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Este artículo examina la preconcepción epicúrea y diversos problemas relacionados con su adquisición y función, tanto en el ámbito teórico como en el práctico. Los autores ponen de relieve que en el modelo contractual epicúreo la justicia constituye una modalidad de lo útil y la preconcepción de lo justo opera como un canon para validar las leyes en las comunidades políticas. Examinan asimismo el vínculo entre el lenguaje y la justicia en el epicureísmo, centrándose primero en el papel del lenguaje en la genealogía epicúrea de la justicia y, luego, en las conexiones entre el aprendizaje del lenguaje y la prolepsis de lo justo en las comunidades políticas constituidas. Subrayan, para concluir, que el aprendizaje del lenguaje es un ingrediente relevante de la experiencia para comprender la génesis empírica de la preconcepción epicúrea

Proleptic (or prothetic) objects (Majaliwa remembered about Samson that he's sick) present a particular puzzle because they appear to instantiate an unconstrained cross-clausal dependency between the proleptic object (Samson) and a correlate (he). The current analytical approach to prolepsis is relies on a syntactic mechanism of treating the embedded clause as a predicate, derived by merging a null operator which unselectively binds the correlate. This approach faces a number of known empirical challenges. Moreover, this work does not meaningfully engage with any of the recent semantic innovations in our understanding of embedded clauses (Kratzer 2006. Decomposing attitude verbs. Available at: http://semanticsarchive.net/Archive/DcwY2JkM/attitude-verbs2006.pdf). I offer an alternative to the CP-predicate approach, adopting three (semi-)independently motivated ideas concerning (i) the syntax of cross-clausal dependencies in Lohninger et al. (2022. From prolepsis to hyperraising. Philosophies 7(32)), (ii) the semantics of embedded clauses in Kratzer (2006. Decomposing attitude verbs. Available at: http://semanticsarchive.net/Archive/DcwY2JkM/attitude-verbs2006.pdf)/Moulton (2009. Not moving clauses: Connectivity in clausal arguments. Syntax 16(3). 250–291), and (iii) the semantics of about in Rawlins (2013. About about. Proceedings of SALT 23. 336–357)/Onea and Mardale (2020. From topic to object, grammaticalization differential object marking in Romanian. Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue Canadienne de Linguistique 65(3). 350–392). I argue that proleptic objects are complex-NPs, roughly, the thing about Samson. The somewhat particular properties of prolepsis are natural consequences of these combined ideas. I further present empirical evidence from Japanese that the complex-NP analysis is on the right track. This analysis deepens our understanding of prolepsis by including both semantic and syntactic factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many languages, a subject/non-subject Ā-extraction asymmetry can be observed: While non-subject extraction is unproblematic, long extraction of the subject requires repair strategies. This phenomenon is known as the that-trace effect. Two broad types of approaches to this effect have been proposed in the literature: (a) structural accounts that prohibit subject extraction in the syntax; (b) surface-oriented PF accounts according to which nothing blocks long subject movement in the syntax, but a surface filter prohibits the output string where a trace follows the complementizer. In this paper, we argue for a syntactic cause of the effect in Igbo (Benue-Congo, Nigeria). The empirical evidence centers around the distribution of resumptive pronouns in the language. We show that Igbo has all the ingredients required for a PF approach to the that-trace effect (viz., long Ā-movement and trace spell-out); nevertheless, it does not apply them to enable long subject extraction but rather resorts to prolepsis (among other strategies). Further evidence against a PF account comes from the impossibility of short subject extraction. Finally, we provide evidence from subextraction from subjects for an antilocality component underlying the subject extraction restriction in Igbo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhetorical figures of speech provide important analytical frames to chart how arguments operate within genres and within genre ecologies. Varieties of the figure prolepsis allow for the rendering of future time or fact in the present, which can be a powerful rhetorical inducement toward social and political action. In this article, we examine how anticipatory arguments drawn from complex data shape a key genre for public and policy-facing work on the climate crisis—the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's Synthesis Report's (SYR) Statement for Policy Makers (SPM). We examine how the rhetorical figure of prolepsis operates within this genre to understand the anticipatory arguments and logics emerging from the synthesis of scientific findings and their reporting. Pairing figural studies and Rhetorical Genre Studies, we further offer an approach to investigate how these patterned operations of language might intersect in their rhetorical workings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many languages, a subject/non-subject Ā-extraction asymmetry can be observed: While non-subject extraction is unproblematic, long extraction of the subject requires repair strategies. This phenomenon is known as the that-trace effect. Two broad types of approaches to this effect have been proposed in the literature: (a) structural accounts that prohibit subject extraction in the syntax; (b) surface-oriented PF accounts according to which nothing blocks long subject movement in the syntax, but a surface filter prohibits the output string where a trace follows the complementizer. In this paper, we argue for a syntactic cause of the effect in Igbo (Benue-Congo, Nigeria). The empirical evidence centers around the distribution of resumptive pronouns in the language. We show that Igbo has all the ingredients required for a PF approach to the that-trace effect (viz., long Ā-movement and trace spell-out); nevertheless, it does not apply them to enable long subject extraction but rather resorts to prolepsis (among other strategies). Further evidence against a PF account comes from the impossibility of short subject extraction. Finally, we provide evidence from subextraction from subjects for an antilocality component underlying the subject extraction restriction in Igbo.

This paper explores Fadwā Ṭūqān's and Maḥmūd Darwīsh's poetry written in the wake of the 1967 June War, the Israeli siege of Beirut in 1982, and the Second Intifāḍah (uprising) in 2002. Specifically, the article investigates how the poets mobilize the Arabic elegiac (rithāʾ) genre, as well as pre-Islamic and early Islamic poetic traditions, in order to contemplate the future and foster a mode of proleptic mourning. This paper asserts that these two Palestinian poets utilize the longstanding elegiac form in Arabic literary heritage to not only summon and lament past events and atrocities, but to conjecture about the insecurity that they anticipate in the years to come. The poems render both hopeful and pessimistic sentiments and premonitions, demonstrating how the ongoing Israeli occupation and the Palestinians' resultant losses over time have precipitated increasingly sobering and distressing speculations about the perpetuation of Palestinians' grief in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Rhetor. Journal of the Canadian Society for the Study of Rhetoric is the property of Canadian Society for the Study of Rhetoric and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Res Rhetorica is the property of Polish Rhetoric Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article "Corporeality, prolepsis, and dignity. A non-speciesist study of human dignity and animal value" addresses the distinction between the human body and the animal body as an interpretative key to what differentiates human beings from other species. The accusation of speciesism is mentioned, which proposes differential treatment towards human beings compared to other animal species, and arguments are made against this stance. It is argued that the human person possesses a particular dignity, not based on species, but on their capacity to respond with characteristics that demonstrate a moral status. The article seeks to respond to accusations of speciesism and demonstrate why the human person deserves a different moral treatment than other living beings. [Extracted from the article]

En español, los verbos que seleccionan un sintagma complementante admiten un argumento preposicional adicional que se interpreta en el marco de la oración subordinada: Yo pienso [SP de Pabloi ] [SC que proi es buena persona]. En este artículo defendemos que esto es un caso de prolepsis, una construcción que ha sido descrita también para otras lenguas como el alemán y el puyuma, entre otras, y que ha sido escasamente abordada en español. Nos proponemos revisar varias propiedades de la prolepsis en distintas lenguas, compararlas con las que posee en español y distinguir esta construcción de otras superficialmente similares como las pseudorrelativas y las causativas dativas con cláusulas finitas. En la prolepsis en español, sostenemos, el sintagma preposicional actúa como un tópico vinculante de la oración subordinada. Este análisis presenta ventajas por sobre un análisis basado en predicación, como el propuesto por Salzmann (2017) para el alemán.

Perennial para‐ and endo‐dormancy are seasonally separate phenomena. Whereas para‐dormancy is the suppression of axillary buds (AXBs) by a growing shoot, endo‐dormancy is the short‐day elicited arrest of terminal and AXBs. In hybrid aspen (Populus tremula x P. tremuloides) compromising the apex releases para‐dormancy, whereas endo‐dormancy requires chilling. ABA and GA are implicated in both phenomena. To untangle their roles, we blocked ABA biosynthesis with fluridone (FD), which significantly reduced ABA levels, downregulated GA‐deactivation genes, upregulated the major GA3ox‐biosynthetic genes, and initiated branching. Comprehensive GA‐metabolite analyses suggested that FD treatment shifted GA production to the non‐13‐hydroxylation pathway, enhancing GA4 function. Applied ABA counteracted FD effects on GA metabolism and downregulated several GA3/4‐inducible α‐ and γ‐clade 1,3‐β‐glucanases that hydrolyze callose at plasmodesmata (PD), thereby enhancing PD‐callose accumulation. Remarkably, ABA‐deficient plants repressed GA4 biosynthesis and established endo‐dormancy like controls but showed increased stress sensitivity. Repression of GA4 biosynthesis involved short‐day induced DNA methylation events within the GA3ox2 promoter. In conclusion, the results cast new light on the roles of ABA and GA in dormancy cycling. In para‐dormancy, PD‐callose turnover is antagonized by ABA, whereas in short‐day conditions, lack of GA4 biosynthesis promotes callose deposition that is structurally persistent throughout endo‐dormancy. Summary statement: This study untangles the so far undetermined nature of para‐ and endo‐dormancy. Using the model tree hybrid aspen, we show that para‐dormancy is caused by ABA antagonizing GA4, whereas endo‐dormancy is due to repression of GA4 biosynthesis, likely by short‐day induced methylation of the GA3ox2 promoter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although writing is often used for personal reflection in teacher education, it is less commonly leveraged to imagine educational futures (Gilligan, 2020)—particularly those centered on collective liberation. Amid intersecting social crises, however, imagining futures is critically important (Ladson-Billings, 2021), and writing is a crucial step toward bringing them into the present. In this participatory case study (Reilly, 2010), we explored the future-oriented writing practices of five early childhood teachers in an inquiry group. Drawing on critical literacy (Vasquez et al., 2019) and prolepsis (Cole, 1993), we describe how collaborative, creative, and pedagogical writing supported them in envisioning, enacting, and leading liberatory literacy pedagogies within and beyond their schools. Findings contribute to literature in teacher education, early childhood education, and literacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The political mobilisation of nostalgia is increasingly preoccupying social and political psychologists. A key concern is with rising populism and the use of an imagined golden past to foster threat through anti-EU and anti-immigrant sentiment. This article introduces two key concepts, anemoia – imagining a past not experienced – and prolepsis – how the past influences actions in the present aligned to future goals – to argue that actual recall of past biographical events potentially counters the influence of nostalgic rhetoric designed to influence political decision-making. The focus of this article is a single Scottish case study, Rachel, a member of the Silent Generation of citizens aged over 75 years, who have a living memory of World War II and its aftermath. A dialogical analysis was carried out identifying key I -positions and chronotopic analysis of the dialogical self, relating to experienced extreme childhood poverty and deprivation, anti-Semitism and limited mobility. This demonstrated how living through a historic event and its repercussions, rather than imagining a past not experienced, mitigates against nostalgia. This raises the question of how much mobilisation of the events of a glorious past and anxieties about the future rely upon the unexamined silence of those who recall those same events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers an alternative approach to the essential matter of the factors involved in the process of waiting, especially in critical contexts such as civil emergencies. Some categories for the analysis of waiting are developed here, taking an alternative theoretical perspective, where waiting processes are conceived of as operational and institutionalised in nature, rather than mere temporal phenomena. Importantly, this paper contributes to research in the field of anthropology studying processes of waiting, as it presents a unique perspective of analysis. This perspective shifts the focus of these processes from temporalities to institutions and highlights the essential importance of operations in their analysis. In order to exemplify the proposed perspective, empirical waiting processes in crisis will be analysed. These examples of critical waiting have been selected with consideration to their historical, political or social impact. The demand for operational behaviour among the people waiting has also been considered in these examples. These processes will be analysed using categories established from an institutional and operational approach based on the materialistic philosophical approach of the Spanish philosopher Gustavo Bueno Martinez, sometimes called Discontinuous Materialism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to examine how Chateaubriand's translation of Milton's Paradise Lost influenced his monumental portrayal of the memorialist in Memoirs from Beyond the Grave. The writer is aware that his work marks the culmination of his literary creation: hence the reference to Milton drawing on the beauty and universalism of the Bible. In this context, the works of both writers show convergence in terms of thematic and stylistic threads. The most important common features are a preference for contrasts and the belief that man must come to terms with the decrees of providence. Chateaubriand emphasizes these elements even more strongly, referring to irony of fate and prolepsis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to investigate the equivalent of Epicurus' πρόληψις, the second criterion of the Epicurean Canonic (DL X 31 = fr. 35 Usener), in Lucretius' De rerum natura (DRN). Taking stock of the several occurrences of the Latin terms notitia and notities in the six books of the poem, I show that Lucretius' view about preconception remains faithful to Epicurus' πρόληψις, and that the poet does not endorse a less empiricist position than his Master because of some influence of the Stoic ἔννοια. To this end, I will also briefly address an important case in which πρόληψις, albeit not clearly mentioned, plays an essential role, namely the prolepsis of the deity (DRN V 1169–1182). Finally, I explain how Lucretius can be of some help in grasping the controversial relationship between the criterion of πρόληψις and that of ἐπιβολὴ τῆς διανοίας (animi inectus/iactus), showing in which way the poet seems to consider the latter as a criterion of truth in its own right. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at explicating structural prolepsis, and how temporality of reading and living are related, the study was conducted on Tell Me Your Dreams (1998) and its respective Amharic translation (Hilimishn Achawichgn-ህልምሽን አጫውችኝ, 2009).The English novel is anticipation of retrospection. The structural prolepsis propels the story without excursion. But the Amharic translation is not; there is no structural prolepsis. The present is constructed retrospectively and reveals that the best of times is yet to come in the English novel; the future has a retrospective significance of meaning to the present. There is a hermeneutic circle between the presentification of reading the English novel and the depresentification of real life present. The present of the English novel and the lived present of real life are experienced in preterite form in relation to a future to come. The future of real life and the English narrative are the same for both are unknown and imagined. The A and B philosophy of time solidified the literariness of the English narrative, but temporal becoming is emphasized in the Amharic translation. The past has just been, and so is not; the future is to be, and so is not yet. Thus, its literariness can’t be sensed.

Based on a number of provisions of aesthetics and film semiotics, the article interprets the structural features of the attractions of screen civilization and analyzes their varieties in the context of serial art products that reveal their structural and receptive specifics. The attraction has its deep reflection in the mental structure. The attraction appears as an external manifestation of the phantasm. The attraction, like phantasm, resonates on the basis of the difference of several episodes with which it is connected by the relation of causality. Art “produces the phantasm theatrically” (according to G. Deleuze), bringing the quasi-event from the depths of the psychic to the surface, into the symbolic space of artistic fiction. Phantasm is an internal resonance of the two series, while an attraction appears as an external manifestation and effect of the difference between the causal series (visual/narrative; rational/emotional; singular/universal, fictional/real, presence/absence). Based on the disjunctive synthesis of these series, an attraction occurs in films and comic books on foot of the ultimate (limiting the space for fiction) and the transcendent, going beyond the screen limitations, canceling the conventional barriers for fiction. A locomotive rushing into the auditorium from the cinema screen is an example of an attraction that is considered in the screen civilization as an attractive and sensational element of an artistic program. Such a cinema attraction is addressed almost exclusively to the eye, and for its success the resonance is important, which is provided by the predominance of the visual over the narrative. The juxtaposition, going back to André Gaudreault’s semiotics, between a cinematic attraction (in which the visual component is almost unchallenged) and that of films (filmique), in which the narrative might have a chance for revenge, reveals an interesting response in the culture of the modern series. A film attraction appears as a result of the constructive interaction of visual perceptions and creative interpretations of the plot, shaped by the recipients themselves. It is assumed that a cliffhanger, which is often used in the series, can be such an attraction. In the modern storytelling, the art of creating and maintaining intrigue is endowed with fundamental importance. The attraction of the series is aimed at the continuation, at the teaser of the next episode, which should look as attractive as possible and seem to be an artistic product absolutely mandatory for consumption. The techniques and practices developed for these purposes become systematically updated in the media space, which nowadays is literally “infected with cliffhangers”. Основываясь на ряде положений эстетики и киносемиотики, статья предлагает интерпретацию структурных особенностей аттракционов экранной цивилизации и анализ их разновидностей в контексте сериальной художественной продукции, обнаруживающей свою структурную и рецептивную специфику. Аттракцион имеет свое глубинное отражение в психической структуре и предстает в виде внешнего проявления фантазма. Аттракцион, как и фантазм, резонирует на основе различия нескольких серий, с которыми он связан отношением каузальности. Искусство осуществляет «театрально-сценическое производство фантазма» (по Ж. Делезу), выводя квазисобытие из глубин психического на поверхность, в знаковое пространство художественного вымысла. Фантазм — внутренний резонанс двух серий, аттракцион же предстает в качестве внешнего проявления и эффекта различия каузальных серий (визуальное/нарративное; рациональное/эмоциональное; сингулярное/универсальное, вымышленное/реальное, присутствие/отсутствие). На основе дизъюнктивного синтеза указанных серий аттракцион в кино и комиксах возникает из предельного (ограничивающего пространство для фикции) и запредельного, выходящего за экранные ограничения, отменяющего условные преграды для художественного вымысла. Локомотив, устремляющийся в зрительный зал с киноэкрана, является примером аттракциона, который в экранной цивилизации рассматривается в качестве притягательного и сенсационного элемента художественной программы. Такой киноаттракцион обращен почти исключительно к глазу и для его успешности важен резонанс, который обеспечен преобладанием визуального над нарративом. Восходящее к киносемиотике Андре Годро противопоставление кинематографического аттракциона (в котором практически безраздельно царит визуальное) фильмовому (filmique), в котором нарратив мог бы иметь шансы на реванш, обнаруживает небезынтересный ответ в культуре современных сериалов. Фильмовый аттракцион предстает в качестве результата конструктивного взаимодействия визуальных восприятий и творческих интерпретаций сюжета, которые выстраивает сам реципиент. Представляется, что таким аттракционом может быть используемый в сериалах клиффхэнгер. Искусство создания и поддержания интриги наделяется в современном пространстве повествования принципиальной важностью. Аттракцион сериала нацелен на продолжение, на анонсируемый последующий фрагмент произведения, который должен казаться реципиенту максимально привлекательным и художественной продукцией совершенно обязательной для потребления. Разработанные для указанных целей приемы и техники становятся систематически актуализируемыми в медийном пространстве, буквально «зараженном клиффхэнгером».

Myths of origin in archaic culture – including the Hebrew Scriptures – locate reality at the point of origin. The Greek term, αρχη, means both origin and governance. How something originates governs its definition; it was assumed by our ancestors. Hence the term archonic. Until we get to Christian eschatology and the promise of the new creation. In the New Testament, we find that God’s eschatological consummation will retroactively define what has always been. God’s redemption will epigenetically redefine what occurred at our genesis. Who you and I really are as creatures will be determined by our completion in the Kingdom of God. The new creation, Omega, determines what was true at the point of origin, that is, at Alpha. Contribution: This article develops a theology of nature that incorporates natural science and augments the journal series in this subject area. Furthermore, this article develops a retroactive ontology based on the New Testament promise of an eschatological new creation.

Case, agreement, and A-movement dependencies across finite clause boundaries, such as Hyperraising (to subject or object) or Long-Distance Case or Agreement [LDA], are available in many typologically diverse languages. The research on such dependencies typically distinguishes between cross-linguistically restricted true A-dependencies across finite clauses, and generally available binding-like A ′ -dependencies as found in Prolepsis. In this paper, we investigate both types of configurations in parallel and refer to this as the A -domain. Since the diagnostics to distinguish A -configurations vary across languages and often cannot be compared directly, we define four characteristic properties: (A) whether the construction is restricted by matrix predicate selection, (B) whether movement in the embedded clause is involved, (C) whether the dependency shows locality restrictions (in particular, A-Minimality), and (D) whether there are semantic restrictions on the relevant DP. By combining different values of the characteristic properties, we show, differently from previous approaches, that the A -domain does not simply consist of two types of configurations, but that the empirical landscape represents a continuum of five A -constructions. We suggest a theoretical implementation of our empirical findings, which is built on a predicational relator phrase above the embedded CP and propose that, in some of the constructions, these two projections fuse into one. We employ a minimalist probing approach which relies on differences in the base-generated position of the relevant DP (matrix clause, high in the embedded clause, argument position in the embedded clause), differences in the feature composition of the embedded C (a plain A ′ -head, or a bundled predicational C head involving composite A/A ′ probes), a composite probe hierarchy yielding three types of feature-dependencies of composite probes, and, resulting from that, different probing mechanisms (conjunctive satisfaction, dependent satisfaction, and independent satisfaction). Lastly, this paper also contributes methodological tools for disentangling constructions of the A -domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

THe article discusses the treatment prolepsis in the "Terminator" films and the spinoff television series "Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles." Topics covered include the appearance of narratological prolepsis, which treats future events as if they have already occurred, within the Terminator storyline, the dependence of the overall storyline on the manipulation of temporal tropes, and how the film "Terminator: Dark Fate" presented time structure while preserving proleptic elements.

Existen otros criterios de verificabilidad científica, inscritos en la cultura de distintas naciones indígenas. Tomamos como caso de estudio el “observatorio astronómico muisca”, Colombia, y otras investigaciones etnológicas recientes sobre las principales cosmologías del mundo. Sostenemos que las ciencias ambientales fundadas en aquellos criterios pueden mejorar su capacidad de agencia institucional, pues permiten constituir ciencias transescalares en coordinación con objetivos descoloniales del saber. Otros criterios de verificabilidad y sus diálogos con el pensamiento descolonial son realmente posibles en el marco de una filosofía materialista de enfoque vitalista. A la luz de lo anterior, se argumenta que las prolepsis y las operatividades de las proposiciones científicas (institucionalizadas) son criterios seguros de evaluación de la “validez” (a escalas subglobales) y de la “verdad” del mundo (a escala global), especialmente cuando se trata de explicar/intervenir sus problemas ambientales.

One of the most significant results in syntax has been a deep empirical and, to some degree, theoretical understanding of the argument/adjunct distinction, which underlies a range of superficially disparate phenomena. Therefore, any phenomenon that seems to challenge the argument/adjunct distinction merits careful examination. This paper investigates just such a phenomenon: proleptic PPs. Previous claims about the argument/adjunct status of proleptic PPs are contradictory and mostly unsubstantiated. The paper subjects proleptic PPs to argument/adjunct diagnostics and shows that they unambiguously pattern as arguments: they cannot iterate, survive do so–replacement, or be stranded under vP-pseudoclefting; reconstruct for Condition C under vP-preposing; and are L-selected. They also pattern as arguments on a novel argument/adjunct diagnostic developed here, selectional switch: if adding XP to a structure changes the selectional interactions between a head Y and some ZP ≠ XP, then XP is an argument. Finally, the paper considers counterarguments to the view it defends, showing that they are unsuccessful or irrelevant. Thus, even XPs whose argument/adjunct status initially seems murky can turn out on closer scrutiny to pattern unambiguously as one or the other, supporting the traditional but not uncontested view that the argument/adjunct distinction runs deep, and suggesting that it may be categorical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Humanities & Social Sciences (2522-3380) is the property of Arab Journal of Sciences & Research Publishing (AJSRP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A formal semantic analysis of the tough-construction is provided building on the well-known observation that events play a central role. A close look at the semantic characteristics of the class of tough-predicates and the syntactic and semantic properties of nonfinite clauses reveals the link between these pieces, expanding on recent advances in the semantics of clauses (Moulton in Natural selection and the syntax of clausal complementation, PhD thesis, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, 2009). Building on Salzmann (Reconstruction and resumption in indirect A′-dependencies: On the syntax of prolepsis and relativization in (Swiss) German and beyond, de Gruyter, Berlin 2017b), a formal semantic and syntactic analysis of prolepsis is provided to explain the antecedent gap chain in the tough-construction. In total, this paper offers a description and explanation of (i) the class of tough-predicates; (ii) the properties of the nonfinite clause that appears in the tough-construction; (iii) why no other predicates or clauses are permitted in the construction; (iv) the many properties of the antecedent gap chain in the tough-construction, primarily the fact that the chain is "weakly" unbounded; and (v) the semantic contribution of prolepsis as it applies in the tough-construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although proleptic abstraction is a distinctive characteristic of literary art (and of rhetorical art in particular), it also had profound effects on the history of the figurative arts. This is especially relevant with regard to the classical and medieval ages when it rises to the rank of a consolidated representative technique. The term prolepsis (from the Greek prólepsis, derived from prolambánõ: “I take first”), signifies a specific instrument of descriptive manipulation which, by subverting the actual space-time distances, permits the anticipation of what in reality, according to an orthodox logical/syntactical scheme, should follow or which, in any case, could not be reasonably perceived because it is otherwise located. It is no coincidence that the artists of the past seem to have employed prolepsis on the occasions when they intended to subordinate the naturalistic exigencies to the content and/or didactic objectives. That is, whenever they sought a more dynamic and open expressive means, having perceived the limits that are implicit in a two-dimensional representation. Proleptic representations summarise both qualities, because they are in fact true and proper “ante litteram” hyper-drawings which, not by chance, have been recovered and reinvented by contemporary architects most suited to communicative experimentation.

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This essay reads Ben Lerner's second novel, 10:04, alongside contemporary accounts of narrative time and digital memory technologies, and argues that this narrative reflects on a shift in temporality, whereby present experience is increasingly relegated to future recollection. Bernard Stiegler provides a useful analysis of this situation, as his philosophical account of technics foregrounds memory's reliance on technology, whereby the present is increasingly archived as a future memory. Stiegler also insists that every tool carries within itself a capacity for re-invention and projection into different futures, and this essay reads narrative form in this sense of an inventive technics capable of projecting us not into actual futures, but into a sense of future possibility. Lerner's narrator may be read as seeking to open up the future by revisiting possibilities which his past self once imagined, and also by imagining future moments of retrospect from which he will one day have recounted his experience. It is in the mode of the anticipation of retrospection that a sense of the future is kept open in this novel, despite the temporally foreclosed structure of an already written narrative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Planting and payoff is a pervasive narrative device, but researchers have only begun to address the basis of its aesthetic appeal. The device excites a variety of cognitive effects that help explain its power as a storytelling technique. Empirical research in cognitive psychology—including studies of expectation, music, insight, humor, expertise, aesthetics, and other areas—help us understand the cognitive mechanics of the planting-and-payoff device and the pleasures that attend it. Psychology research also helps us address some perplexing questions in narratology, such as why people feel suspense when they already know a story's outcome. Recruiting the human tendency to prepare mentally for future events, storytellers enlist planting and payoff to choreograph expectations and enhance an artwork's aesthetic value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay seeks to make a contribution to Catholic practical theological methodology through a discussion of "anticipation" as developed in the theology of Wolfhart Pannenberg. Its main thesis is that an understanding of the proleptic and anticipatory character of revelation and tradition can help articulate the role of tradition in the normative task of a Catholic practical theology. The first section of the paper looks at the normative task of practical theology and how this is reflected in the Whiteheads' Method of Ministry. Then it seeks to explain the notion of "anticipation" and its implications for a theology of tradition. Finally it draws out the implications of incorporating this concept into practical theological method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I reflect on the experiences of Life- and Natural Sciences teachers in the Northern Cape who engaged in classroom action research (CAR). The context was a short-learning programme (SLP) facilitated by the North-West University on epistemological border-crossing between indigenous knowledge and the school science curriculum. After the SLP teachers had to submit evidence- based portfolios; and the CAR was part of this portfolio. The activity that was the focus of the teachers’ action research (reported on in the portfolios) was learners’ engagement in project-based learning such as, among others, ethnobotanical surveys. During the SLP in June 2017, teachers were shown how learners could engage in ethnobotanical surveys. In the portfolios, teachers had to reflect on their own and learners’ experiences of engaging in such ethnobotanical surveys. These portfolios were analysed, and several emerging themes were identified from the data. Individual interviews were also conducted with a sample of teachers. Three of these themes are presented in this paper. The findings indicate that project-based learning holds affordances such as the realization of affective outcomes in science education. It also assists science teachers to become more critical and reflective, and enhances self- directed learning. One of the recommendations in this paper is that CAR should be promoted in both pre-service and in-service teacher education programmes.

Poetic Structure of Silius Italicus' Punica (Books I-V) As concerns their poetic structure, the first five books of Silius’ Punica are very differentiated and complicated. However, all the events of the represented world concentrate around Hannibal and his improba virtus. Historical and mythological ekphrases are connected with Hannibal’s deeds. Aetiological stories seem to be invented by Silius himself. The panegyrical elements refer mainly to Domitian. Prolepses especially deserve to be noticed. Silius is influenced by learned Hellenistic poets, as well as Roman authors, mainly Ennius, Vergil, Lucan, Valerius Flaccus. In fact the author of the Punica can be described as poeta doctus.

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The rhetorical question and the prolepsis are part of the "toolkit" of any speaker, both of which have a pronounced agonistic character. The speaker uses a rhetorical question in order to make his opponent mentally recognize the obviousness of the implicit answer and accept its validity; at the same time, through prolepsis he anticipates a possible counterargument and offers an answer. These rhetorical devices help the speaker to control the communication flow both upstream and downstream. This concern, however, may produce interesting interference, such as that in which a rhetorical question merges with a prolepsis, giving rise to a hybrid figure, which may create problems of encoding and decoding illocutionary force, with direct effects on the argumentative configuration of the discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In her seminal work, Authoritarian Fictions: Ideological Novels as a Literary Genre, Susan Rubin Suleiman emphasizes the co-optational dimension of romans a' the'se, which seem addressed to readers who are already converted to the ideological perspective of these works. Political novels therefore tend to divide readers into two categories: proponents on the one hand, denigrators on the other. Based on a close reading of Runaway Horses (1969), Mishima Yukio's most overtly ideological fictional work, this article is meant to enrich Suleiman's model by showing that the most elaborate authoritarian fictional works use specific rhetorical tactics to soften or compensate for the excess of their message and to appeal to nonsympathizers. Focusing on chapters 9 and 10 of Runaway Horses, where the novel shifts from a classical and realist tone (chapters 1 to 8) to an ideological and authoritarian one (chapters 9 to 40), the article analyzes three of these rhetorical tactics: (1) the lightning rod, which consists of attracting criticisms about one specific and clearly delineated locus of the text, fulfilling an apotropaic function and serving as a foil for the rest; (2) prolepsis, which anticipates the reader's likely negative comments and thus becomes in tune with his perspective; and (3) the tactic of enlarging the audience by which the narrator reincorporates a sectarian ideology into a larger and more universal ensemble. The conclusion questions the place of the reader and investigates the reading strategies that he or she may adopt in order to respond to this manipulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines student teachers' perceptions of their professional development while engaging in work-integrated learning at a teaching school in South Africa. Teacher educators often assume that practical aspects of pre-service education will be dealt with when student teachers are attached to schools for several weeks. However, the literature reports that such school experience is often sub-standard. This research surveyed student teachers' experiences in a teaching school providing a community of practice for student teachers. The theoretical framework underlying this study is the zone of proximal teacher development. Student teachers were placed in situations where they experienced prolepsis (expecting them to know more than they actually do). Student teachers had to plan lessons in groups and deliver the lessons to Life Sciences learners at the teaching school. Afterwards they attended a reflection session. Thirty-nine student teachers were part of the research over a two-year period. The data were obtained through individual interviews, focus group interviews, reflection sessions, a questionnaire and student reflection sheets. The data were coded inductively, arranged in categories which were collapsed into sub-themes. The sub-themes from each data source were triangulated to obtain seven main themes. Student teachers considered the teaching school approach very beneficial to their development of science subject knowledge, pedagogy, the use of scientific inquiry strategies and their application of pedagogical theory. The learners at the school, through their inquisitiveness, offered opportunities for prolepsis to take place. The community of practice that developed within groups of student teachers was seen as very supportive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article responds to Philip Clayton's critiques of Wolfhart Pannenberg's theological concept of anticipation (prolepsis). Clayton complains that Pannenberg's usage of anticipation is unsystematic and too ontological. Over against Clayton, I argue here that Pannenberg's concept of anticipation is coherently integrated into his doctrine of the Trinity. I further contend that anticipation is a necessary implication of Pannenberg's futuristic ontology, because anticipation is the only way we in the present can acknowledge that God's eschatological fulfillment constitutes the really real. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For Paul Ricoeur the distinctive attribute of all narrative activity consists in its unique capacity to synthesize into a temporal unity, discrete and identifiable units of action that constitute any given story. In this way, narrative activity provides a poetic resolution to the theoretical aporia of the experience of time, which refers to the Augustinian paradox of the "being or the nonbeing of time." The underlying assumption of this line of reasoning is that the human dependence on narratives is an evolutionary necessity and not merely a superfluous cultural elaboration. Following the work of Ricoeur, and also Victor Turner, we treat narratives as "cultural processes that articulate experience." This paper will be an attempt to apply the critical model of analysis developed in Ricoeur's work, to highlight instances of 'prolepsis' or 'anticipation' embodied in a short story by Jorge Luis Borges. The paper also attempts to illustrate through a series of textual examples how the selected story embodies a nonlinear model of temporal ordering in which time is experienced as a "structure of protentions and retentions." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Erinys’ Mortal Venom: The Poetic Expression of Emotions in Silius Italicus’ "Punica" (Books I–V) Negative emotions are used to construct and develop the plot in the first five books of Silius Italicus’ Punica. Dark, irrational forces, i.e. madness, cruelty and suffering, are hostile to the cosmic order and bring chaos to the epic world. The narrator employs pathos, hyperbole, irony, sarcasm and paradox. The scenes of bad emotions penetrate the longer ekphrases and the descriptions of the fall of Saguntum. The epic language abounds in passionate emotions and gives a foretaste of the later uncommonly atrocious events. Famous imperatores, such as Paulus, Fabius and Maximus suffer, but they will renew Rome and ensure its eventual victory.

As concerns their poetic structure, the first five books of Silius' Punica are very differentiated and complicated. However, all the events of the represented world concentrate around Hannibal and his improba virtus. Historical and mythological ekphrases are connected with Hannibal's deeds. Aetiological stories seem to be invented by Silius himself. The panegyrical elements refer mainly to Domitian. Prolepses especially deserve to be noticed. Silius is influenced by learned Hellenistic poets, as well as Roman authors, mainly Ennius, Vergil, Lucan, Valerius Flaccus. In fact the author of the Punica can be described as poeta doctus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Apprentice is a novel which is different from other novels of Arun Joshi, the novel uses the techniques of first person confessional narratives thou which is not new in the Indian context, the narrative techniques used in the novel parallels narrative techniques used by Browning in his most of the poetries i.e., dramatic monologue. The novel is shaped as a series of dramatic monologues spoken by the protagonist-narrator to a listener. These monologues form its narrative body. The whole novel is seen through the lens of the protagonist, Rathan Rathor, son of an advocate who turned into freedom fighter. The personality of his father greatly influences him. As a son, Rathor has stuck between two different ideologies of his parents, the Gandhian ideology inherited from his father and the materialistic ideology or the ideology of realism inherited from his mother. As the novel progresses we witness Rathor’s conflict with the alien world, each stage of his life he becomes a tyro and learns the tactics of livelihood to suit his living. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]