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Una adecuada conducta de ética pública orientada a los servidores a tener una plena conciencia de su mal o buen comportamiento, y aplicar valores de servicio que puedan aplicar actos de interés que beneficien a la comunidad, un descuido de la ética y malas prácticas organizacionales es la causa de que muchos funcionarios sean tentados a caer en malas decisiones que afectan su integridad, dejando que los antivalores sea apoderen de su comportamiento, el no tener claro los valores y la moral , es importante que se apliquen técnicas éticas que permitan construir la motivación y generar integridad a cada servidor. (ley de ética de la función pública). Intruduccion Resumen Ética profesional y corrupción en el sector publico Ética y transparencia. Conclusiones Bibliografia An adequate conduct of public ethics aimed at the servers to have a full awareness of their bad or good behavior, and apply service values that can apply acts of interest that benefit the community, a neglect of ethics and bad organizational practices is the Because many officials are tempted to make bad decisions that affect their integrity, letting anti-values take over their behavior, not being clear about values and morals, it is important that ethical techniques are applied that allow to build motivation and generate integrity to each served. Pregrado Die ordnungsgemäße Durchführung der öffentlichen Ethik, die darauf abzielt, dass die Server sich ihres schlechten oder guten Verhaltens bewusst sind, und Servicewerte anwenden, die Handlungen von Interesse anwenden können, die der Gemeinschaft zugute kommen, eine Vernachlässigung von Ethik und schlechten Organisationspraktiken ist der Grund für viele Beamte sind versucht, schlechte Entscheidungen zu treffen, die ihre Integrität beeinträchtigen, Anti-Werte ihr Verhalten übernehmen zu lassen, sich über Werte und Moral nicht klar zu sein, es ist wichtig, dass ethische Techniken angewendet werden, die es ermöglichen, Motivation aufzubauen und Integrität zu erzeugen zu jedem Server. (Gesetz der Ethik der öffentlichen Funktion).

В статье рассматриваются актуальные междисциплинарные проблемы изучения личности преступникакоррупционера в системе высшего образования. Проведено исследование многообразных причин возникновения и распространения коррупции в высших учебных заведениях, а также говорится о необходимости разработки эффективных мер ее профилактики, ставится вопрос о более качественном изучении личности данной категории преступников. На основе использования диалектикоматериалистической методологии и метода опроса выявлены основные признаки, классификации и типологии личности преступника, который совершает коррупционные преступления в данной сфере. Авторы предлагают рассмотреть вопрос о предупреждении коррупционной преступности в системе высшего образования с точки зрения междисциплинарных связей, акцентируя внимание на изучении всех структурных компонентов личности преступникакоррупционера. Анализируются труды ученыхюристов в данной области, в том числе и современные. Раскрываются положительные стороны проведенных исследований о личности преступникакоррупционера в системе высшего образования. Рассмотрены формы проявления коррупции в данной сфере. Затронута социальнопсихологическая характеристика лица, совершающего коррупционные преступления в высших учебных заведениях. Отмечается структура личности преступника, которая является существенной для определения преступного поведения при обусловленных внешних и иных условиях, виды и содержание этих свойств, их типология, функциональные связи в механизме преступного поведения, структура и организация их целостной совокупности, взаимосвязи реализации этой совокупностью своих функций в детерминации преступного поведения. Проанализированы нормативные правовые акты, регулирующие вопросы уголовной ответственности за совершение коррупционных преступлений. Сформирована и проведена исследовательская программа Коррупционная преступность в системе высшего образования. Изучены криминалистические аспекты расследования коррупционных преступлений, совершаемых в высших учебных заведениях. Предлагаются эффективные предупредительные меры для уменьшения количества лиц, совершающих коррупционные преступления в системе высшего образования., The article examines the current interdisciplinary problems of the study of the identity of the criminalcorrupt in higher education. A study of various causes of the emergence and spread of corruption in higher education, as well as the need to develop effective measures to prevent it, raises the question of a better study of the personality of this category of criminals. On the basis of the use of dialecticalmaterialistic methodology and the method of questioning, the main features, classifications and typologies of the personality of the criminal who commits corruption crimes in this sphere are revealed. The authors propose to consider the prevention of corruption crime in higher education from the point of view of interdisciplinary connections, focusing on the study of all the structural components of the identity of the criminalcorrupt. The works of legal scholars in this field, including modern ones, are analyzed. The positive aspects of the conducted research on the identity of the criminalcorrupt official in the system of higher education are revealed. The forms of corruption in this sphere are considered. The author touches upon the sociopsychological characteristics of a person who commits corruption crimes in higher educational institutions. Notes the structure of the offenders personality, which is essential in determining criminal behavior under the conditions of external and other conditions, the types and content of these properties, their typology, functional connections in the mechanism of criminal behavior, the structure and organization of their integral set, the relationship of the implementation of this set of their functions in the determination of criminal behavior. The normative legal acts regulating the issues of criminal liability for corruption crimes are analyzed. Formed and conducted by the research program Corruption and crime in the higher education system Studied forensic aspects of investigating corruption crimes of higher educational institutions. Effective preventive measures are proposed to reduce the number of persons committing corruption crimes in the higher education system., №3(48) (2019)

Corruption is an age old phenomenon and can be seen everywhere now a days. It is like a cancer in public life, which has not become to rampant and perpetuated overnight, but is course of time. The word corruption means destruction, ruining or spoiling a society or nation. A corrupt society is characterized by immorality and lack of fear or respect for the law. It is the abuse of public power for private gain. Corruption comes under many different guises like bribery, extortion, fraud, embezzlement. Misappropriations of public goods, nepotism (favoring family members for jobs and contracts) cronyism and influence pending

Статья посвящена проблемам предупреждения коррупционных преступлений, носящих уголовно‑правовой и криминологический характер. К их числу автор, в частности, относит неопределенность понятий, методологические просчеты, нечеткость закона. Вопрос о понятии коррупционного преступления до конца не решен, это оказывает непосредственное влияние на предупреждение коррупционных преступлений. В статье поднимается проблема выделения критериев отнесения преступлений к коррупционным, в качестве ключевого признака деяния указана коррупционная сделка. Автором проведено прикладное исследование с применением метода опроса в форме анкетирования граждан РФ (всего 300 респондентов). Опрошенные указали причины коррупционных преступлений, дали оценку уровня коррупции, осуществляемым антикоррупционным мерам. Респондентами по‑разному оцениваются роли субъектов коррупционных отношений, осуждению в большей степени подвергнуто поведение коррупционера, оправдательное отношение чаще касается корруптера и посредника. Автор приходит, в частности, к выводам о непроработанности концепции антикоррупционной политики, отсутствии системного противодействия коррупционным преступлениям. Поскольку противодействие коррупции на региональном и муниципальном уровнях является неотъемлемой составляющей антикоррупционной политики, автор приходит к выводу о способности региональной и муниципальной политики учитывать особенности состояния общества, причины коррупции в разных областях и возможности эффективного противодействия коррупционным преступлениям. Содержится рекомендация субъектам РФ специализировать мероприятия по противодействию коррупции в зависимости от коррупционно опасных сфер государственного управления. Результаты проведенного прикладного исследования выявили низкую эффективность антикоррупционных мер. Высказываются предположения о причинах толерантного отношения граждан к коррупции, невысокой готовности россиян сообщать о ставших известных им фактах коррупции. Автор указывает на особую важность привлечения институтов гражданского общества к борьбе с коррупцией с целью воспитания правового и гражданского сознания, получения навыков антикоррупционного поведения, The article is devoted to the problems of preventing corruption crimes, which have criminally‑legal and criminological nature. Among them, the author, in particular, refers to the uncertainty of concepts, methodological errors, and the illegibility of the law. The issue of the concept of a corruption crime has not been fully resolved; it has a direct impact on prevention of the corruption crimes. The article raises the problem of identifying the criteria for classifying crimes as corruption, corruption transaction is specified as a key feature of the act. The author conducted an applied research using the survey method in the form of a survey of Russian citizens (totally 300 respondents). The respondents pointed out the causes of corruption crimes, assessed the level of corruption, and the implemented anticorruption measures. Respondents differently assessed the role of subjects of corruption relations; the behavior of the corrupt is condemned to a greater extent; the corrupter and facilitator more often gets justificatory attitude. The author comes, in particular, to the conclusions about the undeveloped concept of anticorruption policy, the lack of systematic counteraction to corruption crimes. Since anti‑corruption at the regional and municipal levels is an integral part of anticorruption policy, the author comes to the conclusion about the ability of regional and municipal policy to take into account the peculiarities of the state of the society, the causes of corruption in different areas and the possibility of effective combating corruption crimes. There is a recommendation to the entities of the Russian Federation to specialize antiorruption measures depending on the corruption dangerous spheres of public administration. The results of the conducted applied research revealed the low effectiveness of anticorruption measures. There are suggestions about the reasons for the tolerant attitude of citizens to corruption, the low readiness of Russians to report the facts of corruption that have become known to them. The author points out the special importance of involving civil society institutions in the fight against corruption in order to educate legal and civil consciousness, to acquire skills of anticorruption behavior, №4(45) (2018)

The Palestinian Authority is committed to improving state-citizen relations through various mechanisms including the complaints resolution. The objective of this technical assistance, which has been undertaken at the request of the DGC, is to strengthen the Complaint Handling Mechanisms (CHMs) in five Palestinian ministries/government entities that are supported by World Bank-financed projects, as well as the DGC. This summary report synthesizes key findings that have emerged throughout the technical assistance and formulates Ministry-specific recommendations. It forms the basis of a possible phase II of the project, which would support the implementation of recommendations. The report presents the innovative methodology used to bring together the demand- and supply-side perspectives on CHMs in targeted ministries; the key findings from the survey and the ministry-by-ministry assessments; the key suggestions for improvement; and finally the next steps. The technical assistance has generated high client interest among the concerned Ministries, the DGC and development partners.The technical assistance has generated high client interest among the concerned Ministries, the DGC and development partners. This summary report synthesizes key findings that have emerged throughout the technical assistance and formulates Ministry-specific recommendations. It forms the basis of a possible phase II of the project which would support the implementation of recommendations. The technical assistance also aligns with the focus on strengthening the citizen-state compact specified in the WBG Assistance Strategy FY15-16 for the West Bank and Gaza. The report is structured as follows: Part two presents the context; Part three presents the methodology used to bring together the demand- and supply-side perspectives on CHMs in targeted ministries; Part four presents the key findings from the survey and the ministry-by-ministry assessments; Part five presents the key suggestions for improvement; and finally Part six presents the next steps.

I have decided to analyze the novel Angels and Demons written by Dan Brown in my diploma. The work is non-canonical and contains many clichéd themes. However, some non-canonical works deserve much more critical attention than they actually get, and Angels and Demons is one of them. Dan Brown invented an incredible plot with many entanglements and subplots. All of the plots and subplots are resolved in the end. The novel is pure fiction. Brown uses, but distorts, historical events in order to tell his story. In my diploma I argued why there has historically been a conflict between science and faith and I wanted to build a bridge between them, and to show how Brown's novel manipulates this conflict. The novel takes the reader on an incredible journey through Rome and the Vatican. I analyzed the main three characters of the novel, and showed how the priest, Carlo Vantresca, does not respect the Canon of the Holy Scripture. At the end I came to the conclusion that everything in the world is related. Science is born from religion and they can complement one another, as Pope John Paul II stated: “Science can purify religion from error and superstition religion can purify science from idolatry and false absolutes. Each can draw the other into a wider world, a world in which both can flourish” (John Paul II. A letter To the Reverend George V. Coyne SJ,Director of the Vatican Observatory). Literature, like Brown's, can deal with these themes in many ways, but because Brown's novel sensationalizes them for commercial purposes, it cannot be considered to be serious literature. V diplomskem delu analiziram roman Angeli in demoni Dana Browna. Delo je nekanonično in vsebuje več klišejskih tem. Nekatera nekanonična dela zaslužijo več pozornosti, kot jo dejansko dobijo. Eno izmed teh je roman Angeli in demoni. Dan Brown je ustvaril fantastično zgodbo z mnogo zapleti in podzgodbami. Vse zgodbe se na koncu razrešijo. Roman je izmišljen. Brown uporabi zgodovinske dogodke, ki jih priredi z namenom, da prevlada njegova fikcija. V diplomskem delu sem argumentirala, zakaj je v preteklosti sploh prišlo do konflikta med znanostjo in vero. Prav tako sem hotela »zgraditi most« med njima in pokazati, kako Brown manipulira z odnosom med znanostjo in vero. Roman popelje bralca na čudovito potovanje skozi Rim in Vatikan. Analizirala sem tri glavne junake in razkrila, v katerih pogledih duhovnik, Carlo Vantresca, ne spoštuje predpisov Svetega pisma. Na koncu sem ugotovila, da je vse na svetu povezano. Znanost se je rodila iz religije in se lepo dopolnjujeta, kot je izjavil tudi prejšnji papež Janez Pavel II.: “Znanost lahko vero očisti napak in praznoverja, vera pa lahko očisti znanost idoliziranja in napačnih predstav. Vsaka izmed njih lahko potegne drugo v širši svet, v svet, v katerem lahko obe cvetita” (Janez Pavel II., Pismo prečastitemu George V. Coyne SJ, direktorju vatikanskega Obzervatorija). Literatura, kot je Brownova, se lahko spoprime s temi temami na veliko načinov. Vendar zaradi tega, ker Brown zbuja veliko pozornosti z omenjenimi temami v komercialne namene, roman ne more spadati v klasično literaturo.

Crime and violence impede development and disproportionally impact poor people in many countries across the world. Though crime and violence represent serious problems in many countries, less-developed countries experience particular concentrations, especially those that are characterized by fragile or less-trusted government institutions and pervasive insecurity. Under such circumstances, human, social, political, and economic development suffers. Research across the globe has shown that holistic approaches that focus on the entire spectrum of a government's crime response chain, ranging from crime prevention to enforcement, tend to have better outcomes than isolated interventions involving only the police or other individual government agency. To date, most of the Bank's investment in efforts to reduce crime have focused on crime prevention in the form of urban and social development programs. Investment and policy lending that support the improvement of police operations to reduce crime and develop stronger neighborhoods are more limited. To assist country teams and client counterparts in their efforts to develop effective, holistic responses against crime that include the police, justice reform staff in the Governance Global Practice teamed up with internationally recognized experts to compile evidence-based good practice information for developing effective police responses to crime. The resulting three part publication, titled Addressing the Enforcement Gap to Counter Crime: Investing in Public Safety, the Rule of Law and Local Development in Poor Neighborhoods outlines the impact of crime and violence on development and the poor in particular and explains a proven three-pronged approach to creating police agencies that work in collaboration with communities and other government and private service providers to identify crime problems, develop holistic and inclusive solutions the apply a restorative justice approach. The publication also outlines how such approach can be integrated into Bank projects and client country reform plans.

Crime and violence impede development and disproportionally impact poor people in many countries across the world. Though crime and violence represent serious problems in many countries, less-developed countries experience particular concentrations, especially those that are characterized by fragile or less-trusted government institutions and pervasive insecurity. Under such circumstances, human, social, political, and economic development suffers. Research across the globe has shown that holistic approaches that focus on the entire spectrum of a government's crime response chain, ranging from crime prevention to enforcement, tend to have better outcomes than isolated interventions involving only the police or other individual government agency. To date, most of the Bank's investment in efforts to reduce crime have focused on crime prevention in the form of urban and social development programs. Investment and policy lending that support the improvement of police operations to reduce crime and develop stronger neighborhoods are more limited. To assist country teams and client counterparts in their efforts to develop effective, holistic responses against crime that include the police, justice reform staff in the Governance Global Practice teamed up with internationally recognized experts to compile evidence-based good practice information for developing effective police responses to crime. The resulting three part publication, titled Addressing the Enforcement Gap to Counter Crime: Investing in Public Safety, the Rule of Law and Local Development in Poor Neighborhoods outlines the impact of crime and violence on development and the poor in particular and explains a proven three-pronged approach to creating police agencies that work in collaboration with communities and other government and private service providers to identify crime problems, develop holistic and inclusive solutions the apply a restorative justice approach. The publication also outlines how such approach can be integrated into Bank projects and client country reform plans.

How does power affect behavior? We posit that this depends on the type of power. We distinguish between social power (power over other people) and personal power (freedom from other people) and argue that these two types of power have opposite associations with independence and interdependence. We propose that when the distinction between independence and interdependence is relevant, social power and personal power will have opposite effects; however, they will have parallel effects when the distinction is irrelevant. In two studies (an experimental study and a large field study), we demonstrate this by showing that social power and personal power have opposite effects on stereotyping, but parallel effects on behavioral approach., How does power affect behavior? We posit that this depends on the type of power. We distinguish between social power (power over other people) and personal power (freedom from other people) and argue that these two types of power have opposite associations with independence and interdependence. We propose that when the distinction between independence and interdependence is relevant, social power and personal power will have opposite effects; however, they will have parallel effects when the distinction is irrelevant. In two studies (an experimental study and a large field study), we demonstrate this by showing that social power and personal power have opposite effects on stereotyping, but parallel effects on behavioral approach. How does power affect behavior? This is an important question in psychology, given that we live in a world with extremely salient power differentials. Presidents can decide on the economic fate of millions, CEOs can hire or fire thousands of employees, and generals can make decisions that determine whether thousands of soldiers live or die. If people's behavior is affected by their power, then it is crucial to know how and why. In the current research, we argue that to answer how power affects behavior, it is necessary to take a closer look at the concept of power itself. We propose that power can refer to different things, which in turn have different effects. In the relevant literature, however, power is traditionally treated as a single construct, and the difference between various aspects of power is ignored. The multitude of competing and diverging definitions of power already indicates that a monolithic power concept is too restrictive (Fiske & Berdahl, 2007). A close look at these many definitions of power suggests that there are two main types.

We study learning in a modified EXACT model, where the oracles are corrupt and only few of the presented attributes are relevant. Both modifications were already studied in the literature [Dana Angluin, Mārtiņš Krikis, Learning with malicious membership queries and exceptions (extended abstract), in: COLT ’94: Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Conference on Computational Learning Theory, ACM Press, 1994, pp. 56–57 [3]; Dana Angluin, Mārtiņš Krikis, Robert H. Sloan, György Turán, Malicious omissions and errors in answers to membership queries, Machine Learning 28 (1997) 211–255; Laurence Bisht, Nader H. Bshouty, Lawrance Khoury, Learning with errors in answers to membership queries (extracted abstract), in: FOCS ’04: Proceedings of the 45th Annual IEEE Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science, FOCS’04, IEEE Computer Society, 2004, pp. 611–620; Nader H. Bshouty, Lisa Hellerstein, Attribute-efficient learning in query and mistake-bound models, J. Comput. System Sci. 56 (3) (1998) 310–319 [12]; Nick Littlestone, Learning quickly when irrelevant attributes abound: A new linear-threshold algorithm, Machine Learning 2 (4) (1988) 285–318; Robert H. Sloan, Gyorgy Turan, Learning with queries but incomplete information (extended abstract), in: COLT ’94: Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Conference on Computational Learning Theory, ACM Press, 1994, pp. 237–245 [5]], and efficient solutions were found to most of their variants. Nonetheless, their reasonable combination is yet to be studied, and integrating the existing solutions either fails or works with a complexity that can be significantly improved. In this paper we prove the equivalence of EXACT learning attribute-efficiently with and without corrupt oracles. For each of the possible scenarios we describe a generic scheme that enables learning in these cases using modifications of the standard learning algorithms. We also generalize and improve previous non-attribute-efficient algorithms for learning with corrupt oracles.

A new measure of cross-national corruption is constructed based on the geographic distribution of public officials involved in cross-border corruption cases. A comparison is made between the Public Administration Corruption Index (PACI) and perception-based measures, considers the extent to which differences between them are driven by systematic factors, and concludes that they are not. As more data on cases of cross-border bribery incidents become available, the PACI will provide an increasingly valid cross-national measure of corruption.

Understanding the dynamic interplaying between urban violence and fragility and a countries’ economic potential will be key to boosting development in most African countries. As a first step to tackle this challenge, a multi-country study undertook a comparative research process, which identifies common trends across Sub-Saharan Africa in order to facilitate the identification of mechanisms through which urban fragility and violence prevention could be further integrated into the development process of African countries. Research and pilot activities were undertaken in one country of each of the three sub-regions in the continent. In all the countries included, the analytical work focused on understanding dynamics of crime and violence in selected urban areas and existing institutional (formal and informal) responses to crime and violence, so as to further the World Bank understanding on how to best address urban fragility and foster local resilience while putting the building blocks to define an urban fragility agenda in the Sub-Saharan African region. This report gives an overview of this multi-country study.

This paper develops a structural approach for modeling how respondents answer survey questions and uses it to estimate the proportion of respondents who are reticent in answering corruption questions, as well as the extent to which reticent behavior biases down conventional estimates of corruption. The context is a common two-step survey question, first inquiring whether a government official visited a business, and then asking about bribery if a visit was acknowledged. Reticence is a concern for both steps, since denying a visit sidesteps the bribe question. This paper considers two alternative models of how reticence affects responses to two-step questions, with differing assumptions on how reticence affects the first question about visits. Maximum-likelihood estimates are obtained for seven countries using data on interactions with tax officials. Different models work best in different countries, but cross-country comparisons are still valid because both models use the same structural parameters. On average, 40 percent of corruption questions are answered reticently, with much variation across countries. A statistic reflecting how much standard measures underestimate the proportion of all respondents who had a bribe interaction is developed. The downward bias in standard measures is highly statistically significant in all countries, varying from 12 percent in Nigeria to 90 percent in Turkey. The source of bias varies widely across countries, between denying a visit and denying a bribe after admitting a visit.

This assessment concludes that individual nation as well as regional and transnational organizations now have severely limited to nonexistent capacities to effectively respond to growing threat levels. It proposes a networked intelligence-led strategy at national, regional, and transnational levels to more effectively control, reduce, and, more importantly, prevent the wholesale slaughter into extinction of the African elephant population within the next decade. It concludes by outlining the requirements for designing and implementing a long-term sustainable elephant crime intelligence system, including the required governance arrangements, and proposes the roles and functions that key organizations could play at the national, regional, and transnational levels. Currently, a robust intelligence system addressing elephant poaching and illegal trade of ivory at all phases within the intelligence process is either nonexistent or seriously limited in capacity (the key phases in the intelligence process are planning and direction; collection; evaluation; collation; analysis; reporting/dissemination/action). Therefore, the project examines the need for designing and implementing a long-term sustainable elephant crime intelligence system and governance model as well as assessing the roles and functions that key organizations could play at the national, regional, and international levels within such an intelligence system and accompanying governance model.

Governance is a major challenge to Cameroons development. Weak governance affects most economic transactions and hampers delivery and quality of services. Based on Cameroon’s development strategy (as expressed in the 2035 vision and the 2009 growth and employment strategy), the objective of the World Bank 2010-2014 Country Assistance Strategy (CAS) is to boost inclusive growth, through increased competitiveness and improved service delivery. Governance is a cross-cutting theme in the CAS and for World Bank operations. To support the governance agenda in Cameroon, the World Bank has mobilized funds through the multi-donor Governance Partnership Facility (GPF) for the Banking on Change Governance Program in Cameroon (hereafter the ‘Governance Program’), which became active in March 2010. The objective of the GPF-funded Governance Program is to increase transparency, accountability, and participation related to key governance issues in selected sectors in Cameroon. This report describes output, lessons, and conclusions from the GDM component. GDM’s main output, the Development Marketplace (DM), is described in detail and results and lessons learned are described for both the DM and the GDM as a whole. Other activities under the GDM include a large knowledge sharing event, support to a South-South exchange and seven DM finale debates. Sources for the report include written material (e.g. Catholic Relief Services’ (CRS) evaluation report of GDM, summaries of financed activities, feature stories, GDM Finale event guide) and interviews with GDM participants and World Bank staff.

Trafficking is an emerging concern in West Africa that is gaining increasing attention from the international community. This paper examines the relationship between trafficking and fragility in the region through a meta-analysis of existing knowledge and data on the subject. Given the scope of this paper, we will not attempt to provide any primary empirical or qualitative analysis, but instead focus on offering a comprehensive, unbiased overview of the recent policy and academic literature on the subject, which we hope will assist development practitioners working in the region and help the World Bank identify possible programmatic responses. The authors start this paper by defining trafficking to frame our analysis, and then provide an overview of the trafficking economy across the region. Next, authors outline the potential channels between trafficking and fragility, discussing the actors involved (organized criminal groups, rebels, local or national level politicians, the military, and civilians) and their relevance to specific countries. Finally, the authors present our suggestions on possible policy and programmatic responses, based on identifying both regional and external dimensions to the problems.