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The development of communication technologies, patient demands and organizational changes require hospitals to build a renowned brand that help the organization to develop its strategic positioning. In this context, social media represent a strategic opportunity. This paper aims to analyse the real impact of social media in the branding communication of Canadian hospitals. To do this, we carried out a literature review about corporate communication; and, then we evaluated the use of social media as a corporate communication tool by the 100 best hospitals in Canada. This paper concludes that hospital communication on social media must respect three pillars: a) promote the audiovisual language, b) analyse the relations between publications and the increase of followers and c) work in a multidisciplinary way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Financial stability risks have become topical in the wake of the global financial crisis and the subsequent extended period of very low interest rates. This paper investigates the significance of the mix of monetary and fiscal policies for financial stability through counterfactual simulations of three key historical episodes, using the Bank's main policy model, ToTEM (Terms-of-Trade Economic Model). The paper finds that there is an intimate relationship between the monetary/fiscal policy mix and the dynamics of both private sector and public sector debt accumulation. No attempt is made to develop criteria for policy mix optimization, since it is clear from the model simulations that the appropriate policy mix is highly state-dependent. This finding points to the need for a coherent framework for weighing the relative financial and macroeconomic consequences of accumulating public sector versus private sector debt. Furthermore, the analysis suggests that there are potential benefits to ex ante monetary/fiscal policy coordination, and that Canada's policy framework--where the monetary and fiscal authorities jointly agree on an inflation target while enshrining central bank operational independence--represents an elegant coordinating mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to studies from the United States and English Canada, student achievement gaps grow over the summer months when children are not attending school, but summer literacy interventions can reduce those gaps. This paper presents data from a quasi-experiment conducted in eight Ontario French language school boards in 2010, 2011 and 2012 for 682 children in grades 1-3. Growth in literacy test scores between June and September are compared for 361 attendees of summer literacy programs and 321 control students. Summer program recruits initially had lower prior literacy scores and grades, and tended to hail from relatively disadvantaged social backgrounds. Yet, summer programs narrowed those pre-existing gaps. Effect sizes from a variety of regression and propensity score matching models ranged from .32 to .58, which is quite sizeable by the standards of elementary school interventions and summer programs. Effects were stronger among students whose parents reported not speaking French exclusively at home. Our paper considers learning opportunity theory in light of the "non-traditional" student in Ontario French language schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immigrants account for almost a quarter of the Canadian working-age population and in the wake of the aging of the population this proportion is deemed to increase even more. Yet despite their high-level education, immigrants experience difficulty in integrating into the Canadian labour market. Many factors are put forth to account for this such as a lack of recognition for their foreign credentials, the uneven quality of their diplomas, their insufficient knowledge of the official languages, discrimination, etc. This paper points out a less frequently emphasised factor that could partly explain the immigrants’ difficulties to integrate into the labour market: their literacy skills. Using the OECD’s survey data on adult skills (PIAAC), the authors compare the literacy skills of the immigrants and the Canadian-born population. This study focuses on active participants in the labour market aged between 25 and 54 years old. Results suggest that the higher level of overqualification observed among immigrants could partly be explained by their lower literacy skill level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the socio-political ideas conveyed by Pax Romana in the Province of Quebec. Although this organization presented itself as a simple base of exchange between Catholics, the Federation of Fribourg did not limit itself to planning very general meetings in various places and promote an abstract dialogue between nations : it also disseminated a specific ideology. It offered a conceptual framework and a certain political orientation to those who participated in its activities. By revisiting its ideological background and identifying who were its most important promoters, this paper underlines the forms of exchange that structured Pax Romana from the inside and, by the same token, helps to locate its members on a particular map of the Catholic intellectual world from 1930 to 1950. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comparison between the two ways of managing immigration and diversity existing in Canada: multiculturalism (Canada-wide) and interculturalism (Quebec). While some authors (see Juteau, McAndrew and Pietrantonio 1998) argue that the two policies are more similar than different, others, like Gérard Bouchard (2011), argue that interculturalism is a rather unique model of managing diversity in Quebec. In this paper we aim to make a contribution to the debate by providing an analysis of the way both models understand immigrants' participation in their new society. Indeed, both models seem to consider participation as having a central role in the process of integrating newcomers. However, we will show that the reasons put forward by inter-culturalism and by multiculturalism to explain their interest in participation are very different. On the one hand, multiculturalism recognizes the importance of participation as a way of protecting individual identities, in line with the spirit of liberalism. On the other hand, for interculturalism, the issue of participation seems to be more fundamental: not only is participation one of the founding pillars of the policy, but it is also consistent with the political, legal and historical characteristics of the province of Quebec. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasingly people, including academics, tend to conceive of the world as based on essentialised ethnic or cultural categories. Thus, research on the second generation often takes for granted that this population has a bicultural identity. In this paper, I define the concept of identity as the subjectively constructed set of groups of belonging which the individual considers to be most important to and most characteristic of his/her Self. I then attempt to determine whether or not second-generation youth feel a strong attachment toward the ethnic origin of their immigrant parent(s). The paper relies on in-depth interviews conducted in Quebec and Montreal with 28 youth (18 to 25 years of age), who were born in Quebec and who have at least one immigrant parent. Respondents were mainly identified through birth registries, thus avoiding the use of self-identification for recruitment. Results show great variety in the identities chosen by second-generation youth. Relatively few identify with their immigrant parent(s)' ethnic origin. Those who do have diverse representations of these groups, which are nonetheless generally cultural or ethnocultural in content. This form of identification with cultural or ethnocultural groups is shown to be compatible with a civic allegiance to Canada or Quebec. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines judicial reasoning in the area of Aboriginal title, paying particular attention to the Supreme Court of Canada's Tsilhqot'in Nation (2014) decision. While the decision has been heralded as a ‘game-changer’ within media circles and legal commentaries for its recognition of a claim to title under section 35(1) of the Constitution Act, 1982, the authors argue that the decision does not depart substantially from prior judicial logics predicated upon the production of Crown sovereignty and the denial of Indigenous legal orders. In fact, the authors argue that the decision displays a clear judicial orientation towards the present jurisdictional divisions of Canadian federalism which not only serves to eliminate Indigenous legal orders and territorial responsibilities, but also provides federal and provincial governments with enhanced powers of ‘incursion’ into Aboriginal title lands. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper draws upon data collected from an online voting experiment to test the implications of “going negative” in a multiparty election campaign. Specifically, we investigate two sets of questions: First, does the attention and vote share that candidates receive vary according to the tone (positive/negative) of their election campaign? Second, does the attention and vote share that candidates receive vary according to whether or not all candidates engage in similar (positive/negative) campaigns? While studies of “negative campaigning” have been prominent in the American context, our work builds upon this literature by using an experimental design to test for their effects in a multiparty setting. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Indigenous peoples have, to varying degrees, turned to the courts to litigate their ongoing disputes with Canada's settler colonial governments. Scholars have examined well the ways courts are used for strategic political ends by a variety of Indigenous and non-Indigenous litigants and are laden with settler values and institutional logics that are foreign to Indigenous peoples. However, it is less clear what effect turning to the courts in pursuit of strategic goals has on specific relationships between Indigenous peoples. This gap is more pronounced in Métis scholarship where there have been few final appellate cases. This paper argues the interaction between the Manitoba Métis Federation and Treaty 1 peoples seeking leave to intervene at the Manitoba Court of Appeal in MMF v. Canada illuminates the way litigating Indigenous-settler disputes can advance divisive, exclusionary, zero-sum political relationships between Indigenous peoples. These fractious interactions serve to undermine the construction of a co-ordinated and related inter-Indigenous decolonizing politics. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Louis Veuillot, well-known among the ultramontane journalistic circle, was also a recognized writer. In colleges, his texts were included into the curriculum of colleges and also in activities outside classrooms. This paper studies the integration of Veuillot's works in literary and religious education for three periods, 1840-1871,1910-1930 and 1950-1970. Whereas Veuillot was not a part of the curriculum in the nineteenth century, the beginning of the twentieth century was the golden age of Veuillot's distribution in colleges, especially during the centennial celebrations in 1913. In these years, the writer became an example for young people, yet the 1950's spelled the end of his teaching. Nevertheless, during a few decades, Louis Veuillot was part of the literary culture among college students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper identifies several impacts cultural transfers operated by Quebec missionaries from 1945 onwards had on their society and Church of origin, especially with respect to recent immigration. More specifically, it deals with the work achieved by the Missionaries of Africa (White Fathers) towards African immigrants through the Afrika Centre they found in Montreal in 1989. This case study exemplifies the dynamic relations that exist between Quebec missionary experience and the challenges posed to socio-ecclesial integration by a growing ethnocultural diversification of the Catholic population in Quebec. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of a case study on French language Catholic school choice in Orleans, Ontario. Starting with the results of a series of semi-structured interviews conducted with parents who chose a French language Catholic school for their children, a typology of French language Catholic school choice is presented in order to contribute to the understanding of the cultural and identity ties Franco-Ontarian parents maintain with Catholicism. Following a brief historical overview of the relationship between identity and Catholicism in French Ontario, as well as an outline of the Franco- Ontarian schooling context and of school choice in a cultural perspective, the relationship Franco-Ontarians now hold with Catholicism as a cultural religion will be examined through the question of school choice [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Catholic Church's contributions to French language minority groups throughout North America are numerous, but to what extent has the Church left its mark on these groups' historic accounts ? This paper investigates the clergy's pioneering role in the emergence of a French-Canadian historic discourse in northern Ontario, paying special attention to its involvement with the newly-founded Société historique du Nouvel Ontario in 1942. The publications of two of its prominent members, Lorenzo Cadieux and Stéphane Côté, will be examined in depth. By relating their historical accounts to the broader regional historiography, we hope to gain a better understanding of the emergence, in the society's early years, of an identity discourse firmly rooted in the past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compares the public indebtedness of the Canadian provinces and the US states (including a share of the federal debt) over the 2000–2007 period. It presents rankings of the most indebted subnational jurisdictions based on five public debt concepts. Among the provinces, Quebec (with the lowest average rank) and Alberta (with the highest average rank) display the most stable position across the rankings. All other provinces show important fluctuations in their position in the rankings. Hence, allocating the federal debt to subnational states and the specific debt concept being considered significantly influence the rankings, quite spectacularly in some instances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of the growing ethnic diversity of Canada's largest cities has been widely discussed. However, middle-class neighborhoods in recent ethnocultural transition have not been explored, especially the representations of these changes by their inhabitants. In this paper, we study attitudes of young families, immigrant and non-immigrant, towards ethnic transformations. When raising their children, young family households seem particularly concerned with their living environment and the representation of the changes occurring within their neighbourhood. Our study builds on fifty interviews conducted with families attending public places (parks and public libraries) in two neighbourhoods in the Montreal metropolitan area-one in the suburb, the other in the inner city. While increasing ethnic diversity does not seem to have a direct impact on their residential choices, our results show the more perplexing relation of young families towards changes within their environment, as these extend well beyond differentiated urban experiences between suburbs and the inner city. Schools, libraries, cultural and leisure activities organized in parks also appear as important places in the meeting of young families with the Unexpected Other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper defines two key core concepts in the field of public policy: co-production and co-construction. It first examines the role of the third sector in the co-construction of two public policy initiatives, the Voluntary Sector Initiative and the Social Economy Initiative, developed under the responsibility of the federal state. Then it turns to the participation of the third sector in co-constructing public policy under the responsibility of the Quebec provincial state in six policy areas: policy to recognize autonomous community organizations, policy to recognize the social economy, daycare policy, home care policy, social housing policy and Quebec legislation to combat poverty. The policy initiatives of both the federal state and Quebec state are compared and analysed from a co-construction perspective [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the musical culture of Kirkland Lake miners and considers one of its dimensions, as expressed by their musical practices, whether classical or pop, vocal or instrumental, performed at concerts or accompanying dances or parades. With access to the names and occupations of all the employees of two of the major mining companies in the city. Lake Shore and Wright-Hargreaves Gold Mines, we sought to determine if the miners were linked in one way or another to the different music events reported in the local paper, the Northern News, over the year of 1934. In our view, the diversity of musical practices observed could be explained by the presence of many ethnic communities in the mining workforce, and also by widely different working conditions, depending on whether a miner worked underground or at the surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Wapikoni mobile is an indigenous video training project that addresses the First Nations communities of Quebec. Through this project, which offers workshops to people between the ages of 15 and 30, certain young people are taught to produce and direct films. In addition, some are invited to show their creations in public events and venues in Québec and abroad. Since 2004, the Wapikoni mobile has reached 2000 participants, produced 500 videos and has won over fifty prizes. Through the concept of citizenship, this article seeks to examine the spaces of dialogue opened for and by indigenous youth of Québec through the Wapikoni mobile. Based on non-participant observation and in-depth interviews with Wapikoni mobile participants, the paper seeks to understand how the process of giving voice - in multiple venues and at multiple scales - may alter their experience of citizenship. While the process they participate in is full of contradictions, these indigenous youth are redrawing the territories of citizenship in contemporary Québec and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In July 2009 the Canadian government abruptly imposed visa requirements on all Mexicans traveling into Canada. This action sought to curtail the unprecedented rise in the number of Mexican asylum seekers reaching Canadian soil. Based on a series of interviews conducted with Mexican asylum seekers and refugees in Montreal, Canada, this paper seeks to explore critically the causes of this phenomenon. In particular, we are interested in analyzing the ways in which Mexican asylum-seeking constitutes an "act" of citizenship (following Isin, 2008), and how this act should be contextualized and understood within the rapidly evolving context of the North American geopolitical space. Indeed, as their stories demonstrate, Mexican asylum seekers actively question and rework dominant political and economic discourses associated with contemporary North America. Their stories suggest that Mexican mobility is not simply driven by economics but is also deeply political in nature. Second, their stories demonstrate that political, economic and social violences are embedded within the contemporary transnational edifice of North American governance. Finally, their stories highlight the deep inequalities in access to mobility within North America. In sum, Mexican asylumseekers force into a transnational arena issues that destabilize received notions about Mexico and Mexicans, and in so doing attempt to rework the limits of contemporary transnational justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is based on confidential data from some Censuses and examines the factors of inequality of earnings and of poverty relative to Canadian immigrants during the period of 1990 to 2006. The results of our analysis show that immigrants from developing countries have been the most harmed by economic fluctuations. They have less income than either native-born Canadians or immigrants from other countries; in addition, the return on their human capital has diminished between 1991 and 2006. The importance of migratory flux from developing countries has increased the social heterogeneity of the immigrant population, and has aggravated the inequality of income within the group of immigrants from the South as well as between them and other immigrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When Bishop Charbonneau arrived in Montréal, the situation of immigration was a unique occasion to express his social convictions and his open mind on matters of housing and catholic action network. His pragmatic attitude was different from the ideological attitude of traditional nationalists. This paper first reviews how perspectives adopted on immigration had changed since the economic crisis of 1929, leading Charbonneau and the catholic action movements to pay attention to the concrete and human aspects of housing. Meanwhile, a real fight of power took place between the network of specialised movements of catholic action, approved by the archbishop, and more nationalistic associations like Association catholique de la jeunesse canadienne (ACJC), under Jesuit leadership since the beginning of the 20th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluation of transgenic plants by ethics committees in Europe and Canada: what degrees of freedom? This paper examines from an ethical point of view the way some ethics committees in Europe and Canada evaluate transgenic plants. After analysing their reports and interviews with members sitting on these committees, we show the very relative independence of their evaluation from the scientists' position and political and industrial interests. We present here what an ethical evaluation of transgenic plants should be. Our study indicates that the more these committees develop an ethical reflection, the more they keep their distance from the social acceptability of genetically modified plants and the more they manage to avoid that scientific rationality replaces ethical argumentation - that is to say, the more they manage to incorporate scientific data in an ethical reflection. Some of these committees are even captive of a techno-scientific strategy which values research susceptible of making economic benefits, but prevents them from making an ethical evaluation. We show that making an independent ethical evaluation demands not to focus on the sole question of risks. All changes in the world associated with the development and marketing of transgenic plants should be examined. Ethical reflection also needs to be linked to an epistemological reflection in order to reinforce it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The release of a new study guide for immigrants aiming to become Canadian citizens in 2009 was the first major reform of this document since its inception in 1995. This paper examines the coverage of the Anglo-Canadian and Franco-Québécois press surrounding the new citizenship guide. Rather than supporting the widely accepted thesis that Canada is marked by a « collision of identities », our study suggests the emergence of an implicit alliance between the two Canadian “solitudes” with respect to their understanding of citizenship. In particular, the two groups of newspapers agree upon the necessity to protect « acquired gains » of Canadian society against the beliefs and practices of an uncivilized « Other ». Nevertheless, we should not jump to conclusions: does the convergence of media representations of Canadian citizenship really reflect the emergence of a shared collective identity in Quebec and Canada? [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Sustainable development is at the heart of planning policies of Canadian cities. Reconciling heritage preservation and urban intensification, yet both on the agenda of sustainable development, involves negotiation skills from the municipalities between, on the one hand, residents' associations and, on the other hand, real estate companies. Each project involving modification of historic buildings requires a set of concessions from the various actors, able to mobilize a different set of defensive resources. In this paper, we propose to study the case of the district of Lower Town East, in Ottawa, where a eight-story building project, requiring the destruction of old houses in the name of urban intensification, has generated a strong mobilization of the citizens and the press. The case of Lower Town East is a perfect illustration of the difficult association between heritage and intensification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of a qualitative construct analysis (Kelly, 1995) survey conducted with 71 students enrolled in French as a second language courses at five Canadian universities. The objectives of this research are to conduct a census of language technological activities that students have used in their French classes and to categorize their characteristics. A typology of six major types of activities based on seven bipolar continua is proposed. This typology presents different profiles for each type of activity and provides educational tools for language teachers. The typology draws on some aspects of existing models from Chamberland, Lavoie, and Marquis (1996), Burnett (2000), Poellbhuber and Boulanger (2001), Perrault (2003) and Cantin (2008). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To present points of agreement and disagreement about antipsychotics. Since the appearance of 2nd generation long-acting antipsychotics (LAA), and given the high frequency of noncompliance with antipsychotics in psychotic disorders, LAAs have attracted more interest in psychiatriv literature. However, their use is suboptimal, globally, and is also subject to significant national disparities. ln this context, the Association des médecins psychiatres du Québec (AMPQ) has asked for a review of the evidence concerning LAA efficiency and tolerance, and has called for consensual clinical reflection on the benefits and obstacles of prescribing them, as weil as potential solutions, including administrative and judiciary dimensions. Methods: The AMPQ established an expert committee, from 4 Quebec universities, which was responsible for preparing the review paper. The committee intended to appropriately provide c1inicians with the different aspects of LAA use. The committee produced a qualitative and selective review. Results: Mean LAA prescription rates observed in Canada are around 6% and data to confirm this are scarce. A 15% to 25% rate could be suggested. Conclusion: The committee has submitted the Quebec long-acting antipsychotic algorithm (QAAPAPLE, derived from the French acronym) as a result of the consensus reached by the 4 university psychiatry departments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Action Plan for Official Languages launched in 2003 intends to revitalize the country's linguistic duality. Among the priority areas, health is the focus in order to ensure the training of health professionals to serve official language minority communities and to network the main actors concerned about the organization of services in the minority language. The aim of this paper is to report representations of Francophones in minority with respect to the future of health services in French. The study is based on a participatory methodology: concept mapping to identify the conceptual universe of a given problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Canada, the arrival of immigrants belonging to religions other than Christianity invites researchers to take into account the religious variable for understanding the construction of identity and integration among young adults. This paper addresses four issues through qualitative analysis of focus group and individual interviews of young adult second-generation immigrants, from Christian families in the Montreal and Quebec context: youth and its characteristics; immigration and second generation forms of socialization; religion, in terms of practices, relation to ethnicity and family project, and contemporary individualization, and, finally, the influence of the context on individual experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I argue that the conflict between Canada's linguistically defined founding nations helped to consolidate multiculturalism as part of Canadian national identity in the 1990s. As a side-effect -- or condition -- of this consolidation, multiculturalism abandoned the language of groups and was redefined in liberal-individualist terms. As such, it was unprepared to reintegrate the claims for group rights and parallel institutions that reemerged on the political scene in the early 2000s. Today, it looks as if Canada is joining -- albeit as a latecomer -- the widespread trend of countries that are redefining their national identities yet again in terms of (one) shared culture and community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper estimates the contribution of the main sources of income as well as that of taxes and transfers on the level of poverty in Quebec and in Canada. This contribution is decomposed into a product of the effects of total size and performance per dollar of each of the income sources. An important problem in this type of exercise is that the order in which the components of income are ranked can influence considerably the share of total poverty alleviation allocated to each component. A sharing rule is thus used to allocate to each income component a part of total poverty alleviation that is independent of the ordering chosen. Sensitivity tests are also applied to assess the role of the choice of poverty lines and indices. The results indicate that the more generous social programs do not always reduce relative poverty the most, and that other aspects of the tax/benefit system that are less prominent are more effective in that regard. Relative to the rest of Canada, Quebec’s social programs are both more generous and more poverty-performant; however, this is associated with taxes in Quebec that are also heavier and more costly in terms of poverty impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based upon a large survey about the historical consciousness of Canadians, this paper explores the similarities and differences in the way Québécois and other Canadians engage the past in their everyday life. The difference between these two groups is not the one that might be expected. We find that Québécois, mostly francophone Québécois, are more likely than other Canadians to report indifference about the past. Why is this so? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the process of inauguration of the first Centre d'interventions en musicothérapie (CIM) (centre for music therapy interventions), in Québec. It discusses the main steps of its creation, the reasons motivating its development and the different stages experienced for the birth of this site. How did the project emerges And, why the need to create such an establishment? The CIM offers services to different populations in various settings, according to requests. It allows music therapists to work within a team, to enrich their practice in a favourable atmosphere in order to complete their internship or to see their clients evolve. The opening of the space in September 2007 is the realization of a dream: to receive populations with specific needs in comfortable and adapted settings, including upholding and respecting the standards of the Code of Ethics of the Canadian Association for Music Therapy (CAMT). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comprehensive review of the new provisions for the design of coupled shear walls in Canadian seismic zones. It follows major revisions that were incorporated in the National Building Code of Canada 2005 (NBCC 2005) and in the Canadian standard Design of concrete structures (CSA A23.3-04), which were due, in particular, to the adoption of a new Canadian map of seismic risk. The present study is intended to address recurring confusions in current practice and the difficulties expressed in the application and interpretation of the new NBCC 2005 and CSA A23.3-04 provisions. A design flowchart is thus proposed as a practical guide, describing, step by step, the required verifications at each stage of coupled shear walls calculation. Finally, to demonstrate the applicability of these new provisions, a numerical example is detailed, following the presented design flowchart. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SINCE THE MID-1990'S, Canada and Quebec have initiated important changes to their system of social protection; the objectives of the reforms were to control public expenditure or attain zero deficit, improve the efficiency of social policies, particularly in relation to employment incentives, and guarantee acceptable living conditions. Such objectives were conveyed by a restructuring of several social protection mechanisms, achieved by reconfiguring protection parameters and activating the same social expenditure. To understand this restructuring, the article analyses the changes introduced in certain income security mechanisms including unemployment insurance, universal family allowance and welfare, at both the Federal and Quebec levels. To explain this approach, the paper is divided into three parts: the first on the reconfiguration of each mechanism, the second on the activation of social expenditure and the third introducing the elements of analysis towards this recent restructuring of social policies. The subject matter is dominated by a fundamental question, that of knowing whether the reforms convey a neo-liberal change of policy in the disengagement of the state and erosion of social rights or whether they convey a reorganization, a modification of the framework as a result of change of paradigm or reference in a socially active state or as a form of social investment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the mode of entry into adulthood of two cohorts of young Quebecers born between 1942-1951 (lyric generation) and between 1962-1971 (X generation). Examining the net effect of labour market casualization with the help of the General Social Survey 2001's retrospective data, the goal of this paper is to answer this specific question: to what extent do the 1980- 90 economic mutations explain the extension of youth and the desynchronization of life courses? The analysis reveals that the casualization of employment is not highly related to the mutations of life courses. In fact, the desynchronization of life courses can be better explained by noneconomic transformations such as the longer length of education and the easing of certain normative constraints within Quebec society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the reasons often provided for the salary gap between immigrants and native-born Canadians is the difficulty experienced by many immigrants in securing recognition for skills acquired overseas. In this paper, we examine the extent to which, after arrival, immigrants find jobs in the same occupations in which they were employed in their home countries. We also examine the effect on earnings of a match between the pre- and post-immigration occupations. The data come from the longitudinal survey "Établissement des nouveaux immigrants" which followed a cohort of immigrants who arrived in 1989. Our results suggest that most recent immigrants move into a new occupation when they arrive in Canada and that those whose pre- and post-immigration occupations match tend to earn more. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based upon the payroll and personnel files from two mining companies in Kirkland Take, the Take Shore Gold Mines and the Wright-Hargreaves Mines, this paper examines the significance of absences from work during the years 1927 to 1943. Miners, the best paid industrial workers in Canada, were able to take advantage of the organization of work that included overtime and bonus. Taking in extra money while enjoying high salaries, miners could indulge in the practice of occasional absenteeism in the form of unpaid vacations and extended Sunday that amounted to creating the "weekend." The pattern of absenteeism differed according to the mine, the occupation and the nature of the work, whether it was surface or underground. The practice, however, was in place well before the adoption of the two weeks' paid vacation in Ontario in 1944 and the 40-hour workweek at the beginning of the 1950s. Absenteeism was not only a by-product of accidents, industrial disease or lay-offs. Miners could stay home simply because they wanted free time and freedom from owners and bosses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the first actions of the Ordre de Jacques Cartier, a secret society founded in 1926 by a group of French Canadian functionaries in Ottawa. To get out of despair to survive and fight the constant opposition to recognize the right to use French at school and at church, those men decided to use the tools used by their adversaries. They opted for a new leadership, a discret action in the frame of a secret society with an authoritarian superior council, the chancellerie, and local cells, the commanderies. Their first revendications were for use of French, just representation in civil, politic and religious fields, in civil service, and also in school board, and University of Ottawa. The action of Ordre, will soon spread among Canada français, as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on papers presented at the plenary session on minority inclusion and democratic governance, sponsored by the Canadian Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, which was held at the biennial conference of the Canadian Ethnic Studies Association on September 28, 2007. The three lectures heard were "No 'One Size Fits All' --The Illusive Quest for Models to Reconcile Identity Needs, Participation, and Representation," a talk by Jack Jedwab, "Democracy, Development, and Ethnicity," by James Frideres and a rebuttal and amplification of the two speakers presented by John Packer.

After defining discrimination and linguicism, the first part of the paper provides a brief overview of employment problems experienced by minority groups in Quebec. Part two offers results from a special analysis of the Ethnic Diversity Survey (2003) dealing with experiencing discrimination in Quebec and in the rest of Canada. Results show that in Quebec, anglophones are more likely to report being victims of discrimination than francophones and language/accent is seen as the main cause of discrimination for both francophones and anglophones. In the rest of Canada skin colour is seen as the main cause of discrimination for anglophones, while francophones see language/accent as the main cause of discrimination. Clearly linguicism is seen as the main cause of discrimination in Quebec for both francophones and anglophones, while this is the case only for francophones in the rest of Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The closure of Université de Moncton's sociology department in the spring of 1969 constitutes a unique event in the history of Canadian academics. In this paper, the authors examine the causes behind this closure. They present an intermingling and collision of motivations of different actors and movements in Acadian academic life during the late sixties: student associations, the young sociology professors, the professors association, the university administration, etc. Beyond being simply a historical anecdote, the closing of the sociology department symbolizes a larger political crisis, where two social conceptions compete: the administration envisaged a rational administration of the social, while the sociology students and professors wished for a society based on socialist and participative principles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the difference between the evolution of the protest movement against globalisation in Quebec and in Canada, especially since the end of the eighties. We argue that this difference can be best understood by taking into account the distinctive relationship which prevailed in these two social entities between the national project pursued by social and political actors and the reactions of these actors to the globalisation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Francophone minority interest groups are addressing the issue of immigration more and more, especially as immigrants' tendency to integrate into Anglophone communities (rather than Francophone ones) is increasing the demographic gap between the two official language communities in Canada. In this paper, we examine the discourse regarding immigration that these interest groups put forward on their websites. We show, through enunciation analysis and an examination of the terms used to designate immigrants on the one hand and welcoming communities on the other, that these organizations perceive immigrants as perpetually 'other', or foreign to their community and its perceived needs. Thus, despite an explicitly stated will to be open, these groups show a certain difficulty in adopting a truly inclusive discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the question of how first-generation Muslim women in Canada respond to and interpret dominant representations of themselves. The goal is to consider the positionalities of these women, pointing out the importance of their interpretive capabilities. It discusses the displacement that they experience as being due in part to stereotypes which situate them as "Other," the dynamics of their own communities and their own beliefs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OVER THE LAST FEW years, the activities of minimum wage commissions in the western provinces and in Ontario have been the subject of several historical studies. Inspired by these projects, this paper examines the work of the Quebec Women's Minimum Wage Commission, from its inception in 1925 to its dismantling in 1937. After giving reasons which forced the Quebec government to legislate on this issue, the author presents the position of international and catholic unions on women in the work force. In his analysis of the operating mode of the commission and, more precisely, his critical evaluation of its mechanism for enforcing the law, the author concludes that as with the other commissions across Canada, the Quebec Women's Minimum Wage Commission would not have allowed wage increases for women. In a socio-economic context where women on average made half of the salary of men, the decision to use the minimum wage as stool to fight the abuse of the capitalist system had the major consequence of keeping salaries low. In fact, the low rate of the minimum wage agreed to by the commission upheld the principle of pay inequity by gender, thus reflecting the dominant ideology of the era during which the work of women was considered marginal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The seismic attenuation in concrete has seldom been studied, although it is an important parameter for survey design. In this paper, the seismic Q factor is estimated from data measured at the Carillon dam. Three methods were used for this study: amplitude decay yielding a value of 5.1 ± 1.6, spectral ratio giving a value of 8.3 ± 3.5, and a value of 7.5 ± 14.9 was obtained from the rise-time technique. These values are weak compared with what is generally observed in rocks, and slightly lower than values obtained on laboratory concrete samples. However, the average P wave velocity measured on the investigated area is 4081 ± 95 m·s[sup –1] , an indication of the good quality of the material. Consequently, this strong attenuation could be attributed on one hand to energy loss, and on the other hand to scattering caused by the intrinsic cement–aggregate composition of concrete. It is also possible that an inadequate sensor coupling had the effect of reducing the observed Q value. Key words: seismic attenuation, concrete dams, microseismic monitoring, coupling.Paramètre important pour la planification de levés sismiques, l'atténuation sismique a été peu étudiée dans les bétons. Dans cet article, le facteur de qualité sismique Q est évalué au barrage de Carillon selon les méthodes du rapport des amplitudes, du rapport des spectres d'amplitude et du temps de montée. Les mesures obtenues sont respectivement de 5,1 ± 1,6, de 8,3 ± 3,5 et de 7,5 ± 14,9. Ces valeurs sont faibles en regard de ce qui est généralement observé dans les roches, et légèrement plus faibles que des valeurs mesurées sur des bétons en laboratoire. Par ailleurs, le béton de la partie du barrage auscultée présente une vitesse d'onde P moyenne de 4081 ± 95 m·s[sup –1] , indiquant une bonne qualité du matériau. En conséquence, la forte atténuation pourrait être attribuable d'une part à la perte de l'énergie sismique sous forme de friction, et d'autre part à une atténuation de diffusion occasionnée par la composition ciment-granulat intrinsèque du béton. Il est également possible qu'un couplage inadéquat des capteurs ait pour effet de réduire la valeur observée de Q. Mots clés : atténuation sismique, barrages en béton, auscultation microsismique, couplage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the ways in which a contemporary state — in this case, Quebec — categorizes and mobilizes its inhabitants. Official documents published by the Quebec government during the last 30 years served as the basis for study. The authors found that the state fragments its members in nebulous cultural categories. Through these categorizations, the inhabitants are simultaneously included in and excluded from the mythical realm of "nationhood." In the beginning, knowledge of the French language sufficed as a condition for inclusion in the national in-group. Nowadays, the cultural criteria are increasingly "naturalized", one does not become an insider anymore. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital publishing is still in its infancy, but it is useful to relate what might be called the prologue to the history of digital publishing in French in Quebec. This article presents the actors who have contributed, and continue to contribute, to the transition from print to digital culture in Quebec. It offers a panoramic view of this transition in the various publishing genres from newspapers and magazines, to journals, books, theses, dictionaries, bibliographical databases, and legal texts. A typology of the actors working in these different genres emerges, comprising publisher, aggregator (general or specialist), distributor, production technician, retailer, and librarian. The builders of Quebec's digital publishing milieu are acknowledged through brief descriptions of their projects and enterprises. Many of them have displayed a notable capacity to engage in the development of new models for the production and diffusion of culture and research. The quality of their products, services, and expertise has been recognized several times over through international partnerships and co-operative ventures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a speech given by president of the Bibliographic Society of Canada Anne Dondertman, written by Julie Frédette, during its annual general assembly in Fredericton, New Brunswick, on May 30, 2011, in which she honors historian, librarian, and library and information science professor Peter F. MacNally who was awarded the Marie Tremaine Medal and Watters-Morley Prize for his contribution to Canadian bibliography. McNally's speech in response to Dondertman's address is also included.