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In this work, an efficient tandem phosphorylation/cyclization process to synthesize 6-phosphorylated phenanthridines from 2-isocyanobiaryls and diarylphosphine oxides under undivided electrolytic conditions was developed.

(1) The defects were passivated and the energy levels aligned at the SnO2/perovskite interface by using EOAI. (2) A champion efficiency of 22.61% was realized for the 1.57 eV PSC and a PCE close to 20% was realized for the 1.68 eV PSC with higher stability.

The skin of vertebrates is the outermost organ of the body and serves as the first line of defense against external aggressions. In contrast to mammalian skin, that of teleost fish lacks keratinization and has evolved to operate as a mucosal surface containing a skin-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT). Thus far, IgT representing the prevalent Ig in SALT have only been reported upon infection with a parasite. However, very little is known about the types of B cells and Igs responding to bacterial infection in the teleost skin mucosa, as well as the inductive or effector role of the SALT in such responses. To address these questions, in this study, we analyzed the immune response of trout skin upon infection with one of the most widespread fish skin bacterial pathogens, Flavobacterium columnare. This pathogen induced strong skin innate immune and inflammatory responses at the initial phases of infection. More critically, we found that the skin mucus of fish having survived the infection contained significant IgT- but not IgM- or IgD-specific titers against the bacteria. Moreover, we demonstrate the local proliferation and production of IgT+ B cells and specific IgT titers, respectively, within the SALT upon bacterial infection. Thus, our findings represent the first demonstration that IgT is the main Ig isotype induced by the skin mucosa upon bacterial infection and that, because of the large surface of the skin, its SALT probably represents a prominent IgT-inductive site in fish.

Surface defect passivation, which plays a vital role in achieving high-efficiency perovskite solar cells (PSCs) in a spin-coating process, is rarely compatible with a printing process. Currently, printing PSCs with high efficiency remains a challenge, as only a few laboratories realized an efficiency of over 20%. In this work, zwitterionic compounds 2-hydroxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (HETACl) and butyltrimethylammonium chloride (BTACl) were introduced, both of which can spontaneously adsorb on the surface perovskite and form an ultrathin passivation layer by a dip coating method. The complex formed by the strong interaction of HETACl with MAI on the surface of the perovskite film leads to the formation of a rough perovskite surface, which affects the enhancement of device performance. BTACl with a chemically inert side chain induces a weak interaction with the perovskite. It is demonstrated that BTACl not only passivates surface defects of the perovskite but also heals the grain boundaries and results in more uniform crystallizations. Finally, PSCs upon BTACl treatment were blade-coated in an ambient environment with a relative humidity of50%, which produced a champion efficiency of 20.5% with negligible hysteresis, and the active area of the cell device was 0.095 cm

A highly efficient construction of chiral γ-substituted α-allyl-α,β-butenolides with up to99% enantiomeric excess from readily available allylic ynoates is realized. In this asymmetric gold catalysis, the cationic gold(I) catalyst featuring a bifunctional phosphine ligand enables a four-step cascade which permits the conversion of a diverse array of allylic ynoates into valuable chiral α,γ-disubstituted α,β-butenolides.

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with state-of-the-art efficiencies contain thermally unstable methylammonium (MA). Avoiding MA molecules usually leads to a severe decrease in the cell efficiency. In this work, a novel ion liquid (simplified as NDAPBF4) possessing a pyridine cation and BF4− anion were introduced to improve the performance of MA-free PSCs. The ion liquid NDAPBF4 can optimize the grain growth of the perovskite, leading to reduced carrier traps. In particular, NDAPBF4 served as an n-type dopant and boosted the electron transportation in the perovskite films, which further suppressed the carrier non-radiative recombination at the interface between the perovskite and the electron transporting layer. Finally, PSCs with a Cs0.05FA0.95PbI3 perovskite film as the absorber achieved a remarkable efficiency of 21.25%, which was one of the highest MA-free inverted perovskite solar cells up to date. PSCs doped with NDAPBF4 also gave excellent stability, which preserved 95% and 94% of the initial efficiency after being aged for 1000 h and 500 h under room temperature and elevated temperature at 85 °C, respectively.

An efficient gold-catalyzed hydroarylation of alkynes under soft reaction conditions is developed by utilizing a bifunctional ligand. This transformation features a broad substrate scope and thus exhibits moderate to excellent efficiency.

Inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with a C60 framework are known for their common drawback of low power conversion efficiency (PCE) of

Micellar-nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems possessing characteristics such as an excellent circulation stability, inhibited premature release and on-demand site-specific release are urgently needed for enhanced therapeutic efficacy. Therefore, a novel kind of shell-sheddable core-crosslinked polymeric micelles with pH and oxidation dual-triggered on-demand drug release behavior was facilely constructed. The multifunctional micelles were self-assembled from a carefully designed amphiphilic triblock PEGylated polyurethane (PEG-acetal-PUBr-acetal-PEG) employing an acid-labile acetal linker at the hydrophilic–hydrophobic interface and pendant reactive bromo-containing polyurethane (PU) as the hydrophobic block, followed by a post-crosslinking via oxidation-cleavable diselenide linkages. These well-defined micelles exhibited an enhanced structural stability against dilution, achieved through the incorporation of diselenide crosslinkers. As expected, they were found to possess dual pH- and oxidation-responsive dissociation behaviors when exposure to acid pH (~5.0) and 50 mM H2O2 conditions, as evidenced using dynamic light-scattering (DLS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) analyses. An in vitro drug release investigation showed that the drug indomethacin (IND) could be efficiently encapsulated in the micelles, which demonstrated an inhibited premature release compared to the non-crosslinked ones. It is noteworthy that the resulting micelles could efficiently release entrapped drugs at a fast rate in response to either pH or oxidation stimuli. Moreover, the release could be significantly accelerated in the presence of both acid pH and oxidation conditions, relative to a single stimulus, owing to the synergetic degradation of micelles through pH-induced dePEGylation and oxidation-triggered decrosslinking processes. The proposed shell-sheddable core-crosslinked micelles with a pH and oxidation dual-response could be potential candidates as drug carriers for on-demand drug delivery.

The air-filled organs (AOs) of vertebrates (lungs and swim bladders) have evolved unique functions (air-breathing or buoyancy control in water) to adapt to different environments. Thus far, immune responses to microbes in AOs have been described exclusively in the lungs of tetrapods. Similar to lungs, swim bladders (SBs) represent a mucosal surface, a feature that leads us to hypothesize a role for SB in immunity. In this study, we demonstrate that secretory IgT (sIgT) is the key SB immunoglobulin (Ig) responding to the viral challenge, and the only Ig involved in viral neutralization in that organ. In support of these findings, we found that the viral load of the SB from fish devoid of sIgT was much higher than that of control fish. Interestingly, similar to the lungs in mammals, the SB represents the mucosal surface in fish with the lowest content of microbiota. Moreover, sIgT is the main Ig class found coating their surface, suggesting a key role of this Ig in the homeostasis of the SB microbiota. In addition to the well-established role of SB in buoyancy control, our findings reveal a previously unrecognized function of teleost SB in adaptive mucosal immune responses upon pathogenic challenge, as well as a previously unidentified role of sIgT in antiviral defense. Overall, our findings indicate that despite the phylogenetic distance and physiological roles of teleost SB and mammalian lungs, they both have evolved analogous mucosal immune responses against microbes which likely originated independently through a process of convergent evolution.

The high density of defects in MAPbI

Recently, prominent works using organic monomolecular layers (MLs) as efficient hole transport layers (ML-HTLs) in inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been reported to evidently promote device performance; however, these results were achieved individually on specific organic molecules and the power conversion efficiency (PCE) was less than 20%. Herein, to explore the feasibility of extending the strategy of organic ML-HTLs to efficient PSCs and the underlying general enhancement mechanism as well as further optimizing devices to achieve competitive performances, we report an universal ML-HTL strategy, employing MLs of widely used organic hole transport materials to construct HTLs, including small molecules and polymers that are hydrophobic/hydrophilic in nature. This strategy enabled optimal MLs to be formed on ITO substrates with full coverage; meanwhile, the optimal ML thickness resulted in maximum reduction of the charge carrier transit time. Generally, the ML-HTLs not only improve the wettability of the perovskite precursor that favors the formation of compact perovskite films, but also raise the effective work function of ITO towards better energy level alignment by the formation of interface dipoles. Consequently, a substantially improved fill factor of 81.86% and a champion PCE of 20.58% were achieved with the hydrophobic small molecule ML-HTL, which are record values ever reported for inverted PSCs based on ML-HTLs. Apart from small molecules, the use of ML-HTL based on either hydrophobic or hydrophilic polymers also showed improved performances. Furthermore, the better shrouded and more compact perovskite films on ML-HTLs increased the reproducibility of PSCs, which is beneficial for commercial applications. This work demonstrates the totality and in-depth understanding of the ML-HTL strategy and its potential for the development of highly efficient inverted PSCs.

All-polymer solar cells (all-PSCs) have been intensively investigated due to their excellent thermal and mechanical stabilities. However, the efficiency of all-PSCs is still far behind that of orga...

The pharyngeal organ is located at the crossroad of the respiratory and digestive tracts in vertebrate, and it is continuously challenged by varying Ags during breathing and feeding. In mammals, the pharyngeal mucosa (PM) is a critical first line of defense. However, the evolutionary origins and ancient roles of immune defense and microbiota homeostasis of PM are still unknown. In this study, to our knowledge, we are the first to find that diffuse MALT is present in PM of rainbow trout, an early vertebrate. Importantly, following parasitic infection, we detect that strong parasite-specific mucosal IgT and dominant proliferation of IgT+ B cell immune responses occurs in trout PM, providing, to our knowledge, the first demonstration of local mucosal Ig responses against pathogens in pharyngeal organ of a nonmammal species. Moreover, we show that the trout PM microbiota is prevalently coated with secretory IgT and, to a much lesser degree, by IgM and IgD, suggesting the key role of mucosal Igs in the immune exclusion of teleost pharyngeal bacteria. Overall, to our knowledge, our findings provide the first evidence that pharyngeal mucosal immunity appear earlier than tetrapods.

Numerous fabrication methods have been developed for high-efficiency perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, these are limited to spin-coating processes in a glove box and are yet to be commercialized. Therefore, there is a need to develop a controllable and scalable deposition technique that can be carried out under ambient conditions. Even though the doctor-blade coating technique has been widely used to prepare PSCs, it is yet to be applied to high-efficiency PSCs under ambient conditions (RH∼45%, RT∼25 °C). In this study, we conducted blade-coating fabrication of modified high-efficiency PSCs under such conditions. We controlled the substrate temperature to ensure phase transition of perovskite and added dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to the perovskite precursor solution to delay crystallization, which can facilitate the formation of uniform perovskite films by doctor-blade coating. The as-prepared perovskite films had large crystal domains measuring up to 100 µm. Solar cells prepared from these films exhibited a current density that was enhanced from 17.22 to 19.98 mA/cm2 and an efficiency that was increased from 10.98% to 13.83%. However, the open-circuit voltage was only 0.908 V, probably due to issues with the hole-transporting layer. Subsequently, we replaced poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) with NiOx as the hole-transporting material and then prepared higher-quality perovskite films by blade-coating under ambient conditions. The as-prepared perovskite films were preferably orientated and had large crystal domains measuring up to 200 µm; The open-circuit voltage of the resulting PSCs was enhanced from 0.908 to 1.123 V, while the efficiency increased from 13.83% to 15.34%.

Summary The buccal mucosa (BM) is a critical first line of defense in terrestrial animals. To gain further insights into the evolutionary origins and primordial roles of BM in teleosts here we show that rainbow trout, a teleost fish, contains a diffuse mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) within its buccal cavity. Upon parasite infection, a fish immunoglobulin specialized in mucosal immunity (sIgT) was induced to a high degree, and parasite-specific sIgT responses were mainly detected in the buccal mucus. Moreover, we show that the trout buccal microbiota is prevalently coated with sIgT. Overall our findings revealed that the MALT is present in the BM of a non-tetrapod species. As fish IgT and mucus-producing cells are evolutionarily unrelated to mammalian IgA and salivary glands, respectively, our findings indicate that mucosal immune responses in the BM of teleost fish and tetrapods evolved through a process of convergent evolution., Graphical Abstract, Highlights • A mucosal associated lymphoid tissue is identified in teleost buccal cavity • Local immune responses can be induced in teleost buccal mucosa • Teleost IgT plays important roles in defending against buccal pathogen • Microbiota in teleost buccal mucosa is prevalently coated with secreted IgT, Biological Sciences; Immunology; Omics; Transcriptomics

The skin of vertebrates is the outermost organ of the body and serves as the first line of defense against external aggressions. In contrast to mammals, the skin of early vertebrates like fish, lacks keratinization and has evolved to operate as a mucosal surface. As such, it has been shown to contain a skin-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT) in the epidermis. Prior to the discovery of IgT as a key mucosal immunoglobulin (Ig) in fish, several studies reported IgM-specific titers in the skin mucus upon pathogenic infection or vaccination. In contrast, a recent report showed IgT being the main Ig responding in the skin upon parasitic challenge. Whether IgT is the main Ig isotype elicited in the skin against bacterial pathogens, and whether such responses are locally induced within the SALT are important questions that remain unanswered. Here we analyzed the immune response of trout skin upon infection with one of the most widespread fish skin bacterial pathogens, Flavobacterium columnare (F. columnare). To gain insight into the pathogenesis and progression of the infection in skin, a recombinant F. columnare expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) was constructed and showed to successfully invade the skin mucosa. This pathogen induced strong skin innate immune and inflammatory responses at the initial phases of infection. More critically, we found that the skin mucus of fish having survived the infection contained significant IgT- but not IgM- or IgD-specific titers against the bacteria. Moreover, we demonstrate the local proliferation and production of IgT+ B-cells and pathogen-specific IgT titers respectively within the SALT upon bacterial infection. Thus, our findings represent the first demonstration that IgT is the main Ig isotype induced by the skin mucosa upon bacterial infection, and that because of the large surface of the skin, its SALT probably represents a prominent IgT inductive site in fish. Author summary In contrast to mammalian skin, that of teleost fish is the largest mucosal surface containing a skin-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT). Thus far, IgT representing the prevalent immunoglobulin (Ig) in SALT have only been reported upon infection with a parasite. However, very little is known about the types of B cells and Igs responding to bacterial infection in the teleost skin mucosa, as well as the inductive or effector role of the SALT in such responses. To address these questions, we infected rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with F. columnare an important skin pathogen that causes significant losses both in wild and farmed fish populations. Remarkably, strong pathogen-specific IgT responses and accumulation of IgT+ B cells were induced in the cutaneous mucus and skin epidermis respectively upon infection. Evidence for the skin being an IgT inductive site was shown by the finding of local IgT+ B cells proliferation and pathogen-specific IgT tites in cultured trout skin explants. Thus, our findings demonstrate that IgT is the prevailing Ig isotype induced by the skin mucosa upon bacterial infection, and that the skin represents an IgT inductive site in fish.

Quasi-two-dimensional (Q-2D) perovskites ((RNH3)2MAn−1PbnI3n+1, RNH3 represents the organic spacer (mostly phenethylammonium (PEA) and n-butylammonium (BA)) and MA = methylammonium) have shown great potential for application in solar cells due to their intrinsic stability, where the organic spacer dominantly determines the Q-2D perovskite ambient stability and device performance. Current studies merely concentrate on unary organic spacer Q-2D perovskites, either using BA or PEA. Herein, for the first time, we have successfully designed and fabricated (PEA1−xBAx)2MA3Pb4I13 binary spacer-based Q-2D perovskite films, and demonstrated that the device using binary organic spacer-based Q-2D perovskite films has substantially better performance than that using either of the unary organic spacer-based Q-2D perovskite films. The (PEA0.8BA0.2)2MA3Pb4I13 binary spacer device yields a maximum power conversion efficiency of 15.7%, which outperforms the efficiency record (12–14%) for unary spacer (PEA or BA) Q-2D perovskite devices. In particular, a peak open-circuit voltage of 1.21 V is achieved due to a non-radiative recombination loss of ∼100 mV, the lowest reported loss value for Q-2D perovskite devices. The high device performance results from binary-spacer-induced intensified film surface quality, preferable vertical orientation of crystals and improved film optoelectronic properties as well as obviously decreased device recombination losses. These findings open up a new avenue for the rational design of Q-2D perovskite materials with polynary organic spacer.

We report on a method of precursor engineering to prepare high quality and stable perovskites based on formamidinium/methylammonium (FAMA) mixed-cations. CsI is commonly used to inhibit the photoinactive phase in FAMA perovskites. However, the hydrophilic nature of CsI would result in a structural instability issue at high relative humidity (RH). Besides, in inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs) based on organic hole transport layers, the low conduction band minimum (CBM) of FAMA perovskites would lead to small open circuit voltage (Voc) (∼1.0 V), and thus additional surface passivation/modification layers are normally employed, indicating that it is essential to improve the basic precursors for high quality perovskite films. Herein, the proposed method is realized via ternary precursor alloying which endows the perovskite with increased grain size, enhanced crystallinity, reduced trap states, and a pure photoactive phase without the assistance of CsI. Without passivation/modification layers, the device Voc is enhanced markedly from 1.0 V to 1.1 V on average, and a champion power conversion efficiency of 20.7% with negligible hysteresis is achieved. Moreover, as they are free of hydrophilic CsI, both the photoactive perovskite films and devices exhibit excellent stability in ambient air. At high RH (70%), the optimized device without encapsulation only loses 16% of its efficiency after 1000 h storage, indicating the potential for the development of efficient and stable PSCs.

The electron transport layer (ETL) is of great importance for preparing high-efficiency perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Here we introduced EDTA-2 M (M represents K, Rb or Cs) molecules to stabilize SnO2 colloids, and improve the electrical and surface properties of the SnO2 films. With the help of EDTA-2 M, the electron mobility of SnO2-based perovskite films is increased from 3.6 × 10-4 to 1.27 × 10-3 cm2V-1s−1. In addition, EDTA-2 M molecules can effectively passivate the interface defects of SnO2 and promote the quality of the perovskite films. All the improvements suppress the carrier recombination, leading to a smaller open circuit voltage (VOC) loss. Finally, the 1.57 eV bandgap PSCs based on EDTA-2 M modified SnO2 realized a champion efficiency of 23.30% (VOC = 1.171 V) with a negligible hysteresis, while the 1.69 eV bandgap perovskite device reached an efficiency of 19.76% (VOC = 1.266 V). The unencapsulated PSCs based on EDTA-2 M modified SnO2 only drop 5% of the initial efficiency after being exposed to the ambient atmosphere for 1200 h.

Interleukin 15 (IL15) is a pleiotropic cytokine that participates in innate and adaptive immunity along with its receptor α-chain (IL15Rα). In order to investigate the potential roles of IL15 and IL15Rα in dojo loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus), we firstly cloned the cDNA sequence of Ma-IL15 and Ma-IL15Rα, which contain 1096bp and 1236bp and code proteins of 193 amino acids and 210 amino acids, respectively. A short signal peptide and Pfam IL15 domain were found in Ma-IL15, while a highly conserved sushi domain existed in Ma-IL15Rα. Ontogeny analysis indicated that significantly increased expression of Ma-IL15 and Ma- IL15Rα mRNA were detected in larvae from 1d to 7d post hatching, while relative high expression levels were detected in both systematic and mucosal immune-related tissues of adult dojo loach. Then three dojo loach infection models with F. columnare G4, I. multifiliis and Saprolegnia parasitica were constructed, which resulted in increased skin goblet cells and serious lesions in gill. Ma-IL15 and Ma-IL15Rα showed different expression patterns in different tissues during three infection models. Ma-IL15Rα mRNA was found to be more significantly elevated than Ma-IL15 after infection with F. columnare G4 in all examined tissues including kidney, spleen, gill and skin. I. multifiliis infection induced higher expression of Ma-IL15 in mucosal tissues including skin and gill, while it mainly increased Ma-IL15Rα expression in kidney. Moreover, our study firstly evaluated the influence of fungal infection on IL15 and IL15Rα expression in teleost, and it is interesting to find that both Ma-IL15 and Ma-IL15Rα expression showed consistent up-regulation after Saprolegnia parasitica infection compared to two other infection models. Therefore, our results suggest that Ma-IL15 and Ma-IL15Rα possess important defensive roles in systematic and mucosal tissues of dojo loach during bacterial, fungal and parasitic infection.

Although great efforts have been devoted to enhancing the efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), the performance of PSCs has been far lower than anticipated. Interface engineering is helpful for obtaining high efficiency and stability through control of the interfacial charge transfer in PSCs. This paper demonstrates that the efficiency and stability of PSCs can be enhanced by introducing stable α-CsPbI3 quantum dots (QDs) as an interface layer between the perovskite film and the hole transport material (HTM) layer. By synergistically controlling the valence band position (VBP) of the perovskite and the interface layer, an interface engineering strategy was successfully used to increase the efficiency of hole transfer from the perovskite to the HTM layer, resulting in the power conversion efficiency increasing from 15.17 to 18.56%. In addition, the enhancement of the stability of PSCs can be attributed to coating inorganic CsPbI3 QDs onto the perovskite layer, which have a high moisture stability and result in long-term stability of the PSCs in ambient air.

Heavy-metal-free I-III-VI2 quantum dots (QDs) have recently emerged as favorable alternatives to toxic II-VI QDs for optoelectronic and biological applications, but low fluorescence efficiency is a key issue related to the promising nanocrystals. In this work, we demonstrate big enhancement of two-photon fluorescence efficiency and low threshold two-photon pumped amplification of spontaneous emission (ASE) of Zn-processed CuInS2 (CIS) QDs for the first time. The change of two-photon process caused by Zn2+ cation exchange in CIS QDs is systematically investigated. Two-photon ASE in Zn-processed CIS QDs films is achieved with a record of low threshold fluence of 5.7μJ/cm^2. With high two-photon fluorescence quantum yields and low threshold ASE, the Zn-processed CIS QDs could become a promising candidate for two-photon bio-imaging, nonlinear optical and novel QDs laser devices.

A delicate control of crystallization and morphology of perovskite absorbers is critical to obtain high performance hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Here, we have developed a novel crystallization strategy which involves hydration water induced intermediate phase formation under heat assisted spin-coating processing (HASP) to manipulate the morphology and grain size of perovskite films, and thus it can avoid the use of toxic and volatile antisolvents used in conventional one-step solution processes to make PSCs. During HASP, impressive morphological evolution of films occurs with the formation of CH3NH3PbI3·xH2O perovskite intermediate phases. With ingenious control of the crystallization kinetics, highly crystalline perovskite films with fewer defect states and high carrier lifetimes are obtained. The corresponding PSCs exhibit a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 19.12% with a stabilized power output efficiency of 18.89% at the maximum power point, which is a 70% enhancement compared to that of conventional one-step process based PSCs. Furthermore, the PSC fabricated by the HASP method achieved a PCE of 15.47% with an active area of 1.2 cm2. Moreover, the flexible PSCs fabricated by the HASP method achieved a record efficiency of 14.87% with negligible hysteresis for PEDOT:PSS-based flexible inverted PSCs. Our work opens up a new avenue for morphology and crystallization control through hydration water induced intermediate phase formation under HASP, which paves the way toward further enhancing the device performance of perovskite solar cells.

It is highly desirable to develop flexible solid-state electrochemical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) with non-liquid electrolyte. However, it is still a great challenge to prepare gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) possessing high ionic conductivity and good mechanical property. In this work, a simple and novel method to improve the conductivity and mechanical properties of GPE film for their applications as electrolyte and separator in EDLC is presented. The GPE film is prepared by cross-linking ionic liquid (IL) with poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) and benzophenone (Bp) followed by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. Then, a non-woven cellulose separator (FPC) is used to absorb the GPE. By tuning the mass ratio (n) between IL and PEO, the flexible EDLC cooperated with low-cost active carbon and the electrolyte film with n = 10 has a high capacitance of 70.84 F∙g−1, a wide and stable electrochemical window of 3.5 V, an energy density of 30.13 Wh∙kg−1 and a power density of 874.8 W∙kg−1 at a current density of 1 A∙g−1, which can drive a 3.0 V light-emitting diode (LED). Importantly, the excellent performance of the flexible and low-cost EDLC can be maintained at a bending angle up to 180°, indicating the ultra-flexibility. It is expected that the IL-PEO-FPC electrolyte film is a promising candidate of GPE for flexible devices and energy storage systems.

A novel copper(I)-catalyzed chemoselective reduction of the carbonyls of benzofuran-2-yl ketones over furan rings with B2pin2 has been developed. This reaction proceeded under mild conditions. High valuable secondary alcohol derivatives of benzofurans were obtained in good to excellent yields with a broad substrate scope. The mechanistic studies suggested that a domino-borylation-protodeboronation pathway was involved in this reaction.

The aim of this study is to explore the effect of Aeromonas hydrophila on the intestinal mucosal barrier structure and intestinal permeability in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Histopathological examinations showed that A. hydrophila induced severe intestinal lesions, including inflammatory cell infiltration and intestinal villus fusion and swelling. Messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of the inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8, IL-10 and MyD88 was significantly increased after infection with A. hydrophila. The permeability of intestinal mucosa was determined using Evans blue (EB) and d-lactic acid. The results indicated that the levels of EB and serum d-lactic acid were significantly increased after infection with A. hydrophila (p