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L’objectif sera de se demander si la raison pour l’esprit humain, qui lui permet d’appréhender toutes choses objectivables, ne serait pas aussi un biais cognitif réducteur et peut-être déformant de ce qui constitue non seulement sa pensée subjective, mais aussi sa faculté de langage et de communication. Les distinctions entre les notions de valeur, de catégorie et de concept, entre celles d'expérience sensorielle, d'appréhension émotionnelle et de cognition, celles d'états affectifs internes, de conscience primaire et de représentation externalisée de la conscience, entre ce qui a trait à la circulation, au partage de l’information et à la communication, seront au cœur de nos interrogations. Partant de l’organisation sémiotique de l’information pour l’esprit, sous un angle neurophysiologique, il s’agira de s’interroger sur la construction dynamique du sens, de la perception sensorielle à la conscience et à la communication, en insistant sur la part subjective de la pensée et du langage humain, dont procède la valeur des choses auxquelles on pense et dont on parle, avant d'en venir aux propriétés énonciatives des énoncés et des discours, par rapport aux langages d’autres animaux. Nous en conclurons que non seulement l’introspection de l’esprit humain sur lui-même et sa faculté de langage est réductrice et trompeuse, mais que le courant dominant de la linguistique et des sciences cognitives néglige une part essentielle de ce qui constitue leur objet d’étude.

The existing literature on young and elderly drivers indicates that they have the highest crash risks compared to other age groups of drivers. This study improves our understanding of the risk factors contributing to young and elderly drivers' elevated crash risk by examining self-report data from the E-Survey of Road User's Safety Attitudes (ESRA). The primary objective of this study is to compare the attitudes and behaviours of young, elderly, and middle-age drivers in Canada, the United States, and Europe. The main focus is on the practice of driving while distracted by mobile phones and driving while fatigued, as these are two dangerous behaviours that demonstrate the impact age may have. The analyses consistently showed that there are differences in the responses attributable to age. In all regions, drivers aged 18–21 years consistently reported higher rates of distracted and fatigued driving and higher rates of perceived social and personal acceptability of these behaviours than drivers aged 35–54 years. Elderly drivers aged 65+ years reported even lower rates of these behaviours and acceptability. Young drivers were also the least likely to believe that distraction and fatigue are frequent causes of road crashes, while elderly drivers were the most likely to believe this. This pattern with respect to age repeats in the support for policy measures as well; young drivers are least likely to support zero tolerance policies for mobile phone use when driving, while elderly drivers are the most likely to support this measure. Multivariate logistic regression modeling confirmed that elderly drivers were the least likely to engage in the use of mobile phones while driving or driving while fatigued. Statistically significant results showed that the middle-age group was less likely than young drivers to read a text message/email or check social media while driving and driving while fatigued.

International audience; Cet article propose un double regard, celui de l’ethnomusicologue et celui du préhistorien sur l’étude des sensorialités. Le geste, au centre de toute activité technique et musicale, constitue l’une des clés d’accès. Les perceptions sensorielles du préhistorien permettent d’avancer des hypothèses sur celles de son autre lointain. Quels que soient le lieu et l’époque considérés, on peut supposer que l’artisan éprouvera par le toucher les qualités physiques immuables des matières premières et y adaptera son geste technique. De même, à éclairage équivalent, sa perception de l’espace et de la lumière guidera ses pas dans un espace souterrain peu éclairé. L’ethnomusicologue, quant à lui, combine ethnographie des apprentissages, analyse physique du mouvement et dispositif expérimental pour comprendre les sensorialités musicales des musiciens. L’emploi des archives sonores sur le terrain implique les musiciens dans une écoute du passé permettant à l’ethnomusicologue d’interroger les musiciens sur leurs perceptions des performances passées et contemporaines.

ACAPS 2021, 19ème congrès de l'Association des Chercheurs en Activités Physiques et Sportives, Montpellier, FRANCE, 27-/10/2021 - 29/10/2021; This study is part of a project whose main objective is the design of driving assistance systems (ADAS) for elderly people (>65 years old) in order to make their movements safer when approaching an intersection. Indeed, as the figures reported by the ONISR show, crossing an intersection is an accident-prone maneuver responsible for 20% of road deaths in France. The first step of this project was to characterize the behavior of elderly people when crossing intersections in reference to that produced by young subjects.

The compilations of Bartholomew the Englishman, Thomas of Cantimpré, and Vincent of Beauvais (Speculum naturale) manifest in some manner how perception was considered during the first half of the 13th century. To properly understand perception, though, one has to first deal with the different conceptions of the soul. Two different views of the soul have often been distinguished in these encyclopaedias: one « physiological-medical » and the other « functional-philosophical ». In this paper, I offer an alternative interpretation based on a systematic analysis of the powers of the soul and the various explanations of their faculties. This leads to the conclusion that there are at least four different, yet interconnected views of the soul in the encyclopaedias. In addition, cognition itself is considered a process that encompasses several faculties. These faculties account either for an ascending path towards God or for intellectual knowledge (by means of abstraction). Les compilations de Barthélemy l'Anglais, de Thomas de Cantimpré et de Vincent de Beauvais (Speculum naturale) montrent comment la perception était considérée pendant la première moitié du XIIIe siècle. Mais pour bien comprendre cette conception de la perception, il faut d'abord s'intéresser à celle de l'âme. Deux conceptions différentes de l'âme ont souvent été distinguées dans ces encyclopédies: l'une "physiologico-médicale" et l'autre "fonctionnaliste-philosophique". Cet article propose une interprétation alternative basée sur une analyse systématique des pouvoirs de l'âme et des diverses explications de ses facultés. Cela conduit à la conclusion qu'il existe dans les encyclopédies de cette époque au moins quatre conceptions de l'âme, différentes mais interconnectées. En outre, la cognition elle-même est considérée comme un processus qui englobe plusieurs facultés. Ces facultés constituent soit un chemin ascendant vers Dieu, soit une connaissance intellectuelle (par le biais de l'abstraction).

Autonomous vehicles (AV) are expected to improve, reshape, and revolutionize the future of ground transportation. It is anticipated that ordinary vehicles will one day be replaced with smart vehicles that are able to make decisions and perform driving tasks on their own. In order to achieve this objective, self-driving vehicles are equipped with sensors that are used to sense and perceive both their surroundings and the faraway environment, using further advances in communication technologies, such as 5G. In the meantime, local perception, as with human beings, will continue to be an effective means for controlling the vehicle at short range. In the other hand, extended perception allows for anticipation of distant events and produces smarter behavior to guide the vehicle to its destination while respecting a set of criteria (safety, energy management, traffic optimization, comfort). In spite of the remarkable advancements of sensor technologies in terms of their effectiveness and applicability for AV systems in recent years, sensors can still fail because of noise, ambient conditions, or manufacturing defects, among other factors; hence, it is not advisable to rely on a single sensor for any of the autonomous driving tasks. The practical solution is to incorporate multiple competitive and complementary sensors that work synergistically to overcome their individual shortcomings. This article provides a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art methods utilized to improve the performance of AV systems in short-range or local vehicle environments. Specifically, it focuses on recent studies that use deep learning sensor fusion algorithms for perception, localization, and mapping. The article concludes by highlighting some of the current trends and possible future research directions.

Many countries around the world have chosen lockdown and restrictions on people’s mobility as the main strategies to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. These actions have significantly affected environmental noise and modified urban soundscapes, opening up an unprecedented opportunity for research in the field. In order to enable these investigations to be carried out in a more harmonized and consistent manner, this paper makes a proposal for a set of indicators that will enable to address the challenge from a number of different approaches. It proposes a minimum set of basic energetic indicators, and the taxonomy that will allow their communication and reporting. In addition, an extended set of descriptors is outlined which better enables the application of more novel approaches to the evaluation of the effect of this new soundscape on people’s subjective perception.

La littérature scientifique et les statistiques internationales montrent bien que le comportement des usagers ne respecte pas toujours les règles du code de la route. Un des objectifs de la recherche en psychologie des déplacements est de mieux comprendre les situations dans lesquelles cette non-conformité se produit et les raisons qui l'expliquent. Les recherches que nous avons menées à l'Ifsttar confirment qu'il y a un écart plus ou moins large entre la connaissance des règles et leur application, et ce dès l'enfancei. Ces études montrent également que la conformité aux règles routières varie en particulier en fonction de l'environnement autour du lieu de traverséeii. Plus particulièrement, celle-ci semble reposer sur les déductions que les piétons font sur leur visibilité symbolique, à partir d'indices prélevés dans l'environnement. Ainsi, les espaces où la présence du piéton a été « pensée » par l'aménageur pourraient aussi être ceux dans lesquels les piétons manifestent les comportements les plus téméraires.

This study aimed to perform Temporal Dominance of Sensations by modality (M-TDS) combined with a multi-intake approach to investigate texture and flavor perception in semi-solid products. Trained panelists (n = 15) evaluated fat-free strawberry yogurts enriched with functional proteins involving texture modifications. As yogurt is a semi-solid product, its in-mouth residence time is short. A multi-intake approach was therefore expected to give more reliable information about the sensory properties perceived by panelists. The two modalities of texture and flavor were analyzed separately to characterize the effect of added proteins. Trials were made according to an experimental design with two factors (protein type and concentration) and three levels each. Different statistical treatments, taking or not the temporality of attributes into account, were performed on standardized and non-standardized data. The implementation of M-TDS was essential to highlight differences of flavor perception in addition to the more evident texture modifications. The study of sensory trajectories evidenced that texture modifications, induced by the use of different whey proteins, slightly modified the perception of flavor and sweetness. The global flavor perception of the samples varied with the number of spoons, which particularly impacted the taste attributes. This study highlighted the importance of using M-TDS when studying texture and flavor in semi-solid products, and the relevance of the multi-intake approach to characterize flavor perception. This methodology enabled panelists to evidence both marked texture differences and subtler flavor modifications, and these useful data were emphasized by combining different statistical treatments.

Risk is a very common notion : we use it in our everyday life and frequently assess it without thinking. For instance, when driving a car, one constantly evaluates risk and uses this - somewhat obvious - estimation to decide upon actions to be taken. Most of the time, humans are not even fully aware of that risk assessment process, and rarely wonder about it ; this is what will be explored in this article. What is risk? Where does this notion come from ? What are current conceptions about the subjective risk assessment when behind the steering wheel ? First, we will focus on the very general notion of risk and its history. Then, some time will be spent on the notion of subjective risk assessment (i.e., risk perception). Finally, we will delve into the scientific approach of driver's subjective risk assessment, with a review of the main theories and models about assumed driver's cognitive processes when evaluating risks., Le risque est une notion très courante : nous l'utilisons dans notre vie quotidienne et son évaluation ne demande pas d'effort de réflexion. Par exemple, lorsque nous conduisons une voiture, nous évaluons constamment le risque et utilisons cette estimation immédiate pour décider des actions à entreprendre. La plupart du temps, les humains ne sont pas pleinement conscients de ce processus d'évaluation des risques et s'interrogent rarement à ce sujet ; c'est ce que nous allons explorer dans cet article. Qu'est-ce que le risque ? D'où vient cette notion ? Quelles sont les conceptions actuelles sur l'évaluation subjective des risques au volant ? Tout d'abord, nous nous concentrerons sur la notion très générale de risque et sur son histoire. Ensuite, nous nous attarderons sur la notion d'évaluation subjective du risque (c'est-à-dire la perception du risque). Enfin, nous nous pencherons sur l'approche scientifique de l'évaluation subjective du risque par le conducteur, en passant en revue les principales théories et modèles concernant les processus cognitifs supposés à l'oeuvre chez conducteur lors de l'évaluation des risques.

Purpose: Previous works have been suggested that individual sensory liking is a predictor of dietary intake and weight status, and may consequently influence development of cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs). We investigated the association between sensory liking for fat-and-salt, fat-and-sweet, sweet or salt and the onset of hypertension, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) over 6 years in adults, and the mediating effects of dietary intake and body mass index (BMI). Methods: We examined the CMDs risk among 41,332 (for CVD and diabetes) and 37,936 (for hypertension) French adults (NutriNet-Santé cohort). Liking scores, individual characteristics, diet and anthropometry were assessed at baseline using questionnaires. Health events were collected during 6 years. Associations between sensory liking and CMDs risk, and the mediating effect of diet and BMI, were assessed using Cox proportional hazards models. Results: Sensory liking for fat-and-salt was associated with an increased risk of diabetes, hypertension and CVD [hazard ratios (HR) for 1-point increment of the sensory score: HR 1.30 (95% CI 1.18, 1.43), HR 1.08 (1.04, 1.13) and HR 1.10 (1.02, 1.19), respectively]. BMI and dietary intake both explained 93%, 98% and 70%, of the overall variation of liking for fat-and-salt liking in diabetes, hypertension and CVD, respectively. Liking for fat-and-sweet and liking for salt were also associated with an increased risk of diabetes [HR 1.09 (1.01, 1.17) and HR 1.09 (1.01, 1.18), respectively], whereas liking for sweet was associated with a decreased risk [HR 0.76 (0.69, 0.84)]. Conclusions: Higher liking for fat-and-salt is significantly associated with CMDs risk, largely explained by dietary intake and BMI. Our findings may help to guide effective targeted measures in prevention., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

The SURCA project (Road user safety and automated driving) has two main objectives. The first is to identify scenarios for interactions between autonomous vehicles and other road users (non-autonomous vehicles, motorised two-whcelers, pedcstrians and cyclists. The second objective is to study how the posture of the occupants (driver and passengers) of a vehicle in autonomous mode affects injury risk. This paper focuses on a description of the project (which is still ongoing) and on its first results, mainly concerning the first objective. The first findings allow us, first of ail, to identify the most relevant accident scenarios (cspecially in terms of accidents) for the introduction of automatcd driving. We have performed a preliminary quantification of the effects of the graduai deployment of autonomous vehicles in traffic on the occurrence of persona! injury accidents. Finally, we will present some initial results on the modelling of how the posture of occupants in vchicles operating in autonomous mode affects their injury risk, and on the analysis of the nccds of eldcrly uscrs and their acceptance of automated vehiclcs.

Over the last decades, the development of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) has become a critical endeavor to attain different objectives: safety enhancement, mobility improvement, energy optimization and comfort. In order to tackle the first three objectives, a considerable amount of research focusing on autonomous driving have been carried out. Most of these works have been conducted within collaborative research programs involving car manufacturers, OEM and research laboratories around the world. Recent research and development on highly autonomous driving aim to ultimately replace the driver's actions with robotic functions. The first successful steps were dedicated to embedded assistance systems such as speed regulation (ACC), obstacle collision avoidance or mitigation (Automatic Emergency Braking), vehicle stability control (ESC), lane keeping or lane departure avoidance. Partially automated driving will require co-pilot applications (which replace the driver on his all driving tasks) involving a combination of the above methods, algorithms and architectures. Such a system is built with complex, distributed and cooperative architectures requiring strong properties such as reliability and robustness. Such properties must be maintained despite complex and degraded working conditions including adverse weather conditions, fog or dust as perceived by sensors. This paper is an overview on reliability and robustness issues related to sensors processing and perception. Indeed, prior to ensuring a high level of safety in the deployment of autonomous driving applications, it is necessary to guarantee a very high level of quality for the perception mechanisms. Therefore, we will detail these critical perception stages and provide a presentation of usable embedded sensors. Furthermore, in this study of state of the art of recent highly automated systems, some remarks and comments about limits of these systems and potential future research ways will be provided. Moreover, we will also give some advice on how to design a co-pilot application with driver modeling. Finally, we discuss a global architecture for the next generation of co-pilot applications. This architecture is based on the use of recent methods and technologies (AI, Quantify self, IoT ...) and takes into account the human factors and driver modeling.

Journée scientifique "Les études détaillées d'accidents de l'IFSTTAR: Contributions à la connaissance en sécurité routière", Marne-la-Vallée, FRANCE, 10-/10/2019 - 10/10/2019; La communication présente un travail exploratoire portant sur un ensemble de cas d'études détaillées d'accidents (EDA ) nocturnes en milieu urbain, et visant à tester l'apport d'analyses photométriques pour la compréhension des dysfonctionnements perceptivo-cognitifs intervenant dans les processus d'accidents.

During aging, the sensory capacities and the mastication efficacy decrease, limiting both qualitatively and quantitatively the food intake of the elderly. However, protein and calcium requirements increase with age. In this context, the formulation of foods adapted to the nutritional and sensory needs of the elderly is a challenge for the next years. Objective The main objective of this work was to develop a series of cheeses of variable texture made of whey proteins and enriched with different sources of calcium and test their performances on the oral comfort of elderly people, the bioavailability of amino acids and the calcium bioaccessibility. Methodology The model cheeses developed had the same composition (24% of proteins including 23% of whey proteins, and 20% of lipids) and the different textures were generated by modulating the manufacturing process. Sensory analysis were performed on a panel of people over 65, and in vitro digestion performed using the INFOGEST model whereas in vivo digestion experiments were conducted on a conventional pig model. Main findings The results of the digestion studies highlighted the relevance of integrating whey proteins as a major protein source in dairy products, in order to maximize the bioavailability of essential amino acids. In addition, the bioaccessibility of calcium was mainly related to intra-gastric and intraintestinal pH, rather than to the initial chemical form of its source of enrichment. Finally, the sensory study showed that only the textures perceived as “dry” were linked to a significant decrease in the oral comfort of the elderly. Conclusion This work highlights the opportunity to develop sensory and nutritionally adapted dairy products for the elderly. Based on this work, it would be interesting to carry out clinical studies to know the physiological impact of these products on the prevention of osteoporosis and sarcopenia.

The work carried out during this thesis led to the proposal of a methodological and software solution that helps manufacturers to better master the haptic sensory inspection of their products. This type of quality control, which uses the sense of touch in a dynamic way, poses many problems in the industry. A case study, carried out on luxury watch bracelets, illustrates the difficulty of objectively and repeatedly judging the haptic quality of products. Our review of the literature also confirms that the implementation of sensory inspection requires a great deal of expertise to acquire and capitalize. In particular, the way a haptic sensation is described and the way the product is inspected generally have a significant impact on the result of the control.In order to reduce these difficulties, three main contributions are made. First, a method is proposed to formalize the elementary haptic sensations at the origin of sensory perception. A semantic modeling process leads to the identification of a reduced number of elementary haptic sensations and their relationship to the words used in this field. An ontological representation is then constructed, on the basis of existing models, to structure in a robust way all the knowledge necessary for haptic inspection (descriptors, sensations, anomalies, stimuli, sensory receptors, effectors, exploration modes, etc.). This modeling makes it possible to provide a contextualized access to this knowledge and to enrich it over time. Finally, we propose a methodology to help the systematic implementation of the haptic inspection of products. It relies on the knowledge base to generate an inspection standard adapted to the specific problem encountered. This standard includes the formalized specifications of the haptic anomalies to be inspected and the inspection protocols to be used. The INSENSO software tool, developed within the company INEVA, integrates this inspection implementation methodology and the associated knowledge management system.The application of this methodology to the case of watch bracelets has led to the development of a haptic inspection standard. The use of this standard has significantly reduced the variability of inspection results. The solutions developed for the haptic inspection of products open many perspectives in the more general field of sensory inspection, especially regarding its instrumentation.; Les travaux réalisés au cours de cette thèse ont mené à la proposition d'une solution méthodologique et logicielle accompagnant les industriels vers une meilleure maîtrise du contrôle sensoriel haptique de leurs produits. Ce type de contrôle, qui fait appel au sens du toucher de manière dynamique, pose en effet de nombreux problèmes dans l'industrie. Un cas d'étude, réalisé sur des bracelets d'une montre de luxe, illustre la difficulté à juger de manière objective et répétable la qualité haptique des produits. Notre analyse de la littérature confirme également que la mise en place de ce contrôle requiert une grande expertise à acquérir et à capitaliser. En particulier, la manière de décrire une sensation haptique et la manière de contrôler le produit ont généralement un impact significatif sur le résultat du contrôle.Dans le but de réduire ces difficultés, trois contributions principales sont apportées. Une méthode est tout d’abord proposée pour formaliser les sensations haptiques élémentaires à l’origine de la perception sensorielle. Il s'agit d'un processus de modélisation sémantique qui mène à l'identification d'un nombre réduit de sensations haptiques élémentaires et à leur mise en relation avec les mots utilisés dans ce domaine. Une représentation ontologique est ensuite construite, sur la base de modèles existants, pour structurer de manière robuste l'ensemble des connaissances nécessaires au contrôle haptique (descripteurs, sensations, anomalies, stimuli, récepteurs sensoriels, effecteurs, modes d’exploration, etc.). Cette modélisation rend possible un accès contextualisé à ces connaissances et leur enrichissement au fil du temps. Enfin, nous proposons une méthodologie aidant à la mise en œuvre systématique d’un contrôle haptique des produits. Elle s'appuie sur les connaissances modélisées pour générer un standard de contrôle adapté à la problématique spécifique rencontrée. Ce standard inclut les spécifications formalisées des anomalies haptiques à contrôler, des protocoles ainsi qu’un référentiel de contrôle à utiliser. L’outil logiciel INSENSO, développé au sein de la société INEVA, intègre cette méthodologie de mise en œuvre du contrôle ainsi que le système de gestion des connaissances associées.L'application de cette méthodologie sur le cas des bracelets de montre a mené au développement dans l’entreprise manufacturière d'un standard de contrôle haptique. L'utilisation de ce standard a permis de réduire de manière significative la variabilité des résultats de contrôle. Les solutions développées sur le contrôle haptique ouvrent de nombreuses perspectives dans le domaine plus général du contrôle sensoriel, notamment en ce qui concerne son instrumentation.

The work carried out during this thesis led to the proposal of a methodological and software solution that helps manufacturers to better master the haptic sensory inspection of their products. This type of quality control, which uses the sense of touch in a dynamic way, poses many problems in the industry. A case study, carried out on luxury watch bracelets, illustrates the difficulty of objectively and repeatedly judging the haptic quality of products. Our review of the literature also confirms that the implementation of sensory inspection requires a great deal of expertise to acquire and capitalize. In particular, the way a haptic sensation is described and the way the product is inspected generally have a significant impact on the result of the control.In order to reduce these difficulties, three main contributions are made. First, a method is proposed to formalize the elementary haptic sensations at the origin of sensory perception. A semantic modeling process leads to the identification of a reduced number of elementary haptic sensations and their relationship to the words used in this field. An ontological representation is then constructed, on the basis of existing models, to structure in a robust way all the knowledge necessary for haptic inspection (descriptors, sensations, anomalies, stimuli, sensory receptors, effectors, exploration modes, etc.). This modeling makes it possible to provide a contextualized access to this knowledge and to enrich it over time. Finally, we propose a methodology to help the systematic implementation of the haptic inspection of products. It relies on the knowledge base to generate an inspection standard adapted to the specific problem encountered. This standard includes the formalized specifications of the haptic anomalies to be inspected and the inspection protocols to be used. The INSENSO software tool, developed within the company INEVA, integrates this inspection implementation methodology and the associated knowledge management system.The application of this methodology to the case of watch bracelets has led to the development of a haptic inspection standard. The use of this standard has significantly reduced the variability of inspection results. The solutions developed for the haptic inspection of products open many perspectives in the more general field of sensory inspection, especially regarding its instrumentation.; Les travaux réalisés au cours de cette thèse ont mené à la proposition d'une solution méthodologique et logicielle accompagnant les industriels vers une meilleure maîtrise du contrôle sensoriel haptique de leurs produits. Ce type de contrôle, qui fait appel au sens du toucher de manière dynamique, pose en effet de nombreux problèmes dans l'industrie. Un cas d'étude, réalisé sur des bracelets d'une montre de luxe, illustre la difficulté à juger de manière objective et répétable la qualité haptique des produits. Notre analyse de la littérature confirme également que la mise en place de ce contrôle requiert une grande expertise à acquérir et à capitaliser. En particulier, la manière de décrire une sensation haptique et la manière de contrôler le produit ont généralement un impact significatif sur le résultat du contrôle.Dans le but de réduire ces difficultés, trois contributions principales sont apportées. Une méthode est tout d’abord proposée pour formaliser les sensations haptiques élémentaires à l’origine de la perception sensorielle. Il s'agit d'un processus de modélisation sémantique qui mène à l'identification d'un nombre réduit de sensations haptiques élémentaires et à leur mise en relation avec les mots utilisés dans ce domaine. Une représentation ontologique est ensuite construite, sur la base de modèles existants, pour structurer de manière robuste l'ensemble des connaissances nécessaires au contrôle haptique (descripteurs, sensations, anomalies, stimuli, récepteurs sensoriels, effecteurs, modes d’exploration, etc.). Cette modélisation rend possible un accès contextualisé à ces connaissances et leur enrichissement au fil du temps. Enfin, nous proposons une méthodologie aidant à la mise en œuvre systématique d’un contrôle haptique des produits. Elle s'appuie sur les connaissances modélisées pour générer un standard de contrôle adapté à la problématique spécifique rencontrée. Ce standard inclut les spécifications formalisées des anomalies haptiques à contrôler, des protocoles ainsi qu’un référentiel de contrôle à utiliser. L’outil logiciel INSENSO, développé au sein de la société INEVA, intègre cette méthodologie de mise en œuvre du contrôle ainsi que le système de gestion des connaissances associées.L'application de cette méthodologie sur le cas des bracelets de montre a mené au développement dans l’entreprise manufacturière d'un standard de contrôle haptique. L'utilisation de ce standard a permis de réduire de manière significative la variabilité des résultats de contrôle. Les solutions développées sur le contrôle haptique ouvrent de nombreuses perspectives dans le domaine plus général du contrôle sensoriel, notamment en ce qui concerne son instrumentation.

The work carried out during this thesis led to the proposal of a methodological and software solution that helps manufacturers to better master the haptic sensory inspection of their products. This type of quality control, which uses the sense of touch in a dynamic way, poses many problems in the industry. A case study, carried out on luxury watch bracelets, illustrates the difficulty of objectively and repeatedly judging the haptic quality of products. Our review of the literature also confirms that the implementation of sensory inspection requires a great deal of expertise to acquire and capitalize. In particular, the way a haptic sensation is described and the way the product is inspected generally have a significant impact on the result of the control.In order to reduce these difficulties, three main contributions are made. First, a method is proposed to formalize the elementary haptic sensations at the origin of sensory perception. A semantic modeling process leads to the identification of a reduced number of elementary haptic sensations and their relationship to the words used in this field. An ontological representation is then constructed, on the basis of existing models, to structure in a robust way all the knowledge necessary for haptic inspection (descriptors, sensations, anomalies, stimuli, sensory receptors, effectors, exploration modes, etc.). This modeling makes it possible to provide a contextualized access to this knowledge and to enrich it over time. Finally, we propose a methodology to help the systematic implementation of the haptic inspection of products. It relies on the knowledge base to generate an inspection standard adapted to the specific problem encountered. This standard includes the formalized specifications of the haptic anomalies to be inspected and the inspection protocols to be used. The INSENSO software tool, developed within the company INEVA, integrates this inspection implementation methodology and the associated knowledge management system.The application of this methodology to the case of watch bracelets has led to the development of a haptic inspection standard. The use of this standard has significantly reduced the variability of inspection results. The solutions developed for the haptic inspection of products open many perspectives in the more general field of sensory inspection, especially regarding its instrumentation., Les travaux réalisés au cours de cette thèse ont mené à la proposition d'une solution méthodologique et logicielle accompagnant les industriels vers une meilleure maîtrise du contrôle sensoriel haptique de leurs produits. Ce type de contrôle, qui fait appel au sens du toucher de manière dynamique, pose en effet de nombreux problèmes dans l'industrie. Un cas d'étude, réalisé sur des bracelets d'une montre de luxe, illustre la difficulté à juger de manière objective et répétable la qualité haptique des produits. Notre analyse de la littérature confirme également que la mise en place de ce contrôle requiert une grande expertise à acquérir et à capitaliser. En particulier, la manière de décrire une sensation haptique et la manière de contrôler le produit ont généralement un impact significatif sur le résultat du contrôle.Dans le but de réduire ces difficultés, trois contributions principales sont apportées. Une méthode est tout d’abord proposée pour formaliser les sensations haptiques élémentaires à l’origine de la perception sensorielle. Il s'agit d'un processus de modélisation sémantique qui mène à l'identification d'un nombre réduit de sensations haptiques élémentaires et à leur mise en relation avec les mots utilisés dans ce domaine. Une représentation ontologique est ensuite construite, sur la base de modèles existants, pour structurer de manière robuste l'ensemble des connaissances nécessaires au contrôle haptique (descripteurs, sensations, anomalies, stimuli, récepteurs sensoriels, effecteurs, modes d’exploration, etc.). Cette modélisation rend possible un accès contextualisé à ces connaissances et leur enrichissement au fil du temps. Enfin, nous proposons une méthodologie aidant à la mise en œuvre systématique d’un contrôle haptique des produits. Elle s'appuie sur les connaissances modélisées pour générer un standard de contrôle adapté à la problématique spécifique rencontrée. Ce standard inclut les spécifications formalisées des anomalies haptiques à contrôler, des protocoles ainsi qu’un référentiel de contrôle à utiliser. L’outil logiciel INSENSO, développé au sein de la société INEVA, intègre cette méthodologie de mise en œuvre du contrôle ainsi que le système de gestion des connaissances associées.L'application de cette méthodologie sur le cas des bracelets de montre a mené au développement dans l’entreprise manufacturière d'un standard de contrôle haptique. L'utilisation de ce standard a permis de réduire de manière significative la variabilité des résultats de contrôle. Les solutions développées sur le contrôle haptique ouvrent de nombreuses perspectives dans le domaine plus général du contrôle sensoriel, notamment en ce qui concerne son instrumentation.

The sonic environment of the urban public space is often experienced while walking through it. Nevertheless, city dwellers are usually not actively listening to the environment when traversing the city. Therefore, sound events that are salient, i.e. stand out of the sonic environment, are the ones that trigger attention and contribute highly to the perception of the soundscape. In a previously reported audiovisual perception experiment, the pleasantness of a recorded urban sound walk was continuously evaluated by a group of participants. To detect salient events in the soundscape, a biologically-inspired computational model for auditory sensory saliency based on spectrotemporal modulations is proposed. Using the data from a sound walk, the present study validates the hypothesis that salient events detected by the model contribute to changes in soundscape rating and are therefore important when evaluating the urban soundscape. Finally, when using the data from an additional experiment without a strong visual component, the importance of auditory sensory saliency as a predictor for change in pleasantness assessment is found to be even more pronounced.

Internoise 2019, The 48th International Congress and Exhibition on Noise Control Engineering, MADRID, ESPAGNE, 16-/06/2019 - 19/06/2019; As part of the ANR CENSE project, which has started in 2016, a questionnaire was sent to 2293 households in a 1 km² study area in the city of Lorient in France. The main objective of this questionnaire was to collect information on the perception by residents of sound environments in their neighborhood (representation of the soundscape), on their street (representation of the soundscape), and in their home (noise annoyance). In the same study area, 112 sensors were positioned in order to cross the perceptual variables collected through the questionnaire with acoustic measurements. The analyses of the relationships between the perceptual variables themselves will be presented. For example, the dimensions underlying the outdoor soundscape representation will be compared to those of literature. The influence of personal data (such as noise sensitivity, societal category, etc.) will be studied for both the perceived soundscape and the noise annoyance. Finally, the relationships between perceptual data and acoustic measurements will be presented, focusing on the need of identifying the sound sources.

Pedestrian behavior is based on both cognitive processes and the construction of social knowledge and representations. The results of various studies we have conducted showed that pedestrian compliance with road rules varied according to crossing regulation, built environment, gender and age. They also addressed the role of rule perception and internalization. Finally, they showed how informal learning, through observation, of road rules can explain the construction of conventional level rules, the application of which is contextual. These different elements demonstrated how knowledge of social norms can be an issue for the autonomous vehicle.

ICA 2019 and EAA Euroregio, 23rd International Congress on Acoustics, AIX LA CHAPELLE, ALLEMAGNE, 09-/09/2019 - 13/09/2019; As part of the ANR CENSE project, which has started in 2016, a questionnaire was sent to approximatively 2000 households in a 1 km² study area in the city of Lorient in France. The main objective of this questionnaire was to collect information on the perception by residents of sound environments in their neighborhood (representation of the soundscape), on their street (representation of the soundscape), and in their home (noise annoyance). In the same study area, 123 sensors were positioned in order to cross-referenced the perceptual data collected through the questionnaire with acoustic indicators. A noise mapping of the city of Lorient was also carried out. These three methods for assessing sound environments are presented in this article and a very first cross-analysis is presented showing links between the responses to the questionnaires and the noise map

International audience; Multi-criteria reverse engineering (MRE) has arisen from the cross-fertilization of advances in mathematics and shifts in social demand. MRE, thus, marks a progressive switch (a) from empirical to formal approaches able to simultaneously factor in diverse parameters, such as environment, economics, and health; (b) from mono-criterion optimization to multi-criteria decision analysis; (c) from forward engineering, observing the results of process conditions, to reverse engineering, selecting the right process conditions for a target output. The food sector has been slow to adopt reverse engineering, but interest is surging now that the industry is looking to shift production towards personalized food. MRE has followed a heterogeneous development trajectory and found applications in different disciplines. The scope of this review spans MRE applications in the food sector covering food packaging and food consumption and focuses on demonstrating potentialities of MRE in a complex field like food. We explain how MRE enables thedevelopment of sustainable processes, looking at similar approaches used in sectors other than food. Building on this extensive review, we sketch out some guidelines on approaches to be used in future MRE applications in food, working up from the problem statement.

L'objectif de cette étude est d'observer l'effet de la familiarité du lieu sur le sentiment de sécurité chez les collégiens piétons. 342 collégiens âgés de 11 à 16 ans, issus de 3 collèges de la communauté urbaine de Lille, ont été interrogés sur leurs perceptions du niveau d'agrément, de sécurité et de facilité de cinq environnements de traversées proches de collèges (un site de traversée proche de chacun des 3 collèges impliqués dans l'étude, un site situé dans le sud de la France et un site situé dans la région de Montréal au Québec) et ont justifié leurs réponses par un texte libre. Chaque environnement était représenté au travers de 5 photographies, reproduisant une vision à 180° à partir du lieu de traversée.L'analyse quantitative montre que l'environnement québécois est jugé plus agréable, plus sûr et plus facile pour les piétons que tous les autres environnements présentés. Les collégiens tendent par ailleurs à juger leur propre environnement de marche plus facile que les environnements inconnus. L'analyse qualitative des textes libres concernant les justifications des perceptions positives des environnements présentés fait ressortir que le type d'aménagement et son état participent fortement au sentiment de sécurité. Ainsi, la qualité et la récence des marquages au sol permettent aux collégiens piétons de se sentir pris en compte et renforcent la visibilité physique réelle mais aussi sociale et symbolique des piétons.

An epileptic seizure results from the sudden occurrence of abnormally intense, rhythmic and synchronous neuronal activity, in a more or less broad region of the central nervous system. The clinical consequences are extremely varied, depending on the affected brain areas and the duration of the seizures, ranging from brief localized muscular twitches to a complete loss of consciousness, potentially associated with convulsions. Absence epilepsy is a generalised epilepsy of genetic origin, mostly affecting children of school age. During absence attacks, children experience a suspension of conscious processes in all their dimensions, including an interruption of conscious perceptions. These symptoms are correlated with bilateral spike-wave discharges (SWD) in the electroencephalograms (EEGs). The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the alteration of consciousness during absences remain the subject of an intense debate, opposing functional dysfunctions on large scale neural networks to a filtering of sensory information by epileptic oscillations. During my PhD research, I explored the alternative, but not exclusive, hypothesis of a dynamic dysfunction in sensory integration processes within primary thalamo-cortical circuits. Given that multi-scale electrophysiological investigations cannot be conducted in epileptic children, I used a genetic model prsenting a strong homology with the human pathology: the Genetic Absence Epilepsy Rat from Strasbourg (GAERS).By combining in vivo electrocorticographic (ECoG) and intracellular recordings in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1), previously identified as the site of seizure initiation, I first analysed the integrative properties and excitability of S1 pyramidal neurons, during and in between seizures, and compared them to those measured in homologous neurons from non-epileptic rats. I showed that these neurons exhibit a higher excitability during inter-ictal periods, expressed as an increased firing response to excitatory stimuli of increasing intensity, as well as an exacerbated tendency to depolarize following a hyperpolarization of large amplitude, suggesting an augmented cationic current h. During seizures, the same neurons showed specific changes in their membrane excitability, according to the spike or wave component in the corresponding ECoG. The spike component was associated with increased current-evoked firing and a decreased membrane resistance. Conversely, the wave was correlated with an increase in membrane resistance and a decrease in excitability. These dynamic changes in neuronal integrative properties suggest an instability of cortical responses during the spike-wave epileptic cycle that could "scramble" sensory signals during seizures. I tested this hypothesis by analysing the sensory responses of cortical neurons, and corresponding thalamo-cortical neurons, to stimulations applied to contralateral whiskers. Although synaptic responses induced in S1 neurons by sensory stimuli were not globally impaired during seizures, they were larger and more likely to trigger action potentials during wave compared to the spike component. This relative increase in neuronal responsiveness during the ECoG wave probably results from the previously described increase in membrane resistance, an augmented driving force of glutamatergic synaptic currents and a higher probability of action potentials discharge in the corresponding thalamic neurons during this component. My doctoral research indicates that sensory inputs processing persists in the thalamo-cortical circuits during SWDs, but that the alternation of the spike and wave components introduces a strong instability of the neuronal responses during seizures. This new pathophysiological mechanism could contribute to the inability to generate a conscious, stable and effective, perception during generalised epileptic seizures.; Une crise d’épilepsie résulte de la survenue soudaine d’une activité neuronale anormalement intense, rythmique et synchrone dans une région plus ou moins étendue du système nerveux central. Les conséquences cliniques sont extrêmement variées, selon les zones cérébrales affectées et la durée des crises, allant de brèves secousses musculaires très focalisées à une perte de conscience complète, éventuellement associée à des convulsions. Dans le cas de l’épilepsie-absence, une épilepsie généralisée d’origine génétique survenant fréquemment chez les enfants, les crises s’expriment essentiellement par une suspension des processus conscients dans toutes leurs dimensions, y compris une interruption des perceptions conscientes. Ces symptômes sont corrélés à des décharges de pointes-ondes (DPO) dans les électroencéphalogrammes (EEG) bilatéraux. Les mécanismes physiopathologiques des altérations de conscience au cours des crises d’épilepsie-absence restent l’objet de débats intenses, opposant des altérations fonctionnelles à grande échelle à un filtrage des informations exogènes par les oscillations épileptiques. Au cours de mes recherches, j’ai exploré l’hypothèse alternative, mais non exclusive, d’un dysfonctionnement dynamique dans les processus d’intégration sensorielle au sein des circuits thalamo-corticaux primaires. Des explorations électrophysiologiques fines n’étant pas réalisables chez les enfants épileptiques, j’ai utilisé un modèle génétique présentant une forte homologie avec la pathologie humaine : le Genetic Absence Epilepsy Rat from Strasbourg (GAERS). En combinant in vivo des enregistrements électrocorticographiques (ECoG) et intracellulaires dans le cortex somatosensoriel primaire (S1), précédemment identifié comme le site de déclenchement des crises, j’ai d’abord analysé les propriétés intégratives et d’excitabilité des neurones pyramidaux du cortex S1, durant et en dehors des crises, et je les ai comparées à celles des neurones homologues chez des rats non épileptiques. J’ai montré que ces neurones présentent lors des périodes inter-ictales une excitabilité accrue, s‘exprimant par une augmentation de la décharge des neurones en réponse à des stimulations excitatrices d’intensité croissante ainsi qu’une tendance exacerbée à se re-polariser suite à une hyperpolarisation de grande amplitude, suggérant un accroissement du courant cationique h. Au cours des crises, les mêmes neurones montraient des changements différentiels dans leur excitabilité membranaire selon la composante pointe ou onde dans l‘ECoG correspondant. La pointe était associée à une augmentation de décharge évoquée par un courant dépolarisant et à une diminution de résistance membranaire. Symétriquement, l’onde était corrélée avec une augmentation de résistance membranaire et une diminution d’excitabilité. Ces changements dynamiques des propriétés intégratives neuronales suggèrent une instabilité des réponses corticales lors du cycle pointe-onde pouvant « brouiller » les signaux sensoriels lors des crises. J’ai testé cette hypothèse en analysant les réponses des neurones corticaux, et des neurones thalamo-corticaux correspondants, à des stimulations appliquées sur les vibrisses controlatérales. Bien que les réponses synaptiques induites dans les neurones du cortex S1 par les stimulations sensorielles n’étaient pas globalement altérées lors des crises, elles étaient plus amples et plus efficaces pour déclencher des potentiels d’action pendant l’onde comparé à la composante pointe. Cet accroissement relatif de la réponse neuronale lors de l’onde ECoG résulte probablement de l’accroissement de résistance membranaire précédemment décrit, d’une augmentation de la force électromotrice des courants synaptiques glutamatergiques et de la forte probabilité de décharge des neurones thalamiques correspondants lors de cette composante.

The demand for low-fat high-protein yogurts has increased substantially over the past years. However,manufacturing protein rich yogurts often results in rubbery mouthfeel and firmer products. Wheyproteins are denatured during heating of milk leading to the formation of whey protein aggregates(WPA) able to interact with caseins during acidification. The rise of whey protein concentration inyogurts comes along with a tighter and denser protein network which can be detrimental for textureperception. The objective of this study is to produce targeted WPA from native Whey Protein Isolate(WPI) through a controlled process to obtain protein-rich yogurts with satisfying texture properties.In the present study, low fat set style yogurts were prepared adding three concentrations of extra WPIor targeted WPA. Either monodisperse or polydisperse WPA populations were studied. Sensorycharacteristics of these nine yogurts were assessed by free sorting by naïve panelists (n=32). Textureperception was related to rheological properties and instrumental texture measurements of yogurts.Sensory results clearly showed that the addition of WPI and WPA increased yogurt firmness. Mostinterestingly, it appeared that for the same concentration, the type of whey protein added had asignificant impact on texture perception. Yogurts enriched in WPA were described as creamy andunctuous whereas yogurts enriched in WPI were brittle and compact. The rheological results, and inparticular the flow measurement parameters confirmed this trend. Moreover, using monodispersesmall WPA instead of polydisperse WPA was a way to increase yogurts’ firmness while keepingunctuousness. Incorporating WPA in low-fat high-protein milks is a promising way to modulate textureperception of yogurts. This is interesting to develop fresh dairy products with special functionalproperties while maintaining a good sensory experience for the consumers. Further research couldfocus on high-protein yogurts with desirable texture properties for the elderly.

The acceptability of foods by consumers is mainly driven by its overall perception, including texture, taste and aroma. As food is put in the mouth, food breakdown contributes to the different sensory perceptions until swallowing and the amount of product remaining in the mouth after swallowing contributes to after-feel perception. Food texture depends on food composition and structure but also on oral physiological parameters which vary according to the individuals and impact food bolus structure. Food texture also impacts taste and aroma perception. In fact, a modification of food composition and structure does not only affect texture perception but also aroma and taste perception due to a modification of the release of taste and aroma stimuli. Moreover sensory interactions occur between texture and both taste and aroma sensory perception. The aim of this presentation is to present the effect of food texture on the global sensory perception in dairy products, taking into account food composition (fat, protein, dry matter, ions, texture replacers) and food structure on one hand and human physiological parameters (masticatory behaviour, saliva flow and composition, oral volume, respiratory flow) on the other hand. Examples will be given on semi-hard dairy product which are chewable and for which mastication and salivation play an important role and on different types of dairy emulsions for which tongue-palate compression, melting and saliva composition are more important. Another focus will be done on fat perception, a multimodal perception involving texture, taste and aroma.

Introduction The development of skills essential for avoiding crashes depends, in particular, on how drivers explain the causes of dangerous driving behaviors that resulted in a near crash. Here, we analyze causes attributed to such behaviors by car drivers in a self-report study. We explore the relationships between the dimensions of causal attribution, attribution of responsibility for the near crash, and drivers' comparative judgments. Method For approximately two months, drivers used logbooks to document the near crashes that occurred during their trips. The causes attributed in those reports to driving behaviors resulting in near crashes were then coded by two judges on the basis of several causal dimensions. Drivers also estimated their own and an average driver's skill levels, and their risk of being involved, as a driver, in a crash. Results We distinguished main types of causes of the near crashes reported. Drivers had a tendency to more often attribute external causes to their own behaviors resulting in near crashes than to those of others. The probability of attributing a controllable cause increased with overestimation of one's own skills and decreased with underestimation of one's own risk in comparison to other drivers. The probability of attributing a stable cause increased with underestimation of one's own risk. Conclusions When they explained their own behaviors resulting in near crashes, drivers mentioned different causes than when they explained those of others. Overestimation of one's own skills as compared to other drivers could be beneficial for developing crash-avoiding skills, insofar as it seems to foster attribution of controllable causes. By contrast, underestimation of one's own risk could have the opposite effect. Practical applications Vulnerability to road risks should be stressed in driver’s training and risk communication campaigns. However, self-confidence with respect to one's skills should not always be targeted as a safety problem.

Ce numéro est constitué d’articles issus du colloque « Alimentation périnatale, alimentation des séniors: spécificités, impact du microbiote », organisé le 28 mars 2018 à Paris.; Aging is frequently accompanied by a decrease in appetite and food intake, which predisposes theelderly to weight loss and increases the risk of malnutrition. Recent work has shown that less than 10%of the elderly living in nursing home meets their energy and protein needs, while 37% consume lessthan 2/3 of the recommended daily intake in protein. Considering the challenge of malnutrition in termsof quality of life and public health, it is essential to develop a food supply that meets the nutritionalneeds of seniors while satisfying their sensory preferences and their preserved abilities. The purpose ofthis review is to present a state of the art and perspectives on the development of foods tailored to (i)the sensory abilities and preferences and (ii) the oral health of the elderly.; Le vieillissement s’accompagne fréquemment d’une baisse de l’appétit et de la prise alimentaire, ce quiprédispose la personne âgée à une perte de poids et augmente le risque de dénutrition. Des travauxrécents ont montré que moins de 10% des personnes âgées en maison de retraite satisfont à leursbesoins caloriques et protéiques, tandis que 37% consomment moins de 2/3 des Apports ProtéiquesConseillés. Face à l’enjeu considérable que représente la dénutrition en matière de qualité de vie et desanté publique, il est essentiel de développer une offre alimentaire répondant aux besoins nutritionnelsdes seniors, tout en satisfaisant leurs préférences et leurs capacités préservées. L’objectif de cetterevue est de présenter un état des lieux et des perspectives concernant le développement d’alimentsadaptés (i) aux préférences sensorielles et (ii) aux capacités orales des personnes âgées.

During eating, the first food transformations occur in the mouth and constitute preliminary steps of a series of reactions leading to digestion. Food breakdown occurring in the mouth contributes to the bolus formation and to the release of the stimuli responsible for the global sensory perception. However food breakdown not only depends on food composition and structure but also on human oral physiology, which could explain the high inter-individual differences observed in sensory perception and liking. After a general introduction, the presentation will focus on examples related to dairy products. Dairy products offer a great variability in terms of composition and structure and their liking depends on different sensory descriptors covering texture, taste and aroma perception. A modification of their composition and process will modify their sensory properties. However high inter-individual variability in their overall liking is noticed. They can be related to different physiological parameters (mastication, saliva flow and composition, respiratory flow, oral volume) which lead to different food bolus structure and different dynamic release of flavour compounds. The respective impact of the physiological parameters (mastication, saliva) on flavour release and perception will be discussed as a function of food composition/structure. The global sensory perception is the result of the integration of the different sensory modalities (texture, taste and aroma perception) occurring during the time of consumption and after swallowing. As fat perception is a multimodal perception involving the texture, taste and olfactive modalities, a specific focus will then be done on fat perception and liking in food-speads as a function of food composition/structure, oral physiological parameters and bolus formation.

Le vieillissement s’accompagne fréquemment d’une baisse de l’appétit et de la prise alimentaire, ce qui prédispose la personne âgée à une perte de poids et augmente le risque de dénutrition. Des travaux récents ont montré que moins de 10% des personnes âgées en maison de retraite satisfont à leurs besoins caloriques et protéiques, tandis que 37% consomment moins de 2/3 des Apports Protéiques Conseillés. Face à l’enjeu considérable que représente la dénutrition en matière de qualité de vie et de santé publique, il est essentiel de développer une offre alimentaire répondant aux besoins nutritionnels des seniors, tout en satisfaisant leurs préférences et leurs capacités préservées. L’objectif de cette revue est de présenter un état des lieux et des perspectives concernant le développement d’aliments adaptés (i) aux préférences sensorielles et (ii) aux capacités orales des personnes âgées., Aging is frequently accompanied by a decrease in appetite and food intake, which predisposes the elderly to weight loss and increases the risk of malnutrition. Recent work has shown that less than 10% of the elderly living in nursing home meets their energy and protein needs, while 37% consume less than 2/3 of the recommended daily intake in protein. Considering the challenge of malnutrition in terms of quality of life and public health, it is essential to develop a food supply that meets the nutritional needs of seniors while satisfying their sensory preferences and their preserved abilities. The purpose of this review is to present a state of the art and perspectives on the development of foods tailored to (i) the sensory abilities and preferences and (ii) the oral health of the elderly.

International audience; Just as ethnologists who study far-off peoples attribute intentions and desires to them based on their own psychological experiences, prehistorians who study people removed in time also attribute sensory abilities to those people based on their own sensory experiences. Here, I will examine how well such an approach is. Starting with indirect indications, we will see that it is possible to propose the hypotheses that sensory perceptions of various people are part of a common human nature. However, in dealing with such matters, prehistorians largely attempt to recover what is ineffable, i.e., things that are almost imperceptible archaeologically. Nevertheless, it is not hopeless to construct a coherent system of hypotheses to which each researcher can compare their material traces—analyzed today using highly sophisticated technologies developed in auxiliary disciplines—which are open to comparisons with results from other social sciences. I would therefore like to propose some hypotheses about the sensory perceptions of Upper Palaeolithic peoples based on the current available evidence, including my own research dealing with prehistoric technological abilities, and including some references to ethnographic data.; De même que les ethnologues étudiant des populations lointaines leur prêtent des intentions et des volitions en s’appuyant sur leur propre vie psychologique, les préhistoriens prêtent des aptitudes sensorielles aux hommes de la préhistoire en s’appuyant sur leurs propres sensations. J’examinerai ici le bien-fondé d’une telle démarche. À partir d’indices indirects, nous verrons qu’il est possible d’avancer l'hypothèse que la perception sensorielle des uns et des autres participe d’une commune humanité. Le préhistorien travaille sur de l’ineffable, du quasi-imperceptible. Il n’est pourtant pas illusoire de constituer un système d’hypothèses cohérent, dès lors qu’on soumet chacune de ces traces aux contrôles que permettent aujourd’hui des disciplines auxiliaires d’une haute technicité, et qu’on s’ouvre à la comparaison avec les apports des autres sciences humaines. Se fondant sur les données accessibles aujourd’hui en préhistoire et en particulier sur ses propres recherches sur les techniques préhistoriques, sans toutefois s’interdire quelques incursions dans le domaine ethnographique, l’auteur propose ici des hypothèses sur les perceptions sensorielles des hommes du Paléolithique supérieur.

Sensory perception is specific to each individual. It results from the gene pool (which defines the sensory receptors), but varies depending on maturation and experience. In this sense, the study of babies has enabled us to test both 1) the effect of maturation by comparing the babies’ sensory perception to those of adults and 2) the effect of early stage sensory perception by comparing the sensory perception of preterm and full-term infants at a same post-conception age (i.e. term-aged infants). Our results underlined a larger sensory perception in babies than in adults, through the perception of very subtle tactile stimulations, or else the perception of ultrasounds, that cannot be perceived by grown-ups. The mechanisms of the maturation of sensory organs and of ‘’sensory recentering‘’ towards relevant simulations that can happen in the course of time have been presented. We have also shown a particularly strong reactivity of preterm babies in comparison to full-term babies. Various potential subjacent mechanisms such as a neuronal selectivity adaptation to environmental stimulations, a maintained/ delayed cerebral plasticity or else the development of a hypersensitivity have been discussed. In addition to the core of this thesis, we have taken an interest in the baby’s social “Umwelt” and have studied 1) his abilities in perception and discrimination between human body odours and 2) his ability to express his sensory perception. We have shown that babies are very responsive to their social world, capable of discrimination between different social partners’ odours. Furthermore, babies also are highly expressive when it comes to their sensory perception, especially through the use of a complex vocal repertoire (beyond cries/tears). Indeed, some types of these vocalisations could reflect his state of comfort or discomfort. The results of this thesis open numerous grounds for thought in terms of neonatal care adaptations., La perception sensorielle est propre à chaque individu. Elle découle du patrimoine génétique (qui définit les récepteurs sensoriels), mais varie en fonction de la maturation et de l’expérience d’un individu. En ce sens, l’étude du bébé nous a permis de tester à la fois 1) l’effet de la maturation, en comparant la perception des bébés avec celle des adultes et 2) l’effet de l’expérience sensorielle précoce, en comparant la perception sensorielle de bébés nés à terme ou prématurés pour un même âge donné. Nos résultats ont souligné une perception sensorielle plus étendue chez le bébé que chez l’adulte, via la perception de stimulations tactiles très fines ou encore la perception d’ultrasons, qui ne sont plus perçus à l’âge adulte. Les mécanismes de maturation des organes sensoriels et de « recentrage sensoriel » envers les stimulations pertinentes, pouvant intervenir au cours du temps, ont été présentés. Nous avons également montré une réactivité particulièrement marquée des bébés prématurés, en comparaison avec les bébés nés à terme. Différents mécanismes sous-jacents potentiels tels qu’une adaptation de la sélectivité neuronale aux stimulations environnementales, une plasticité cérébrale conservée/retardée, ou encore le développement d’une hypersensibilité ont été discutés. En sus du cœur de cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’ « Umwelt » social du bébé, en étudiant 1) ses capacités de perception et de discrimination des odeurs corporelles humaines et 2) sa capacité à s’exprimer sur sa perception sensorielle. Nous avons montré que le bébé est un être très réceptif à son monde social, capable de discriminer entre les odeurs de ses partenaires sociaux. De plus, le bébé est également très expressif sur sa perception sensorielle, notamment via l’utilisation d’un répertoire vocal complexe (au-delà des pleurs), dont certains types de vocalisations pourraient refléter son état de confort ou d’inconfort. Les résultats de cette thèse ouvrent de nombreuses pistes de réflexion en termes d’adaptations des pratiques néonatales.

International Cycling Conference 2017, Mannheim, ALLEMAGNE, 19-/09/2017 - 21/09/2017; Walking and cycling impact health in three ways: accident outcomes, polluted air inhalation, and exercise benefits. Actual impacts have been studied, but the decision to practice these modes depends on users' perception of health benefits and risks. As benefits outrun risks, for the promotion of active transportation, it is important to make users perceive the actual positive balance. This paper is a literature review on accident risks, polluted air risks, and exercise health benefits of active modes, both actual impacts and perceived impacts. The analysis details the factors affecting those actual impacts or perceived impacts. Individual factors include demographical (age, gender), socio-economical, experience, and psychological factors changing the actual risk or benefit level, and attitude (image, fear) towards risks and benefits. Environment factors include natural environment (weather, season, luminosity), and built environment (traffic volume and speed, road facilities, both mid-block and at intersections). Over 200 scientific papers were reviewed. The paper summarizes the main findings of the literature, but also point out the missing elements in existing research, and the discrepancy between risks and benefits on the one hand, and between actual impact and perceived impact on the other hand. These results will be used to design a survey to improve the knowledge of users' perception of active modes benefits and risks.

Aesthetics is fundamentally a theory of sensible experience. Its scope has expanded greatly from centering on the arts and scenic nature to the full range of appreciative experience. Expanding the range of aesthetics raises challenging questions about the experience of appreciation. Traditional accounts are inadequate to identify and illuminate the perceptual experiences that these new applications evoke. Considering the range of environmental and everyday occasions aesthetically changes aesthetics into a descriptive and not necessarily celebratory study of sensible experience, for it must now accommodate a complete range of negative as well as positive values. L’esthétique est fondamentalement une théorie de l’expérience sensible. Son champ s’est largement développé, depuis le centrage initial sur les arts et les paysages pittoresques, jusqu'à la prise en compte de l’ensemble des expériences appréciatives. Ce développement du champ de l’esthétique soulève des questions fondamentales sur l’expérience de l’appréciation. Les cadres traditionnels ne sont pas adéquats pour identifier et clarifier les expériences perceptives portées par ces nouveaux questionnements. Prendre au sérieux la dimension esthétique de notre environnement quotidien transforme l’esthétique en une approche descriptive, et plus nécessairement laudative, de l’expérience sensible, en ce qu'elle doit désormais tenir compte de toute une gamme de valeurs négatives autant que positives.

Revue; Goût et préférences du consommateur âgé. Sixième journée mondiale de la déglutition

Using a fixed-base driving simulator we compared the effects of the size and type of traffic vehicles (i.e., normal-sized or double-sized cars or motorcycles) approaching an intersection in two different tasks. In the perceptual judgment task, passively moving participants estimated when a traffic vehicle would reach the intersection for actual arrival times (ATs) of 1, 2, or 3 s. In line with earlier findings, ATs were generally underestimated, the more so the longer the actual AT. Results revealed that vehicle size affected judgments in particular for the larger actual ATs (2 and 3 s), with double-sized vehicles then being judged as arriving earlier than normal-sized vehicles. Vehicle type, on the other hand, affected judgments at the smaller actual ATs (1 and 2 s), with cars then being judged as arriving earlier than motorcycles. In the behavioral task participants actively drove the simulator to cross the intersection by passing through a gap in a train of traffic. Analyses of the speed variations observed during the active intersection-crossing task revealed that the size and type of vehicles in the traffic train did not affect driving behavior in the same way as in the AT judgment task. First, effects were considerably smaller, affecting driving behavior only marginally. Second, effects were opposite to expectations based on AT judgments: driver approach speeds were larger (rather than smaller) when confronted with double-sized vehicles as compared to their normal-sized counterparts and when confronted with cars as compared to motorcycles. Finally, the temporality of the effects was different on the two tasks: vehicle size affected driver approach speed in the final stages of approach rather than early on, while vehicle type affected driver approach speed early on rather than later. Overall, we conclude that the active control of approach to the intersection is not based on successive judgments of traffic vehicle arrival times. These results thereby question the general belief that arrival time estimates are crucial for safe interaction with traffic.

Objective: We compared the differences in the braking response to vehicle collision between an active human emergency braking [control condition] and cruise control [CC] or adaptive cruise control [ACC].Methods: In 11male subjects, age 22 to 67 years, we measured the active emergency braking response during manual driving using the accelerator pedal [control condition] or in condition mimicking CC or ACC. In both conditions, we measured the brake reaction time [BRT], delay to produce the peak braking force [PBD],total emergency braking response [BRT + PBD], and peak braking force [PBF]. Electromyograms of leg and thigh muscles were recorded during braking. The tonic vibratory response [TVR], Hoffman reflex [HR], and M-waves were recorded in leg muscles to explore the change in sensorimotor control. Results: No difference in PBF, TVR amplitude, HR latency, and Hmax/Mmax ratio were found between the control and CC/ACC conditions. On the other hand, BRT and PBD were significantly lengthened in the CC/ACC condition [240 ± 13 ms and 704 ± 70 ms, respectively] compared to control [183 ± 7 ms and 568 ± 36 ms, respectively]. BRT increased with the age of participants and the driving experience shortened PBD and increased PBF. Conclusions: In male subjects, driving in a CC/ACC condition significantly delays the active emergency braking response to vehicle collision. This could result from higher amplitude of leg motion in the CC/ACC condition and/or by the age-related changes in motor control. Car and truck drivers must take account of the significant increase in the braking distance in a CC/ACC condition.

Rapport de convention 15/349 pour le Ministère de l'Ecologie, du Développement durable et de l'Energie (MEDDE), direction générale des infrastructures, des transports et de la mer (DGITM); Notre présente étude, intégrée au 3e plan national santé-environnement (PNSE 3) vise à mobiliser l'ensemble des connaissances sur la question de la perception des avantages et des risques liés à la pratique des modes actifs. Cette analyse doit permettre, comme le suggère le titre de l'action 2.5, de 'faire le lien entre le bilan bénéfices/risques perçu par les usagers et l'attractivité des mobilités actives'. Pour cela nous avons mobilisé les travaux, présents dans la littérature internationale, relatifs aux risques et aux avantages, réels comme perçus. Cela doit nous permettre de faire le bilan des acquis sur ces questions pour combler les manques. De cette revue de littérature doit naître un questionnaire, joint en annexe, qui tentera d'aborder les champs d'études à explorer.