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Abstract Salmonella infections pose a significant threat to animal and human health. Phytochemicals present a potential alternative treatment. Galla chinensis tannic acid (GCTA), a hydrolyzable polyphenolic compound, inhibits bacterial growth and demonstrates potential as an alternative or supplement to antibiotics to prevent Salmonella infections. However, little is known about the antimicrobial mechanism of GCTA against Salmonella. Here, we revealed 456 differentially expressed proteins upon GCTA treatment, impacting pathways related to DNA replication, repair, genomic stability, cell wall biogenesis, and lipid metabolism using TMT-labeled proteomic analysis. TEM analysis suggested altered bacterial morphology and structure post-treatment. A Salmonella-infected-mouse model indicated that GCTA administration improved inflammatory markers, alleviated intestinal histopathological alterations, and reduced Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) colonization in the liver and spleen of Salmonella-infected mice. The LD50 of GCTA was 4100 mg/kg with an oral single dose, vastly exceeding the therapeutic dose. Thus, GCTA exhibited antibacterial and anti-infective activity against S. Enteritidis. Our results provided insight into the molecular mechanisms of these antibacterial effects, and highlights the potential of GCTA as an alternative to antibiotics.

(1) Background: Sophora subprostrate, is the dried root and rhizome of Sophora tonkinensis Gagnep. Sophora subprostrate polysaccharide (SSP1) was extracted from Sophora subprostrate, which has shown good anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Previous studies showed SSP1 could modulate inflammatory damage induced by porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) in murine splenic lymphocytes, but the specific regulatory mechanism is unclear. (2) Methods: Whole transcriptome analysis was used to characterize the differentially expressed mRNA, lncRNA, and miRNA in PCV2-infected cells and SSP1-treated infected cells. Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and other analyses were used to screen for key inflammation-related differentially expressed genes. The sequencing results were verified by RT-qPCR, and western blot was used to verify the key protein in main enriched signal pathways. (3) Results: SSP1 can regulate inflammation-related gene changes induced by PCV2, and its interventional mechanism is mainly involved in the key differential miRNA including miR-7032-y, miR-328-y, and miR-484-z. These inflammation-related genes were mainly enriched in the TNF signal pathway and NF-κB signal pathway, and SSP1 could significantly inhibit the protein expression levels of p-IκB, p-p65, TNF-α, IRF1, GBP2 and p-SAMHD1 to alleviate inflammatory damage. (4) Conclusions: The mechanism of SSP1 regulating PCV2-induced murine splenic lymphocyte inflammation was explored from a whole transcriptome perspective, which provides a theoretical basis for the practical application of SSP1.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most economically important pathogens in the global swine industry over the past three decades. There is no licensed antiviral medication that can effectively control this infection. In the present study, the structure of SP-1 isolated and purified from Sargassum weizhouense was analyzed, and its antioxidant capacity and antiviral effect in MARC-145 cells against PRRSV were investigated. The results showed that SP-1 is a novel polysaccharide which mainly is composed of →4)-β-D-ManpA-(1→, →4)-α-L-GulpA-(1→ and a small amount of →4)-β-D-GalpA-(1→. PRRSV adsorption, replication, and release were all suppressed by SP-1. SP-1 therapy down-regulated mRNA expression of the CD163 receptor while increasing the antioxidant gene expression of Nrf2, TXNIP, and HO-1; increasing the protein expression of NQO1 and HO-1; and drastically reducing the protein expression of p-p65. The findings indicated that SP-1 reduces PRRSV adsorption, replication, and release through blocking the expression of the crucial CD163 receptor during infection. Meanwhile, SP-1 exerts antioxidant effects in PRRSV-infected cells through the activation of the Nrf2-HO1 signaling pathway.

With the development of science and technology and the depletion of land resources, marine resources have been paid more and more attention gradually. Caulerpa lentillifera has been paid attention with high protein and dietary fiber. Caulerpa lentillifera is rich in nutrient, contains a variety of active substances, and has a variety of biological functions, such as immune regulation, anti-inflammation, anti-microbial, reducing blood sugar and blood lipids. It has a great potential medicinal value. In this paper, the latest studies on the components and functional characteristics of Caulerpa lentillifera are summarized, and it is found that the existing studies are mainly focus on nutrition, artificial culture and environmental application, but the exploration of the active components of Caulerpa lentillifera is not comprehensive. At present, scholars' research on phenols and flavonoids in Caulerpa lentillifera is only in the preliminary stage of content determination, and the extraction methods and active functions of polysaccharides and Caulerpin need to be further optimized and explored. In the future, in order to explore the drug potential of Caulerpa lentillifera, the active components of Caulerpa lentillifera should be deeply developed, the relationship between its structure and active function should be clarified, and its specific active function mechanism should be explored.

Prawn-plant eco-symbiotic culture system (PECS) is an efficient symbiotic culture system, in which prawn and plants are placed in the same culture space according to a certain proportion. In the study, the potential of PECS to impact microbial communities and metabolites in the intestine of cultured giant river prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii is assessed. We found that the growth parameters (such as length gain, weight gain and specific growth rate) of PECS with 15 % feed ratio were significantly improved by 4 week culture. And PECS modulated growth profiles of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Atopobium cluster, and Roseburia subcluster bacteria, all of which increased significantly with 15 % feed ratio in the intestines of M. rosenbergii. Growth of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, and bacteria referable to the Desulfovibrionales and Desulfuromonadales, were influenced by PECS, whereas growth of Clostridium histolyticum and C. coccoides/Eubacterium rectale groups were not significantly affected. PECS with 15 % feed ratio positively impacted short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and branched-chain fatty acids (BCFA) production, and reduced lactate levels, without causing any ammonia cytotoxic effects. Well growth performance of the prawn was consistent with increase in intestinal benefit microbiota. In general, PECS (with a feed ratio of 15 %) proved to be beneficial for promoting organic acids and growth performance via modulated intestinal microbiota, indicating PECS with reasonable feed ratio represent a promising alternative to traditional pond monoculture of M. rosenbergii.

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the main pathogen causing porcine circovirus-associated diseases (PCVD/PCVADs), and infection of the host induces immunosuppression. Since quercitrin (QUE) has anti-inflammatory and antiviral activity, it is worth exploiting in animal diseases. In this study, the interventional effects and the molecular mechanism of QUE on PCV2-induced oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in 3D4/2 cells and the modulation of histone acetylation modifications were investigated. The ROS production was measured by DCFH-DA fluorescent probes. HAT and HDAC enzyme activity were determined by ELISA. Histone acetylation, oxidative stress and inflammation-related gene expression levels were measured by q-PCR. Histone H3 and H4 (AcH3 and AcH4) acetylation, oxidative stress and inflammation-related protein expression levels were measured by Western blot. The results showed that QUE treatment at different concentrations on PCV2-infected 3D4/2 cells was able to attenuate the production of ROS. Moreover, QUE treatment could also intervene in oxidative stress and decrease the enzyme activity of HAT and the mRNA expression level of HAT1, while it increased the enzyme activity of HDAC and HDAC1 mRNA expression levels and downregulated histone H3 and H4 (AcH3 and AcH4) acetylation modification levels. In addition, QUE treatment even downregulated the mRNA expression levels of IL-6, IL-8, IκB, AKT and p38, but upregulated the mRNA expression levels of IL-10, SOD, GPx1, p65, Keap1, Nrf2, HO-1 and NQO1. As to protein expression, QUE treatment downregulated the levels of iNOS, p-p65 and IL-8 as well as the phosphorylation expression of IκB and p38, while it upregulated the levels of HO-1 and NQO1. It was shown that QUE at 25, 50 or 100 μmol/L regulated p38MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways by downregulating cellular histone acetylation modification levels while inhibiting the NF-κB inflammatory signaling pathway and activating the Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant signaling pathway, thus regulating the production of inflammatory and antioxidant factors and exerting both anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.

Quercitrin is a kind of flavonoid that is found in many plants; it has good antioxidant activity, and can regulate oxidative stress induced by Pseudorabies virus (PRV)-infected cells. In this study, the secretion of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by PRV infection was detected by flow cytometry, and RNA expression profiles of the 3D4/2 cells were produced and analyzed by sequenced GO (Gene Ontology) and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes); the sequencing results were verified by RT-qCR. The results showed that the secretion of ROS induced by PRV infection in 3D4/2 cells could be significantly decreased by quercitrin. The differentially expressed 1055 mRNA, 867 lncRNA, 99 miRNA, and 69 circRNA were detected between the control group and the PRV infection group. The differentially expressed 1202 mRNA, 785 lncRNA, 115 miRNA, and 79 circRNA were found between the PRV+ quercitrin group and the control group. The differentially expressed 357 mRNA, 69 lncRNA, 111 miRNA, and 81 circRNA were obtained between the PRV+ quercitrin group and the PRV group. The significantly differentially expressed mRNAs were mainly involved in cell metabolism, regulatory protein phosphorylation, protein phosphorylation, antioxidation, regulatory phosphorylation, and so on. Among them, the mRNAs related to antioxidant response and oxidative stress were thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) and nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2). According to the network diagram of lncRNA–miRNA–mRNA, two targeted miRNA (ssc-miR-450c-3p and novel-m0400-3p) relationships with TXNIP and NOS2 were screened. This study provides a scientific foundation for further research for the function of quercitrin in anti-virus-induced oxidative stress.

Rosmarinic acid (RA) has numerous pharmacologic effects, including anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic effects. This study aimed to evaluate the preventive activity of RA in a murine model of asthma and to investigate its possible molecular mechanisms. Female BALB/c mice sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (Ova) were pretreated with RA (5, 10 or 20 mg/kg) at 1 h before Ova challenge. The results demonstrated that RA markedly inhibited increases in inflammatory cells and Th2 cytokines in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), significantly reduced the total IgE and Ova-specific IgE concentrations, and greatly ameliorated airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) compared with the control Ova-induced mice. Histological analyses showed that RA substantially decreased the number of inflammatory cells and mucus hypersecretion in the airway. In addition, our results suggested that the protective effects of RA might be mediated by the suppression of ERK, JNK and p38 phosphorylation and activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). Furthermore, RA pretreatment resulted in a noticeable reduction in AMCase, CCL11, CCR3, Ym2 and E-selectin mRNA expression in lung tissues. These findings suggest that RA may effectively delay the progression of airway inflammation.

[Objectives] To investigate the effect of diet with Pieria fel-tarrae Lour particle (PFLp) on growth performance, blood biochemical indexes, immune and antioxidant function of Hongguang yellow chickens (HYC). [Methods] 80 HYC in age of 1 d were divided into 4 groups randomly and each group was assigned to 5 replicates with 24 chicks in each replicate. Group A was control group fed only basal diet. Group B, C and D were treatment groups and fed diets with 0.125%, 0.25% and 0.50% of PFLp respectively during the trial of 49 d. Serum samples were taken from 10 chicks in each group in the age of 21,35 and 49 d respectively and analyzed for biochemical, immune and antioxidant parameters in blood. [ Results] ADG from group C in 21 d was increased significantly than that from group A, B and D (P < 0.01), and ADG in 35 d from group C was also significantly greater than that from group A,B and D (P <0.05), but not much difference was found on ADG among the 4 groups in 49 d (P >0.05) ; ADFI from group C in 35 d was significantly higher than that from group A,B and D (P <0.05). ADFI from group C in 21 and 49 d tvere also higher than that from group A (P >0.05). FCR from group C in 21 d was much better than that from the other three groups (P <0.01). Death rate of group C was 50 percent lower than group A; There was no difference occurred in serum biochemical and immune parameters among the 4 groups during the trial (P>0.05). However, the T-AOC from group C and D in 21 d tvas enhanced significantly than that from group A and B (P<0.01), and the one from group C in 35 d was also increased greatly than that from group A, B and D (P<0.05). GSH from group C and D in 21 d was much higher than that from group A and B (P <0.05), and the ones from group C and D in 35 d were also significantly higher than those from group A and B (P < 0.01). T-SOD in three stages trended up also in group C and D (P > 0.05). [ Conclusions ] The diet with 0.25% PFLp in 21 and 35 d could dramatically improve the growth performance, significantly increase the antioxidant capacity and effectively reduce death rate. Diet with 0.25% PFLp is the most appropriate among the three different additions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Polygonum hydropiper L. is widely used as a traditional remedy for the treatment of dysentery, gastroenteritis. It has been used to relieve swelling and pain, dispel wind and remove dampness, eliminate abundant phlegm and inflammatory for a long time. Previous study showed that antioxidants especially flavonoids pretreatment alleviated sepsis-induced injury in vitro and in vivo. In the present study, the possible anti-inflammatory effect of flavonoids from normal butanol fraction of Polygonum hydropiper L. extract (FNP) against inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was evaluated in vivo and in vitro. Methods: The content of total flavonoid of FNP was determined by the aluminum colorimetric method. The content of rutin, quercetin and quercitrin was determined by HPLC method. Mice received FNP orally 3 days before an intra-peritoneal (i.p.) injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Total superoxidase dismutase (T-SOD), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), glutathione (GSH), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured. Tumor necrosis factor-α levels in serum and tissue was measured. mRNA expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines in lung were assessed by Real-Time PCR. Histopathological changes were evaluated in lung, ileum and colon. We also investigated FNP on reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8) production, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein expression, phosphorylation of MAPKs and AMPK in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Results: FNP increased the levels of T-SOD, T-AOC, GSH-PX and GSH, decreased the levels of TNF-α, MPO and MDA, attenuate the histopathological lesion in LPS-stimulated mice. FNP inhibited production of inflammatory cytokines, ROS and NO, protein expressions of iNOS and COX-2, phosphorylation of ERK, JNK and c-JUN in MAPKs, promoted phosphorylation of AMPKa suppressed by LPS. Conclusion: These results suggested in vivo anti-inflammatory activities of FNP might contributed to its enhancement in antioxidant capacity, its inhibitory effects may be mediated by inhibiting the phosphorylation of JNK, ERK and c-JUN in MAPKs signaling pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SSP1, a polysaccharide isolated from Sophora subprosrate, increased the productions of nitric oxide (NO) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) in murine splenic T lymphocytes. SSP1-treated T lymphocytes showed an enhanced activity of protein kinase C (PKC) from the cellular membrane fraction as well as an increase in concentration of cytoplasmic free Ca2+. The results showed that SSP1 activated T cells to release NO and secrete IL-2 by modulating activity of PKC and level of intracellular free calcium. Nifedipine, a Ca2+ blocker, inhibited the activation of T cells by SSP1, indicating a role of Ca2+ in the activation of T cells. SSP1-treated T cells showed an enhanced translocation of PKC, indicating that SSP1 activated T cells via the activation of PKC. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]