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With the adoptiтп in 1999 the Law of Ukraine "On Humanitarian Aid", which regulates the main aspects of the circulation of humanitarian aid in Ukraine, one of the key conditions for the import of humanitarian goods was its exemption from the tax burden of value added tax and customs duties, and the most important condition for exemption from taxation - recognition of goods moving across the customs border as humanitarian aid. Before the start of the full-scale invasion of the aggressor on the territory of Ukraine, this was accompanied by the need to carry out a number of bureaucratic manipulations even before arriving at the customs border of Ukraine. In the course of the study, it was established that during the period of martial law, the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine provided a clear list of goods considered humanitarian aid, simplified the procedure for customs clearance of such cargo, regulated the main aspects of recognition and customs clearance of humanitarian aid in the form of dual purpose goods, military goods, medicines and pharmaceutical products. In addition, the volume and sources of humanitarian aid from other countries were analyzed., З прийняттям у 1999 році Закону України «Про гуманітарну допомогу», що регламентує основні аспекти обігу гуманітарної допомоги в Україні, однією з ключових умов імпорту гуманітарного вантажу було звільнення його від податкового обтяження податком на додану вартість та митом, а найважливішою умовою для звільнення від оподаткування – визнання товарів, що переміщуються через митний кордон, саме гуманітарною допомогою. До початку повномасштабного вторгнення агресора на територію України це супроводжувалося необхідністю здійснення ряду бюрократичних маніпуляцій ще до прибуття на митний кордон України. Під час дослідження встановлено, що на період дії воєнного стану Кабінетом Міністрів України надано чіткий перелік товарів, що вважаються гуманітарною допомогою, спрощено порядок митного оформлення такого вантажу, регламентовано основні аспекти визнання та митного оформлення гуманітарної допомоги у вигляді товарів подвійного призначення, товарів військового призначення, медикаментів та лікарських засобів. Крім того, проаналізовано обсяг та джерела гуманітарної допомоги від інших країн.

Dans le passé, avec le « passeport Nansen » (1922), puis avec l’Organisation internationale pour les réfugiés (de 1946 à 1952), la communauté internationale avait appréhendé la situation des réfugiés avec humanisme. Aujourd’hui, avec près de 70 millions de personnes dans le monde confrontées à une situation critique, on peut parler de crise de l’accueil des réfugiés, car les pays riches refusent souvent d’accueillir sur leur sol un grand nombre d’entre eux. Qu’a fait l’ONU au fil des décennies, et notamment son Haut-commissariat pour les réfugiés, créé en 1951 ? S’il a été mis en place pour protéger et aider ces personnes, il semble de nos jours, sous la pression des pays riches, inciter les réfugiés à rester chez eux ou à y retourner, au lieu de les aider à gagner des pays d’accueil sûrs. In the past, the international community had created the « Nansen passport » (1922), then the UN created in 1946 the International Refugees Organization (IRO), in order to help the refugees. Today, with 70 millions of refugees in the world, the situation is tense for refugees and migrants. Rich countries often refuse to welcome them. What did the UN achieve, and more precisely the High Commissioner for Refugees (HCR), created in 1951 ? The HCR tries to protect these peoples. But an evolution appears : at the beginning, it helped them to find a new home abroad ; nowadays, it encourages them to stay in their countries.

Submitted by Wagner Junior (wagner.junior@unioeste.br) on 2021-01-08T19:37:53Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Jose_Goncalves_Junior_2020.pdf: 1311104 bytes, checksum: 204117b68eb5a340ecb4fc72f3692a6a (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2021-01-08T19:37:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Jose_Goncalves_Junior_2020.pdf: 1311104 bytes, checksum: 204117b68eb5a340ecb4fc72f3692a6a (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-09-11 We have seen more frequently the media report situations involving disasters whether caused by nature or by human action. In this scenario, the humanitarian supply chain has been gaining a prominent role, as it provides those affected with relief from the suffering caused by a disaster. This condition was evident in the city of Foz do Iguaçu in 2015, when the population was hit by a heavy hailstorm that caused social and structural damage. Since the event, the city has only had a Municipal Protection and Civil Defense Contingency Plan and with no humanitarian supply chain that meets the needs of residents in the face of a state of calamity. Therefore, this work aimed to propose a humanitarian supply chain for the city of Foz do Iguaçu and, in this context, the research was conducted under the qualitative approach, of an applied nature, characterized as a descriptive and propositive study. The procedures adopted were documentary and bibliographic research, with data collection performed through unstructured interviews and a questionnaire. In the researched literature, two central models presented by Kovacs and Spens (2007) and Balcik et al (2010) were found, which added to the elements raised in the data collection through interviews, resulting in the basic conceptual model of a humanitarian supply chain to the city of Foz do Iguaçu. The constructed model is consolidated in three basic conceptual structures recommended in the managerial perspective of Kovacs and Spens (2007), the first in the preparation phase, the second in the immediate response and the third in the reconstruction. Within this configuration, donors and volunteers stand out, and for the functioning of this structure, it is important that there is unity, cooperation and communication between the members of the chain. Temos visto com mais frequência os meios de comunicação noticiarem situações envolvendo desastres, seja provocado pela natureza ou pela ação do homem. Neste cenário, a cadeia de suprimento humanitária vem ganhando papel de destaque, uma vez que proporciona aos atingidos um alívio ao sofrimento causado por um desastre. Esta condição ficou evidenciada no município de Foz do Iguaçu em 2015, quando a população foi atingida por uma forte chuva de granizo que causou danos sociais e estruturais. Desde o ocorrido, a cidade conta apenas com um Plano de Contingência Municipal de Proteção e Defesa Civil e inexiste uma cadeia de suprimento humanitária que atenda as necessidades dos moradores frente a um estado de calamidade. Sendo assim, neste trabalho objetivou-se propor uma cadeia de suprimento humanitária para o município de Foz do Iguaçu e, neste contexto, a pesquisa foi conduzida sob a abordagem qualitativa, de natureza aplicada, caracterizada como um estudo descritivo e propositivo. Os procedimentos adotados foram a pesquisa documental e bibliográfica, com coleta de dados realizada por meio de entrevistas não estruturadas e questionário, que permitiram verificar quais atores e elementos, encontrados na literatura, são identificados no município. Na literatura pesquisada foram encontrados dois modelos centrais apresentados por Kovacs e Spens (2007) e Balcik et al (2010), que somados aos elementos encontrados na coleta de dados, por meio de entrevistas, resultaram no modelo de uma estrutura conceitual básica de cadeia de suprimento humanitária para a cidade de Foz do Iguaçu. O modelo construído está consolidado em três estruturas conceituais básicas preconizadas na perspectiva gerencial de Kovacs e Spens (2007) sendo a primeira na fase preparação, a segunda na resposta imediata e a terceira na reconstrução. Dentro desta configuração destacam-se os doadores e voluntários e para o funcionamento dessa estrutura mostrou-se importante que haja união e cooperação de todos os envolvidos.

Depuis la fin de l’URSS, la Fondation Soros a développé une intense activité d’aide à la « transition démocratique » dans tout l’espace exsoviétique, l’Europe de l’Est et en particulier l’Asie centrale. Son domaine d’intervention vise la reconversion structurelle et économique, l’assistance culturelle, sanitaire et sociale. Elle privilégie le soutien aux structures éducatives, culturelles et scientifiques existantes, insistant sur la transmission des savoirs, la promotion de l’éducation à la « démocratie » et à la « bonne gouvernance ». Le but de cet article est de mettre en évidence le rôle de cette organisation non gouvernementale (ONG) internationale, son impact et sa façon de percevoir son action sur le terrain, sachant qu’on lui prête un rôle significatif dans l’organisation et le financement de la vague des « révolutions de couleur » qui ont touché plusieurs pays de l’espace ex-soviétique provoquant l’évincement de certaines élites politiques. Où l’aide humanitaire accélère la politique... Since the collapse of the USSR, the Soros Foundation has developed an intensive activity to promote “Democratic Transition” in the whole post-Soviet space, Eastern Europe and Central Asia in particular. Its main target was structural and economic transformation, cultural, medical and social assistance, it mostly supported the educational, cultural and scientific current system, the promotion of democracy and good governance. The aim of this article is to highlight the role of this international NGO, its impact and its self-perception on the field, taking in account the fact that, it is considered as the significant actor in organizing and financing the wave of “coloured Revolutions” in many countries of the former Soviet Space, leading to the ejecting of some political elites. When Humanitarian speeds up politics...

Статтю присвячено актуальній темі щодо проблем правового регулювання діяльності гуманітарних організацій в Україні, оскільки у зв’язку зі збройним конфліктом на Сході України значно активізувалась діяльність гуманітарних організацій, які надають допомогу постраждалому населенню внаслідок бойових дій. При цьому через таку активізацію значно поширились випадки зловживань з використанням даної допомоги, що призводить до використання цієї допомоги не за цільовим призначенням або з метою отримання прибутку. Тому за допомогою даного дослідження автори намагаються вирішити дану непросту проблему. Дане дослідження покликане для розв’язання складнощів та недоліків, які виникають під час надання гуманітарної допомоги. The article is devoted to the topical issue of legal regulation of humanitarian organizations in Ukraine, as in connection with the armed conflict in eastern Ukraine, the activities of humanitarian organizations that provide assistance to the affected population due to hostilities have significantly intensified. At the same time, due to such intensification, cases of abuse with the use of this assistance have become significantly more widespread, which leads to the use of this assistance not for its intended purpose or for profit. Therefore, with the help of this study, the authors try to solve this difficult problem. This study is designed to address the difficulties and shortcomings that arise in providing humanitarian assistance.

Se presentan los primeros resultados de las indagaciones sobre la valoración que las mismas víctimas del conflicto armado, del municipio de San Carlos Antioquia (Colombia), hacen de la implementación de la Ley 1448 (Ley de Victimas); dicho proceso de investigación, en esta primera entrega, evidenció entre otros hallazgos, la contradicción entre el discurso oficial y el relato de las víctimas en relación a los procesos de reparación, discursos contradictorios respecto a la transición, el estado de vulneración e insatisfacción de necesidades básicas de las personas victimizadas así como una alta confusión en la implementación de la Ley. Estos resultados, entre otros, permiten afirmar que, la reparación hoy, dista mucho de ser un proceso que aporte a la reconstrucción del tejido social, a la paz y la reconciliación. The first results of the inquiries on the valuation made by the very victims of the armed conflict, in the municipality of San Carlos Antioquia (Colombia) are shown in this paper, which are part of the implementation of the 1448 Law (Law of Victims); such a research process of, in this first installment, evidenced among other findings, the contradiction between the official discourse and the story of the victims in relation to the reparation processes, contradictory speeches regarding the transition, the state of infringement and dissatisfaction of victimized people’s basic needs, as well as a high confusion as for the implementation of the Law. These findings, among others, allow to affirm that reparation today, is far from being a process that contributes to the reconstruction of the social fabric, to peace, and reconciliation.

Humanitarian aid has been more significant in the last few years, Spain has become an important humanitarian donor. In this context, the AECID and the Ministry of Defence have developed a wide collaboration annually reflected in a Plan of Action. The range of activities includes the response to natural disasters, humanitarian demining and Afganisthan reconstruction.La ayuda humanitaria ha tomado gran relevancia en los últimos años y España se ha convertido en un importante donante humanitario. En este contexto, la AECID y el Ministerio de Defensa han desarrollado una amplia colaboración que se refleja anualmente con la firma de un Plan Operativo y cuyas actividades van desde la respuesta a los desastres naturales a la reconstrucción de Afganistán pasando por el desminado humanitario.

International audience; Based on fieldwork studies conducted on several faith-based NGOs (France, Turkey), this paper analyses the humanitarian practice of Muslim sacrifice. It emphasizes the reasons and stakes behind this “humanitariza­tion” of a ritual endowed with a complex status in contemporary societies. By turning the sacrifice into an act of solidarity and aid towards the most needy, but also into a lever for development within beneficiary countries, this humanitarian practice restores the meaning of a ritual otherwise con­fronted with multiple constraints and transformations. The humanitarian management of the sacrifice denotes the ritual’s conversion to a technical and logistical process, hence questioning the mutation of ritual norms and practices due to global dynamics.; Basé sur des enquêtes réalisées auprès de différentes ONGs confessionnelles (France, Turquie), cet article analyse la pratique humanitaire du sacrifice musulman. Il met l’accent sur les raisons et les enjeux de « l’humanitarisation » d’un rituel au statut complexe dans les sociétés contemporaines. Faisant du sacrifice un acte solidaire et d’aide aux plus démunis, mais aussi un levier de développement au sein des pays bénéficiaires, la pratique humanitaire permet de retrouver le sens d’un acte rituel par ailleurs confronté à de multiples contraintes et transformations. La prise en charge humanitaire du sacrifice implique la conversion du rituel en dispositifs techniques et logistiques, qui interrogent la mutation des normes et des pratiques rituelles sous l’effet de logiques globales.

This diploma thesis focuses on the possible cooperation between the state and NGOs on the program of medical evacuation MEDEVAC during last three years. The aim of this study is to bring a coherent view on the MEDEVAC program and mainly to look into a relation between the state and NGOs which provide services to the state so they play irreplaceable role in this interaction, all through the analysis of interview with particular representatives. The discovered findings from the research and evaluated achieved aims are placed in the conclusion of the thesis.

The thesis deals with general concepts of the flood in the introduction. Flood is natural phenomena which presents the largest threat of natural calamity in our country. It gives rise to crisis situation with natural and material damages and death residents in the affected area. In this area, country is devastated and ecological damage is generated. We cannot stop floods but we can limit consequences with suitable natural, technological or organizational measures. Flood presents the need to build a supplement of flood control precaution in floodplains. Flood is natural phenomena which it is impossible prevent. It occurred in history, it occurs in the present day and in future. It is reaction between Earth´s surface and rainfall. Intensity and duration of rainfall, afflicted area by rainfall, slant and characterization of Earth´s surface have important role in flood. Locations of built-up area induce necessity of flood control measure. In the context of history, buildings are built nearby watercourses which are need for recreation, fish farming, water's energy, drain rainwater and wastewater. Buildings of roads and railways have better condition in valley alongside watercourse. Expansions of buildings reduce area for fluent outflow of flood. River has water meadow in valley in uninhabited landscape where flow of watercourse isn´t limit. It develops riverbed-forming process without limited in this area. There isn´t need develop flood control measure. These uninhabited landscapes are scarce in central Europe. The second part of this thesis is focused on the protection of population in floodplains. The applicable legislation and available documents provided by the following municipalities: Raspenava, Hejnice, Bilý Potok, ORP Frýdlant and the regional office of Liberec region are studied. The municipality of Raspenava dealt with flood control precautions in the affected areas, reconstruction of destroyed bridges and roads, infrastructure renewal after the flood in the august 2010. During the flood, 11 footbridges, 4 bridges, 13 houses and kindergarten were destroyed and 1 person died. The municipality of Raspenava solved the complaint about a course of the tender within the renovation of the town. ÚOHS must dealt with this complaint In the third part of this thesis, hypothesis was determined. It is shown that the protection is focused on evacuated people. Precautions to protect of the population are not focused on population which stays in the affected area. In this area, basic infrastructure and services are not available. Medical care is limited or impossible. One of flood control measure is evacuation. Evacuation is relocation people, property, animal, technical facilities and substances hazardous to health from flood area to area where there are ensured evacuated people and animals substitute housing, meals and storage. It is extraordinary measure which is used in case of none effective protection. Plan of evacuation is described in flood plan of municipality The thesis deals with general concepts of the flood in the introduction. Flood is natural phenomena which presents the largest threat of natural calamity in our country. It gives rise to crisis situation with natural and material damages and death residents in the affected area. In this area, country is devastated and ecological damage is generated. We cannot stop floods but we can limit consequences with suitable natural, technological or organizational measures. Flood presents the need to build a supplement of flood control precaution in floodplains.

International audience; This article traces the history of the organized aid toward the hundreds of thousands of Poles who had been deported by the soviet authorities after the annexation of Poland Eastern's territories in 1939. They stayed, for the most part, in Siberia's and Central Asia's periphery until their return to Poland after the War. The liberty of action granted by the stalinist government to the polish representatives makes this history very untypical. Its development follows very closely the ups and downs in the relations between the USRR and Poland during the War. It unfolds in different acts, ultimately demonstrating the role held by the humanitarian aid in the creation of the pro-Soviet ally that post-War Poland would become

This article traces the history of the organized aid toward the hundreds of thousands of Poles who had been deported by the Soviet authorities after the annexation of Poland’s Eastern territories in 1939. They stayed, for the most part, in Siberia’s and Central Asia’s periphery until their return to Poland after the War. The liberty of action granted by the Stalinist government to the Polish representatives makes this history very untypical. Its development follows very closely the ups and downs in the relations between the USSR and Poland during the War. It unfolds in different acts, ultimately demonstrating the role held by the humanitarian aid in the creation of the pro-Soviet ally that post-War Poland would become., Cet article retrace l’histoire de l’assistance organisée en faveur des centaines de milliers de Polonais déportés par les autorités soviétiques après l’annexion des territoires orientaux de la Pologne en 1939 et qui demeurèrent, pour une part d’entre eux, dans les périphéries de Sibérie et d’Asie centrale jusqu’à leur retour dans la Pologne d’après-guerre. Très atypique en raison de la marge d’action concédée aux représentants polonais par le gouvernement stalinien, cette histoire épouse étroitement les aléas des relations entre l’URSS et la Pologne durant la guerre. Elle se déroule en plusieurs séquences montrant in fine le rôle tenu par l’humanitaire dans la création de l’allié polonais pro-soviétique au sortir de la guerre.

Bachelor work is designated to include non ? government non ? profit organizations in integrated rescue system in the Plzeň region. Theoretical part is interested in outlining of basic notions, definitions, forms of humanitarian and psychosocial help during exceptional events and principles which govern this help. In details are described several non ? governmental non ? profit organizations, which provide humanitarian, psychosocial and preventive educational activity in the Plzeň region.. The practical part contains analysis for level of knowledge and information capability from members of Fire Rescue Service and a group of volunteers about the role of non ? government non ? profit organizations in frame work of participation in integrated rescue system in the Plzeň region.

The goal of this thesis was to compare Czech and Spanish non-governmental non-profit organizations and analyze common and diverse characteristics using international comparison in several areas. As a representative of the Czech non-profit sector was chosen ADRA, o.s. Spanish nonprofit sector was represented by the organization Manos Unidas. Findings revealed differences in investigated areas. However, founded differences were not so significant to identify one of the non-governmental non-profit organizations as a significantly better one. Nevertheless the author recommended transferring some of the best practices of Manos Unidas to ADRA, o.s.

Foreign development co-operation of the Czech republic is a part of the polititics our republic. Bachelor work ? ?qDirection of Foreign Development Aid within the framework of organization People in Need and Caritas Czech republic?? desribe development co-operation as a reduction inequality and poodnese and co-operation of the Czech republic in the framework of our country and two selected organizations. In theoretical part was processed qualification literature. First of all was systém of Foreign development co-operation of Czech republic, thein purposes, principles and priority. And second of all are charakterised organizations People in Need and Caritas Czech republic. In practical part were defineded two hypothese. The first at one caseshifts in the long-term plans and short-term plans in receiving countries and the second a tone was determined to research about students foreknowledge of universities and mentioned organizations.

Humanitarian aid has been more significant in the last few years, Spain has become an important humanitarian donor. In this context, the AECID and the Ministry of Defence have developed a wide collaboration annually reflected in a Plan of Action. The range of activities includes the response to natural disasters, humanitarian demining and Afganisthan reconstruction., La ayuda humanitaria ha tomado gran relevancia en los últimos años y España se ha convertido en un importante donante humanitario. En este contexto, la AECID y el Ministerio de Defensa han desarrollado una amplia colaboración que se refleja anualmente con la firma de un Plan Operativo y cuyas actividades van desde la respuesta a los desastres naturales a la reconstrucción de Afganistán pasando por el desminado humanitario.

When faced to situations of humanitarian crisis the Armed Forces are a notable added value in order to alleviate human suffering in a very quick and effective way. They have available personal and material means and the capacity to agilely and orderly deploy in situ, to quickly concentrate heavy means of transport and to carry out massive transporting. Because all these facts the Armed Forces are an especially suitable instrument in those situations., Ante situaciones de crisis humanitarias de gran magnitud, las Fuerzas Armadas pueden aportar un notable valor añadido para mitigar el sufrimiento humano de forma rápida y eficaz, pues disponen de unas características de orden personal y material, de una capacidad para desplegarse ágil y ordenadamente sobre el terreno, para concentrar medios pesados en poco tiempo y para realizar transportes masivos, que las convierten en un instrumento especialmente apto en estas situaciones.

When faced to situations of humanitarian crisis the Armed Forces are a notable added value in order to alleviate human suffering in a very quick and effective way. They have available personal and material means and the capacity to agilely and orderly deploy in situ, to quickly concentrate heavy means of transport and to carry out massive transporting. Because all these facts the Armed Forces are an especially suitable instrument in those situations. Ante situaciones de crisis humanitarias de gran magnitud, las Fuerzas Armadas pueden aportar un notable valor añadido para mitigar el sufrimiento humano de forma rápida y eficaz, pues disponen de unas características de orden personal y material, de una capacidad para desplegarse ágil y ordenadamente sobre el terreno, para concentrar medios pesados en poco tiempo y para realizar transportes masivos, que las convierten en un instrumento especialmente apto en estas situaciones.

In this paper I will try to give the answer to the question of the role which Greek-Serbian Friendship societies have played in the relationship between Greek and Serbian people since the 1990s to this day. As it is known, Greece is the only country of the EU whose people showed an open sympathy for Serbia during the crisis and war on the territory of the former Yugoslavia during the 1990s. Greek-Serbian Friendship societies, both in Greece and in Serbia, are nongovernmental and non-profitable organizations and their aim is to strengthen the bonds between the peoples of Serbia and Greece. The Society in Serbia pays more attention to scientific and cultural-artistic cooperation. The Society in Greece is oriented to humanitarian help for Serbia. During the war and falling apart of former Yugoslavia, in the 1990s, large quantities of humanitarian help were sent to Serbian people in all areas they inhabited. It cannot be denied that the Greek-Serbian Friendship Societies in the last 15 years have greatly helped in coming and spreading of the Greek culture and spiritual values in Serbian people. This was primarily achieved by the spreading of the Greek language, by the founding of the Department of New Hellenic studies, as well as by translating of works of Greek writers into the Serbian language. Of great importance is the introducing of the Greek style of the Orthodox faith, baptizing in Greece and giving Greek names. However, one should have in mind that Greeks did not help Serbs only because they are Orthodox, and many Greek atheists are witnesses to this, and they are also members of the Society. To better knowing contributed traveling tours and visiting of cultural-historical monuments, which were organized by both sides. Especially important is the giving of guest performances of cultural-artistic groups and musicians, since the language of music is comprehensible to everyone. Σε αυτό το άρθρο κάνουμε εκτενή αναφορά στο ρόλο τον οποίον διαδραμάτισαν οι σύλλογοι ελληνο-σερβικής φιλίας στη σχέση μεταξύ ελληνικού και σερβικού λαού, από τη δεκαετία του '90 μέχρι και σήμερα. Η Ελλάδα ήταν η μόνη χώρα της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης, η οποία εξέφρασε ανοικτά τη θερμή της συμπαράσταση στους Σέρβους, κατά τη διάρκεια της κρίσης και του πολέμου στα εδάφη της πρώην Γιουγκοσλαβίας. Αυτοί οι σύλλογοι ελληνο-σερβικής φιλίας, τόσο στην Ελλάδα όσο και στη Σερβία, είναι μη κυβερνητικές και μη κερδοσκοπικές οργανώσεις, οι οποίες βασικό σκοπό έχουν να ενδυναμώσουν κυρίως τους δεσμούς ανάμεσα στους δυο λαούς. Η σέρβικη κοινωνία ενδιαφέρεται περισσότερο για συνεργασίες σε επιστημονικό και πολιτιστικό-καλλιτεχνικό επίπεδο. Οι σύλλογοι στην Ελλάδα είναι πιο πολύ προσανατολισμένοι στην υλική υποστήριξη των Σέρβων. Κατά τη διάρκεια του πολέμου και μετά τη διάλυση του κράτους της Γιουγκοσλαβίας, στη δεκαετία του '90, μεγάλες ποσότητες ανθρωπιστικής βοήθειας εστάλησαν στους Σέρβους, σε όλες τις περιοχές, όπου αυτοί ζούσαν.

The first part is devoted to the period of origin and formation of International movement The red Cros and the red half-moon. Some extra etention is paid to the personality of Henry Dunant here. The next is a part about evolution and field of action of the Red cross in the area of The Czechoslovak - later Czech republic. The last chapter is devoted to field of action of the state-organized civil protection.

The war in Bosnia-Herzegovina has caused the rise of a war economy based on predation on the one hand (looting, racketeering, etc.), foreign humanitarian help on the other hand. This peculiar economy has contributed to the complexification of local military alliances. In the last two years of the war, the Croat-Bosniak Federation managed to stimulate the agricultural and industrial producation, whereas the "Serb republic" sunk into crisis., La guerre en Bosnie-Herzégovine a suscité l'apparition d'une économie de guerre basée sur la prédation d'une part (pillage, racket, etc.), l'aide humanitaire extérieure d'autre part. Cette économie particulière a contribué à la complexification des alliances militaires locales. Dans les deux dernières années de guerre, la Fédération croato-bosniaque est parvenue à relancer la production agricole et industrielle, quand la "république serbe" s'enfonçait dans la crise.