption associated with the most distant spiral arm in the third and fourth Galactic quadrants. In total, 236 spectra contain clear absorption features associated with the outermost spiral arms. Cool-phase gas therefore exists throughout these spiral arms. The mean distances between absorbing clouds are on the order of 90-220 pc. We identify a number of striking H I structures with masses on the order of 105-106 M⊙ containing cool H I gas with temperatures below 100 K. These clouds are only marginally stable against gravitational collapse.

The electronic structure of (GaAs)2/(AlAs)2(1 0 0)-c(4 × 4) superlattice surfaces was studied by means of angular-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (ARUPS) in the photon energy range 20–38 eV. Four samples with different surface termination layers were grown and As-capped by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). ARUPS measurements were performed on decapped samples with perfect c(4 × 4) reconstructed surfaces. An intensive surface state was, for the first time, observed below the top of the valence band. This surface state was found to shift with superlattices’ different surface termination in agreement with theoretical predictions.

Thrombelastography (TEG) is a bedside method used to determine coagulation parameters such as clot formation, stabilization and lysis. This report describes a case of cardiopulmonary arrest due to fulminant pulmonary embolism in a 42-year-old postpartum patient. We discuss the dynamics of coagulation parameters during CPR and thrombolysis complicated by bleeding, as assessed by TEG.

The electron structure of GaAs(100)-c(4 × 4) has been studied by means of angular-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy for photon energies (20–40) eV. The sample was prepared by molecular beam epitaxy in-situ at the BL41 beamline of the MAX I storage ring of the Max-lab in Lund.

The test results of electrical reluctance motors with superconducting YBCO bulk material operating at 77 K are compared to conventional machines. The design of a superconducting 150 kW reluctance motor is presented. We discuss the demands on YBCO bulk material which are necessary for a high performance of superconducting motors. Furthermore, we present the conceptual design of a superconducting linear motor. In the end we discuss future applications for superconducting motors of medium power range.

Increased translational period of crystalline superlattices gives rise to qualitative modifications of the electron band structure E ( k ): minigaps appear at new Brillouin zone boundaries and band dispersions are reduced into narrower allowed energy bands. Modifications of the wave functions, consisting in electron confinement into one of the two components of a superlattice can affect the intensities of photoemitted electrons. The layer-resolved contributions from a few topmost layers to the photoelectron intensity are evaluated in the one-step model and the importance of the related optical matrix elements is shown. Large number of surface states and resonances connected with superlattice can be expected. This expectation is confirmed by evaluation of the local densities of electron states for the unreconstructed (1 0 0) surface of the 2×2 superlattice. The space distribution of localized states is presented. Energy distribution curves for normally photoemitted electrons are analyzed from the above viewpoints.

Angle-resolved photoemission measurements on gallium nitride single crystals and epitaxial thin films with wurtzite structure were performed using synchrotron radiation. Calculated theoretical final state bands were used to determine the corresponding k vectors in reciprocal space using the direct transition model. We were able to identify several previously unobserved features including several surface states and transitions to non-free-electron final states. Significant differences in the surface electronic band structure between thin film and single crystal samples were observed. 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

We calculated photoemission spectra within the one-step model for the (001) surface of the (AlAs) 2 (GaAs) 2 superlattice structure. The purpose is to discriminate between spectral features which are caused by the surface, and those which are characteristic properties of the superlattice. Direct transitions indicate the opening of band gaps at the Brillouin zone edge, which are characteristic for the modified periodicity of the superlattice. Furthermore, the layer resolved photocurrent shows that one can also identify excitations from AlAs which are hidden below the first two GaAs layers and from As atoms at the boundary between the different semiconductors. Furthermore, emissions from surface states and resonances are also recognized.

A superconducting/electromagnetic hybrid bearing system is currently under development and test. This system consists of a thrust superconducting magnetic bearing and a double radial active electromagnetic bearing/motor devices. The thrust bearing has been designed using NdFeB permanent magnets levitating on a set of superconducting monoliths of YBCO, prepared by top seeded melt texturing technique, which supports the weight of the rotor. The bearing/motor devices were conceived as 4-pole 2-phase induction machine using stator windings for delivering torque and radial positioning simultaneously. Using this superconducting axial bearing and the active bearings for the rotor radial positioning, a fully levitating vertical-shaft inductive machine has been tested. The tests were successful in reaching a controlled levitation up to 6,300 rpm.

A superconducting/electromagnetic hybrid bearing has been designed using active radial electromagnetic positioning and a superconducting passive axial levitator. This bearing has been tested for an induction machine with a vertical shaft. The prototype was conceived as a four-pole, two-phase induction machine using specially designed stator windings for delivering torque and radial positioning simultaneously. The radial bearing uses four eddy-current sensors, displaced 90° from each other, for measuring the shaft position and a PID control system for feeding back the currents. The stator windings have been adapted from the ones of a standard induction motor. The superconducting axial bearing has been assembled with commercial NdFeB permanent magnets and a set of seven top-seeded-melt-textured YBCO large-grain cylindrical blocks. The bearing set-up was previously simulated by a finite element method for different permanent magnet-superconductor block configurations. The stiffness of the superconducting axial bearing has been investigated by measuring by a dynamic method the vertical and transversal elastic constants for different field cooling processes. The resulting elastic constants show a linear dependence on the air gap, i.e. the clearance between the permanent magnet assembly and the set of superconducting large-grain blocks, which is dependent on cooling distance.

Two new types of HTS electric machine are considered. The first type is hysteresis motors and generators with cylindrical and disc rotors containing bulk HTS elements. The second type is reluctance motors with compound HTS-ferromagnetic rotors. The compound HTS-ferromagnetic rotors, consisting of joined alternating bulk HTS (YBCO) and ferromagnetic (iron) plates, provide a new active material for electromechanical purposes. Such rotors have anisotropic properties (ferromagnetic in one direction and diamagnetic in the perpendicular one). Theoretical and experimental results for HTS hysteresis and reluctance motors are presented. A series of hysteresis HTS motors with output power rating from 1 kW (at 50 Hz) up to 4 kW (at 400 Hz) and a series of reluctance HTS motors with output power 2-18.5 kW (at 50 Hz) were constructed and successfully tested. It was shown that HTS reluctance motors could reach two to five times better overall dimensions and specific power than conventional asynchronous motors of the same size and will have higher values of power factor (cos φ ≥ 0.7 to 0.8).

In Se.C.R.E.T.S. (Segregated Copper Ratio Transient Stability), the stability performance under transverse field transient is compared for two Nb/sub 3/Sn cable-in-conduit conductors which differ only because of the different distribution of the stabilizing copper, either included in the Nb/sub 3/Sn strand cross section or segregated as bundled copper wires. If the segregated copper is found to be effective for stability purposes, the copper fraction in the Nb/sub 3/Sn strands can be substantially reduced, with dramatic cost advantage for the high field fusion magnets. The experiment is assembled in the SULTAN facility at CRPP, with 11 T background field and superimposed transverse pulsed field to generate the transient disturbance. The layout of the conductor, the winding sample and the assembly procedure are described. The instrumentation and the test program are planned to provide results to be easily extrapolated to the ITER conductors.

A detailed investigation by one-step photoemission calculations of the GaN(0001)-(1x1) surface in comparison with recent experiments is presented in order to clarify its structural properties and electronic structure. The discussion of normal and off-normal spectra reveals through the identified surface states clear fingerprints for the applicability of a surface model proposed by Smith et al. Especially the predicted metallic bonds are confirmed. In the context of direct transitions the calculated spectra allow to determine the valence band width and to argue in favor of one of two theoretical bulk band structures. Furthermore a commonly used experimental method to fix the valence band maximum is critically tested., 8 pages, 11 eps files, submitted to PRB

A superconducting passive axial bearing has been developed for an induction machine with vertical rotor and two active radial magnetic bearings, resulting in a fully levitating system. This prototype has been designed on the basis of a previous one reported by Salazar-Stephan as a 4-pole 2-phase induction machine using windings of a standard motor. Each active radial bearing measures four shaft-positions using eddy-current sensors, each displaced by 90 degrees. The levitation has been performed using two NdFeB permanent magnets and bulk pieces of seeded-melt-textured YBCO. The YBCO pieces have been characterized by measuring the levitation forces and mapping the remanent magnetic field with Hall probes. The radial stability of the system is modeled and discussed.

Electron spectroscopy at low kinetic energies, e.g., valence band photoemission with vacuum ultraviolet light, is sensitive to the fine structure of the electron damping, i.e., to the magnitude and energy dependence of the optical potential. The basis of this quantity is usually given by a semiquantitative analytical derivation together with empirical findings from the escape depth. Only recently the optical potential has been determined ab-initio via calculating the self-energy. Here, this approach is used to calculate the self-energy and from this the wave functions in the conduction band regime with scattering boundary conditions for the surface system. For the former, the GW approximation is applied. For the latter, algebraic solvers in the Laue representation have been used to solve the Schrodinger equation for arbitrary potentials. The wave function is investigated to extract physical quantities, like the angle and energy dependent escape depth, which are significant in discussing electron scattering.

Superconducting reluctance motors with YBCO bulk material have been built and tested up to more than 10 kW. They have been operated in liquid nitrogen at 77 K, at different frequencies (speeds) and loads. The specific power achieved is significantly higher than that in conventional motors. The small size and low weight of such motors can be considered as important advantages for special applications. The test results and the theory applied are in good accordance.

High-temperature melt-textured material prepared in a batch process with reproducible material parameters and properties can be used successfully to construct electromotors with an increased energy and force density. A production process with high efficiency and moderate costs is the basis for the technical application of bulk melt-textured yttrium-barium-copper-oxide. The increased production rate also demands adequate characterization techniques that have to provide the material parameters needed for the specific application. The most suitable characterization technique has to be chosen for routine characterization. In this article, measurements were performed to simulate magnetic processes in electromotors. Functional models running in liquid nitrogen were constructed.

We present photoemission spectra calculated within the one-step model in normal emission from GaN and GaAs (001) surfaces. Structures in the spectra are discussed in terms of direct transitions from bulk valence states and as emissions from surface states, depending on polarization of the light. Thereby all of the pronounced structures in the energy distribution curves are uniquely associated with the participating bands and their orbital and layer resolved composition. The theoretical intensities are compared with experimental angle resolved ultraviolet photoemission spectra for clean GaAs and GaN surfaces yielding a good agreement. The comparison underlines the necessity of a full calculation for the interpretation of experimental data. In addition, we investigate the change in the calculated distribution curves introduced by covering a GaAs(001) substrate with several overlayers of GaN.

High quality melt-textured Nd1+x Ba2-x Cu3Oy bulks have been prepared through a novel technology carried out in air. In present study, a modified melt processing technology is employed to prepare the melt-textured Nd1+x Ba2-x Cu3Oy samples, and a post-annealing in flowing Ar is used to obtain the high Tc phase. AC susceptibility measurement shows that the critical temperature has reached 94.5K. The maximum levitation force is 7.4N for a sample with a diameter of 18mm. The Jc values are 2.4x10(4) A/cm(2) (0T,77K), 1.7x10(4) A/cm(2)(1T, 77K) and 3.3x10(5) A/cm(2) (8T, 21K). The fishtail effect is relatively obvious in 40-60K.

Several hysteresis motors have been constructed with an output power up to 500 W at T=77 K. The rotors of these machines consist of melt-textured YBCO. In this work, the authors present detailed investigations on the magnetic processes in these rotors. Spheres were cut from melt-textured YBCO and investigated by rotating in vector-VSM. From these measurements, torque moments on the sample, hysteretic losses and the slip between external field and the sample can be calculated. The same dependence of the output power on the magnetic field for the samples as for the constructed motors can be derived. Influences of the critical current density and the domain size can be separated by changing the temperature.

High T c melt-textured Nd 1+ x Ba 2− x Cu 3 O yy bulk samples have been prepared through a newly developed melt process in air. Some important superconducting properties of melt-textured Nd 1+ x Ba 2− x Cu 3 O yy are measured. The critical temperature of the obtained sample was 93 K. The trapped magnetic field mapping shows that the diameter of a single domain can reach 1 cm. The critical current density J c values are 2.4 × 10 4 A/cm 2 in 0 T at 77 K and 1.7 × 10 4 A/cm 2 in 1 T at 77 K. No pronounced fishtail effect is observed in the hysteresis ( M-H ) loop. The maximum trapped magnetic field of a single domain consisting of two grains is 101 mT. These results show that the new melt process is comparable with the previously reported processes of melt-textured Nd 1+ x Ba 2− x Cu 3 O yy .

Y 2 O 3 admixed to 123 significantly influences the mechanism of melt texturing of YBCO. Based on phase diagram considerations, it is shown that the process window for stable growth conditions can be considerably increased. Furthermore, a lower process temperature ( T a =960°C to 985°C) becomes possible. Samples have been grown by both directional solidification and zone melting techniques. The superconducting properties are determined by local and integral levitation force measurements.

Vascular dementia (VD) is the second most common cause of dementia in the elderly after Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Prevalence estimates from community surveys indicate that, on average, 5% of persons over 65 and 15 to 20% of people over 80 suffer from “severe dementia”. Clinico-pathological studies have shown that AD accounts for 50 to 60% of the cases and VD for about 10 to 20%; 20% of the patients have both disorders. The incidence rate of VD ranges from 7 per 1,000 person-years in normal volunteers to 16 per 1,000 person-years in subjects with risk factors for strokes, particularly high blood pressure. The only effective therapeutic approach to VD is the prevention of strokes, mainly through the treatment of hypertension; however, none of the therapeutic trials has included VD prevention as one of its treatment goals. Syst-Eur Study is a European placebo controlled trial which aims to determine whether morbidity and mortality are changed when elderly patients (60 years and over) with isolated systolic hypertension are treated. In this trial, the incidence of VD will be carefully recorded during the five year follow-up of the expected 3,000 patients. The present side project to the Syst-Eur trial will specifically address the following questions: does antihypertensive treatment reduce the incidence of VD?, and how do the cognitive functions of elderly patients change when treated with active or placebo treatment? The protocol is based on the administration of the MMS (Folstein) once a year to all patients. If the MMS score is 23 or less, a set of criteria will be used to establish the diagnosis of vascular dementia. p]A pilot study has demonstrated the feasibility of the trial. The main study is in progress.

Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) plays an important role in acute and chronic inflammatory and hypersensitive reactions. We studied the time course of LTB4 biosynthesis in whole blood in 18 patients with end-stage renal failure maintained on regular hemodialysis with two different membranes, cuprophane and polyacrylonitrile (AN 69). The basal levels of LTB4 from dialysis patients did not differ significantly from a normal control group. Compared to predialytic values, the cuprophane membrane caused a maximal release of LTB4 by a factor of about 4.5 (p less than 0.01) within the first 10 to 20 minutes. Thereafter the level fell and returned to baseline range at the end of the hemodialysis session. With the use of the AN 69 membrane no significant increase of LTB4 could be demonstrated. The changes in LTB4 concentration showed a close temporal correlation to the alterations in white blood cell count. We conclude that (1) LTB4 is a biologically important mediator of neutrophil activation during hemodialysis, and (2) LTB4 may be a sensitive marker of biocompatibility in vivo.

The Syst-Eur Trial is a concerted action of the European Community's Medical and Health Research Programme. The trial is carried out in consultation with the World Health Organization, the International Society of Hypertension, the European Society of Hypertension and the World Hypertension League. This article describes the objectives and the protocol of Syst-Eur, a multicentre trial designed by the European Working Party on High Blood Pressure in the Elderly (EWPHE), to test the hypothesis that antihypertensive treatment of elderly patients with isolated systolic hypertension results in a significant change in stroke morbidity and mortality. Secondary endpoints include cardiovascular events, such as myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure. To be eligible patients must be at least 60 years old and have a systolic blood pressure averaging 160-219 mmHg with a diastolic pressure less than 95 mmHg. Patients must give their informed consent and be free of major cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular diseases at entry. The patients are randomized to active treatment or placebo. Active treatment consists of nitrendipine (10-40 mg/day), combined with enalapril (5-20 mg/day) and hydrochlorothiazide (12.5-25 mg/day), as necessary. The patients of the control group receive matching placebos. The drugs (or matching placebos) are stepwise titrated and combined in order to reduce systolic blood pressure by 20 mmHg at least to a level below 150 mmHg. Morbidity and mortality are monitored to enable an intention-to-treat and per-protocol comparison of the outcome in the 2 treatment groups. A one-year pilot trial (1989) showed that the protocol is practicable. The Ethics Committee therefore decided to start the definite study (1990), in which randomized patients will be followed for 5 years. Recruitment of new centres and of the required 3,000 patients will last 3 years (until 1993).

OSNR penalties demonstrate excellent filtering and power divergence performance for low cost tunable filter access ROADMs, with resulting performance reported at 10 Gb/s (36 nodes) and 40 Gb/s (8 nodes).

Thrombelastography (TEG) is a bedside method used to determine coagulation parameters such as clot formation, stabilization and lysis. This report describes a case of cardiopulmonary arrest due to fulminant pulmonary embolism in a 42-year-old postpartum patient. We discuss the dynamics of coagulation parameters during CPR and thrombolysis complicated by bleeding, as assessed by TEG.

Carriers are generating business cases for deploying ROADM networks based on the elimination of wavelength blocking in FOADM networks. We quantify the real cost of stranding bandwidth in FOADM networks and determine optimum network size depending on the traffic patterns.

Physical review / B 70(8), 081305 (2004). doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.70.081305, Published by Inst., Woodbury, NY

Electron bands in solids can be determined in angle-resolved photoemission experiments from thin films, where the perpendicular wave vector (k⊥) uncertainty that characterizes photoemission from bulk crystals is removed. However, the comparison with state-of-the-art quasiparticle band-structure calculations has never been done. In this work we have mapped both initial-state (occupied) and final-state (empty) E(k⊥) bands along the A axis of aluminum, from photon-energy- and thickness-dependent quantum-well spectra of aluminum films. For final states the best fit is obtained with inverse low-energy electron diffraction band structure calculations. For initial-state bands of Cu and Al, thin-film data display excellent agreement with bulk quasiparticle theory, suggesting the use of thin films as model systems to investigate fine effects in the crystal band structure., This work has been supported in part by the Universidad del País Vasco (A.Mu. and J.E.O. under Contract No. 00057.240-EA-13668/2001, and A.Ma., A.R., and F.J.G.A. under Contract No. 00206.215-13639/2001), the European Community (EC) research training network NANOPHASE [A.Ma. and A.R. (Grant No. HPRN-CT-2000-00167)], and the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología [A.Ma., A.R., and F.J.G.A. (Grant No. MAT2001-0946), and J.L. and E.G.M. (BFM2001-0244)].

We present a 21-cm emission-absorption study towards extragalactic sources in the Canadian Galactic Plane Survey (CGPS). We have analyzed HI spectra towards 437 sources with S > 150 mJy, giving us a source density of 0.6 sources per square degree at arcminute resolution. We present the results of a first analysis of the HI temperatures, densities, and feature statistics. Particular emphasis is placed on 5 features with observed spin temperatures below 40 K. We find most spin temperatures in the range from 40 K to 300 K. A simple HI two-component model constrains the bulk of the cold component to temperatures (T_c) between 40 K and 100 K. T_c peaks in the Perseus arm region and clearly drops off with Galactocentric radius, R, beyond that. The HI density follows this trend, ranging from a local value of 0.4 cm^{-3} to less than 0.1 cm^{-3} at R = 20 kpc. We find that HI emission alone on average traces about 75% of the total HI column density, as compared to the total inferred by the emission and absorption. Comparing the neutral hydrogen absorption to CO emission no correlation is found in general, but all strong CO emission is accompanied by a visible HI spectral feature. Finally, the number of spectral HI absorption features per kpc drop off exponentially with increasing R., 13 pages, 13 figures, Accepted for March 2004 ApJ

The objective of this paper is an automatic fault detection scheme for applications in the automotive industry. In order to increase data reliability and for the purpose of monitoring and control of test equipment, a fault detection system based on multivariate data analysis is being developed. The detection scheme has to process up to several hundreds of different measurements at a time and check them for consistency. The main problem lies in the fact that besides the available data, no further information is provided. The chosen approach models the distribution function of available fault-free data using ellipsoidal basis function networks. An important requirement for the fault detection scheme is that it should be able to automatically adapt itself to new data. The present paper is focused on this feature. It is demonstrated how a gradient optimization with algebraic constraints can be applied to adapt a pre-existing network to new data points. Numerical examples with actual data show that the proposed method produces good results.

High power lasers and amplifiers for communication networks based on cladding pump fiber operate at unprecedented power levels. The high power and unique structure of cladding pump fiber present new challenges to the optical reliability of lasers and amplifiers based on these novel fibers. In this paper we present results on the reliability of cladding pump fiber under high power both in the multimode pump waveguide and in the rare earth doped core.

The mortality of critically ill patients with acute renal failure has been halved through intervention by haemodialysis. However, several reports suggest that the course of the disorder may be prolonged by this procedure. Our prospective randomised study was done to see whether the generation of inflammatory mediators by bio-compatible membranes has an adverse effect on the outcome of acute renal failure. 52 patients, similar in age, severity of acute renal failure, general disease status (APACHE II), and management of acute renal failure or its related conditions, were divided into two groups. Haemodialysis was done with cuprophane or polyacrylonitrile membranes. Cuprophane membranes induced intense activation of the complement system (as judged by measurement of C3a) and lipooxygenase pathway (leukotriene B4) resulting in alterations of neutrophil kinetics and function. The cuprophane group had a lower survival rate (38 vs 65%), a higher proportion of patients dying from sepsis (71 vs 40%), required more haemodialysis sessions (12 vs 9), and demonstrated delayed resolution and recovery from acute renal failure than the polyacrylonitrile group. The difference in mortality regarding lethal sepsis as cause of death was statistically significant. Our observations indicate that the outcome of critically ill patients with acute renal failure may be influenced by bio-incompatibility reactions to the dialysis membrane. These results have direct implications for such patients on haemodialysis.

We present IVORY a newly developed, platform-independent framework for physics based visualization. IVORY is especially designed for information visualization applications and multidimensional graph layout. It is fully implemented in Java 1.1 and its architecture features client server setup, which allows us to run the visualization even on thin clients. In addition, VRML 2.0 exports can be viewed by any VRML plugged-in WWW browser. Individual visual metaphors are invoked into IVORY via an advanced plug-in mechanism, where plug-ins can be implemented by any experienced user. The configuration of IVORY is accomplished using a script language, called IVML. Some interactive visualization examples, such as the integration of a haptic interface illustrate the performance and versatility of our system. Our current implementation supports NT 4.0.

Gasified biomass has become an attractive fuel source for the production of electricity for various processes due to its potential to reduce the net CO2 emission. The overall aim is to combine biomass as a fuel source with high temperature catalytic combustion in order to lower emissions of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons. This paper presents the design of a pressurized test facility for testing various catalytic materials under varying operating conditions and arrangements in the combustor. Instrumentation of the rig is described. Catalyst development and preparations are being described as well as the first results from the pilot-scale test facility. Different catalyst configurations and compositions have been tested. It was shown that a Pd / LaAl11O18 catalyst is able to ignite the synthetic gasified biomass and that high conversion rates of H2 can be achieved with this type of catalyst. By applying a layer of barium stabilized alumina, thermal protection of the catalyst is achieved, hence limiting the maximum catalyst temperature.

Normal photoemission spectra for the ~001! surface of (AlAs) 2(GaAs)2 and (AlAs)3(GaAs)3 superlattices are calculated. They represent the first calculations within the one-step model for layered superlattices. The aim is to develop tools to extract general features from measured spectra specific to superlattices. The spectra show the opening of band gaps at the Brillouin zone edge, which are characteristic for the modified periodicity of the superlattice. Furthermore, the layer-resolved photocurrent allows to identify emissions from AlAs layers hidden below the first two or three GaAs layers. As a reference, theoretical normal emission spectra from the pure bulk GaAs and AlAs~001! surfaces are shown.

Physical review / B 63(12), 125104 (2001). doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.63.125104, Published by Inst., Woodbury, NY

The energy distributions of photoelectrons emitted from the $c(4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}4)$ reconstructed GaAs(100) surface are carefully analyzed within the one-step model of photoemission, thus demonstrating that such calculations work for large unit cells. It is used for detailed interpretation of published and new angular resolved $\mathrm{He}I$ experimental data. Surface-related features are found and their localization and symmetry are determined. Backfolding of the electron energy bands and its splitting at the reduced Brillouin zone's boundaries lead to smaller energy dispersion of electron surface states and resonances. The experimentally observed longer period of a surface resonance than that corresponding to the translation symmetry of the reconstructed surface is confirmed and explained. The existence of two surface states near the upper valence-band edge is verified. One major difference between the theory and the experiment is found that cannot be explained by means of the one-step model for a perfectly reconstructed surface.

Physical review letters 86(7), 1303 - 1306 (2001). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.86.1303, Published by APS, College Park, Md.

Several HTSC hysteresis motors have been constructed in different designs for different rotation speeds. Most of the rotors are shaped as hollow cylinders joined from pieces which were cut from melt-textured YBCO prepared in a batch process. Using this technique even more complex arrangements can be prepared. A special bonding technique was developed to fix the pieces even when the rotors are running at more than 3000 rpm. Advantages are the homogenious material quality in large arrangements and the defined use of the anisotropic material properties of melttextured YBCO to increase the performance of the motors.

The objectives of hypertension control include early detection, treatment and prevention of blood pressure (BP) elevations. In clinical situations, continuous evaluation of an Individual's treatment is an inherent part of normal follow-up. On the level of populations, however, evaluation of hypertension control calls for specially designed action. Evaluation is needed for several reasons; these are, inter alia, strategic (to improve the method); economic (to upgrade cost-effectiveness); and ethical reasons (to morally justify public action). Since hypertension control in populations is itself a complex process, its evaluation requires, multidimensional approaches. The methodologic experience from three WHO studies of this kind has been reported. These were done in different contexts: (1) evaluation of the effects of a special multicentre programme for hypertension control in populations; (2) long-term monitoring of cardiovascular disease incidence; and (3) a project for the assessment of levels and quality of hypertension control that is taking place spontaneously. In the first study, changes with time were compared in pairs of similar communities, of which one had been exposed to an organized programme for the control of hypertension ('intervention' vs 'reference' community). The second study uses an elaborate system of disease registers and surveys periodically a number of general populations. In the third study the actual level and quality of hypertension control was analysed in different, mostly European, populations; the findings related to the treatment of hypertension were compared with the standards suggested by WHO and ISH; other findings were assessed on the basis of common sense.

The categorical term "auditing" hypertension control is chosen on purpose, to emphasize the responsibility of health politicians for assessing the quality and effects of interventions in populations. Auditing of hypertension is needed for reasons of Efficacy, Economics and Ethics. An analysis of efficacy should test whether the local strategies of hypertension control are sufficiently adapted to the needs and characteristics of a given population. Economic analyses should consider hypertension control in the perspective of resources and priorities. The ethical imperative requires an assessment and follow-up of the effects of health measures on the population, by the same token as evaluation of treatment results is obligatory in clinical medicine. The WHO/WHL Hypertension Management Audit Project was an attempt to analyze the repercussions of hypertension control programs on selected population. Five approaches were taken: (i) assessment of the epidemiological situation; (ii) clinical analysis on a sample of patients; (iii) assessment of patient satisfaction and of (iv) physicians' knowledge and attitudes; and (v) drug utilization studies. The results showed (a) a mixture of under- and overdiagnosis of hypertension in populations; (b) undertreatment of various degrees; (c) mixed patient satisfaction; (d) partial compliance of physicians' concepts and attitudes with standards promulgated by WHO and ISH; and, (e) great differences (at the time of the study) between drug utilization patterns in different countries.

The scope of application of ethical principles in health communication is discussed with particular reference to the influence of the mass media on people's perceptions of benefit and risk in the field of health care.Communication involves the interchange of information between message recipients and professionals and the mass media. Health communication should adhere to the principles of beneficence, non-maleficence, respect for personal autonomy, and justice. The exchange between health professionals and patients should involve informed consent regarding the purpose and nature of the intervention and possible alternatives. There should be respect, freedom from intimidation, and suitable language understandable to patients. Pubic health information effectively communicated must be clear and complete, but not necessarily exhaustive. Complex explanations must be balanced by the ability of the public to comprehend and by informative detail that does not overload the public. Complex issues of benefit and risk, screening for disease, and risk factors must be carefully handled to avoid misunderstanding and misrepresentation. Cultural conceptions must be respected, even when there is no scientific basis in fact. Resolution may be necessary between the interests of individuals and the interests of society. Scientific information must be placed in context and information not withheld for journalists; for example, it would be misleading to not mention that the study and results on lung cancer were funded by the Tobacco Industry. Mass media presentation of scientific information must be accurate, clear, accountable, honest, and decent. Readers should be considered as capable of making rational decisions based on true, accurate, and sufficient information. Sources should be checked for reputation of the individual and reliability. Complete candor and full sets of information should be given to the press, even though in some cases the physician may not tell the patient the whole truth. Impairment in people's ability to make informed decisions may occur with too many reports of beneficial treatments, neglect of risky treatments, and overstatement of risks associated with drugs and medical devices. Essential advice can be ignored, when excessive health information is provided. Benefits to some and risks to many must be balanced. Communication that respects the autonomy of individuals is ethically distinct from campaigning communication aimed at sensationalizing. Ethics controls are written into law in some countries; perhaps an international code for communication in public information on health should be developed.