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The far-infrared spectroscopy was used to analyze optical properties of PbTe single crystals doped with different amounts of Si. A dielectric function that takes into account the plasmon-phonon interaction was employed in the measured data manipulation. Two frequencies of plasmon-phonon coupled modes were obtained with the best-fit method, whereas the values for LO mode and plasma frequency (ωP) were calculated. The best-fit to the experimentally obtained spectra agrees very well with the theoretical prediction.

Magnetoresistance, ac and dc magnetization, and photoluminescence (PL) experiments have been performed on the $p$-type ${\mathrm{Zn}}_{0.99}{\mathrm{Mn}}_{0.01}\mathrm{Te}$ and ${\mathrm{Zn}}_{0.97}{\mathrm{Mn}}_{0.03}\mathrm{Te}$ alloys strongly doped with phosphorus (P). The investigated samples exhibit spin glass behavior with ferromagnetic regions near the freezing temperature ${T}_{f}=1.9$ K and colossal negative magnetoresistance (negMR) of $2.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{3}$ times at 4.2 K for $0\ensuremath{\le}B\ensuremath{\le}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}6$ T. The negMR curves contain occurrences of hysteresis providing evidence for the memory effect. Looking for possible ferromagnetic interactions responsible for the spin glass behavior at low hole densities, we observe in PL spectra that the P doping quenches internal recombination in ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{2+}$ ions. This strongly indicates a charge transfer between ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{2+}$ and ${\mathrm{P}}^{2\ensuremath{-}}$ ions leading to the creation of ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{3+}$ and ${\mathrm{P}}^{3\ensuremath{-}}$ ions. The creation of ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{3+}$ is confirmed by an observation of strong PL enhancement at excitation energies lower than the band gap and PL study at various temperatures. The resulting simultaneous existence of the mixed valence ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{2+}$ and ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{3+}$ ions can lead to double exchange mechanism of ferromagnetic interaction. Also, ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{3+}$ ions can exhibit a superexchange interaction leading to local ferromagnetic phases.

Structural and optical properties of CdTe thin films were investigated applying atomic force microscopy (AFM), XRD powder technique, Raman spectroscopy and far–infrared spectroscopy. CdTe thin films were prepared by using thermal evaporation technique. In the analysis of the far – infrared reflection spectra, numerical model for calculating the reflectivity coefficient for system which includes films and substrate has been applied. Effective permittivity of film mixture (CdTe and air) was modeled by Maxwell – Garnet approximation. We reveal the existence of surface optical phonon (SOP) mode and coupled plasmon-SOP modes (CPSOPM).

The AC magnetic susceptibility in the range 5–130 K of the tellurite glass systems: TeO2–MnO2–ZnO–PbO and TeO2–MnO2–V2O5–Fe2O3 was measured and analyzed. The investigations of the AC magnetic susceptibility facilitated the determination of the molar susceptibility, paramagnetic magnetic susceptibility, paramagnetic Curie temperature, and magnetic entropy changes of the tellurite glasses. The results clarified that the temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility deviated from the Curie law and the increase of the small negative values of Curie temperature indicated negative interchange interactions between the antiferromagnetically coupled manganese ions within the present glass network. The magnetic moments evaluated from susceptibility measurements of the glasses show the predominance of the Mn2+ valence state than Mn3+ valence state of MnO2.

We have studied the magnetic properties of nanocrystals of ZnO :MnO prepared by traditional wet chemistry method. The detailed structural and morphological characterization was performed. The results of systematic measurements of AC magnetic susceptibility as a function of temperature and frequency as well as DC magnetization are reported. We observed two different types of magnetic behavior depending on the concentration doping. For samples with low nominal content (up to 30 wt% of MnO), superparamagnetic behavior was observed. We attribute the observed superparamagnetism to the presence of nanosized ZnMnO 3 phase. For nanocrystals doped above nominal 60 wt% of MnO ferrimagnetism was detected with TC at around 42 K. This magnetic behavior we assign to the presence of nanosized Mn3O4 phase.

Phase diagram in the ZnSiAs 2 –MnAs nanocomposite system was studied by Х-ray, DTA and SEM. The system has an eutectic character. The coordinates of eutectic are 87±1 mol% MnAs and 847±10 °C. The eutectic consists of the manganese arsenide lattice with ZnSiAs 2 inclusions.

CdGeAs 2 is a promising material for optical applications. It has the wide transparency range between 2.3 and 18 μm except harmful absorption region at 5.5 μm. Its presence is related to the crystal lattice quality. The measurements of Raman and far infrared reflectivity spectra of the series of Cd 1− x Mn x GeAs 2 samples (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.037) were carried out in spectral range from 60 to 400 cm −1 , at room temperature. Beside all expected optical modes three defect modes are registered at about 125, 170 and 235 cm −1 . Their intensities are related to tetragonal distortion of lattice (Δ) so we connected them with lattice defects Ge As , usually formed in this material, and CdAs 2 and Cd 3 As 2 clusters whose characteristic frequencies match these values. Antisite defects Ge As are connected to energy level at about 200 meV and to absorption at 5.5 μm. Based on obtained results we can conclude that doping with small amount of manganese ( x = 0.004) results in slight deformation of CdGeAs 2 crystal lattice and consequently considerably reducing the formation of antisite defects Ge As .

We present studies of the influence of the chemical composition changes on the type of magnetic order present in bulk nanocomposite Ge 1− x−y Pb x Cr y Te crystals with the average Pb-content close to x ≈ 0.20 and Cr-content, y , varying from y = 0.017 up to 0.043. Detailed magnetometric studies revealed the existence of two ordered magnetic states present in all our samples. All our crystals show a paramagnet to spin-glass-like state transition at temperatures from 135 K to 145 K, related to the presence of Cr 5 Te 8 clusters in the host lattice. The second transition type depends on the Cr-content, y . In the case of samples with y equal to 0.038 and 0.043 the ferromagnetic phase is observed with T C slightly below 70 K, while in samples with lower chromium concentration the presence of spin-glass-like state slightly below 50 K is observed. The presence of clusters in our samples has significant impact on the carrier transport and magnetotransport in our samples. The presence of critical scattering on the magnetic impurities is observed in resistivity and magnetoresistance data. Nearly-linear magnetoresistance is also observed in our samples indicating a presence of strong scattering on the grain boundaries in our samples.

Nanocrystalline samples of ZnO(Mn) were synthesized by hydrothermal method. The morphology of the samples was studied by HRTEM and SEM. X-ray diffraction was used to determine composition of the samples (ZnO and ZnMn2O4) and the mean crystalline size (from 16 to 99 nm). In this paper we report the experimental spectra of Raman scattering (from 100 to 1600 cm−1) with surface optical phonons (SOP) in range of 497–538 cm−1 as well as formation of new phases MnO, Mn3O4 and ZnMnO3. The phonon of registered phase's exhibit effects connected to phase concentration, while the SOP phonon mode exhibit significant confinement effect.

Indium selenide belongs to layered III–VI semiconductors with highly anisotropic optical and electronic properties. Energy gap of 1.32 eV makes this material very attractive for solar energy conversion. We investigated the influence of 1% 3-d transition metals M=Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, used as dopants, on energy levels of InSe:M in the range 1.4–6.5 eV and especially in the range of energy gap

We present studies of magnetotransport properties of Ge 1− x − y Pb x Mn y Te bulk crystals with chemical composition changing from 0.180 x y T SG around 90 K. The presence of strong anomalous Hall effect (AHE) with hysteresis is observed at T T SG . The data analysis allowed calculation of a correction to the Hall constant R H for T T SG and the AHE constant, R S . R S is around 10 −6 m 3 /C. R S and R H do not change strongly with temperature. The scaling law analysis has proved that the AHE in this system is due to the extrinsic mechanisms dominated by the skew scattering with relatively small contribution of the side jump process. Strong localization occurs in our system at T T SG and causes a presence of a minimum in the resistivity vs. temperature dependence. The magnetoresistance of our samples shows complex behavior at T T SG . The negative magnetoresistance is observed at T T nearly linear positive magnetoresistance is observed at temperatures from 20 K up to T ≈ T SG , where it reaches maximum. Positive linear magnetoresistance is related to the granular nature of our samples while the maximum near T SG is related to the giant spin-splitting of the valence band.

We present the studies of structural, electrical, and magnetic properties of bulk Sn 1 − x − y Cr x Eu y Te crystals with different chemical compositions varying in the range of 0.004 ≤ x ≤ 0.089 and 0.007 ≤ y ≤ 0.020. The structural characterization of our samples indicated the clustering of the Cr-ions into Cr–Te related clusters. Eu ions do not form clusters and are randomly distributed in the SnTe lattice. The magnetotransport studies show the presence of positive linear magnetoresistance with maximum amplitude of about 80% for all our samples. Positive magnetoresistance is a geometrical effect related to the presence of clusters in the SnTe lattice. The cluster-glass-like state at the temperature of about 130 K is observed for x ≤ 0.025. The cluster-glass-like state is due to the presence of Cr-rich clusters in the SnTe lattice. The ferromagnetic behavior with the Curie temperature of about 275 K is observed for the samples with x > 0.077 indicating the presence of Cr 5 Te 8 clusters in the host material. Eu ions presence in our samples shows paramagnetic behavior.

Semiconductors of II-IV-V2 type with chalcopyrite structure have been studied for several decades. Due to advances in materials synthesis technologies, and doping with various elements, the possibilities of their application have expanded. In this paper, polycrystalline ZnSnSb2 + Mn was examined with the aim to explain the connection of its high free carrier concentration with the material structure and influence on optical properties. Two samples of Zn1-xMnxSnSb2 with different compositions (x = 0.027 and x = 0.076) and significant difference in carrier concentrations were analyzed. Their structural properties were examined by x-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, and AFM. The existence of several different phases - ZnSnSb2, ZnSb, SnSb, and small amounts of Sn and MnSb, as well as very complex microstructures, were registered. It was found that the high free carrier concentrations are caused by a large number of defects, especially zinc vacancies. Optical properties were analyzed using IR spectroscopy at room temperature. Based on the analysis of IR reflection spectra, the presence of plasmon - phonons interaction was registered. It was determined that three ZnSnSb2 phonons of B2 symmetry interact with plasma, which then leads to the change of their positions. A detailed analysis of this interaction provides insight into the behavior of some other material parameters. Also, vibration modes of ZnSb and SnSb phases were registered on the spectra. Knowledge of phonon behavior and their interaction with plasma is important for possible applications, especially as a thermoelectric material.

The nanopowders of (ZnO)1–x(Al2O3)x, where x ranges from 0 to 0.7, were obtained by two chemical methods: the co-precipitation/calcination and hydrothermal synthesis. The first assessment of structural and optical properties of the obtained nanopowders was undertaken by the SEM, XRD, Raman and far-infrared spectroscopy, which was followed by the photoluminescence spectroscopy at room temperature. The obtained far-infrared reflectivity spectra were analyzed using the fitting procedure. The dielectric function of ZnO–Al2O3 nanopowders was modeled by the Maxwell-Garnet formula under the assumption that the nanopowders are a mixture of homogenous spherical inclusions in air. The combined plasmon-LO phonon modes (CPPM) were observed in the far-infrared reflection spectra. The photoluminescence spectra contain emissions related to the presence of ZnO, ZnAl2O4, and AlOOH phases in the nanomaterial, which is in agreement with the results obtained by other experiments.

We present studies of magnetic properties of Ge 1− x − y Pb x Mn y Te bulk crystals with chemical composition varying in the range of 0.180 x y J pd , having values from 0.47 eV to 0.80 eV gives spin-glass transition temperature, T SG , values close to the experimental values for the Ge-rich phase. The magnetic order observed for the Pb-rich phase is also due to the carrier mediated magnetic interaction. The experimental transition temperatures are fitted with J pd value ranging from 0.22 eV to 0.28 eV.

Three self-assembled nanogranular composites based on MnAs ferromagnetic inclusions embedded in ZnSnAs 2 semiconductors with MnAs concentration 10, 20, 47 mol.% were synthesized. The samples were studied by X-ray, SEM, AFM, MFM and SQUID methods. It has been shown that the increasing of the MnAs concentration in composite leads to slightly increasing of the size of the magnetic inclusions. Their size depends mainly on the speed of the crystallization, but the shape of the inclusions depends on the type of the interaction between materials. The connection between equilibrium and non-equilibrium structure of the compounds has been demonstrated. Magnetic properties of the ZnSnAs 2 + MnAs samples show ferromagnetic phase transition with the Curie temperature having values from 313 K to 336 K, increasing as a function of the MnAs concentration in the nanocomposite. A small paramagnetic signal is observed at low temperatures due to individual Mn ions randomly distributed in the ZnSnAs 2 lattice. All our samples show only a narrow magnetic hysteresis loop except of the sample with 47 mol.% of MnAs, for which the coercive field increases to about 120 G. The carrier transport of the alloy shows significant influence of the MnAs clusters. All our samples have p-type conductivity with magnetotransport strongly influenced by the presence of the MnAs phase in the nanocomposite samples. The magnetoresistance (MR) of the alloy shows a complex behavior. The grain boundaries and MnAs clusters influence on the amplitude, sign, and temperature of MR.

The interest in thorough description of Zn 1– x Mn x GeAs 2 arises from its suitability for application in the field of non-linear optics. The room temperature far-infrared reflectivity spectra of single crystals Zn 1– x Mn x GeAs 2 , where 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.078, were measured in the spectral range from 80 cm −1 to 500 cm −1 . The spectra were analyzed by fitting procedure using a dielectric function which includes interaction between a plasmon and two different phonons. The detected phonons are in excellent agreement with the theoretical predictions. The MnAs cluster phonons are detected, as well.

We present the results of structural characterization of Cd1 � xMnxGeAs2 chalcopyrite-type crystals with low Mn content x varying from 0 to 0.037. High resolution X-ray powder diffraction method of measurements and Rietveld refinements procedure used for analysis of obtained diffraction patterns revealed high crystal quality of the samples. The substitutional alloying of Cd1 � xMnxGeAs2, with Mn ions at Cd sites, has been confirmed. The analytical equations describing the linear reduction of the lattice parameters with increase of Mn content were deduced and compared with the literature results of theoretically estimated lattice parameters of compounds of the same kind. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The aim of the present work is to study the magnetic properties of ZrO2(Fe) nanocrystals prepared by the wet chemistry method. The microwave assisted hydrothermal synthesis was used. The detailed structural characterization was performed by means of X-ray diffraction and TEM studies. 57 Fe Mossbauer spectra were recorded at room temperature for all samples. The isomer shift and quadrupole splitting indicate the presence of Fe 3+ ions. The systematic measurements of AC magnetic susceptibility up to 350 K and magnetization as a function of magnetic field (up to 9 T) and temperature were performed. Depending on the nominal concentration of magnetic dopant different types of magnetic behavior, were observed. 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Nanocrystaline samples of ZnO(Fe) were synthesized by traditional wet chemical method followed by calcinations. Samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction to determine composition of the samples (ZnO, ZnFe 2 O 4 and Fe 2 O 3 ) and the mean crystalline size (from 8 to 51 nm). In this paper we report the experimental spectra of Raman scattering (from 200 to 1600 cm −1 ) with surface optical phonons (SOP) in range of 500–550 cm −1 . The phonon of registered phase’s exhibit effects connected to phase concentration, while the SOP phonon mode exhibit significant confinement effect.

Scandium is introduced into bulk SiC during the physical vapor transport (PVT) growth. SiC crystals grown with different Sc contents (from 0.5 wt% up to 2.5 wt%, added to the SiC source material) are studied. Magnetic properties of SiC doped with scandium during the PVT growth are reported for the first time. The presence of antiferromagnetic interactions between magnetic moments of Sc ions is concluded from the temperature dependence of magnetic susceptibility. Detailed PL spectra of 4H-/6H-SiC:B and 4H-/6H-SiC:Sc crystals are presented. A new energy level of 35–37 meV is found on SiC:Sc samples and its possible assignment to a complex defect, consisting of nitrogen donor and scandium acceptor, is proposed.

The far-infrared reflectivity spectra of CdTe 0.97 Se 0.03 and CdTe 0.97 Se 0.03 (In) single crystals were measured at different temperatures. The analysis of the far-infrared spectra was carried out by a fitting procedure based on the dielectric function which includes spatial distribution of free carriers as well as their influence on the plasmon–phonon interaction. We found that the long wavelength optical phonon modes of CdTe 1 − x Se x mixed crystals exhibit a two-mode behavior. The local In mode at about 160 cm −1 is observed. In both sample, a surface layer with a low concentration of free carriers (depleted region) are formed.

L. Kilanski, M. Szyma«ski, B. Brodowska, M. Gorska, R. Szymczak, A. Podgorni, A. Avdonin, A. Reszka, B.J. Kowalski, V. Domukhovski , M. Arciszewska, W. Dobrowolski, V.E. Slynko and E.I. Slynko Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, al. Lotnikow 32/46, 02-668 Warszawa, Poland Faculty of Materials Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Woaoska 141, 02-507 Warszawa, Poland Institute of Materials Science Problems, Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, 5 Wilde Str., 274001 Chernovtsy, Ukraine

The phase equilibria in the ZnGeAs 2 –CdGeAs 2 system were investigated by X-ray, DTA, EDXRF, microstructure observations and SEM. The solid solutions are present in all range of concentrations above 440 °С. Below this temperature a decay region of solid solution of Zn 1− x Cd x GeAs 2 is observed in the range of concentrations x = 0.19–0.92 at room temperature. The investigation of the system was obstructed by liquation and segregation processes occurring during the synthesis.

CdTe thin films of different thicknesses were deposited on polymer substrates for flexible optical devices applications. X-ray diffractogram of different thicknesses for CdTe films are measured and their patterns exhibit polycrystalline nature with a preferential orientation along the (111) plane. The optical constants of CdTe films were calculated based on the measured transmittance spectral data using Swanepoel 0 s method in the wavelength range 400-2500 nm. The refractive index n and absorption index k were calculated and the refractive index exhibits a normal dispersion. The refractive index dispersion data followed the Wemple-DiDomenico model based on single oscillator. The oscillator dispersion parameters and the refractive index no. at zero photon energy were deter- mined. The possible optical transition in these films is found to be allowed direct transition with energy gap increase from 1.46 to 1.60 eV with the increase in the film thickness. CdTe/flexible substrates are good candidates in optoelectronic devices

Nanocrystalline samples of ZnO(Mn) were characterized by X-ray diffraction to determine composition of the samples (ZnO, Mn3O4, ZnMn2O4 and ZnMnO3) and the mean crystalline size (between 9 and 13 nm for ZnMnO3 phases, from 24 to 47 nm for Mn3O4 phases and above 100 nm for ZnO and ZnMn2O4 phases). In this paper we report the experimental spectra of Raman scattering (from 200 to 1600 cm−1) with surface optical phonons (SOP) in range of 520–575 cm−1. The phonon of registered phases exhibits effects connected to phase concentration, while the SOP phonon mode exhibits significant confinement effect.

Currently, complex ferromagnetic semiconductor systems are of significant interest due to their potential applicability in spintronics. A key feature in order to use semiconductor materials in spintronics is the presence of room temperature ferromagnetism. This feature was recently observed and is intensively studied in several Mn-alloyed II-IV-V2 group diluted magnetic semiconductor systems. The paper reviews the origin of room temperature ferromagnetism in II-IV-V2 compounds. In view of our recent reports the room temperature ferromagnetism in Mn-alloyed chalcopyrite semiconductors with more than 5 molar % of Mn is due to the presence of MnAs clusters. The solubility of magnetic impurities in bulk II-IV-V2 materials is of the order of a few percent, depending on the alloy composition. High values of the conducting hole - Mn ion exchange constant Jpd have significant value equal to 0.75 eV for Zn0.997Mn0.003GeAs2. The sample quality has significant effect on the magnetotransport of the alloy. The magnetoresistance of the alloy change main physical mechanism from spin-disorder scattering and weak localization for homogeneous samples to cluster-related geometrical effect observed for nanocomposite samples. The magnetoresistance of the II-IV-V2 alloys can be then tuned up to a few hundreds of percent via changes of the chemical composition of the alloy as well as a degree of disorder present in a material. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. III45003]

The properties of 3 monolayers (ml) CdTe self-assembled quantum dot (SAQD) sample are investigated by means of Raman and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The PL spectrum is characterized by two main emission peaks, both connected with the existence of QDs. One presents direct deexcitation to ground state and the other one is optical phonon ( ω = 204.2 cm −1 ) assisted deexcitation. One-phonon Raman spectra at room temperature show surface-optical phonon at 201 cm −1 . At temperatures below 200 K, multiphonon processes are registered. Multiphonon maximum depends on the temperature, and laser energy.

We present the studies of Sn/1-x/Cr/x/Te semimagnetic semiconductors with chemical composition x ranging from 0.004 to 0.012. The structural characterization indicates that even at low average Cr-content x < ?0.012, the aggregation into micrometer size clusters appears in our samples. The magnetic properties are affected by the presence of clusters. In all our samples we observe the transition into the ordered state at temperatures between 130 and 140 K. The analysis of both static and dynamic magnetic susceptibility data indicates that the spin-glass-like state is observed in our samples. The addition of Cr to the alloy seems to shift the spin-glass-like transition from 130 K for x = 0.004 to 140 K for x = 0.012., 4 pages, 4 figures

article i nfo Article history: Received 18 February 2013 Received in revised form 1 May 2013 Available online xxxx Glassy system with the composition xLa2O3-30PbO-(70 − x)B2O3 with (0 ≤ x ≤ 10 mol%) has been prepared using the well known melt quenching technique. The transmittance and the reflectance spectra of the glasses have been measured and the optical constants such as: the refractive index, the optical band gap for indirect transition, the optical basicity and the average electronic polarizability have been calculated for the investigated glassy system. A correlation between the optical constants and the elastic moduli was performed. The AC magneticsusceptibilityoftheinvestigatedglasseswasstudiedabove4.3 K.Thetemperaturedependentmagnet- icsusceptibility deviatesfromthe Curielaw indicating that weak antiferromagneticinteractions between Laions were present in the studied system. The magnetic entropy change of the glasses was determined.

The aim of the present work is to study the magnetic properties of nanocrystals of ZnO(Co) prepared by two methods of synthesis. We used the microwave assisted hydrothermal synthesis and traditional wet chemistry method followed by calcination. The detailed structural characterization was performed by means of X-ray diffraction and micro-Raman spectroscopy measurements. The magnetic properties were studied by means of AC susceptibility χ. All samples demonstrated Curie–Weiss behavior at higher temperatures. For calcination process, the negative values of the Curie–Weiss θ temperature were observed indicating the predominance of antiferromagnetic interactions. For samples prepared by hydrothermal synthesis, we observed the breakdown of predominance of antiferromagnetic interactions.

On Raman scattering spectra of nanocrystaline samples ZnO(Co) prepared by use of the microwave assisted hydrothermal synthesis, surface optical phonons (SOP) where observed in the range of 519 - 572 cm-1. The mean crystalline size (33 - 300 nm) as well as the phase composition of obtained samples (ZnO, ZnCo2O4) where determinate with X - ray diffraction measurements. These measurements aloud us to study the change of SOP modes position with crystalline size and how change in concentration of doping element CoO influence the change of SOP modes intensity.

Currently, wide-gap ZnO nanoparticles bear important potential application in electro-optical devices, transparent ultraviolet protection films, and spintronic devices. We have studied the magnetic properties of nanocrystals of ZnO(Fe, Co, Mn) prepared by two methods of synthesis. We have used the microwave assisted hydrothermal synthesis and traditional wet chemistry method followed by calcination. The detailed structural characterization was performed by means of X-ray diffraction and micro-Raman spectroscopy measurements. The morphology of the samples was studied by means of SEM and TEM microscopy. The results of systematic measurements of AC magnetic susceptibility as a function of temperature and frequency as well as SQUID magnetization are presented. The SQUID magnetization measurements revealed a clear bifurcation of the FC and ZFC plots. Such behavior suggested superparamagnetic behavior above the blocking temperature. The dynamic magnetic measurements were performed at small AC magnetic field with amplitude not exceeding 5 Oe and different frequency values (from 7 Hz to 9970 Hz). For ZnO(Fe) and ZnO(Mn), the AC susceptibility maxima has been found for in-phase susceptibility Re(χ) and for out of phase susceptibility Im(χ). We analyzed the observed frequency dependence of the peak temperature in the AC susceptibility curve using the empirical parameter Φ that is a quantitative measure of the frequency shift and is given by the relative shift of the peak temperature per decade shift in frequency, as well as Vogel- Fulcher law. We observed two different types of magnetic behavior, spin-glasslike behavior or superparamagnetic behavior, depending on the synthesis process. For ZnO(Co) nanocrystalline samples high temperature Curie-Weiss behavior in AC magnetic susceptibility was observed. We observed that the determined negative values of the Curie- Weiss temperature θ depend strongly on the nominal content of cobalt oxide. It was shown that for calcination method the values of θ increase with the increase of magnetic ion content indicating enhancement of predominance of antiferromagnetic interactions. For hydrothermal method the opposite effect was observed indicating the breakdown of predominance of aniferromagnetic coupling with the increase of nominal magnetic ion content. This paper gives an in-depth discussion of the structural and magnetic properties of ZnO nanocrystals in addition to the technological issues such as different methods of wet chemical synthesis.

We have been studying magnetic properties of magnetic ion clusters in ternary, quaternary, and quinary IV-VI and II-IV-V 2 diluted magnetic semiconductors with varying concentrations of different magnetic and non-magnetic cations. We observed clusters of different types, from non-random distribution of magnetic ions in the host lattice to precipitates with the crystalline structure different from that of the host. The size of such precipitates varied from 200 nm to 20 μm. Depending on the type and size of clusters we observed different magnetic properties of the compounds, such as paramagnetic, spin-glass, spin-glass-like, or ferromagnetic states. For example, Zn 1-x Mn x GeAs 2 compounds with x ≤ 0.053 were paramagnetic with evidence of small short-range magnetic interactions, while in the same material with x ≥ 0.078 we observed room-temperature ferromagnetism. In IV-VI DMS clusters usually created a spin-glass or spinglass- like state. However, in some Ge 1-x-y Pb x Mn y Te crystals we observed a co-existence of two very different spin-glasslike states with transition temperatures T 1 ≈ 5 K and T 2 ≈ 90 K.

Surface optical phonons (SOP) were observed in the range of 496–572 cm−1 on Raman scattering spectra of nanocrystalline samples of ZnO(Co) prepared by use of the microwave assisted hydrothermal synthesis and traditional wet chemistry method followed by calcinations. The phase composition of the samples (ZnO, Co3O4, ZnCo2O4) and the mean crystalline size (14–300 nm) were determined using X-ray diffraction measurements. The SOP phonon mode exhibit significant size confinement effect, while the phonons of registered phases exhibit effects connected to phase concentration.

AIIBiνC2V semiconductors doped with Mn are perspective materials for spintronic. Structural, chemical and magnetic properties of these materials have been analyzed. The combinations of these compounds with the traditional semiconductors are perspective to create "system on chip" devices. The coexistence of ferromagnetic and paramagnetic phases was observed. The ferromagnetic phase is likely due to the presence of MnAs nanoclusters (3-5 nm). Paramagnetic properties appear due to Mn complexes (dimmer and trimmer).

The systematic magnetic and structural properties of as-prepared, “Fe” catalyst based multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), and chemically modified MWCNTs were studied. The structural characterization by means of transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy was performed. DC magnetization up to 9 T was studied. We examined the influence of chemical treatment (purification procedure) on the magnetic properties of MWCNT's. The significant changes in the saturation magnetization after chemical treatment were observed. However, we noticed high magnetic coercivity values for as-prepared as well as chemically modified samples.

The magnetic properties of a Cd1−xMnxGeAs2: MnAs hybrid micro-composite have the signature of ferromagnetic order at room temperature. Magnetotransport reveals the presence of a large linear positive magnetoresistance, with maximum values of about 550% ( B = 22 T) for x = 0.028 . This is interpreted in terms of an effective medium approximation with the value and the shape of the magnetoresistance depending on the structural and electronic properties of the semiconductor rather than on its magnetic properties. The absence of an anomalous Hall effect leads to the conclusion that ferromagnetic ordering is not the only factor necessary for the occurrence of asymmetric scattering in granular ferromagnetic materials.

The systematic studies of both magnetic and magnetotransport properties of Zn 0.947 Mn 0.053 GeAs 2 diluted magnetic semiconductor are presented. The paramagnetic behaviour of the sample confirms that the solubility of Mn in the studied alloy is of the order of 5 at%. The Curie―Weiss behaviour of magnetic susceptibility is preserved only at low temperatures, T < 100 K indicating the presence of short-range magnetic interactions in the system due to the presence of groups of Mn counting few ions. The high-field magnetization together with magnetoresistance data is used to estimate the amount of magnetic ions active in the semiconductor matrix. The obtained results showed that the amount of magnetically active Mn ions in the semiconductors matrix is two orders of magnitude lower than the value obtained from X-ray fluorescence measurements. The magnetotransport studies revealed that only about 30% of all Mn ions are electrically active in the semiconductor matrix.

The aim of the present work is to study the magnetic properties of ZnO(Fe) nanocrystalline samples prepared by two methods of synthesis. We have used the microwave assisted hydrothermal synthesis and traditional wet chemistry method followed by calcination. The detailed structural characterization was performed by means of X-ray diffraction and micro-Raman spectroscopy measurements. The dynamic magnetic properties were studied by means of AC susceptibility χ . The measurements were performed at small AC magnetic field with amplitude not exceeding 5 Oe and different frequency values (from 7 Hz to 9970 Hz). The AC susceptibility maxima have been found for in-phase susceptibility Re ( χ ) and for out of phase susceptibility Im ( χ ). We analyzed the observed frequency dependence of the peak temperature in the AC susceptibility curve using the empirical parameter Φ that is a quantitative measure of the frequency shift and is given by the relative shift of the peak temperature per decade shift in frequency, as well as Vogel–Fulcher law.

The heterostructure ferromagnetic/semiconductor ZnSiAs2/Si was obtained by using the Si-ZnAs2 phase diagram. The magnetic properties of Zn1-XMnXSiAs2 bulk crystals and ferromagnetic layered heterostructures were similar. The same method was used for preparing a ferromagnetic layer ZnGeAs2 on a germanium substrate.

We have synthesized CdS and Cd0 7Mn0 3S nanocrystals with diameters of about 45 nm These materials have been studied using photoluminescence spectroscopy with various excitation energies in the temperature range from 1 8 to 300 K We registered surface and defect states as well as two Mn2+ energy levels that correspond to Mn2+ ions in two different crystal environments. In addition, the resonant behavior of one Mn state excited by 514.5 nm wavelength of laser light has been clearly observed in obtained spectra We proposed the scheme of energy levels and transitions that explain obtained experimental results (C) 2010 Elsevier B V. All rights reserved

This article reports on the structure of the glassy system x CuO–65TeO 2 –(35− x )V 2 O 5 , 5≤ x ≤10 mol% which was studied using infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopy methods as well as magnetic susceptibility measurements. IR and Raman spectroscopy analysis reveals the presence of four main absorption bands attributed to [TeO 3 ], [TeO 4 ], [VO 4 ], and [VO 5 ] structure units. It suggests that Cu 2+ ions occupy the available open spaces of the Te–O network without straining the bonds too much. Increasing the concentration of Cu 2+ ions beyond 5 mol% results in the modification of the glass by straining and locally distorting the surrounding of the Te–O network. The magnetic susceptibility of these materials was investigated in the temperature range of 5–200 K revealing the paramagnetic behavior described by the Curie–Weiss law and indicating the presence of weak antiferromagnetic exchange interactions between Cu ions. The magnetic entropy change of the glasses was determined based on the temperature and magnetic field dependence of magnetization.

The electronic structure of polycrystalline Ge 0.86 Mn 0.14 Te—ferromagnetic semiconductor with T C =110 K, has been studied by means of resonant photoemission spectroscopy for photon energies close to the Mn 3p→3d excitation. The contribution of Mn 3d states to the electronic structure of the system was revealed and position of the Mn ions in the crystal, characteristic of GeTe-based diluted magnetic semiconductors was proved.

The influence of possible presence of Co2+ ion pairs in a bulk Zn1-xCoxO mixed crystal on the low-frequency part of the Raman spectrum is discussed. Two effects can be taken into account in the theoretical considerations when analyzing the energy level scheme corresponding to Co ions. The first is a local lattice deformation in the vicinity of Co2+ ion due to a presence of the second ion, smaller than the host ZnO lattice cation. Such deformation creates a trigonal field, which can only slightly modify the energy levels of v ion. The second effect, which results from an antiferromagnetic superexchange interaction between two Co2+ ions is responsible for a new set of energy levels. The Raman data taken at low temperature on the sample corresponding to the composition x = 0.016 demonstrated the presence of two structures at about 6 cm(-1) and 13 cm(-1). These structures may be interpreted as electronic transitions between the ground state and the first excited state of a single Co2+ ion in the substitution site of ZnO lattice and as a similar transition for Co2+ ion pair, respectively.

We present preliminary studies of magnetic and transport properties of Ge1−x−ySnxMnyTe mixed crystals with 0.091 ≤ x ≤ 0.105 and 0.012 ≤ y ≤ 0.115. Qualitative analysis of our experimental results showed the appearance of a spin-glass phase at T 10 cm−3) and low mobilities (μ < 100 cm V−1 s−1). The dependence of transport properties on the chemical composition of the samples was observed.