Search

To evaluate the capability of electron cyclotron emission (ECE) diagnostic in the Chinese Fusion Engineering Testing Reactor (CFETR), ECE spectra have been simulated using the code SPECE. The results indicate that measurements of the 2nd harmonic X-mode and the 1st harmonic O-mode ECE spectra combined are capable of providing the information of local electron temperature with fairly good spatial resolution and adequate radial range covering from the plasma core to the edge. Followed with the simulation results, the conceptual design of the front-end, transmission line, instrumentation, and the calibration strategy are discussed briefly. Base on the state-of-the-art techniques, no foreseen technical obstacles exist. However, it is worthy to study the relativistic down-shift effect in the high temperature plasmas in order to obtain the position of the emission layer with required precision in a timely manner.

The experimental results of low pressure supersonic molecular beam injection (SMBI) fuelling on the HL-2A closed divertor indicate that during the period of pulsed SMBI the power density convected at the target plate surfaces was 0.4 times of that before or after the beam injection. An empirical scaling law used for the SMBI penetration depth for the HL-2A plasma was obtained. The cluster jet injection (CJI) is a new fuelling method which is based on and developed from the experiments of SMBI in the HL-1M tokamak. The hydrogen clusters are produced at liquid nitrogen temperature in a supersonic adiabatic expansion of moderate backing pressure gases into vacuum through a Laval nozzle and are measured by Rayleigh scattering. The measurement results have shown that the averaged cluster size of as large as hundreds of atoms was found at the backing pressures of more than 0.1 MPa. Multifold diagnostics gave coincidental evidence that when there was hydrogen CJI in the HL-2A plasma, a great deal of particles from the jet were deposited at a terminal area rather than uniformly ablated along the injecting path. SMB with clusters, which are like micro-pellets, will be of benefit for deeper fuelling, and its injection behaviour was somewhat similar to that of pellet injection. Both the particle penetration depth and the fuelling efficiency of the CJI were distinctly better than that of the normal SMBI under similar discharge operation. During hydrogen CJI or high-pressure SMBI, a combination of collision and radiative stopping forced the runaway electrons to cool down to thermal velocity due to such a massive fuelling.

The paper investigates the theory about indirect coupling photodetection, and points out severe mistakes in its theoretical basis. Experiments show that, excluding the output current created by photo-generated carriers directly diffusing to the output junction, and applying the constant photo-generated voltage across the illuminated open-circuit PN junction, the output current of indirect coupling photodetector approaches the dark current of the output junction, which indicates that the injection current of the illuminated open-circuit PN junction is hard to be extracted.

The stability and performance of tokamak plasmas are routinely limited by various magneto-hydrodynamic instabilities, such as neoclassical tearing modes (NTMs). This paper presents a rather simple method to control the NTMs in real time (RT) on a tokamak, including the control principle of a feedback approach for RT suppression and stabilization for the NTMs. The control system combines Mirnov, electron cyclotron emission, and soft X-ray diagnostics used for determining the NTM positions. A methodology for fast detection of 2/1 or 3/2 NTM positions with 129 × 129 grid reconstruction is elucidated. The forty poloidal angles for steering the electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH)/electron cyclotron current drive launcher are used to establish the alignment of antenna mirrors with the center of the NTM and to ensure launcher emission intersecting with the rational surface of a magnetic island. Pilot experiments demonstrate the RT control capability to trace the conventional tearing modes (CTMs) in the HL-2A tokamak. The 2/1 CTMs have been suppressed or stabilized by the ECRH power deposition on site or with the steerable launcher.

Next-generation massively parallel DNA sequencing technologies provide ultrahigh throughput at a substantially lower unit data cost; however, the data are very short read length sequences, making de novo assembly extremely challenging. Here, we describe a novel method for de novo assembly of large genomes from short read sequences. We successfully assembled both the Asian and African human genome sequences, achieving an N50 contig size of 7.4 and 5.9 kilobases (kb) and scaffold of 446.3 and 61.9 kb, respectively. The development of this de novo short read assembly method creates new opportunities for building reference sequences and carrying out accurate analyses of unexplored genomes in a cost-effective way.

Using next-generation sequencing technology alone, we have successfully generated and assembled a draft sequence of the giant panda genome. The assembled contigs (2.25 gigabases (Gb)) cover approximately 94% of the whole genome, and the remaining gaps (0.05 Gb) seem to contain carnivore-specific repeats and tandem repeats. Comparisons with the dog and human showed that the panda genome has a lower divergence rate. The assessment of panda genes potentially underlying some of its unique traits indicated that its bamboo diet might be more dependent on its gut microbiome than its own genetic composition. We also identified more than 2.7 million heterozygous single nucleotide polymorphisms in the diploid genome. Our data and analyses provide a foundation for promoting mammalian genetic research, and demonstrate the feasibility for using next-generation sequencing technologies for accurate, cost-effective and rapid de novo assembly of large eukaryotic genomes. © 2010 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved., link_to_OA_fulltext

Udgivelsesdato: 2009-Dec Cucumber is an economically important crop as well as a model system for sex determination studies and plant vascular biology. Here we report the draft genome sequence of Cucumis sativus var. sativus L., assembled using a novel combination of traditional Sanger and next-generation Illumina GA sequencing technologies to obtain 72.2-fold genome coverage. The absence of recent whole-genome duplication, along with the presence of few tandem duplications, explains the small number of genes in the cucumber. Our study establishes that five of the cucumber's seven chromosomes arose from fusions of ten ancestral chromosomes after divergence from Cucumis melo. The sequenced cucumber genome affords insight into traits such as its sex expression, disease resistance, biosynthesis of cucurbitacin and 'fresh green' odor. We also identify 686 gene clusters related to phloem function. The cucumber genome provides a valuable resource for developing elite cultivars and for studying the evolution and function of the plant vascular system.

Nature 463, 311–317 (2010) In this Article, the Latin species name of the giant panda was written incorrectly as Ailuropoda melanoleura. The correct name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca.