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We investigated the defect structures of polycrystalline CaKFe4As4 (CaK1144) superconductors by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). The STEM studies revealed the presence of a one-layer CaFe2As2 (∼1 nm size) defect along the ab-plane, as observed in single crystalline CaK1144. Step-like CaFe2As2 defects are also observed. These nanoscale defects generate fine-sized stacking faults, a lattice mismatch, and stress field defects in the matrix of CaK1144 owing to the different sizes. Correlation of the defects in polycrystalline and single crystalline samples suggests that the defects type and their density depend on the synthesis conditions. A self-field critical current density (Jc) of 15.2 kA cm−2 was obtained at 5 K, and the curves were sustained above 30 K with a considerable Jc value of 1.4 kA cm−2. We investigated the relationship between the observed intrinsic defects and the behavior of the field dependence of Jc. The intrinsically intergrown planar defects, even in polycrystalline samples, are expected to be advantageous for various high-field applications of bulk CaK1144 superconductors.

Although nasal septal abscesses are uncommon, their cosmetic complications can be severe. Hence, prompt diagnosis and treatment are important. Here, we report a case of aseptic nasal septal abscess in a patient with proteinase 3-antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (PR3-ANCA)-positive ulcerative colitis (UC), in which phlebitis was observed and granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) might co-exist. A 27-year-old female suffered from intermittent abdominal pain and diarrhea for several years. She visited our hospital complaining of worsening swelling and pain in the middle forehead and fever lasting 2 weeks. Physical examination and computed tomography revealed severe swelling of the nasal septum. The patient was diagnosed with nasal septal abscess, and incision drainage and biopsy from the bilateral nasal septum were performed, which showed severe ulcerative neutrophilic mucositis with phlebitis. Simultaneously, blood examination yielded slight positivity for PR3-ANCA. Colonoscopy, including biopsy, revealed severe inflammation without vasculitis nor granuloma, which led to the diagnosis with PR3-ANCA-positive UC. Phlebitis in the nasal mucosa and elevated PR3-ANCA suggested co-existing GPA; hence, she was treated with glucocorticoids and rituximab. Following treatment, the nasal septal abscess and digestive symptoms disappeared. She was discharged on day 25 without symptom recurrence or major nasal deformity. For the prevention of nasal deformity due to persistent inflammation, prompt administration of immunosuppressive therapy should be considered with adequate evaluations for systemic diseases, including UC and GPA.

We investigated the defect structures of polycrystalline CaKFe

Recently, an improvement in the flux pinning performance ofREBa2Cu3O7−δ(REBCO) bulk was achieved employing high energy ultrasonic irradiation (up to 300 W and 60 min) prior to the infiltration-growth process. Here, we demonstrate that a higher ultrasonic power and shorter duration treatment (450 W for 30 min) of theRE2BaCuO5(RE211,RE= Y, Gd) powder produces individual, nanometer-sized and surface damagedRE211 particles (RE211Ultra). We study the growth of YBCO and GdBCO systems via the top-seeded melt-growth method, with the addition of 30 mol% ofRE211Ultra, which were pre-treated by high-energy ultrasonication and compared with the conventional method. Isothermal growth experiments clarified that the addition ofRE211Ultraparticles enables faster and more effective crystal growth via an improved peritectic reaction due to their size in the nanometer range and presence of sharp edges, which are crucial for growing large, single grain bulks ofREBCO. Microstructural investigations by scanning electron microscopy indicated the presence of two differently sizedRE211 inclusions within the bulk GdBCO and YBCO superconductors. All samples showed an onset of superconductivity at ∼92 K or above. Utilizing the effective growth temperature window and the addition ofRE211Ultra, single grain bulks of GdBCO and YBCO were fabricated by the slow-cooling method. The field dependent critical current density (Jc) of the bulk samples usingRE211Ultrawere found to exhibit superior performance over the standard GdBCO/YBCO samples due to significant changes of sample growth and of their microstructures. Here, we discuss various factors affecting the addition ofRE211Ultraon the development of the microstructure, growth of bulk, single grain materials and further, the superconducting properties of differentREBCO superconductors.

We report the synthesis, crystal structure, and optical properties of a new layered perovskite oxychloride, Ba3Y2O5Cl2. The structural and electronic properties of the compound were studied and compared with those of related compounds, Ba3RE2O5Cl2 (RE = Sc, Gd, and Lu). Furthermore, the luminescence properties due to Eu-doping were investigated. Polycrystalline Ba3Y2O5Cl2 samples were successfully synthesized by a solid-state reaction. The space group of the compound was I4/mmm and the lattice constants were a = 4.3971(8) A and c = 24.848(5) A. The Y atom in this compound shifted toward the apical oxygen site owing to the asymmetric coordination of O and Cl. Moreover, large anisotropic displacements were observed at the O sites. The direct bandgap of the compound was 5.4 eV. As Y3+ ions with a distorted octahedron have an asymmetric coordination environment, both magnetic and electric dipole transitions were observed by doping Eu3+ to Y3+ sites. Ba3Y2O5Cl2:Eu 4% also showed a high internal quantum yield (IQY) (>70%). Therefore, considering the photoluminescence spectra and high IQY, this compound is a potential host lattice for optical materials.

A 70-year-old man presented with right mandibular pain and history of right mandibular third molar extraction 20 months back. Examination revealed purulence, exposed bone, and mental nerve hypoesthesia. He was previously prescribed zoledronate to treat bone metastases from pulmonary adenocarcinoma. PET/CT images taken 5 months before the first visit demonstrated increased mandibular FDG uptake. The inflammation remained symptomatic despite zoledronate discontinuation and antibiotic administration, with left mandibular bone exposure. SPECT/CT images demonstrated increased MDP uptake and bilateral mandibular bone destruction. Mandibular resection and pathological investigation revealed a sequestrum, indicating chronic osteomyelitis, leading to diagnosis of ARONJ (stages III and I).

Electronic structures of electron- and hole-doped ${\mathrm{BaFe}}_{2}{\mathrm{As}}_{2}$ and nondoped ${\mathrm{SrFe}}_{2}{\mathrm{As}}_{2}$ have been studied systematically by x-ray emission spectroscopy at Fe and As $K$-absorption edges. The electron and hole doping causes slight increase of the integrated absolute difference (IAD) values of the Fe $K\ensuremath{\beta}$ x-ray emission spectra which correlate to the local magnetic moment. Pressure decreases the IAD values and local magnetic moment, and induces the lower-spin states in these compounds. The pre-edge peak intensity of the XAS spectra at the Fe $K$-absorption edge increases with pressure in both compounds. This indicates an increase of the Fe $3d$--As $4p$ hybridization. It was found that pressure induced a discontinuous increase of the prepeak intensity of the PFY-XAS spectra at the As $K$-absorption edge at low pressures in the ${\mathrm{BaFe}}_{2}{\mathrm{As}}_{2}$ systems. Our results may suggest that the Fe $3d$--As $4p$ hybridization plays a key role in suppressing the AFM order by the doping or pressure and fluctuation of the local magnetic moment and the electron-electron correlation may also play a role on the physical properties of the iron superconductors.

The superconducting properties of Nb3Sn strands are very sensitive to strain. Measuring internal strain of Nb3Sn in Cable-In-Conduit Conductors (CICC) is important for evaluating the superconducting performance of CICC. Internal strain can be determined by neutron diffraction measurement using Takumi of J-PARC. Neutron diffraction measurement becomes a strong tool for evaluating directly the internal strain of Nb3Sn in CICC.

The regenerative cooling combustion chamber of a liquid rocket engine is exposed to large temperature difference between the combustion gas and the coolant such as liquid hydrogen. It induces thermal stress, and strain is accumulated over cyclic firing tests in the chamber wall. To evaluate the strain and the deformation of chamber walls is important since the chamber life usually relates to such strain and deformation. The primary objective of the present study is to establish a method to obtain experimental data on strains and deformations for correlation with the numerical data. In this study, residual strains and radiographs of a combustion chamber were obtained by applying a neutron diffraction method and a neutron radiography. Furthermore, two-dimensional nonlinear finite element method (FEM) analyses were conducted to calculate the residual strain in the chamber wall. From data of strain measurements, the feasibility of a neutron diffraction method for a combustion chamber was shown because the data from a X-ray diffraction method and FEM analyses qualitatively corresponded with those from a neutron diffraction method. Concerning neutron radiography, a higher resolution was necessary to observe chamber wall deformation.

A novel peptide antibiotic, K-582, which exhibited significant growth inhibition of Candida, viruses and ascites tumor in mice, was found in the culture medium of a strain of Metarhizium anisopliae by Kondo et al. (J. Antibiotics33, 535–542 (1980)]. K-582 consisted of two components, designated K-582 A and K-582 B. Threonine, tyrosine, ornithine, and an unusual amino acid were common in both peptides, but lysine was an extra component of K-582 A. The unusual amino acid was identified to be threo-γ-hydroxy-L-arginine (OHArg) by means of mass, nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectrometries of the derivatives and the related compounds. The threonine and the arginine were assigned to be L-configuration, and the ornithine and the tyrosine to be D-configuration in both K-582 A and K-582 B, and the lysine to be L-configuration by comparison of their optical rotatory dispersion spectra with those of standard amino acids. The elucidation of primary structure revealed that they were closely related heptapeptides with the following sequence: K-582 A:H-Arg-OHArg-Orn-Thr-Orn-Lys-Tyr-OH; K-582 B:H-Arg-OHArg-Orn-Thr-Orn-OHArg-Tyr-OH, and had the identical sequence in terms of the configuration of their constituents, namely L-L-D-L-D-L-D.

To reduce the manufacturing cost of human lysozyme (HLY) and thus spread its use in medicine, we designed, synthesized, and expressed the HLY gene in silkworm larvae by using a baculovirus system. The production of HLY in silkworms was highly efficient. N-terminal sequencing and mass spectrometry showed that it was physicochemically identical to natural HLY. The lytic activity of recombinant HLY in the silkworm hemolymph was 115 and 154 times that in yeast and silkworm cell culture systems.

The effect of Ni to Si ratio on effective work function (Φeff) modulation with phosphorus (P) segregation at the Ni silicide/SiO2 interface was systematically investigated. To discriminate the P segregation effect from other parasitic possibilities of Φeff modulation, which are changes in Ni–Si ratio and crystallinity including crystal grain orientation near the interface, we applied a P post-doping process for Ni2Si (Ni3Si2)/SiO2, NiSi/SiO2, and NiSi2/SiO2 systems. In the post-doping process, P atoms were segregated to the Ni silicide/SiO2 interface after Ni silicide gate formation; hence, independent control of a desired interface P density can be realized. In addition, we newly developed a thin Ti-inserted NiSi2 formation process, by which NiSi2 can be formed at a temperature as low as 450 °C, thus revealing the P-segregated Φeff modulation effect at the NiSi2/SiO2 interface for the first time. As a result, the largest Φeff modulation (ΔΦeff = -0.45 eV) occurs at the P-segregated NiSi2/SiO2 interface, and a Φeff of near the Si conduction band edge (4.13 ±0.04 eV) was realized, although the obtained Φeff values with P segregation at Ni2Si (Ni3Si2)/SiO2 and NiSi/SiO2 were 4.38 ±0.01 eV (ΔΦeff = -0.32 eV) and 4.37 ±0.01 eV (ΔΦeff = -0.29 eV) for the same P dose, respectively. Moreover, we found that ΔΦeff at the NiSi2/SiO2 interface is larger than those at the NiSi/SiO2 and the Ni2Si (Ni3Si2)/SiO2 interfaces, even when the segregated P densities are the same. These results can be explained by an increase in the density of effective interface dipole for Φeff modulation at a high-Si-content interface.

A simplified method of effective work function (Phieff) control to near the Si conduction band edge (Ec) was demonstrated in the Ni fully silicided (Ni-FUSI) gate/HfSiON system. The Phieff of NiSi (4.51 eV) decreased and saturated at 4.27 eV, owing to the use of an Al postdoping process, in which the implantation of Al ions into the upper part of the Ni silicide gate electrodes was followed by low-temperature drive-in annealing ( les 500degC) . There is no degradation of the gate leakage characteristics at the Ni-FUSI/HfSiON interface. The metallic state of piled-up Al just at the Ni-FUSI/HfSiON interface seems to be responsible for the Phieff near the vacuum work function of Al. The Al postdoping process simplifies a dual metal gate process, owing to single-step Al implantation for nMOS devices without complicated metal etching process for pMOS region. The physical mechanism of bidirectional Phieff modulation of Al pileup was also investigated. It was revealed that the opposite Phieff modulation, which is the increase in Phieff, occurs, owing to the formation of interfacial Al2O3 layer at the Ni-FUSI/SiO2 interface. Although the Al2O3 state also formed, it has little influence on the Phieff value at the Ni-FUSI/HfSiON interface.

The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of cyclophosphamide (CY) on anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-positive microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) with renal involvement in Japanese patients. Eighty-two patients with newly diagnosed ANCA-positive MPA were enrolled in this retrospective study. Patients were divided into two groups based on whether they received combination therapy with a corticosteroid (CS) plus CY (CY group) or CS alone or with other therapies (non-CY group). The primary outcome was defined as the combination of death and end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The CY and non-CY groups included 29 and 53 patients, respectively. In the non-CY group, 31 patients were treated with CS alone, and 22 with a combination of CS and other therapeutics. The percentage of males and mean Birmingham vasculitis activity scores were higher in the CY group than those in the non-CY group, but other factors such as age, serum creatinine, serum albumin, or CRP at baseline were equivalent in the two groups. No differences were observed in remission rates using induction therapy for the two groups. However, the survival rate 5 years after induction therapy was lower in the CY group than in the non-CY group (0.50 vs. 0.73; P = 0.041), although the hazard ratio of CY for the primary outcome adjusted for all confounding factors was 1.321 [95 % confidence interval (CI), 0.662–2.637; P = 0.171]. CY may not have an additive effect on induction therapy with CS for Japanese patients with renal vasculitis associated with ANCA-positive MPA.

Fully Ni-germanosilicided [Ni(SiGe)] gate electrode was systematically investigated by means of both structural analyses and electrical measurements. The authors fabricated Ni(SiGe)-gated MOS capacitors with various Ge fractions through the solid-phase reaction at Ni/polycrystalline SiGe (poly-SiGe) interface. It was found that Ge atoms can only be dissolved in NiSi phase, and then Ni(SiGe) phase is formed. In addition, even in the case that the thickness ratio of Ni to Si is equivalent to that required to form Ni2Si, Ge atoms induce phase change from Ni2Si to Ni(SiGe) near SiO2 interface. This phenomenon promotes condensation of Ge atoms in Ni(SiGe). The values of effective work function (Phieff) are independent of the Ge fraction in the low Ge fraction (Ge < 60%) Ni(SiGe) gate. On the contrary, the Phieff values begin to change to values larger than that of NiSi in the case of a Ge fraction higher than 60%. In addition, the Ge incorporation modulates the Phi eff shift effect of piled-up B atoms to the opposite direction compared to the NiSi cases reported previously. As a result, the controllable Phieff range for piled-up B atoms can be expanded to 0.47 eV near the Si midgap

The work functions and thermal stability of metal (Pt, Ni, Ta, and Er) germanide gate electrodes formed by the fully germanided (FUGE) gate process were investigated. Germanides have approximately 0.3 eV higher effective work function ( Φeff) values than silicides. The Φeff values corresponding to Si conduction and valence band edges (Ec and Ev, respectively) were realized with these germanides as well as the Si midgap (Pt3Ge2: 5.19 eV, NiGe: 5.01 eV, TaGe2: 4.70 eV, Er2Ge3: 4.05 eV). The Φeff values of germanide and silicide change linearly with the geometric mean of the electronegativities of the constituent metal and Ge(Si), which is the same as that in the case of pure metals. Low-level gate leakage current and stable Φeff values are maintained up to 400 °C for Ni germanide and up to 600 °C for Pt germanide, respectively. A W cap layer effectively improves the gate leakage current degradation, and makes Ni germanide gate electrodes sufficiently stable up to 600 °C. Fermi level pinning occurs at the germanide/HfSiON interface as in the case of the silicide/HfSiON interface. However, the Φeff values corresponding to almost Ev (>4.9 eV) were maintained with Ni and Pt germanides. In addition, a good thermal stability is maintained even on HfSiON.

We have made magnetic susceptibility measurements, the X-ray and neutron diffraction experiments for γ-MnGe alloys. The 12.3 at% alloy at 10 K shows an orthorhombic structure with a = 3.774, b = 3.722 and c = 3.675 A, and a non-collinear antiferomagnetic structure with μ = 0, μb = 1.33 and μc = 2.10μB/Mn atom. The more Ge rich alloy containing 15 at% Ge shows a tetragonal structure with a = 3.687 and c = 3.775 A (c/a = 1.024) at 19 K and an antiferromagnetism with the magnetic moment μ is 2.57 μB/Mn atom, and lies in the c plane at 10 K. On the other hand, the Mn rich alloy with containing 9 at% Ge shows a different tetragonal structure with a = 3.742 and c = 3.601 A (c/a = 0.962) at 19 K and a simple collinear antiferromagnetic structure with μa = μb = 0 and μc = 2.10 μB/Mn atom at 10 K. We have proposed a phase diagram in the γ-MnGe system form 8 to 16 at% Ge. (© 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

application/pdf, Imaging of large objects at 17.7-keV low x-ray energy causes huge x-ray exposure to the objects even using interferometric phase-contrast x-ray CT (PCCT). Thus, we tried to obtain PCCT images at high x-ray energy of 35keV and examined the image quality using a formalin-fixed VX2 rabbit cancer specimen with 15-mm in diameter. The PCCT system consisted of an asymmetrically cut silicon (220) crystal, a monolithic x-ray interferometer, a phase-shifter, an object cell and an x-ray CCD camera. The PCCT at 35 keV clearly visualized various inner structures of VX2 rabbit cancer such as necrosis, cancer, the surrounding tumor vessels, and normal liver tissue. Besides, image-contrast was not degraded significantly. These results suggest that the PCCT at 35 KeV is sufficient to clearly depict the histopathological morphology of VX2 rabbit cancer specimen.

Microtomographic images of rat's lumbar vertebra of different age groups varying from 8, 56 and 78 weeks were obtained at 30 keV using synchrotron X-rays with a spatial resolution of 12 μm . The images are analyzed in terms of 3D visualization and micro-architecture. Density histogram of rat's lumbar vertebra is compared with test phantoms. Rat's lumbar volume and phantom volume are studied at different concentrations of hydroxyapatite with slice number. With the use of 2D slices, 3D images are reconstructed, in order to know the evolution and a state of decline of bone microstructure with aging. Cross-sectional μ-CT images shows that the bone of young rat has a fine trabecular microstructure while that of the old rat has large meshed structure.

A phase-contrast X-ray imaging system—with a 60×30 mm field of view—for biomedical observations was developed. To extend the observation field of view, the system is fitted with a skew-symmetric two-crystal X-ray interferometer. To attain the required sub-nanoradian mechanical stability between the crystal blocks for precise operation, the interferometer was mounted on two extremely rigid positioning tables (one with a sleeve bearings) and was controlled by a feedback positioning system using phase-lock interferometry. The imaging system produced a 60×30 mm interference pattern with 60% visibility using 17.7 keV monochromatic synchrotron X-rays at the Photon Factory. It was then used to perform radiographic observation (i.e., phase mapping) of rat liver vessels. These results indicate that this imaging system can be used to perform observations of large and in vivo biological samples.

We conducted X-ray and neutron diffraction experiments and magnetic susceptibility measurements for γ-MnFe alloys with a small amount of Cu or Pt, and for γ-MnCu and-γ-MnZn alloys. γ-(Mn 1-x Fe x ) 0.95 Cu 0.05 alloy with x = 0.26 around 10K shows a face-centered orthorhombic structure with a = 0.3681, h = 0.3655 and c = 0.3622 nm, and a non-collinear antiferromagnetic structure with μ a = 0 and μ b /μ c = 0.62. With increasing temperature, orthorhombic-tetragonal with c/a > I structural transition occurs at T o (= 125K) and the tetragonal structure finally transforms to a cubic structure at T t (= 352 K). which is lower than the Neel temperature T N (= 440K). The γ-(Mn 1-x Fe x ) 0.95 Pt 0.05 alloy with x = 0.13 at 10K also shows a similar structure with a = 0.3745, b = 0.3714 and c = 0.3649 nm, which has a non-collinear antiferromagnetic structure with μ a = 0, μ b = 1.03 and μ c = 1.94μ b /(Mn or Fe) atom. The γ-Mn 1-x Cu x alloy with x ≤ 0.26 and γ-Mn 1-x Zn x alloy with x ≤ 0.28 show a tetragonal structure with c/a < I at low temperature.

We have investigated the solid phase reactions between Ti and p + -Si 1− x − y Ge x C y ( x =0–0.470, y =0–0.020) alloys in Ti/p + -Si 1− x − y Ge x C y /Si(100) systems using two-step annealing. For Si-rich samples, a C49-Ti(SiGe) 2 phase is formed after the first annealing at 550 °C. After the second annealing, the C49-Ti(SiGe) 2 phase is transformed into a C54-Ti(SiGe) 2 phase, which has low sheet resistance. For Ge-rich samples, on the other hand, Ti 6 Ge 5 is formed after the first annealing. At the same time, discontinuous Si-rich SiGeC regions are formed at the Ti 6 Ge 5 /p + -Si 1− x − y Ge x C y interface. After the second annealing, the C49-Ti(SiGe) 2 film appears in the form of agglomerated morphology. The agglomeration is considered to be due to preferential consumption of the discontinuous Si-rich SiGeC regions during the formation of the C49-Ti(SiGe) 2 phase. As a result of the agglomeration of the C49-Ti(SiGe) 2 film, the C54-Ti(SiGe) 2 film also becomes discontinuous. Moreover, it is found that the C atoms in the p + -Si 1− x − y Ge x C y layer have an effect of elevating the transformation temperature from C49-Ti(SiGe) 2 to C54-Ti(SiGe) 2 . By contrast, the sheet resistance of the C54-Ti(SiGe) 2 film is hardly influenced by Ge and C atoms.

We developed liquid-hydrogen (LH2) level sensors with Ba(Fe1-x Co x )2As2 superconducting wires (Co-Ba122 wires) as their detection elements. We fabricated Co-Ba122 wires with different Co concentrations x by using the powder-in-tube method. The superconducting transition temperatures of the wires were successfully controlled in the range of 20–25 K by changing x from 0.06 to 0.10. The resistance–temperature curves of the wires exhibited sharp superconducting transitions with widths of 0.5–1.0 K. In addition, we performed an operation test of the Co-Ba122 level sensors with LH2. Close correspondence between the output resistance and the actual LH2 level was observed for a sensor equipped with x = 0.09 wire, demonstrating that this sensor can accurately measure LH2 levels.

An Nb3Al conductor with stainless steel (SS) conduit has been developed in the framework of ITER Engineering Design Activity. The critical current performance of this conductor was experimentally investigated by using a short conductor sample. The results show that the critical current achieves the expected, resulting in demonstrating the validity of the fabrication method. The thermal strain is generally applied to the strands if SS conduit is used because of the different thermal expansion between the strands and SS conduit. However, it was not applied in our sample, since the conductor length, a few meters, is too short to keep it by friction force between the cable and conduit. The thermal strain applied to the strands in a long conductor is therefore estimated by using the solid model, in which the strain on the strands and conduit are calculated from the equilibrium of their thermal forces, ignoring the effect of cabling on relaxation of the strain on the strands. The results indicate that the Nb3Al strands are subjected to a compressive thermal strain of less than 0.4%. The critical current degradation by this is less than 10%, even though the SS conduit is used. Consequently, its critical current is estimated to be 90kA, which is sufficiently high compared with the nominal, 46kA, at 13T and 4.5K. Furthermore, it should be noted that the large thermal force, 80kN, appears after the heat treatment at room temperature.

Central Solenoid (CS) model coil program is a backbone activity of International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) Engineering Design Activities (EDA). The CS model coil has been developed to demonstrate the ITER real CS coil by international collaborations. The first charge test of the CS model coil and CS insert coil was carried out from April to August 2000 success. It achieved 13T of the maximum magnetic flux density with DC and pulse operation. A performance test of the CS model coil and CS insert was done under relevant conditions of real ITER coils. The mechanical performance of the CS model coil and the CS insert coil is discussed. And the temperature rise during coil charge is also reported.

In the project for the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), a Central Solenoid (CS) model coil was developed to demonstrate the feasibility of the coil design and fabrication procedure. The model coil was installed in the test facility at JAERI, Naka, and a performance test is being carried out. The cool-down was completed without cold He leakage at the beginning of April 2000. We could charge the model coil up to the nominal current of 46kA without quenching in the first DC charging test. The model coil could generate the maximum field of 13T, and the stored energy was 640MJ. A manual dump test was also performed with the time constant of 5.3s from the nominal current. A maximum voltage of 4.8kV appeared in the coil during the dump test, and no damage was found after the test. In the pulse operation test, the coil could be ramped up to the nominal current in 26s, with the maximum ramping rate of 0.5T/s. The target ramping rate of 0.4T/s was satisfied. The test results are described in this paper.

Artificial analogs of mycalamide A, a potent antitumor and antiviral compound isolated from a New Zealand marine sponge, were synthesized and their biological activities were tested.

To broaden the scope of phase-contrast X-ray imaging in biomedical applications, the energy of X-rays in a large-area imaging system using a two-crystal X-ray interferometer has been increased from 17.7 keV to 35 keV. The use of higher-energy X-rays makes it possible to observe larger samples having greater variation in density within shorter measurement periods, at higher spatial resolution, and at lower X-ray doses. After optimizing the imaging system for 35 keV X-rays, a 25 mm x 30 mm interference pattern with 50% visibility was generated at the Photon Factory. The system's capabilities are demonstrated by this pattern and a high-quality three-dimensional image of a rat heart.

Magnetization measurements have been performed on bcc Cr 80- x Fe 20 Mn x (3.6≤ x ≤38.4) and Cr 75- x Fe 25 Mn x (5.0≤ x ≤29.1) alloys between 6 and 300 K using a SQUID magnetometer. The ferromagnetic and spin-glass transitions are observed in these alloys. The magnetic phase diagram of bcc Cr 80- x Fe 20 Mn x and Cr 75- x Fe 25 Mn x alloys are determined using the Curie temperature, T C and spin-glass temperature, T g decided in this work, and the Neel temperatures, T N reported on the same alloy system. The spin-glass phase spreads for a wide concentration region in the present Cr–Fe–Mn ternary alloy system. The magnetic moment of the ferromagnetic Cr–Fe–Mn alloys at T =0 is compared with Slater-Pauling curve.

Neutron radiography is based on differences in neutron mass attenuation coefficients among the elements and is a non-destructive imaging method. To investigate biomedical applications of neutron radiography, imaging of rabbit VX-2 liver cancer was performed using thermal and cold neutron radiography with a neutron imaging plate. Hepatic vessels and VX-2 tumor were clearly observed by neutron radiography, especially by cold neutron imaging. The image contrast of this modality was better than that of absorption-contrast X-ray radiography.

We have made X-ray and neutron-diffraction experiments and magnetic susceptibility measurements for γ-MnPtalloys. The alloy containing 8 at. % Pt shows a face-centered orthorhombic structure with a=3.807, b=3.748 and c=3.685 A and a non-collinear antiferromagnetic structure with μa=0, μb=1.27 and μc=2.001 μB/Mn atom at 10 K. The crystal transition occurs from the orthorhombic structure to a tetragonal structure with c/a 1 and μ=2.58 μB/Mn atom at 10 K, and transforms to a cubic structure at 325 K, which is lower than the Neel temperature (=500 K). We have determined a phase diagram for γ-MnPtalloys containing 7–20 at. % Pt.

We have made X-ray and neutron diffraction experiments and magnetic susceptibility measurements for γ-MnPd alloys. The alloy containing 10.5 at%Pd shows a face center orthorhombic structure with a = 0.3839, b = 0.3780 and c = 0.3717 nm and a non-collinear antiferromagntic structure with μ a = 0, μ b = 1.26 and μ c = 2.14 μ B /Mn atom at 10 K. The crystal distortion occurs from the orthorhombic structure to a tetragonal structure with c/a < 1 at 320 K, and finally to a cubic structure at 430 K. Another alloy with 13 at%Pd shows a face centered tetragonal with a = 0.3800 and b = 0.3846 nm (c/a = 1.012) at 293 K, and transforms to a cubic structure at 350 K. More Pd rich alloy with 15 at% shows [c] structure down to 27 K. A phase diagram for γ-MnPd alloy system with 8-17 at%Pd is proposed.

The proportion of asialoGM1 positive cells and NK activity of murine splenic cells was reduced to almost zero one day after intravenous injection of rabbit anti-asialoGM1 antibody. The cells and the activity started to increase at the latest 3 days after the injection, although the proportion was far below that of the normal control. The proportion of asialoGM1 positive cells and NK activity increased more remarkably when 1,3-β glucan, sizofiran, was administered intramuscularly one day after the antibody injection. The increases were dose related (50 – 1000 μg/mouse). The fact that sizofiran hastened the recoveries of splenic NK activity and asialoGM1 positive cells suggests sizofiran may have the activity to accelerate the differentiation of asialoGM1 positive NK cells.

The inhibitory effects of a biological response modifier (BRM), sizofiran, on sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in the bone marrow cells of mice treated with various anticancer agents or irradiation were investigated. Sizofiran (10 mg/kg i.m.) inhibited SCEs induced by mitomycin C (2 mg/kg i.v.), adriamycin (20 mg/kg i.v.) and cyclophosphamide (20 mg/kg i.v.) by about 20%, respectively. Analysis of the SCEs in vivo after irradiation plus sizofiran indicated that SCE levels were significantly lower than those observed in mice exposed to irradiation without sizofiran. Moreover, the effects of sizofiran were dependent on the timing of administration. Our results indicated that sizofiran should be administered simultaneously or soon after irradiation in order to minimize damage. Sizofiran also markedly restored the bone marrow cell mitosis which had been suppressed by anticancer agents, and this action was closely correlated with the prevention of increase in SCEs. These results indicate that in addition to immunopotentiating activity, sizofiran may play a role in preventing chromosomal damage induced by cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

We show a new Ge channel ion implantation scheme for realization of low-V TH pFET, which enables ∼500mV V TH lowering with no T inv , GIDL and NBTI degradations. We also reveal the physical origin of the large V TH modulation. Based on experimental findings, we propose simplified photo-resist masked dual low-V TH CMOS flow and demonstrate low-V TH pFET/nFET operations.

Magnetic structure of single-crystalline Ce(Ru1−xPdx)2Si2, x=0.025 has been measured by neutron diffraction. The magnetic moment is oriented and modulated along the c-axis with incommensurate wave vector τ =(0,0,0.368) . At 1.4 K the moment was estimated to be about 0.15 μB. Temperature dependence of the specific heat on polycrystalline Ce(Ru1−xPdx)2Si2, x=0.05 has also been measured in various magnetic fields, suggesting partial gapping of the Fermi surface due to a Fermi-surface nesting.

The antitumor activity of newly developed taxoids possessing a sugar moiety (glucose, galactose or mannose) to improve water solubility was evaluated. Galactose-bound taxoid (10-alpha-GAG-DT) proved superior to all other taxoids in both water solubility and antitumor activity. Therapeutic efficacy of 10-alpha-GAG-DT in terms of in vivo antitumor activity was found to be approximately equivalent to that of docetaxel, which is known to be superior to that of paclitaxel. The observation that the sugar moiety was gradually hydrolyzed in serum to release docetaxel indicates that 10-alpha-GAG-DT acts as a prodrug.

A new technique to enhance the metal segregation at NiSi/Si interface for reducing contact resistance in source/drain electrodes is proposed. It is demonstrated that metal segregation at the junction of pre-amorphized NiSi/Si using ion-implantation leads to reduction of Schottky barrier height by > 0.2 eV. This modulation width is far beyond the previous metal segregation technique [1] and allows 90% reduction of contact resistance in source/drain junctions.

In the trend of scaling down metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs), reduction of contact resistance at the silicide/silicon (Si) interface will be essential for higher performance. Nickel silicide (NiSi) is considered as a substi-tute for a present electrode material in MOSFETs, cobalt silicide (CoSi2), because silicidation temperature can be reduced as compared with the case of the conventional CoSi2. Hence, we have focused on the NiSi/Si Schottky interface. An ordinary method to increase the dopant concentration at the interface is ion implantation before silicidation process. The dopant atoms are consequently condensed around the interface by snowplow effect, leading to the effective lowering of the Schottky bar-rier height (SBH) because of the band bending enhancement of the Si layer. However, this band bending technique does not reduce the SBH in further scaled MOSFETs. In this context, we studied another possibility of SBH modulation technique, based on the first-principles calculations. Throughout our calculations, we found that a large atomic-scale dipole between impurity and silicide atoms is generated across the interface. Impurity atoms are expected to be condensed because of a large energy gain at the interfaces, leading to the dramatic reduction of the SBH. Based on these results, we proposed a novel di-pole comforting Schottky (DCS) junction. We have also found that the thickness of the Si layer interfacing with the NiSi layer can be 1nm or less. In the present work, we applied this idea to the actual process through experimental techniques. The calculated results suggest that B implantation after silicidation leads to larger B concentration at the interface than that before silicidation, and thereby larger SBH modulation due to interface dipoles can be produced. Then, the NiSi/Si Schottky diodes were formed by ion implantation after silicidation process for dopants (As, B). We evaluated the interface dipoles contribution to the measured SBH reduction. As a result, the dopant atoms were found to be condensed beyond solubility limits on the interface Si side and we confirmed the generated interface dipoles actually reduces the SBT. Furthermore, we explored the other possibility of another type of impurity atoms applicable to the DCS junction. Among some other impurity atoms (Al, In, Mg), the calculated SBH modulation due to dipoles generated around these impurity atoms were found to be further enhanced in some cases. Based on these understandings, we propose a principle for choosing dopants towards ulti-mate lowering of the contact resistance in ultimately scaled MOSFETs.

Using mutant signal peptide introduced Pro at the C-terminal region, 5 kinds of N-terminal mutants of human lysozyme (HLY) were produced. The genes coding chicken lysozyme signal peptide - human lysozyme (HLY) hybrid preproteins were altered as follows: -2Leu to Pro and -lGly to either Ala, Val, Leu, Asn or Lys, and were expressed in yeast cells. The N-terminal sequence data of HLYs secreted from yeast cells, showed that each signal peptide was cleaved only after -2Pro and either Ala, Val, Leu, Asn or Lys was added at their N-terminals of HLYs. This result suggested that the cleavage site of signal peptide can be shifted by the introduction of turn-promoting residue like Pro and N-terminal sequence of protein can be altered. The differences of additional residues were reflected in lytic activities of HLYs. Especially, Lys-HLY exhibited significantly wide optimal pH range and resistance to higher ionic strength conditions than other HLYs including native HLY. This result indicates that the importance of positive charge on the HLY surface to interact with substrate.

Cytokine production from two unstimulated porcine cell lines (SL-24 and SK-L) was examined using porcine cytokine detection ELISA kits and RT-PCR. Porcine IL-1 alpha, IL-6, and CXCL8 were detected in all samples examined. In particular, the SL-24 cell line (derived from bone marrow cells of a malignant lymphoma-affected pig), produced large amounts of porcine CXCL8. Flow cytometer analysis showed the cell line to be strongly CD44 positive, and was therefore considered to be of monocyte or macrophage origin. Porcine CXCL8 production was greatest (83.86 +/- 32.33 ng/mL) at six days post-cultivation. The SK-L cell line (derived from porcine kidney) also produced CXCL8, but production was less than 1.5 ng/mL. Porcine CXCL8 from the SL-24 cell line, induced chemotactic activity in porcine neutrophils, while the production of CXCL8 from the SL-24 cell line was inhibited by dexamethasone, which suggests that the mechanism of CXCL8 production is related to an NF-kappaB binding site. The production of CXCL8 from the SL-24 cell line was enhanced by the addition of recombinant porcine IL-15, which is the first reported observation of such CXCL8 production. Cloning of the SL-24 cell line by limited dilution revealed two types of cells present in the starting population. One cell type, designated as long-form cells (LC), produced large amounts of CXCL8, while the other, designated short-form cells (SC), produced small amounts of the cytokine. The LC cells were adapted to grow in serum-free medium in which they produced large amounts of CXCL8. The large-scale production of porcine CXCL8 from the SL-24 cell line will be of value in determining the mechanism of cytokine production and as a source of naturally produced porcine CXCL8.