Search

Mobile instant messaging is widely used in governing circles today. This article considers the implications for political legitimacy, examining how far the technology encourages those in authority to act consistently with the obligations that come with their roles. It looks at several recent political scandals in which officeholders are alleged to have transgressed public norms with their use of instant messaging. It goes on to argue that the concerns raised are well grounded, as the affordances of the technology point to personalized, informal, and untransparent modes of rule. As the final section argues, that figures in public authority embrace the technology despite the scandals it can yield tells us something important about their political priorities, in particular their willingness to prize output over procedural legitimacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In helimagnetic metals, ac current-driven spin motions can generate emergent electric fields acting on conduction electrons, leading to emergent electromagnetic induction (EEMI). Recent experiments reveal the EEMI signal generally shows a strongly current-nonlinear response. In this study, we investigate the EEMI of Tb5Sb3, a short-period helimagnet. Using small angle neutron scattering we show that Tb5Sb3 hosts highly disordered helimagnetism with a distribution of spin-helix periodicity. The current-nonlinear dynamics of the disordered spin helix in Tb5Sb3 indeed shows up as the nonlinear electrical resistivity (real part of ac resistivity), and even more clearly as a nonlinear and huge EEMI (imaginary part of ac resistivity) response. The magnitude of the EEMI reaches as large as several tens of μH for Tb5Sb3 devices on the scale of several tens of μm, originating to noncollinear spin textures possibly even without long-range helimagnetic order. Ac current-driven spin motions in helimagnetic metals can generate emergent electric fields acting on conduction electrons, leading to emergent electromagnetic induction (EEMI). In this study, we revealed that a short-period helimagnet Tb5Sb3 may have disordered spin helix structure and provides large EEMI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

That democratic authorities are systematically focused on short-term considerations is a charge often made. This 'democratic myopia' thesis typically becomes the basis for advocating the empowerment of technocratic institutions, for example in economic policy. Much less examined is what one may call the technocratic myopia thesis – the possibility that technocratic institutions have their own distinctive drivers of short-termism. This article presents the case, with reference to the legitimacy forms, epistemologies and organisational structures in which technocratic authority is grounded. The suggestion is that not only may technocrats fall short of the claims to long-sightedness made of them, but that this is directly bound up in some of the core features of the technocratic method. The article goes on to discuss the implications for how contemporary societies govern the future in key domains of public policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article contains a personal reflection of experiences in terrorism research over the past few decades. It begins by discussing early academic struggles to recognize the legitimacy of terrorism research, especially in the field of criminal justice. This is followed by a selective description of events where the author correctly predicted events as well as those where he was blindsided by surprises. It closes with an appeal to both the academy and the American public to move beyond ideology and populist understandings of terrorism to grapple with the multiple forms and complexities of terrorist violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International wild Atlantic salmon management priorities have moved from exploitation to conservation since the 1990s, recognizing the need to protect diversity and abundance at individual river levels amid widespread declines. Here we review international salmon-stock assessments and describe a simple, transferable catch-advice framework, established for management of fisheries that conforms to international obligations. The risk assessment approach, applied at the river scale, jointly incorporates uncertainty in estimated and forecasted returning salmon numbers with the level of uncertainty around spawning requirements (Conservation Limits). Outputs include quantification of risk of stocks not attaining conservation limits (CL) and surpluses above CL on stocks able to support sustainable exploitation via total allowable catches (TAC), with monitoring by rod catch or fish counter. Since management implementation and cessation of at-sea mixed-stock fisheries, there has been a deterioration in the performance of many individual stocks, without any sustained increase in fisheries open to harvest. Given declines in mid-latitude Atlantic salmon populations over 30 years, the novel framework presented provides an approach to protect stocks failing to meet spawning thresholds while supporting sustainable exploitation of those achieving them. On-going management policy of adopting scientific advice and allowing exploitation only on stocks exceeding CLs is central to the objective of protecting salmon stocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the short-term responses of step characteristics in sprinters and team-sports players under different bend conditions. Eight participants from each group completed 80 m sprints in four conditions: banked and flat, in lanes two and four (L2B, L4B, L2F, L4F). Groups showed similar changes in step velocity (SV) across conditions and limbs. However, sprinters produced significantly shorter ground contact times (GCT) than team sports players in L2B and L4B for both left (0.123 s vs 0.145 s and 0.123 s vs 0.140 s) and right steps (0.115 s vs 0.136 s and 0.120 s vs 0.141 s) (p > 0.001–0.029; ES = 1.15–1.37). Across both groups, SV was generally lower in flat conditions compared to banked (Left: 7.21 m/s vs 6.82 m/s and Right: 7.31 m/s vs 7.09 m/s in lane two), occurring due to reduced step length (SL) rather than step frequency (SF), suggesting that banking improves SV via increased SL. Sprinters produced significantly shorter GCT in banked conditions that led to non-significant increases in SF and SV, highlighting the importance of bend sprinting specific conditioning and training environments representative of indoor competition for sprint athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using natural bond orbital theory, aromatic stabilization energies (NBO‐ASEs) were calculated for neutral and cationic monoheterocyclic three‐membered rings C2H2X(R)n (X = group 14–17 elements of rows 3–5; R = F, H or SiH3; and n = 0–2). Generally, there was a decrease in the (anti)aromatic nature of the molecule moving down the group as either the stabilizing orbital overlap (aromaticity) or destabilizing orbital interactions (antiaromaticity) were reduced due to larger atoms inducing longer bonds. (Anti)aromatic trends were supported with dissected nucleus independent chemical shift NICS(0)π,zz values (R2 = 0.94) and also by comparison of NBO‐ASEs to literature values for a selection of larger systems including benzene, cyclobutadiene, and the cyclopentadienyl anion. Comparisons are made to other studies that have used a range of approaches to study (anti)aromaticity in some of these molecules, and it was found that non‐dissected NICS values and homodesmotic equations often gave significantly overestimated if not misleading results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Observation of the [M + H]+ ion in electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) for either product identification or further unimolecular reactivity studies is not always guaranteed. When a suitable donor is β to a good leaving group such as protonated alcohols, neighbouring group participation (NGP) is one process that can lead to facile in‐source decomposition leading to three‐membered ring product ions. In this study, lone pair rich heteroatoms are explored computationally as donors for the intramolecular displacement of either water or ammonia in protonated 2‐heteroethanols and ethanamines, respectively. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations showed that for the halogens (Cl, Br and I) both the loss of water and ammonia are overall endothermic processes with modest barriers for the 2‐haloethanol fragmentation by NGP. The chalcogens (S, Se and Te) displayed a significant shift with the loss of water becoming exothermic and the enthalpic barrier approximately zero in most cases leading to little [M + H]+ ion observation. The loss of ammonia remained endothermic for both the chalcogens (S, Se and Te) and pnictogens (P, As and Sb), but the 2‐pnictoethanol fragmentation showed mixed results as two pathways were accessible due to the increased s character of the pnictogen lone pair. Examination of the donor–acceptor interactions by natural bond orbital (NBO) theory reflected an increase in the heteroatom lone pair participation at the transition state, but that stabilisation due to the polarisable CX bond dominated and should not be discounted in processes believed to proceed by nonvertical neighbouring group participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four cutaneous lesions were described as red or erythematous papules or nodules, resembling the most typical appearance of cutaneous metastases for renal cell carcinoma.[2] One lesion was described as an erythematous plaque with central dark scale. Metastatic disease is present in up to 33% of newly diagnosed renal cell carcinomas (RCC).[1] The most common sites of spread are lung, bone, abdomen, and brain, but skin metastases may be present in up to 8% of cases.[[1]] Cutaneous metastatic lesions may have varying appearances but typically present as solitary black, brown, or violaceous papules, nodules, or plaques that grow rapidly.[2] Since metastatic lesions may be the first presentation of underlying malignancy and prompt recognition of metastatic disease could expedite treatment, we sought to characterize the most frequent cutaneous and subcutaneous metastatic destinations of renal cell carcinoma.[3] Upon Wake Forest School of Medicine Institutional Review Board approval, we performed a retrospective chart review of patients with RCC metastatic to the skin. Five lesions were described as deeper palpable nodules with or without superficial discoloration, suggesting lesions to be primarily located in the subcutaneous tissue. [Extracted from the article]

Co–Zn–Mn chiral cubic magnets display versatile magnetic skyrmion phases, including equilibrium phases stable far above and far below room temperature, and the facile creation of robust far‐from‐equilibrium skyrmion states. In this system, compositional disorder and magnetic frustration are key ingredients that have profound effects on the chiral magnetism. Reported here are studies of the magnetism in Co6.75Zn6.75Mn6.5 by magnetometry, small‐angle neutron scattering (SANS), magnetic diffuse neutron scattering and Lorentz transmission electron microscopy (LTEM). While features in magnetometry and LTEM often give standard indications for skyrmion formation, they are not readily observed from the measurements on this system. Instead, skyrmion lattice correlations are only revealed by SANS, and they are found to form an orientationally disordered structure in a minority fraction of the sample. The majority fraction of the sample always displays orientationally disordered helical spin correlations, which undergo further disordering along the radial direction on cooling below the critical temperature (Tc ≃ 102 K). The near‐complete suppression of the skyrmion phase, and the process of disordering on cooling, are attributed to competing magnetic interactions that dominate over the ferromagnetic interaction expected to favour chiral magnetism in this system. These competing interactions start to develop above Tc and become further enhanced towards low temperatures. The present observations of co‐existing and disordered magnetic correlations over multiple length scales are not unique to Co6.75Zn6.75Mn6.5 but are seemingly common to the family of Co–Zn–Mn compounds with finite Mn, and their accurate description presents a challenge for theoretical modelling. In addition, this study highlights a need for neutron instrumentation capable of the comprehensive measurement of magnetic correlations over expanded ranges of momentum transfer in such multiple‐length‐scale magnets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis and structural characterisation of an icosanuclear silver(I) cluster complex is reported here. The complex includes twenty silver(I) ions supported by eighteen bis(thiosemicarbazonato) ligands. The cluster of silver(I) ions involves several close Ag⋯Ag contacts suggesting some degree of argentophilic interactions and the bis(thiosemicarbazonato) ligands are present in three different conformations highlighting the ability of thiosemicarbazone ligands to coordinate to metal ions in different modes. A complex that consists of twenty silver(I) ions supported by eighteen bis(thiosemicarbazonato) ligands is reported here. The cluster of silver(I) ions involves several close Ag⋯Ag contacts suggestive of argentophilic interactions and the bis(thiosemicarbazonato) ligands are present in three different conformations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This piece outlines the concept of emergency politics as it may be applied to EU politics, distinguishing it from more familiar terms such as crisis management. We define emergency politics as a mode of politics in which actions departing from convention are rationalised as necessary responses to exceptional and urgent threats. Arguably, the many crises affecting the EU in the recent past have made this mode increasingly salient. To capture its various expressions, the article presents a new typology of the forms that emergency politics can take in this setting, identifying four in particular: supranational, multilateral, unilateral and domestic. It connects these to the events of the last decade, spanning eurozone economics, migration, and Covid-19. We conclude by considering the variable consequences of these different types of emergency politics, in particular for the EU's normative and sociological legitimacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The making of modern authority centred on efforts to formalise and de-personalise power, and transnational orders such as the European Union have often been viewed as an extension of that project. As this article argues, recent developments tell a different story. More than a decade of crisis politics has seen institutions subordinated to and reshaped by individuals and the networks they form. Locating these tendencies in a wider historical context, the article argues that greater attention to informality in transnational governance needs to be paired with greater recognition of the normative questions it raises. Just as a separation between rulers and the offices of rule was central to the making of modern legal and political structures, the weakening of that separation creates legitimacy problems for contemporary authorities both national and supranational. Rather than acclaimed as flexible problem-solving, the step back from institutions should be viewed as a challenge to accountable rule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The organoselenium compound ebselen has recently been investigated as a treatment for COVID-19; however, efforts to model ebselen in silico have been hampered by the lack of an efficient and accurate method to assess its binding to biological macromolecules. We present here a Generalized Amber Force Field modification which incorporates classical parameters for the selenium atom in ebselen, as well as a positively charged pseudoatom to simulate the σ-hole, a quantum mechanical phenomenon that dominates the chemistry of ebselen. Our approach is justified using an energy decomposition analysis of a number of density functional theory–optimized structures, which shows that the σ-hole interaction is primarily electrostatic in origin. Finally, our model is verified by conducting molecular dynamics simulations on a number of simple complexes, as well as the clinically relevant enzyme SOD1 (superoxide dismutase), which is known to bind to ebselen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

77Se‐NMR is used to characterise several chalcogen bonded complexes of derivatives of the organoselenium drug ebselen, exploring a range of electron demand. NMR titration experiments support the intuitive understanding that chalcogen bond donors bearing more electron withdrawing substituents give rise stronger chalcogen bonds. The chemical shift of the selenium nucleus is also shown to move upfield as it participates in a chalcogen bond. Solid‐state NMR is used to explore chalcogen bonding in co‐crystals. Due to the lack of molecular reorientation on the NMR timescale in the solid state, the shape of the chemical shift tensor can be determined using this technique. A range of co‐crystals are shown to have extremely large chemical shift anisotropy, which suggests a strongly anisotropic electron density distribution around the selenium atom. A single crystal NMR experiment was conducted using one of the co‐crystals, affording the absolute orientation of the chemical shift tensor within the crystal. This showed that the selenium nucleus is strongly shielded in the direction of the chalcogen bond (due to the approach of the lone pair of the Lewis base), and strongly deshielded in the perpendicular direction. The orientation of the deshielded axis is consistent with the presence of a second σ‐hole which is not participating in a chalcogen bond, showing the profound effect of electron density anisotropy on the chemical shift. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an age of grand coalitions, and widespread dissatisfaction with them, it is clear that one of the major challenges for contemporary parties is to pursue power without sacrificing the principles by which they define themselves. This points to one of the most important yet neglected criteria by which to assess an electoral system: its capacity to sustain principled partisanship. This paper makes a case for the distinctiveness of this criterion and why it should receive more attention. Drawing on the comparative politics of electoral systems, it examines the kinds of institutional feature relevant to an evaluation in these terms, and what it might mean to make institutions more conducive to a politics of firm commitments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As our understanding of the pathogenesis of SpA improves, focus has turned to the role janus kinase (JAK)-mediated signal transduction and inhibiting its actions as a therapeutic mechanism. Small molecule inhibitors of JAK exist, with variable selectivity for the different JAK isoforms. Less selective JAK inhibitors have variable efficacy and safety profiles, prompting the investigation of selective JAK1 inhibition. In this review, we summarize the current phase 2 and 3 clinical trial data, evaluating the use of JAK1 selective inhibitors in the treatment of SpA, particularly AS and PsA. Selective JAK1 inhibition offers a promising therapeutic approach, however further longer-term trials are needed to fully establish their efficacy and safety at higher doses, and their use in the greater continuum of SpA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2005, the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM), nervous over the uncertain future of the Compact of Free Association and seeking to improve its fiscal self-sufficiency, has wasted time and resources on a pie-in-the-sky tax reform proposal with too many moving parts and too many stakeholders to satisfy. A more practical path to tax reform must be found-and as the authors argue, Hawaii's unique tax system should be used as a map forward. The FSM and Hawaii each have broad-based consumption taxes-the gross revenues tax and the general excise tax, respectively. Although these two taxes appear similar at first glance, Hawaii's tax has developed sophisticated characteristics over the past eighty-five years. Instead of attempting yet again to discard its gross revenues tax, the FSM should transform it. Replicating and accelerating Hawaii's eighty-five-year tax evolution could offer the FSM a much more practicable-and less politically daunting-shortcut to a modernized, efficient, and lucrative tax system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the relationship between ideology, the state and the transnational as it bears on European integration. Though typically studied in national contexts, ideologies and their clash have been Europe-wide since their emergence. As I argue, the European Union (EU) can be understood both as the continuation of these long-standing cross-border dynamics, and as the attempt to supersede them. Contemporary developments renew this dialectic. By exploring how ideology and European integration entwine, the paper underlines the value of a research agenda of heightened importance as the ideological hegemony of recent decades breaks down. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical trials have demonstrated efficacy of vedolizumab in ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). Further real-world data is needed to inform clinical practice. The primary outcome was to assess corticosteroid-free and clinical remission after vedolizumab initiation. Secondary outcomes included effect on disease activity scores, biochemical markers, concomitant drug use, endoscopic remission, surgical intervention, hospital admissions and adverse events. A multi-centre retrospective observational study was conducted with patients initiated on vedolizumab across seven UK hospitals 1/11/14-30/11/16. Clinical disease activity was assessed using the partial Mayo Scores (pMS) and Harvey Bradshaw Index (HBI). Clinical remission was defined as HBI ≤4 or pMS <2 with a combined stool frequency and rectal bleeding sub score of ≤1. Clinical response was defined as ≥2-point decrease from baseline in pMS and ≥3-point decrease from baseline in HBI. One hundred ninety-two patients were included in the final analysis. 45% of UC and 10% of CD patients were anti-TNF naive. Over the observation period corticosteroid-free remission rates for UC and CD were 46% and 45%, while clinical remission rates were 52% and 44%, respectively. Time to corticosteroid free remission for UC and CD was 17.6 [IQR: 8.7–29.6] and 14.1 [QR: 6.0–21.7] weeks, respectively. Time to clinical response for UC was 9.4 [IQR: 5.7–15.4] and CD was 9.5 [IQR: 6.1–18.2] weeks. There was a substantial decrease in the concomitant use of immunomodulators and a similar decrease in concomitant corticosteroid use over the study period. Results in this predominately anti-TNF experienced population mirror other published real-world data, demonstrating good clinical effectiveness and a comparable safety profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The morphology of vortex lattice domains in bulk type-II/1 superconductors is of central interest for many areas such as fundamental condensed matter physics, engineering science, and the optimization of materials for high transport current superconductivity applications. Here, we present a comprehensive experimental study of a single crystal niobium in the intermediate mixed state and Shubnikov phase with two complementary neutron techniques: high resolution polarized neutron imaging and small-angle neutron scattering. In this way, we were able to identify and visualize the occurrence of compensating currents, the flux line closure, and the freezing of the vortex spacing during the process of field cooling and high field cooling. With the combination of complementary neutron techniques, it was possible to add insights into the quest for the understanding of the flux pinning and nucleation of vortices in type-II/1 superconductors during the process of field cooling and high field cooling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the judicial and political career of a prominent Connecticut Federal Judge William Davis Shipman. It provide background and context as Shipman argued and ruled on cases involving slave trading, opined on Connecticut and the election of 1864, and the use of military trials during Reconstruction. It also mentions Shipman played a significant role in the destruction of the illegal trans-Atlantic slave trade.

This article discusses absentee voting by Union soldiers during the U.S. Civil War. The article examines the failure of historians to address the question of the soldier vote during the Civil War, the law requiring soldiers to vote by proxy, and the prevailing views of the Republican and Democratic parties depicted by soldiers' votes.

2,4-Difluoro-, 2,4,6-trifluoro-, and 2,3,4,6,tetrafluoronitrobenzenes undergo nucleophilic aromatic substitution, once, twice, and three times with a variety of amine substituents with a high degree of regiochemical control to provide a range of electron-rich nitrobenzene derivatives. In these structures the nitro group proves a useful structural probe to reveal the varying extents of electron donation from the varying number of amino substituents onto the nitro group as revealed by accurate low temperature X-ray crystal structure analysis, thus increasing electron donation manifests in a decrease in the Ar–NO2 distance consistent with increased double bond character, while the N–O bond distance increases as the oxygens accept the electron density. The effect of delocalization of the aniline nitrogen lone pair onto the nitro group impacts on the geometry and hybridization of the nitrogen substituent and also impacts on the ability of the nitrogen lone pair electrons to participate in other competing electronic interactions, such as the nN– σ *C–S anomeric effect as demonstrated by the thiazolidine substituted derivatives 3c , 4c , and 6c. The structural effects associated with delocalization of electron density from a varying number of amine substituents onto the nitro group in nitrobenzene derivatives is demonstrated from low temperature crystal structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A number of derivatives of benzisoselenazolinones, including the drug ebselen, have been synthesized, and their interactions with various nitrogen bases characterized through X-ray crystallography. Structural studies revealed a strong interaction in all cases, with Se…N distances well within the Van der Waals radii of the constituent atoms. We suggest that there is a significant charge transfer component to this interaction, in contrast to some other interactions of similar strength and directionality. We have also found that this interaction can be enhanced via H-bonding to the carbonyl group of the benzisoselenazolinone moiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Colorado Supreme Court's Task Force on Lawyer Well-Being formed in 2018 to improve well-being among Colorado law students, lawyers, and judges. This Article discusses the recent well-being movement within the American legal profession that inspired the creation of the Colorado Task Force. The Article reviews national studies of lawyer and law student well-being that reveal the urgency of the issue, and the Article explains the National Task Force on Lawyer Well-Being's compelling arguments for why lawyer well-being matters for economic, professionalism, and humanitarian reasons. It adds to that discussion the argument that well-being is critical to foster a legal profession that better reflects the diversity of our nation and that will better serve the needs of legal consumers. The Article also discusses how existing Colorado Supreme Court programs have prioritized the issue of lawyer well-being. The Article concludes with discussion of the creation of the Colorado Supreme Court Task Force on Lawyer Well-Being, and details emerging priorities identified by this group at its initial launch meeting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 66-year-old African woman suffered from a boggy thickening of the scalp in the frontoparietal area and the vertex accompanied by headache since infancy. In her thirties, she developed diffuse hair loss in the same area. Clinical and trichoscopic examination were unhelpful, but the histopathological and radiologic findings led to a diagnosis by demonstrating thick subcutaneous adipose tissue. First described in 1935 by Cornbleet [Arch Dermatol Syphilol. 1935; 32: 688], lipedematous scalp is a rare scalp disease marked by a soft thickening of the scalp. A similar clinicopathologic entity associated with nonscarring but permanent acquired alopecia was described in 1961 by Coskey et al. [Arch Dermatol. 1961 Oct; 84(4): 619–22] and termed lipedematous alopecia. In this article, we report a rare case of lipedematous alopecia with emphasis on a trichoscopic and histopathological description with review of the literature. Our case highlights the importance of palpation during the clinical examination. It remains to be determined whether this is actually a specific disease entity or a combination of 2 separate conditions. Symptomatic treatment is advisable given the lack of robust published data on treatment. Only 40 cases of lipedematous alopecia and 52 cases of lipedematous scalp have been published in the literature. Our case is the 93rd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many discoveries in cell biology rely on making specific proteins visible within their native cellular environment. There are various genetically encoded tags, such as fluorescent proteins, developed for fluorescence microscopy (FM). However, there are almost no genetically encoded tags that enable cellular proteins to be observed by both FM and electron microscopy (EM). Herein, we describe a technology for labeling proteins with diverse chemical reporters, including bright organic fluorophores for FM and electrondense nanoparticles for EM. Our technology uses versatile interacting peptide (VIP) tags, a class of genetically encoded tag. We present VIPER, which consists of a coiled-coil heterodimer formed between the genetic tag, CoilE, and a probe-labeled peptide, CoilR. Using confocal FM, we demonstrate that VIPER can be used to highlight subcellular structures or to image receptor-mediated iron uptake. Additionally, we used VIPER to image the iron uptakemachinery by correlative light and EM (CLEM). VIPER compared favorably with immunolabeling for imaging proteins by CLEM, and is an enabling technology for protein targets that cannot be immunolabeled. VIPER is a versatile peptide tag that can be used to label and track proteins with diverse chemical reporters observable by both FM and EM instrumentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methyl proamine {N,N,3-trimethyl-4-[6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-1H,3'H-[2,5'-bibenzo[d]imidazol]-2'-yl]aniline}, C28H35N7O2, crystallized as both a dihydrate, C28H31N7·2H2O, and monohydrate, C28H31N7·H2O, form from water in the presence of β-cyclodextrin, in the P21/c and P21/n space groups, respectively. The two structures adopt different conformations and tautomeric forms as a result of the differing crystal packing as dictated by hydrogen-bonding interactions. The dihydrate crystallizes as a three-dimensional hydrogen-bonded network, while the monohydrate crystallizes as a two-dimensional hydrogenbonded network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Patient outcomes in gastric adenocarcinoma are poor due to late diagnosis. Detecting and treating at the premalignant stage has the potential to improve this. Helicobacter pylori is also a strong risk factor for this disease. Aims: Primary aims were to assess the diagnostic accuracy of magnified narrow band imaging (NBI-Z) endoscopy and serology in detecting normal mucosa, H. pylori gastritis and gastric atrophy. Secondary aims were to compare the diagnostic accuracies of two classification systems using both NBI-Z and white light endoscopy with magnification (WLE-Z) and evaluate the inter-observer agreement. Methods: Patients were prospectively recruited. Images of gastric mucosa were stored with histology and serum for IgG H. pylori and Pepsinogen (PG) I/II ELISAs. Blinded expert endoscopists agreed on mucosal pattern. Mucosal images and serological markers were compared with histology. Kappa statistics determined inter-observer variability for randomly allocated images among four experts and four non-experts. Results: 116 patients were prospectively recruited. Diagnostic accuracy of NBI-Z for determining normal gastric mucosa was 0.87(95%CI 0.82-0.92), H. pylori gastritis 0.65(95%CI 0.55-0.75) and gastric atrophy 0.88(95%CI 0.81-0.94). NBI-Z was superior to serology at detecting gastric atrophy: NBI-Z gastric atrophy 0.88(95%CI 0.81-0.94) vs PGI/II ratio<3 0.74(95%CI 0.62-0.85) p<.0001. Overall NBI-Z was superior to WLE-Z in detecting disease using two validated classifications. Inter-observer agreement was 0.63(95%CI 0.51-0.73). Conclusions: NBI-Z accurately detects changes in the GI mucosa which currently depend on histology. NBI-Z is useful in the detection of precancerous conditions, potentially improving patient outcomes with early intervention to prevent gastric cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) was used to monitor the reaction of AgBF4, bis(diphenylphosphino)amine (dppa = (Ph2P)2NH = LPh) and NaBH4 in acetonitrile and thereby direct the synthesis of the silver nanocluster [Ag3(μ3-H)(μ3-BH4)LPh3](BF4), 3b·BF4, formed via reaction of AgBF4, bis(diphenylphosphino)amine (dppa = (Ph2P)2NH = LPh) and NaBH4 in acetonitrile. The X-ray structure of 3b·BF4 highlights that the cation adopts a planar trinuclear Ag3 geometry surrounded by three dppa ligands and coordinated on the bottom face by a μ3-hydride and on the top face by a μ3-BH4. The solution phase structure of 3b·BF4 was characterised by multinuclear NMR and DOSY NMR, which showed that the borohydride anion remains bound in the [Ag3(μ3-H)(μ3-BH4)LPh3]+ cluster cation in solution. ESI-MS and in situ1H and HSQC NMR spectroscopy reveals that 3b·BF4 reacts with CS2 in solution at the BH4 site to yield [Ag3(H)(S2CH)LPh3]+, 4b, which has to date eluded structural characterisation via X-ray crystallography due to lack of formation of suitable crystals. The gas-phase ion chemistry of [Ag3(H)(S2CH)LPh3]+ was examined under multistage mass spectrometry conditions using collision-induced dissociation (CID) and compared to that of the previously examined copper analogue, [Cu3(H)(S2CH)LPh3]+. While both cluster cations fragment via ligand loss, the CID spectra of the resultant [M3(H)(S2CH)LPh2]+ are different. Unlike [Cu3(H)(S2CH)LPh2]+, which solely undergoes loss of thioformaldehyde to give [Cu3(S)LPh2]+, [Ag3(H)(S2CH)LPh2]+ gives a richer CID spectrum with fragmentation channels that include ligand loss, CH2S loss and reductive elimination of dithioformic acid. DFT calculations exploring rearrangement and fragmentation of the model systems [M3(H)(S2CH)LMe2]+ ((Me2P)2NH = dmpa = LMe) were used to suggest plausible mechanisms and examine the energetics of the three competing channels: ligand loss, CH2S loss and reductive elimination of dithioformic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past 10 years, the literature on the normative dimensions of partisanship and party politics has rapidly grown. Yet, however rich and diverse, this literature lacked so far a single text able to comprehensively map the contours of the existing debates and, at the same time, open up a range of future research avenues. Jonathan White and Lea Ypi’s The Meaning of Partisanship does an excellent job at fulfilling both tasks. First, it offers a wide-ranging and sustained engagement with key debates in the history of political thought, contemporary democratic theory and analytical political philosophy. Second, it opens up new areas of research ranging from partisanship across time to revolutionary and transnational partisanship. In this symposium, White and Ypi re-examine some of the book’s main themes by responding to the commentaries offered by six political theorists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new synthetic route was developed to create an azo-based reactive disperse dye containing the vinyl sulphonyl reactive group. This dye was used to colour wool and cotton fibres using scCO 2 as the dyeing medium. The optimum dyeing process was carried out with water pre-treatment at 90 °C and 140 bar during a 60 min dyeing time. Under optimal conditions, which are relatively moderate for supercritical dyeing processes, the dyed wool fabrics produced uniform dyeings with high colour strength and fastness properties. These wool dyeings provided good colour strength and fixation properties (fixation of 99.4%). Cotton also showed good colour strength results. Crucially, the process did not produce any dyeing effluent. Furthermore, there is a potential to modify a wide scope of disperse dyes using the thiol group via this synthetic method without the need for further purification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article looks at a study which report the intermediate composition system to be a unique host of two disconnected, thermal-equilibrium topological skyrmion phases. Topics discussed include conventional skyrmion crystal phase stabilized by thermal fluctuations and restricted to exist just below the magnetic transition temperature, stability of this new disordered skyrmion phase is due to a cooperative interplay between the chiral magnetism and elemental geometrically frustrated spin liquid.

Usually pictured in relations of opposition, political parties are sometimes inclined to make alliances. This article examines the ethical questions such arrangements give rise to. It considers first the formal characteristics of an alliance as a distinctive form of association, moving on to examine what reasons for alliance are good reasons. Intrinsic arguments that invoke epistemic or democratic criteria, and instrumental arguments that cite areas of shared programme or imperfect institutions, are weighed in turn, with the latter judged to be more consistent with the partisan ethos. The final section examines the normative standards to which alliances should be held once formed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the author's views regarding the political and normative foundation of disobedient politics in the European Union (EU). He discusses contestation and challenges in the theories of civil disobedience modified to the transnational context. Also argued is the concept of disobedience chased according to political institutions.

The problems raised by global warming are widely discussed in terms of their implications for future generations. Underlying this generational scheme, and buttressed by its use, are certain ideas of time and of the relationship between the present and future. This article seeks to illuminate and critically examine these ideas. After a brief survey of the emergence of generational thinking in green thought, it looks at the defining features of this way of conceiving time, identifying them as constitutive of a distinctive 'timescape'. It goes on to show how the same qualities that account for its widespread appeal are also the source of tensions, ones with implications for its capacity to act as a framework to build political support for action on climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trends of falling membership and support spell a time of crisis for political parties, possibly of transformation. Dilemmas of principle arise: should partisans revise their normative commitments in whatever way garners new supporters, or would that be to sell their party's soul? This article investigates this as a problem of intergenerational obligation, examining what consideration (if any) partisans owe their party's past and future. It seeks to show the limits of conceiving partisanship as a 'presentist' activity that is legitimately governed exclusively by the concerns of the present generation, and argues that it must include some notion of showing loyalty to the actions of predecessors and advancing the prospects of those to come. Two corresponding norms of ethical partisanship - fidelity and sustainability - are outlined and discussed. The article's goal is to refine our concept of what a party is, and in so doing contribute to a broader ethics of activism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How does a treaty-based organisation account for its shifts in policy and procedure? With the European Union's history in focus, the paper observes a pattern of evolution by which departures from existing practice are justified as moves to better honour commitments already held. This logic of change-as-fidelity has long been the usual way of doing transnational politics in post-war Europe. The concept of revisionism, borrowed from the study of innovation in purposive organisations more generally, elucidates its place in the early European Community. The paper goes on to examine how more recent developments, especially visible in the Euro crisis, challenge this logic of change and threaten to displace it. It concludes by discussing what this implies for the political nature of the EU, and whether the revival of the revisionist method is plausible or desirable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A problem sequence is presented developing the basic properties of the set of natural numbers (including associativity and commutativity of addition and multiplication, among others) from the Peano axioms, with the last portion using von Neumann’s construction to provide a model satisfying these axioms. This sequence is appropriate for mathematically inclined students in their first or second years, and has regularly required about a week of class time. The sequence could be included as one unit within any of several appropriate courses, and could be an ideal “trial size” first attempt at guiding inquiry-based learning in the tradition of R.L. Moore. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Contemporary political theory has made the question of the “people” a topic of sustained analysis. This article identifies two broad approaches taken—norm-based and contestation-based—and, noting some problems left outstanding, goes on to advance a complementary account centred on partisan practice. It suggests the definition of “the people” is closely bound up in the analysis of political conflict, and that partisans engaged in such conflict play an essential role in constructing and contesting different principled conceptions. The article goes on to show how such an account does not lead to a normatively hollow, purely historical conception of “the people,” but rather highlights the normative importance of practices that, at the minimum, de-naturalise undesirable conceptions of the people and, at their best, give political legitimacy and a representative basis to those one might wish to see prosper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This piece reflects on the significance of periodic time structures in the institutions of modern democracy, drawing inspiration from the theorisation of rhythm in music. Three features of rhythm are discussed using the concepts of temporal integration, coordination and rationalisation. Each helps us understand how the institutionalisation of periodicity has helped underpin the democratic principle of legitimate opposition. As contemporary political developments tend to disrupt such rhythms, legitimate opposition becomes harder to maintain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ESI/MS of an acetonitrile solution containing a mixture of AgNO3 :  bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)methane (dcpm, L) : NaO2CH in a molar ratio of 2 : 1 : 1 gave an abundant peak due to [LAg2(O2CH)]+ and a minor peak assigned as [L2Ag4(O2CH)3]+. When this acetonitrile solution was frozen and layered with diethyl ether and left undisturbed for six days, crystalline material suitable for X-ray crystallography was identified and separated from amorphous solids. Single crystal X-ray diffraction revealed an unusual co-crystal consisting of two discrete tetranuclear silver clusters [(μ2-dcpm)Ag2(μ2-O2CH)(η2-NO3)]2·[(μ2-dcpm)2Ag4(μ2-NO3)4]. While all of the coordinated formates in [LAg2(O2CH)]+ and [L2Ag4(O2CH)3]+ can be decarboxylated in the gas-phase under conditions of collision induced dissociation, only the hydride [LAg2(H)]+ thus formed reacts with formic acid via protonation and liberation of H2 to regenerate to formate, thereby closing a catalytic cycle for the selective decomposition of formic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The national picture of the comparative costs and diagnoses of hospitalised homeless patients are examined using the 'no fixed abode' flag in English hospital statistics. Comparable studies sample patients in single cities, eg New York and Toronto. The most common diagnosis is substance misuse; the share of homeless NHS patients with this diagnosis is rising, and now equals that found in North American cities. About half of the cost of homeless patients relates to diagnoses of mental illness, although these comprise a much smaller share of homeless patients than in North America. Hospital costs for homeless patients - both total and per admission -have fallen significantly in recent years, primarily because of fewer admissions and shorter lengths of stay for mentally ill patients. Aims to reduce NHS costs at the level of individual institutions have often shaped policy. Broader policy to prevent and reduce homelessness offers substantial long-term reductions in the cost of chronic care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]