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To compare the efficacy of transarterial embolization (TAE) with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) particles alone and lipiodol-bleomycin emulsion (LBE) plus PVA particles for patients with unresectable large symptomatic focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH).We performed a retrospective analysis of patients who underwent TAE either with PVA particles alone (group A, n = 46) or LBE plus PVA particles (group B, n = 35) for large (≥ 7 cm) symptomatic FNH between January 2002 and February 2019. Propensity score matching (PSM) (1:1) was performed to adjust for potential baseline confounders. Technical success, adverse events (AEs), symptom relief, and changes in the lesion size after TAE were evaluated. Statistical analysis included Wilcoxon rank sum test and χAfter PSM, no significant differences in baseline characteristics were found between the groups (31 in group A and 31 in group B, with a mean age of 31 years). Technical success was achieved in all patients (100%), without major AEs in both groups. Complete resolution of the abdominal symptoms was reported in 77.4% in group A and 100% in group B (p = 0.037) during a mean follow-up period of 72 months; complete resolution (CR) of the FNH rate was significantly higher in group B than in group A (93.6% vs. 67.7%; p = 0.019).Compared with the use PVA particles alone, TAE with LBE plus PVA particles in the treatment of patients with large symptomatic FNH had a significantly higher rates of CR of the FNH and complete relief of the symptoms.• Transarterial embolization (TAE) with lipiodol-bleomycin emulsion (LBE) plus PVA particles for the large symptomatic FNH yielded better results than with PVA particles alone, in terms of complete resolution of FNH lesions (93.6% vs 67.7%) and complete relief of the abdominal symptoms (100% vs 77.4%) during a mean follow-up period of 72 months (38-170 months). • No major complications were recorded in both groups, and no significant difference in the incidence of postembolization syndrome were observed between the two groups.

In this open-label, single-arm, phase I/II clinical trial, we evaluated the efficacy of anti-B cell maturation antigen (BCMA) chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell (HDS269B) therapy in 49 relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) patients, including 20 with Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) grade 3-4. After HDS269B infusion (9 × 10

Purpose The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the safety and efficacy of interventional treatment for Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) complicated by Inferior Vena Cava thrombosis (IVCT) patients. Methods We evaluated the published studies on interventional treatment for BCS complicated by IVCT. Meta-analysis was used to calculate the combined effect size and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) based on random effect. The publication bias was assessed by Begg's test. Results Sixteen studies on interventional treatment for BCS complicated by IVCT patient were selected for meta-analysis, a total of 767 BCS complicated by IVCT patients were included. The combined effect size (95% CI) were 99% (98–100%) for the total successful rate of IVC recanalization, 15% (11–21%) for the rate of IVC restenosis after initial operation, 92.0% (86–97%) for the rate of clinical improvement, 76% (68–84%) for the rate of thrombus clearance and 0.00% (0–1%) for the incidence of pulmonary embolism (PE). Through subgroup meta-analysis about the rate of thrombus clearance, we got the pooled results (95% CI) of individualized treatment strategy (ITS) group and non-individualized treatment strategy (non-ITS) group, were 81% (71–92%) and 73% (63–83%), respectively. Conclusions The interventional treatment for BCS complicated by IVCT patients is safe and effective with low incidence of PE, high thrombus clearance rate, high technically successful rate, good patency, and high clinical improvement rate. Moreover, subgroup analysis indicated that management based on the type and extent of the thrombus is proposed.

Balloon angioplasty with or without stent placement has become the mainstream treatment of Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS). Restenosis of hepatic vein (HV) is a tough problem. The aim of this study was to perform a meta-analysis to compare the restenosis in HV involvement type BCS patients treated by balloon dilatation with versus without stent. Meta-analysis was used to calculate the combined effect size and their 95% confidence intervals (CI), based on random effect; and calculate the risk ratio (RR) and its 95% CI based on fixed effect. The publication bias was assessed by funnel plot and Begg's test. Sixteen studies were selected for meta-analysis. One thousand and eighty-two patients (1,019 from Asian, 63 from non-Asian countries) were included. Seven hundred and five of 1,019 (69%) Asian patients received HV balloon dilatation alone. RR value (RR=0.85, 95% CI 0.68-1.08) of the two groups was obtained through meta-analysis, which meant that the risk of restenosis in balloon dilatation alone group was 15% lower than that in combined with stent placement group; although there was no significant statistical difference between two groups (p=0.178). The current meta-analysis indicated that balloon dilatation alone is first preferred approach in Asian BCS patients compared to the non-Asian patients. Balloon dilatation combined with stent placement does not reduce restenosis risk over balloon dilation alone in the treatment of BCS with HV occlusion. It is suggested that stent should be used cautiously for such patients. Key Words: Balloon dilatation, Budd-Chiari syndrome, Stent, Restenosis, Meta-analysis.

To estimate the safety and efficacy of transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) in the treatment of refractory hematuria of prostatic origin (RHPO).This retrospective study included 23 patients who underwent TAE for RHPO between May 2013 and August 2021. Technical and clinical success rates were calculated, and arteriogram findings and complications were detected.Embolization was performed 24 times in 23 patients. Technical success was achieved in 24/24 (100%) embolization procedures. Contrast agent extravasation was detected during 2 of the 24 angiographic procedures. Bilateral embolization was performed in 23 (95.8%) of the 24 procedures. The clinical success rate was 21/23 (91.3%), and hematuria stopped 1-4 days after TAE. No serious complications were observed.TAE is a safe and effective minimally invasive technique for treating patients with RHPO.

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) can differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) to attenuate cirrhosis. Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) SNHG1 has been demonstrated to orchestrate BMSC differentiation, whereas its role in cirrhosis remains elusive. Therefore, this study was performed to figure out whether lncRNA SNHG1 was involved in cirrhosis by affecting HLC differentiation of BMSCs. Mouse BMSCs were isolated, and the BMSC differentiation into HLCs was induced by hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). A cirrhotic mouse model was established using carbon tetrachloride and phenobarbital, followed by intravenous injection of BMSCs with manipulated expression of lncRNA SNHG1, microRNA (miR)-15a, and SMURF1. Subsequent to HGF induction, expression of hepatocyte-related genes, albumin secretion, and glycogen accumulation was increased in BMSCs, suggesting the differentiation of BMSCs into HLCs. Mechanistically, lncRNA SNHG1 bound to miR-15a that targeted SMURF1, and SMURF1 diminished ATG5 and Wnt5a expression by enhancing the ubiquitination of UVRAG. LncRNA SNHG1 or SMURF1 silencing or miR-15a overexpression promoted differentiation of BMSCs into HLCs and repressed cirrhosis of mice by upregulating ATG5 and Wnt5a via UVRAG. Conclusively, lncRNA SNHG1 silencing might facilitate HLC differentiation from mouse BMSCs and alleviate cirrhosis via the miR-15a/SMURF1/UVRAG/ATG5/Wnt5a axis.

To compare percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty (PTBA) alone with PTBA plus stent placement for Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) patients with short-segmental obstruction of hepatic vein.Between May 2001 and December 2010, 91 hepatic vein type BCS patients (mean age, 32.8 ± 10.8; M:F ratio 50:41) were included and divided into two groups (PTBA alone, as group A, n = 48; PTBA plus stent, as group B, n = 43). The incidence of restenosis, long-term patency, and survival were evaluated.All 91 patients were successfully treated with hepatic vein recanalization. During follow-up period (median 161 months, range: 84-234), group B had a significantly higher proportion of hepatic vein restenosis (56%, 24/43) than group A (33%, 16/48; P 0.05). Cumulative primary patency rates at 1, 5, 10, 15 years were 96%, 81%, 69%, 65% and 91%, 60%, 47%, 47% in group A and group B, respectively (log-rank P 0.05). Secondary technical success rates of target hepatic vein were 93% and 57% in group A and group B, respectively (P 0.05). Clinical complete response rates were 94% and 86% in group A and group B, respectively (P 0.05). The 15-year cumulative survival rates were 98% and 95% in group A and group B, respectively (P 0.05). Major procedure-related complications occurred in 3 (3%) patients (1 in group A, 2 in group B).Hepatic vein recanalization is safe and efficient for hepatic vein type BCS patients with hepatic vein short segmental obstruction. Restenosis after hepatic vein stenting is more common and difficult to manage than that after hepatic vein balloon angioplasty alone.

Background Various endovascular treatments were used for Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) patients complicated by inferior vena cava (IVC) thrombosis. The best treatment for this disease remains unknown. To evaluate safety and efficacy of individualized interventional treatment for primary BCS with IVC thrombosis. Methods Forty-seven consecutive patients with IVC involvement BCS complicated by IVC thrombosis between June 2002 and August 2020 were analyzed retrospectively. They were treated with individualized interventional treatment based on thrombus type and size. Agitation thrombolysis, transcatheter thrombus aspiration, and catheter-directed thrombolysis were initially used for fresh and mixed thrombus (n = 20), then stent implantation for compressing thrombus and IVC recanalization were performed according to the size of the residual thrombus. Direct balloon angioplasty was used for old thrombus (n = 27). Results Median follow-up duration was 109 (5-223) months (average 114 ± 60 months). IVC recanalization were attempted in forty patients and failed in one. The technical successful rate of IVC recanalization was 97.5%. Thrombus was completely lysed in eight patients with fresh thrombus (40%, 8/20), partially lysed in 11 patients with mixed thrombus (55%, 11/20), and no response in one patient with mixed thrombus (5%, 1/20). Thrombolytic-related complications occurred in one patient (5%, 1/20). No symptomatic pulmonary embolism occurred. Among the 11 patients with thrombus partially lysed, five patients underwent stent implantation for compressing thrombus, six patients received conservative treatment. Old thrombus was completely lysed in 15 patients (55.6%, 15/27) during follow-up. Restenosis occurred in six patients (15.4%, 6/39). Primary patency rates at 1, 5, 10 and 15 years were 92, 92, 86 and 80%, respectively. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) occurred in four patients (8.5%, 4/47). One patient died of HCC. The survival rate was 97.9%. Conclusions The individualized interventional treatment based on thrombus type and size for primary BCS complicated by IVC thrombosis patients is safe and effective with long-term patency and survival.

The principal mechanism of prostatic arterial embolization (PAE) is occlusion of the prostatic artery (PA) by embolic agents, which results in ischemic necrosis, reduction of prostate volume (PV), and relief of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). PAE is a safe and effective method to treat BPH with minimal invasion. According to the outcomes of several studies, the clinical symptoms improved and the prognosis is good after PAE with low incidence of retrograde ejaculation, erectile dysfunction, and sphincter injury.

To provide a scientific basis for reducing the rate of invalid ambulance attendance and the establishment of grades dispatch system through a retrospective analysis of the invalid ambulance attendance in prehospital emergency care.The data of the invalid ambulance attendance was collected in Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital (the only tertiary hospital of in Nanshan District) from 2014 to 2018, and the reasons of the invalid ambulance attendance, the time period during the invalid ambulance attendance occurred (every 3 hours was divided into one time period), and the reasons of ambulance calling were statistically analyzed.(1) The invalid ambulance attendance rates showed a fluctuating decrease trend year by year from 2014 to 2018, the rates were 31.22% (2 515/8 055), 26.94% (2 147/7 970), 29.80% (2 398/8 046), 25.69% (1 844/7 177) and 21.89% (1 686/7 703), respectively. The total invalid ambulance attendance rate was 27.19% (10 590/38 951) in the five years. (2) The top three reasons for the invalid ambulance attendance were cancelled calls, departure before the ambulance arrived, and going to hospital by themselves, accounting for 36.87%, 25.08%, and 17.03%, respectively. The constituent ratios of the causes of invalid ambulance attendance in each year were different with statistical significance (χThe invalid ambulance attendance rate is high in Nanshan District of Shenzhen. Improving the professional level and triage ability of the dispatchers, improving the system construction of prehospital emergency care system and increasing social education are conducive to reduce invalid ambulance attendance rate.

Purpose To explore the dynamic changes and correlation between CT imaging manifestations and cellular immunity of COVID-19. Materials and methods This retrospective review analyzed 23 patients with COVID-19, including 13 males and 10 females aged 27–70 years, with an average age of 48 years. Patients were divided into two groups: group A with 11 critical-severe patients, and group B with 12 common-mild patients. Clinical, laboratory, and radiological data were collected and analyzed. Results LYM, LYM (%), CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ decreased, while NEU (%), CRP, and CT scores increased in all patients, WBC in group A increased. In group A, on day 10–12 after disease onset, CT scores and CRP reached the highest point, and day 13–15 LYM, LYM (%) reached the lowest but NEU (%) and WBC reached the highest, CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ were at the lowest on day 10–15. In group B, on day 7–9, CT scores, NEU (%) and CRP reached the peak, but LYM, LYM (%), CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ reached the lowest. In all patients, CT scores had a significantly negative correlation with CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, LYM (%), and LYM (p = 0.001, r = − 0.797; p = 0.008, r = − 0.698; p = 0.002, r = − 0.775; p

We sought to evaluate the activity and safety of carfilzomib-/ixazomib-containing combinations for patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM). We searched published reports including carfilzomib-/ixazomib-containing combinations for RRMM. Finally, we identified 11 prospective studies covering 2845 relapsed/refractory patients. Carfilzomib- and ixazomib-containing combinations respectively resulted in an impressive overall response rate (ORR 77 vs. 64%, P = 0.14), very good partial response or better (≥ VGPR 48 vs. 21%, P = 0.001), complete response or better (≥ CR 14 vs. 7%, P = 0.23), and clinical benefit rate (CBR 84 vs. 59%, P = 0.0002). Subgroup analysis showed that the carfilzomib (CFZ) +lenalidomide (LEN) + dexamethasone (DEX) triplet regimen resulted into similar response outcomes to those from CFZ + DEX doublet regimen in ORR (77 vs. 78%, P = 0.91), ≥VGPR (50 vs. 53%, P = 0.84), and ≥ CR (13 vs. 12%, P = 0.96) analysis in these previously heavily pretreated population. And, there were no statistically significant differences between IXA + LEN + DEX triplet regimen and CFZ + LEN + DEX triplet regimen in ORR (85 vs. 78%, P = 0.55), ≥ VGPR (37 vs. 53%, P = 0.19), and ≥ CR (18 vs. 12%, P = 0.70) analysis. There were favorable trend towards proteasome inhibitors (PIs) + IMiDs + DEX in comparison with PIs + alkylating agent + Dex in ORR (79 vs 49%, P

Objective To evaluate the clinical and radiographic outcomes of total knee arthroplasties (TKA) between using medial-pivot (MP) and posterior-stabilized (PS) prosthesis. Does MP prosthesis and PS prosthesis influence the clinical results of a TKA? Methods An electronic literature search of PubMed Medline and the Cochrane Library was performed from inception to October 1, 2019. A meta-analysis to compare postoperative outcomes of Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) score, Knee Society Score (KSS), range of motion (ROM), complications, and radiographic results between MP and PS prosthesis were conducted. Results Seven eligible studies involving 934 adult patients (MP group, n = 461; PS group, n = 473) were identified for analysis. This study showed no significant difference between the 2 groups in the WOMAC scores, KSS, ROM, and complications (P > .05). The differences of the femorotibial angle, position of implant, and patellar tilt were also not significant between the 2 groups (P > .05). Conclusion The present meta-analysis has shown that patients with the MP prosthesis have similar clinical results as patients with PS prosthesis. Furthermore, the radiographic results, especially patella tilt angle, were also similar between the 2 groups. Therefore, surgeons should be aware that the types of prostheses are not a decisive factor to ensure successful operation.

Background and objective: as COVID-19 has triggered enormous human casualties and disastrous economic loss, the strategies to contain its spread are urgently needed. We aim to assess the value of our suspect case strategy on COVID-19 cases detection and ensure it to be a complement to the RT-PCR test. Materials and methods: from January 23 to April 30, 2020, patients admitted to our emergence isolation ward (EIW) were analyzed in this study. With RT-PCR as a reference standard, all participants were assigned to COVID-19 positive and negative groups. We compared the performance of the suspect case strategy, WBC, LYM, and chest radiography on COVID-19 detection. Results: one hundred twenty-five cases were analyzed in the study period. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve revealed the sensitivity of WBC and LYM on COVID-19 detection was 92.11% and 76.31%, respectively. The sensitivity of the suspect case was 94.73%, and the sensitivity of chest CT was 53.33%. Statistically significant differences were observed for the suspect case, WBCs, LYM, and chest CT on COVID-19 detection. Discussion: suspect case strategy can help identify false negative RT-PCR tests and be a useful complement to RT-PCR in some countries with a tremendous shortage of RT-PCR agents and specialized laboratory during the COVID-19 outbreak.

Objective The melatonin receptor (MTNR) gene, reported to be associated with insulin sensitivity, diabetes and metabolic syndrome, could be a plausible candidate gene for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). This study was designed to investigate whether an association exists between two single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variants (rs2119882 and rs10830963) of the MTNR gene and PCOS in Han Chinese. Study design In total, 263 family trios (789 participants) were enrolled in this family-based transmission disequilibrium test (TDT). Genotypes were obtained by sequencing. In total, 135 trios of rs2119882 and 127 trios of rs10830963 were tested. Results An association was detected between rs2119882 ( p =0.0209) and PCOS, suggesting that the MTNR gene may indicate increased susceptibility to PCOS in Chinese. No significant association was found for rs10830963 (transmitted:non-transmitted=76:51, p =0.1573). The association between the MTNR gene variants and clinical characteristics of women with PCOS was investigated. CC genotype carriers had higher levels of clinical and metabolic features than the TC and TT genotypes. A significant difference in transmission of allele C of rs2119882 was found between obese and non-obese women with PCOS (Chi-squared=5.5983, p =0.018). Conclusion This study may provide a basis for further studies of the MTNR gene in the aetiology of PCOS.

Aim To study microchimerism's role and function after microtransplantation and identify novel genetic markers for microchimerism detection. Methods Analyzing microchimerisms from patients microtransplanted to determine the presence of GSTT1 , GSTM1 , SRY and other genetic markers by real-time PCR. Results Microchimerism could be detected for a short time after microtransplantation simultaneously with hematopoietic recovery. In conclusion, microchimerism might accelerate hematopoietic recovery and GSTT1 and GSTM1 genes could be used as genetic markers to differentiate donor cells. Discussion Microchimerism could exist for a short time after microtransplantation and appears to function in hematopoietic recovery. According to published reports, cytokines secreted from microchimerisms could be detected in recipients and exhibit some function on the host. Therefore, cytokines secreted from donor cells are hypothesized to accelerate hematopoietic recovery. The evidence to prove a longer existence for microchimerism is insufficient and needs supports by additional experiments; however, we cannot deny its existence just because of the limited sensitivity of methods.

This paper proposes an Artificial Immune Network with the Cloud-based Mutation Operator (AINetCMO) for complex numerical optimization problems. Introducing the cloud model into the mutation operator is expected to enhance the convergence of AINet-CMO. In the mutation process, the mutation step length can be dynamically adapted to the evolution of candidate antibodies by measure of the cloud model. A series of numerical simulations are arranged to compare such performance indices as solution accuracy and convergence speed between AINet-CMO and other existing algorithms. The results indicate that AINet-CMO outperforms the other three artificial immune systems, i.e., opt-aiNet, IA-AIS and AAIS-2S.

Objective To determine the prevalence of hypertension in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Study design Women with PCOS ( n =3396) and controls ( n =1891) from a Han Chinese population were analysed retrospectively in terms of ovarian appearance on ultrasound, glucose tolerance test, hormones, lipoproteins, anthropomorphic measurements and blood pressure. Results The prevalence of hypertension was 19.2% in the women with PCOS, which was much higher than that in the controls (11.9%). After matching for body mass index, the hypertensive PCOS group had higher glucose, insulin, homeostatic model assessment (HOMA-IR) and lipid levels than the normotensive PCOS group; these differences were significant ( p Conclusions Hypertensive PCOS patients had higher lipid, insulin and glucose levels than normotensive PCOS patients. It is likely that the incidence of long-term complications will be higher among the former group.

Ras homolog family member A (RhoA) has been reported to be involved in numerous biological processes; however, the effects of RhoA on acute lung injury (ALI) have yet to be reported. The present study aimed to explore how RhoA affects cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) activity and cell apoptosis in a cell model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‑induced ALI. An MTT assay, flow cytometry, reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting were used to determine the effects of RhoA on cell viability, apoptosis and ROS activity. The results demonstrated that RhoA inactivation was able to promote cell viability, and decrease apoptosis and ROS activity of LPS‑treated cells. The results of western blotting indicated that RhoA activated the downstream Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway and inhibited the expression of apoptotic factors. These findings suggested that RhoA may be involved in ALI progression and could be a novel therapeutic target for this disease.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) is thought to regulate the replication of viral RNA and the assembly of virus particles in a serine/threonine phosphorylation-dependent manner. However, the host kinases that phosphorylate NS5A have not been fully identified. Here, we show that HCV particle assembly involves the phosphorylation of NS5A by the c-Abl tyrosine kinase. Pharmacological inhibition or knockdown of c-Abl reduces the production of infectious HCV (J6/JFH1) particles in Huh-7.5 cells without markedly affecting viral RNA translation and replication. NS5A is tyrosine-phosphorylated in HCV-infected cells, and this phosphorylation is also reduced by the knockdown of c-Abl. Mutational analysis reveals that NS5A tyrosine phosphorylation is dependent, at least in part, on Tyr(330) (Tyr(2306) in polyprotein numbering). Mutation of this residue to phenylalanine reduces the production of infectious HCV particles but does not affect the replication of the JFH1 subgenomic replicon. These findings suggest that c-Abl promotes HCV particle assembly by phosphorylating NS5A at Tyr(330).

Highly ordered MCM-41 has been synthesized and four coumarin derivative dyes were incorporated into it by impregnation method. The absorption and emission spectra of four coumarin derivatives in both toluene and MCM-41 were examined to explore the structural and environmental effects on the optical properties of these dyes. The spectra results indicated that dye molecules existed in monomer form within MCM-41. The maxima of absorption and emissions shifted to red compared with those in toluene due to the strong host–guest interactions. The shifts of emission maxima increased with increasing the volume of the dyes.

Fluorescein and rhodamine linked porphyrin dyads were synthesized as new intramolecule electron transfer systems. The UV–vis spectra, fluorescence spectra and lifetime were measured. It is found that in the model systems fluorescence spectra of fluorescein and rhodamine are effectively quenched and the fluorescene lifetime of porphyrin section decreased. Fluorescence lifetime of rhodamine porphyrin dyads decreased more effectively showing that there are effective electronic interactions between the two subunits. We can conclude that electron and energy transfers to porphyrin section through fluorescence emission in fluorescein porphyrin dyads or through space in rhodamine porphyrin dyads.

A series of meso -thienyl porphyrins were synthesized through Lindsey's procedure and characterized. Compared with H 2 TPP (tetraphenylporphyrin), the absorption and fluorescence spectra of thienyl porphyrins have red shift obviously which show that thienyl substituents at meso -position change the electronic structure of tetrapyrrole ring. With protonation using CF 3 COOH, the absorption bands of thienyl porphyrins are further red shifted. The absorption bands of meso -thienyl porphyrins change correspondingly with the variation of solvents’ properties, however the maxima emission wavelengths corresponding to Q * have little relation with solvents. And the fluorescence lifetime become so less even to 1.1 ns. The half-wave redox potential shows cathodic shift relative to H 2 TPP. These changes above are all ascribed to the introduction of thienyl group at meso -position and the possibility of more planarity of meso -thienyl porphyrins for the small size of thienyl group which is helpful to the extending π-delocalization of thienyl groups to the tetrapyrrole ring.

With respect to the block assembly schedule in a shipbuilding enterprise, a spatial resource constrained project scheduling problem (SRCPSP) is proposed, which aims to minimize the makespan of a project under the constraints of the availability of a two-dimensional spatial resource and the precedence relationship between tasks. In order to solve SRCPSP to the optimum, a branch and bound algorithm (BB) is developed. For the BB-SRCPSP, first, an implicitly enumerative branch scheme is presented. Secondly, a precedence based lower bound, as well as an effective dominance rule, is employed for pruning. Next, a heuristic based algorithm is used to decide the order of a node to be selected for expansion such that the efficiency of the algorithm is further improved. In addition, a maximal space based arrangement is applied to the configuration of the areas required each day in an available area. Finally, the simulation experiment is conducted to illustrate the effectiveness of the BB-SRCPSP.