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The demanding promotion of university professors is being taken advantage of by international publishers to develop a fast business, that is framed in supposedly fraudulent activities of apparently scientific magazines, but without impact indexes that some experts already qualify as "epidemic" (García-Puente, 2019) and "plague" (Silva, 2016). This research uses the mystery client technique (Morena, 2013) to respond to an intentional sample of call for papers (CFP) submitted to researchers between January and April 2020, with a previously published article, that was intentionally altered to appear to be a scientific paper, but which violates the guidelines of originality and rigor: the order of the paragraphs is altered and translated into English with DeepL, without subsequent monitoring. During the period, 98 PICs were received and 38 submissions were made. The results are eloquent: none has been rejected, and within an average of 6 days 17 publication acceptances are confirmed. In all cases, payment is requested in advance. The article allows us to identify the profile of the journals, their recruitment strategies, the use of claims of: indexing, ethical standards and peer review and the naming strategies to simulate international prestige. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proceedings papers and journal articles play an important role in scholarly communication in most disciplines, including Library and Information Science. Although both serve different and complementary functions in scientific communication, in some cases the choice of one or the other can be exclusive and becomes a dilemma for researchers. This study aims to present different situations of tension caused by the choice of one or another channel of communication, and also an invitation to consider the role played by these two channels in the dissemination of scientific knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compares publication practices among social scientists from northeastern Mexico who were trained within the country or abroad. It focus critically on late regional scientific development (2000-2020) under the influence of a national academic evaluation scheme strongly aligned to the global publication system. A quantitative analysis was carried out on a selection of self-reported scientific production by a sample of researchers. It was found that both profiles have assimilated the hegemonic publication criteria. Also, that those trained abroad generally have better performances (some linked to their social capital). But, nonetheless, regional collaborations that could contribute to a sustainable local scientific practice are moderately more frequent in locally trained researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coronavirus crisis has caused a complicated situation at a sanitary, economic and social levels, that requires of a fundamental work in communication area so that the society comprise and collaborate with the adopted measures. Through the review and synthesis of the scientific and reference literature, the present paper contrasts lessons learnt in previous public health crisis against the communication implemented from the institutional voices and from the press coverage during the first stages of the Covid-19 outbreak in Spain. This paper detects that the absence of an early announcement (or overtaking of the negative stage) and the control messages in a context of uncertainty caused a brusque transition to the following stage of the crisis, coincident with an explosion of the number of contagions, what generated fear. The spokesperson formula applied is against all recommendations of crisis communication. Regarding the journalistic coverage, examples of alarmism and sensationalism news arised. The numeric data have been the resource more valuable and the computer graphics the multimedia content more developed. Since the pandemic is still on course, it is recommended the learning and the adjustment of the communication and information to the citizens in the following stages of this crisis or in future crisis taking into account the group of first lessons presented here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to exhaustively analyze the literature on public understanding of science and scientific literacy, as well as their different approaches, particularly publications in specialized journals. The aim is to argue that public understanding of science has a broader and clearly defined theoretical component and constitutes the evolution of scientific literacy, which emerged as a curricular model aimed at overcoming the model of educational deficit in the United States after the launch of the first Sputnik satellite by the Russians. For this purpose, around 160 research articles in the field were reviewed. This made it possible to validate the hypothesis that public understanding of science represents the evolution of a paradigm that transferred the image of the scientific concepts and processes necessary for personal decision-making in cultural matters to promote economic productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents preliminary results of a research aimed at defining, designing and implementing an evaluation of the social appropriation of scientific knowledge in a non-formal education program for children, youth, adults and science advocates. The text is divided into four parts: the first part presents a brief state of the conceptual discussion on the term social appropriation of knowledge and others derived from it; the second part presents some ways of approaching the evaluation of activities of social appropriation of science and technology; the third part presents some reflections resulting from local views on the conceptualization and evaluation of such appropriation in the city (Medellin). Finally, it is concluded that there is a tension between different relevant actors for social appropriation of science and technology in the city of Medellin related to conceptual differences, as well as to different ways of implementing activities to promote and evaluate such appropriation. Thus, it is necessary to recognize a conceptual pluralism in relation to the relevant terms to address the relationship between science and society, as well as to recognize an emerging academic community focused on these issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Institutional offices for the communication and dissemination of science are gaining in importance at Spanish universities, and their activities can contribute to increasing the visibility and reputation of researchers. The objective of this study is to analyze the relations between the institutional communication of research results to the public and the impact and academic visibility of scientific papers. For this purpose, science communication and dissemination undertaken through press releases on R+D+i results from the Science Culture and Innovation Unit (SCIU) at Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (UC3M) were selected as a case study. This SCIU was chosen because it has published yearly reports for more than a decade on the impact in the media of its press releases. Press dossiers of the last five years available (2014-2018) were examined, and a database was created of the citations received by texts published in scientific journals indexed in the Web of Science as well as their mentions on social networks through the company Altmetric.com. After that, this information was statistically analyzed. The main results show that the journal impact index is important for obtaining academic citations or appearing in Twitter conversations. However, the influence of the journal impact factor turns out to be lower when it comes to popularizing scientific publications in the media. Furthermore, the statistical evidence points to the fact that scientific publications disseminated through the SCIU receive proportionally more citations than research that has not been disseminated through the institutional channel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

News about drugs is important for health professionals, businesses, and the general public. However, studies examining news articles about drugs are lacking. This paper uses content analysis to examine articles about drugs in 17 Spanish newspapers (13 general, two business, and two professional) from 2008 through 2017. On average, general and business newspapers published three articles about drugs every week, and professional newspapers published 14 every week. Overall, the number of articles about drugs decreased by 10%. The most covered drug-related topics in 2017 were cancer and generics; the least covered was preclinical research. Four times more articles were published on clinical than on preclinical research. Business newspapers published more about clinical and preclinical research than other types of newspapers. Articles about drugs accounted for 0.5% (n=838/178,926) of all articles in the general newspapers, 0.8% (n=468/55,800) in the business newspapers, 8.5% (n=415/4,856) in the medical newspapers, and 1.2% (n=19/1,645) in the science news agency SINC. This study used a new strategy to search and identify newspaper articles through content analysis of large volumes of information and offered relevant data to guide future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the situation of science and technology communication at the Catholic University of Santiago de Guayaquil. A sampling of students, faculty and staff were asked about their knowledge of research projects conducted at the University, and channels through which these were communicated to them. It was found that most of them had no knowledge of such projects, and that these were communicated face to face, and neither print media, radio, television nor digital media were used for that. This showed the need for a comprehensive communication strategy to be adopted, so research results could be widely spread at the University, which would increase students, faculty and staff's knowledge of their institution, and their motivation for doing research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study main objective was to analyze the association between qualitative research methodologies and their usage in ANPCONT Congress articles from 2007 to 2016, to therefore verify which the methods Brazilian accounting researchers undertake. In the preliminary analysis of 949 papers, 325 used qualitative strategies and were categorized in term of thematic areas, institutional affiliation, approaches, strategies and data collection techniques. The methodological protocol was structured in three stages content analysis, correspondence analysis and then homogeneity. The results point to the CCG area associated to the case study strategy and the EPC, CUE and MFC areas associated with documentary and bibliographical research, showing some interest concern of the researchers to develop qualitative analyzes to the accounting phenomena. Likewise, the mapping presented reveals a potential to the advancement of qualitative studies in Brazil, considering different epistemological approaches, aligned with the international accounting literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presented describes a linguodidactic strategy to enhance teachers' skills in scientific communication, since the relationship science-technology-society-education requires that scientific results are communicated effectively and efficiently to the scientific community and society. The strategy was the result of an institutional project of the Central University «Marta Abreu» of Las Villas, which ran from 2011-2013 and obtained Prize Provincial Academy of Sciences Award Rector Cuba and the result already implemented most useful to Education superior. Among the actions executed diagnoses were highlighted; the description of the linguistic peculiarities of scientific language; indicators for evaluation; digital resources; conferences, courses, and training; which were developed in different centers of higher education and institutions. The strategy is characterized by integrating the linguistic and the didactic; see action in Spanish and English; by the work of teachers and students; by the joint efforts of teachers of Spanish, English and computing from research. The strategy helps teachers produce better quality scientific papers, watching the ethical principles of the scientist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research analyzes the articles published in national scientific journals of the area of Information Science, classified with Qualis A1, having as parameter the term "scientific and technological information". It presents concepts about scientific and technological information and the processes that involve its uses, as well as scientific communication, information flows and sources of information. The methodology used is a descriptive study with a quantitative-qualitative approach, using bibliometrics techniques for index measurement and Bardin content analysis. Thirty - six papers were analyzed, while the qualitative ones were twenty - one abstracts. The results show that the most published journal about the term researched was "Information and Society", the year with the highest number of publications was 2016. Multiple authorship was a trend observed in the articles and the most used keywords were: free access, Scientific and technological information and digital preservation. As for the content of the abstracts, it was possible to identify them within three categories of analysis, namely: information science and processes involving the use of information; Production, communication and evaluation of scientific and technological activity; And scientific and technological development. It is concluded that there is a tendency of the literature analyzed to return to the study of the information itself, of methodologies applied in studies and also of information products and services. The abstracts addressed topics such as institutional repository, bibliometrics, coauthoring, management of scientific journals and scientific and technological information policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we review the so-called altmetrics or alternative metrics. This concept raises from the development of new indicators based on Web 2.0, for the evaluation of the research and academic activity. The basic assumption is that variables such as mentions in blogs, number of twits or of researchers bookmarking a research paper for instance, may be legitimate indicators for measuring the use and impact of scientific publications. In this sense, these indicators are currently the focus of the bibliometric community and are being discussed and debated. We describe the main platforms and indicators and we analyze as a sample the Spanish research output in Communication Studies. Comparing traditional indicators such as citations with these new indicators. The results show that the most cited papers are also the ones with a highest impact according to the altmetrics. We conclude pointing out the main short-comings these metrics present and the role they may play when measuring the research impact through 2.0 platforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article intends to continue previous studies on the state of the communication research in Spain. An in-depth study of the Spanish Communication researchers in Scopus international database is developed to monitor their productivity and visibility. Results show a limited presence and a low scientific production. In addition it is fragmented in multiple lines of research, it is little collaborative, more national than international, in Spanish and little visible. There is a polarization between two situations: visible full professors and untenured professors, emerging producers but invisible. Attending to gender differences, male researchers produce more papers and they are more visible than women. The creation of interuniversity networks that improve international publication is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective communication with other scientists Is an essential component of the scientific process, underlying success In publishing papers, building collaborations, securing grants and jobs, and stimulating further research. Oral presentations at professional meetings provide an opportunity to share research findings with a relatively broad scientific audience. However, many scientists give talks that are crowded with methods and data, accompanied by poor visuals, and, most unfortunately, lacking In narrative arc. Here, I provide strategies for distilling research findings Into a short-format talk, capturing the audience's attention, and delivering a compelling and visually engaging story. I argue that the material should be designed to interest a wide range of meeting attendees, not just experts In a narrow field. I also advocate principles of good storytelling, with the aim of leading the audience through a compelling journey of discovery that concludes with a memorable takeaway message. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experience gained in a pilot test for the management and development of the scientific visibility and digital identity of the researchers of the Universidad de Guadalajara’s Research Center on Feeding Behavior and Nutrition is documented, systematized and assessed. The intentions, justification and reach of this experience are described in this paper, as well as its design, contents and development stages. The results obtained with the implementation of the pilot test are shown. A reflection on a possible future design of an institutional strategy for the promotion, communication and academic positioning in the 2.0 web of the community of research centers and institutes of the UdeG is made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a study of the origins and the process of creating and developing the Brazilian virtual library consortium, named the Portal de Periodicos-Capes, which is managed by Capes, the federal agency for the support and evaluation of graduate education in Brazil. The paper describes the main resources offered by the Portal to promote Science, Technology & Innovation (S, T & I) in Brazil and to improve Brazilian graduate studies. Using bibliographical as well as documental research, the authors describe and analyze the trajectory leading to the creation of the library consortium. The work also presents and discusses the evolution of Capes' management of the indicators related to the use of the virtual library by the Brazilian scholarly community. The analyses indicate the importance of this tool in supporting the preparation of high level human resources at the graduate level and for promoting activity in S, T & I in Brazil. The results also reveal that the virtual library assures the quality of Brazilian science by allowing for a permanent confrontation between its development and the scientific output produced internationally. In its conclusion, the article emphasizes the need for maintaining the expansion of the Portal de Periódicos-Capes as an instrument necessary to further promote scientific production in Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new publishing and scientific communication environments have led to the emergence of new Web indicators. Along with usage metrics such as downloads there are many measures that are generated from Science 2.0. Journals published by the Public Library of Science systematically collect many of these new metrics. The objective of this paper is to present some of these new indicators and analyze them quantitatively through the case study of 8945 papers published in the journal PLoS One. The selected indicators were; comments, ratings, number of bookmarks, links from scientific weblogs, downloads views and citations. Basic descriptive statistics indicators and correlations have been calculated for all of them. The results show the low participation of scientists in Web 2.0 and how most of these indicators, except for downloads and visits, are poorly consolidated metrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the use that the Spanish National Research Council centers (CSIC, by its Spanish abbreviation) and Spanish public universities make of web 2.0 in disseminating their research. The methodology used is based on an ad hoc checklist design for collecting data, focusing on three areas: the use of web 2.0 tools; connectivity (number of followers); and intensity (number of comments published). One significant finding was that both types of organizations made little use of social networks to disseminate their research. In the case of universities in 2014, around 40% were present on Facebook and Twitter, 22% on YouTube, and only 22% had blogs. In regard to CSIC centers, around 30% had Facebook and Twitter profiles, 18.9% were on YouTube, and 6.8% had informative blogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is motivated by the monitoring and evaluation of the newsletter of the Graduate Program in Communication Sciences (PPGCCOM) of the Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM). For this, we used the scientific communication concepts found in the work of Bueno (2010), online journalism in Barbosa (2011) and Thomas H. newsletter Binvins (1991) as a basis for studying this type of communication tool. In this sense, through a reception study with application of a questionnaire to obtain qualitative and quantitative data we sought the relevance of the PPGCCOM's newsletter. It is therefore concluded that the PPGCCOM's newsletter went on to play a key role in helping the strengthening of this postgraduate program in the Amazon - a region facing difficulties in consolidating strict sense programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientific social networks are a new meeting place for researchers and a major instrument for the promotion of knowledge. Their use is increasing in the scientific community, as they are practical tools to disseminate research results and to share knowledge. This paper examines the presence of 77 Spanish universities in the two main scientific social networks (ResearchGate and Academia.edu). The results show that, despite the continuous development that those networks are having worldwide, the number of Spanish members in them is considered insufficient and in some universities is almost anecdotal. These results should be the starting point for an action program of the universities to increase the membership of their academic staff in those networks, as part of their mission of disseminating knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the current situation of scientific communication with a focus on discussions on Open Access and Open Science, including a brief history and the basic concepts. It highlights some aspects such as the collaboration between scientists, the principles of the new paradigm, and the leading countries' positions by analyzing official documents. It also discusses the Brazilian scenario, with the open access initiatives promoted by the Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovation and the Ministry of Education. Finally, it presents a proposal for Open Science in Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent development of online tools based on Web 2.0 are enabling the creation of metrics on the number of users who "read", "comment", "tweet", "share" or "discuss" scientific and academic papers. All these metrics are commonly known as 'altmetrics'. Altmetrics have gained importance recently because in the field of scientific communication and evaluation they are increasingly considered a key data source for studying the 'social impact' of science. This progress report presents an overview of the major conceptual advances, events and projects that have occurred around altmetrics in 2014, and also reflects on possible developments and practical applications that are expected in this area in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Actualidades Biológicas (RAB; ISSN 0304-3584) is the scientific journal of the Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales de la Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA, Medellín), Colombia. In its 36-years (72 semesters) of activity, it has specialized in the publication of studies resulting from biological science research in Colombia and other Ibero-American countries. During its history, two periods may be clearly distinguished: Period I, June 1972 [RAB, 1 (1)] to June 1993 [RAB, 19 (67); 42 semesters); Period II, January 1998 [RAB, 20 (68)] to December 2013 [RAB, 35 (99); 30 semesters). During these 36 years (72 semesters), RAB has published 548 papers [Periods: I: 262 (47.81%); II: 286 (52.19%)]. Thematically, the 286 articles (19.066 articles/year, 9.533 articles/issue or semester) published in Period II, have been categorized into 42 biological topics. Geographically, the 286 articles have been conducted or submitted from 13 countries. Institutionally, of the 286 articles published in Period II: 95 articles (33.216%) were produced solely by researchers from the UdeA; 48 articles (16.783%) were produced by researchers from the UdeA and other institutions; 143 articles (50%) were produced by researches with no affiliation to the UdeA. The results show that Actualidades Biológicas, through its mission of scientific communication, seeks a wide thematic and geographic diversity, and the institutional exogamy that is required currently by the bibliographic databases or indices in scientific WEB pages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the evolution of Spanish communication research published as scientific articles between 1980 and 2010. It quantifies the volume of this production with two different samples: the first sample includes national journals and offers original and unprecedented data; the second one includes international journals, defined as those indexed by the Web of Science. As a whole, more than 6,000 articles were analysed. Additionally, the collaboration patterns in authorship and internationality were also studied. On the one hand, collaboration was measured through indicators of multiple authorship and the evolution of co-authorship indexes. On the other hand, internationality was measured through the share of Spanish authors in international journals, the weight of international collaborations and the language used in national journals. Data obtained illustrate a growth and maturity process of communication as a scientific discipline: at the end of the period analysed, a tension between growing collaboration and internationalization and traditional publication patterns was found. Through the period studied, the birth of new faculties with communication studies and the growing number of journals have feed the own growth of the number of articles. However, other elements such as scientific assessment have also played a role in the internationalization of authors. As a whole, this article offers a first image of the evolution of communication as an academic discipline in Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Communication processes that unfold in web environments have been increasingly naturalized in everyday life enabling new possibilities of circulation, production and appropriation of scientific contents. In this context of sociotechnological conditions that facilitate the construction of scenarios for dialogue between the scientific world and society, science and technology institutions are using web communication devices with various objectives and strategies. This paper explores the immersion of scientific institutions in the web and the communication uses of its institutional websites, which can be conceived as platforms for contents distribution, and in turn, can become scenarios of relatively horizontal communication exchanges. We present a reflective story on the experience of production for the new website of the National Institute of Agricultural Technology of Argentina (INTA), including a description of the processes of content management, the competences and roles of the institutional actors involved, and the actions performed in each instance. Finally, based on the definition of criteria and categories for observing an institutional website, we make an analytic review of the INTA website in order to identify their strengths and propose actions that can help it become a genuine media for social communication and collective construction of knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper brings a literature investigation addressing the changes in the process of scientific communication with the incorporation of information and communication technologies (ICTs). It explains of changes in the processes of research, analysis, documentation, communication, production, recording, and dissemination of scientific information with the incorporation of ICTs and illustrates some cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is part of a broader project dedicated to the study of scientific collaboration in the Brazilian public university system. The study's main objective is to characterize interdisciplinary practices in the universe of Brazilian federal universities. First a selection was made of 8,948 scientific journals published from 1997 to 2007 and indexed by the WebQualis System created by Capes (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior) and/or by the Web of Science developed by the International Institute for Scientific Information (ISI). Then a sample of 1.206 co-authored articles written by researchers belonging to different institutions was selected. These articles were identified by WebQualis or the Web of Science as being inter or multi-disciplinary in nature. Using bibliometric indicators and social network analysis, is was possible to detect and visualize interdisciplinary collaboration networks and, based upon the selected set of indexed articles, provide an initial picture of interdisciplinary practices in Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our globalized world, academics have to accept, as part of their career, the need to belong to international communities of practice. One of the outcomes of the globalization of knowledge is the dissemination of research in English, which has become, de facto, the lingua franca of scientific communication. In this context, non-anglophone researchers are at a clear disadvantage, having to deal not only with the linguistic barrier, but also with rhetorical conventions which may differ greatly from their own. Drawing from the idea that the analysis of the use these academics make of English may help us discover how to improve their academic communicative competence, in this paper we study the research tendencies of a specific university community. The analysis of our data both in relation to the types of work they produce and the languages employed seem to point at the need to adopt strategies which may help researchers in their written and oral scientific production in English. For this purpose we suggest a series of initiatives which, if adopted by universities, could improve the visibility of researchers and, thus, of the institutions they represent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TIn a moment of man's chore, the paper and the printing appear, developing in this way the form of capturing their experiences and of sharing their knowledge without having to leave their impressions and experiences in the walls of the caverns, stone pieces, parchments, or papyruses to mention a few. This way, the books and magazines that alone appeared around 300 years ago, have taken charge in a regular and systematic way of transmitting the advances and modern man's discoveries. However, the emergence of the tip technologies and very especially the media by means of the WWW has facilitated the appearance and disposition of very diverse types and documents that contain information of first hand. Here arises what is called gray literature in the mid-1990's and a comment on this new way of capturing the events are fundamental premises of this work. The pre-prints, e-books, e -mails and a diverse number of types of documents not as conventional as those that habitually the man uses are discussed and analyzed in this work and they allow us to give an idea of the contribution that these novel media puts in the hands of many the last advances and taxes to knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with an interesting theme for information professionals, which is the service historically offered to foster scientific research. During the XIXth century the Francisco de Zabálburu Library developed a large activity in spreading and communicating knowledge on social sciences and humanities. This study emphasizes the role of librarians in accessing to documentary sources and consolidating both formal and informal channels of scientific communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The field of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (PASS) in Spain requires activities that contribute to the improvement of its journals quality. Thus, journals may become efficient ways of diffusion and communication of scientific knowledge developed by their researchers. The present paper describes the development of the "International Workshop on Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Quality Journals" held in Valencia on the 25th and 26th of October 2007. Different views on journals quality, editorial process examples and specific strategies of improvement were discussed during these days. This Workshop represents a step further in the contribution to the international visibility of the young Spanish field of PASS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Can an article previously published in a journal or newspaper be gathered together with others by the author as an anthology or collection? Can the author perform this action without consulting the publisher, who is the assignee of the economic rights of the work, which include the reproduction, public communication or disposal rights, and without receiving their authorization? Can the author retain the rights to the previous version or drafts of the article, or does the license also imply that the copyright holder has the exclusive rights to successive versions of the work? Does the place in which the publisher has its operation center, or the country of the platform to which the author posts the collection of his or her works, have any influence on the applicable jurisdiction to solve the legal problems that may arise? All those questions are posed briefly in this paper, along with a modest proposal to adjust the different interests of the parties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citations and references play important roles in scientific activity, a fact supported by the international literature but to develop them is incurred detrimental to the quality and impact of errors magazines among other factors. An approach to inaccuracies in the references and citations as an unsolved problem is performed. The value and functions of such entities is based. The causes of the errors are listed in drafting them. Some types of errors are discussed, a parallel between the inherent requirements of scientific writing in scientific texts and references section (clarity, conciseness and accuracy) and suggest some favorable solutions to reducing the high rate of error. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]