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The purpose of this research was to determine the influence of store atmosphere, products, and prices on repurchase intentions at Sahaya Coffeeshop in Pontianak City with customer satisfaction as an intervening variable. This research was associative research. The population in this research were all Sahaya Coffeeshop customers. The total sample was 100 respondents determined using a purposive sampling technique. The data analysis technique used was structural equation modelling (SEM) with the WarpPLS approach. The results of the fit and quality indices model show a good, ideal, acceptable and large model. The results of hypothesis testing for direct effect show that Store Atmosphere and Products have a positive and significant effect on Satisfaction, but Prices have a negative effect on Satisfaction; Store Atmosphere, Products and Prices have a positive and significant effect on Repurchase Intentions; Satisfaction has a positive and significant effect on Repurchase Intentions. The results of hypothesis testing for indirect effects show that Store Atmosphere and Products have a positive and significant effect on Repurchase Intentions through Satisfaction, but Prices have a negative effect on Repurchase Intentions through Satisfaction.

This paper studies the ownership structure among participants in the Swedish tradable green certificate (TGC) system and its implications for TGC prices. First, we investigate cross-ownership – a situation when a firm is active on both the demand and supply sides of the TGC market – by linking suppliers and obliged parties to their parent firms. Next, we calculate indexes of market concentration that account for cross-ownership. Finally, we use detailed TGC transaction-level data to analyze differences in the prices of the TGCs traded by cross-ownership versus non-cross-ownership firms. Our results show considerable cross-ownership, with many firms active on both TGC supply and demand sides. However, even after accounting for cross-ownership, the market concentration of the entire TGC market is low and has decreased over time. Despite the absence of market concentration, our analysis of TGC prices indicates that cross-ownership firms have the ability to differentiate TGC prices from non-cross-ownership firms. Such behavior is consistent with the behavioral assumption that the ultimate owner's objective is to maximize the total profit of the portfolio of shares, and that, therefore, the pricing behavior would differ from that of a perfectly competitive firm without ownership links to other firms in the industry.

This work aims to know the evolution of purchase prices of advertising slots in conventional media in the last decade and discover the conditioning factors that facilitate a good advertising negotiation. A double methodology is used: quantitative by analyzing secondary sources and qualitative through a panel of experts. The results show a decreasing amount for the purchase of advertising slots, despite the increase in official rates and the scope of the medium or support. Profitability and management time are the determining factors of a good advertising negotiation. We also noted a change toward a more flexible purchase focused on results beyond brand visibility. The research shows the shift from all-media marketing toward a purchase similar to the programming used online., O objetivo deste estudo é examinar a evolução dos preços de compra de espaço publicitário na mídia convencional na última década e descobrir os fatores determinantes que facilitam uma boa negociação de publicidade. É realizada uma metodologia quantitativa dupla por meio da análise de fontes secundárias e uma metodologia qualitativa desenvolvida com um painel de especialistas. Os resultados revelam um valor cada vez mais baixo para a compra de espaço publicitário, apesar do aumento das taxas oficiais e do escopo do meio ou suporte, juntamente com a lucratividade e o tempo de gerenciamento como fatores determinantes de uma boa negociação publicitária, bem como uma mudança em direção a uma compra mais flexível com foco nos resultados, mais além da visibilidade da marca. A pesquisa mostra a mudança da comercialização de toda a mídia para uma compra semelhante à programática usada no ambiente on-line., Este trabajo se plantea con el objetivo de conocer la evolución de los precios de compra de los espacios publicitarios en medios convencionales en la última década y descubrir los condicionantes que facilitan una buena negociación publicitaria. Se lleva a cabo una doble metodología cuantitativa a través del análisis fuentes secundarias y cualitativa desarrollada con un panel de expertos. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto un importe cada vez menor por la compra del espacio publicitario, a pesar de la subida de tarifas oficiales y el alcance del medio o soporte, junto con la rentabilidad y el tiempo de gestión como los condicionantes de una buena negociación publicitaria, además de un cambio hacia una compra más flexible y enfocada en los resultados, más allá de la visibilidad de la marca. La investigación muestra el cambio de la comercialización de todos medios hacia una compra similar a la programática utilizada en el entorno en línea.

Objective: To analyze the components that determine the egg market, identifying the main determining variables of supply, demand, and price transmissions. Methodology: A model of simultaneous equations was formulated with information from the period 1975- 2020. The estimation was carried out using two-stage least square method, with SYSLIN procedure of the SAS (Statistical Analysis System, v.9.4.) computer package. The main economic and technological variables that affect the functions of the model were accounted. Results: The econometric model that represents the egg market is composed of five functional relationships and one identity function. There is an inelastic supply (0.15) to changes in the producer price and an inelastic demand (-0.54) to the consumer price. The producer price for pork was a weak competitor for egg production (-0.25). The consumer price of pork is a strong complement (-1.16) and that of beef is a close substitute (1.12), both quantities demanded. Limitations: The period of analysis of the egg market in Mexico. Conclusions: The variables that determine the egg supply in Mexico are the real producer prices of egg, pork, balance feed, and technology or feed conversion. The egg demand in Mexico is determined primarily by the real consumer prices of eggs, pork, beef, and the real national disposable income per capita., Objetivo: analizar los componentes que determinan el mercado de huevo, identificando las principales variables determinantes de la oferta, de la demanda y de las transmisiones de precios. Metodología: se formuló un modelo de ecuaciones simultáneas con información del período 1975-2020. La estimación se realizó mediante el método de mínimos cuadrados en dos etapas, con el procedimiento SYSLIN del paquete computacional SAS (Statistical Analysis System, v.9.4.). Se tomaron en cuenta las principales variables económicas y tecnológicas que inciden en las funciones del modelo. Resultados: el modelo econométrico que representa al mercado de huevo está compuesto por cinco relaciones funcionales y una función de identidad. Se presenta una oferta inelástica (0.15) a los cambios del precio al productor y una demanda inelástica (-0.54) al precio al consumidor. El precio al productor de carne de cerdo fue un competitivo débil de la producción de huevo (-0.25). El precio al consumidor de carne de cerdo es un complementario fuerte (-1.16) y el de carne de bovino es un sustituto cercano (1.12), ambos de la cantidad demandada. Limitaciones: el período de análisis del mercado de huevo en México. Conclusiones: las variables que determinan la oferta de huevo en México son los precios al productor de huevo, cerdo, alimento balanceado y la tecnología o conversión alimenticia. La demanda de huevo en México está determinada principalmente por los precios reales al consumidor de huevo, cerdo, bovino y el ingreso real nacional disponible per cápita.

This study focuses on investigating the simultaneous relationship among money supply, inflation, and output of emerging South Asian countries. Data from seven countries in the South Asian region, spanning from 2000 to 2022, is collected for the analysis. Three variables are considered endogenous: Money Supply, Output, and Inflation. Following the fulfillment of assumptions, we employed the Panel Two-Stage Least Squares (Panel 2SLS) method to examine the relationship between money, output, and prices. The results indicated a significant bidirectional relationship between output and money supply, meaning that a higher money supply is associated with increased output and vice versa. Additionally, a unidirectional empirical relationship is observed between inflation and money supply. As the money supply does impact the output, so neutrality of money does not hold. The study recommends South Asian countries establish a policy framework that cautiously adjusts the money supply, balancing the need to prevent excessive inflation or deflation to maintain sufficient liquidity to support optimal economic output.

This paper studies the ownership structure among participants in the Swedish tradable green certificate (TGC) system and its implications for TGC prices. First, we investigate cross-ownership – a situation when a firm is active on both the demand and supply sides of the TGC market – by linking suppliers and obliged parties to their parent firms. Next, we calculate indexes of market concentration that account for cross-ownership. Finally, we use detailed TGC transaction-level data to analyze differences in the prices of the TGCs traded by cross-ownership versus non-cross-ownership firms. Our results show considerable cross-ownership, with many firms active on both TGC supply and demand sides. However, even after accounting for cross-ownership, the market concentration of the entire TGC market is low and has decreased over time. Despite the absence of market concentration, our analysis of TGC prices indicates that cross-ownership firms have the ability to differentiate TGC prices from non-cross-ownership firms. Such behavior is consistent with the behavioral assumption that the ultimate owner's objective is to maximize the total profit of the portfolio of shares, and that, therefore, the pricing behavior would differ from that of a perfectly competitive firm without ownership links to other firms in the industry.

The challenges of combatting climate change are unprecedented and now very urgent. Current approaches are not working fast enough. This paper, and this journal issue, conceive of the challenge as one of non-marginal structural and institutional change. Several different conceptual frameworks and pluralist theories are considered, emanating from complexity theory, economics, natural sciences, political economy, and strategy. These are deployed to identify potential accelerators, including synergies between climate action and other key political issues, and beneficial non-linear dynamics such as shifts in consumer preferences and technology learning curves. The delays in action also mean that removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is now necessary, and even unconventional geoengineering approaches may need to be considered. A pluralist and practical approach to climate action, accounting for different institutional and social contexts across countries, is argued to be required to accelerate action. © The Author(s) 2023.

Seafood trade is a global business, where catches, processing, and consumption are increasingly separated. An increasingly integrated global market creates telecouplings, i.e. connections between fish stocks that are ecologically separated. These telecouplings may spread the impact of vulnerabilities, such as climate change, between unconnected fisheries. The effect of climate change on fisheries is often analyzed on a fish stock basis, which may overlook the spread of these vulnerabilities. Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) stocks, an iconic fish species, are no exception. Depending on the geographical location, stocks have been impacted differently by climate change, with North-East Arctic (NEA) cod, the stock in the Barents Sea, reaching record high biomass levels and other stocks being extremely depleted. Here, we investigate how these dynamics occurring in the ecological system affect global trade of cod. We find that the global export is fully dominated by NEA cod catches. Applying Structural Equation Modelling, we discover that the high biomass level of NEA cod has positive effects on catches and exports and leads to lower global market prices. However, zooming in on individual stocks and the countries exploiting them using correlation networks, we find heterogeneous responses of other countries, where catches for some stocks increase and others decrease in response to lower global prices. Our results highlight how changes on one fishery may have important repercussion on stocks in different ecosystems, as well as on societies reliant on them.

El presente trabajo realizará un análisis comparativo del sector de bienes de equipo de España y Alemania, con el objeto de desentrañar los determinantes de la competitividad de esta industria. La hipótesis central es la siguiente: la industria de bienes de equipo de Alemania es más competitiva debido a su mayor productividad real y sus menores costes relativos. De este modo, se partirá de la teoría clásica y marxiana de la formación de los precios, y el modelo de las ventajas absolutas de Anwar Shaikh. Para nuestro propósito, se calculan los índices de costes laborales unitarios reales y, posteriormente, se contrasta empíricamente la teoría de la ventaja absoluta., This paper makes a comparative analysis of the capital goods industry in Spain and Germany, in order to explain the determinants of competitiveness in this industry. The main hypothesis is: the German capital goods industry is more competitive as a result of its higher productivity and its lower relative costs. Thus, we will start from the classical and Marxian theory of price formation, and the model of the absolute advantages of Anwar Shaikh. Subsequently, the rates of real unit labor costs are calculated and the absolute advantage’s theory is tested empirically., Instituto Complutense de Estudios Internacionales, TRUE, pub

El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo analizar las principales insuficiencias que limitan el proceso de contratación de las cooperativas agropecuarias en la provincia de Granma, Cuba. Dentro de los métodos empíricos se utilizó la observación científica y dos entrevistas grupales con miembros de las juntas directivas de cooperativas agropecuarias en los municipios de Bayamo y Cauto Cristo; además se aplicaron tres encuestas, la primera a 81 presidentes de cooperativas de Granma en el 2005; la segunda a 37 presidentes de cooperativas en el municipio Bayamo en el 2017 y la tercera a 16 presidentes de cooperativas de Cauto Cristo en el 2020. A las principales conclusiones que arrojó esta investigación son que el marco legal de la contratación de la producción de las cooperativas agropecuarias está bien diseñado en los diferentes documentos que norman ese proceso; que los vaivenes de la política de contratación de la producción de las cooperativas agropecuarias en los últimos 20 años ha permitido que se produzcan insuficiencias en el proceso que repercuten negativamente sobre la gestión económica de las cooperativas agropecuarias; y que las principales insuficiencias del proceso de contratación son el reiterado incumplimiento de los contratos tanto para la venta de insumos a las cooperativas como para la compra de las producciones, la imposición de los contratos a las juntas directivas; la baja preparación de las juntas directivas para enfrentar el proceso de negociación y el grado de insatisfacción que tienen con el proceso de contratación., The objective of the present work is to analyze the main deficiencies that limit the contracting process of the agricultural cooperatives in the province of Granma, Cuba. Within the empirical methods, scientific observation and two group interviews with members of the director boards of agricultural cooperatives in the municipalities of Bayamo and Cauto Cristo were used. In addition, three surveys were applied; the first one was done to 81 Granma´s cooperative presidents in 2005; the second survey was applied to 37 presidents of cooperatives in the Bayamo municipality in 2017 and the third one, to 16 presidents of cooperatives from Cauto Cristo in 2020. The main conclusions of this research are that the legal framework for contracting the production of agricultural cooperatives is well designed in the different documents that regulate this process; the ups and downs of the contracting policy of the production of agricultural cooperatives in the last 20 years has allowed the production of shortcomings in the process that have a negative impact on the economic management of agricultural cooperatives; and the last conclusion is that the main shortcomings of the contracting process are the repeated breach of contracts both for the sale of raw materials to cooperatives and for the purchase of products, the imposition of contracts on the boards of directors; the low preparation of them to face the negotiation process and the degree of dissatisfaction they have with the hiring process., Escuela de Estudios Cooperativos, Fac. de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, TRUE, pub

Rationale The Banco de España Business Activity Survey (EBAE) may be a useful source of information for monitoring regional economic developments. This article aims to analyse the regional dimension of the EBAE results. Takeaways •Harnessing the regional dimension of the EBAE seems appropriate, as the regional distribution of firms in the sample is similar to that of the universe of firms and, moreover, some of the survey results are strongly correlated with other indicators available at regional level. •Based on the EBAE results, over the last four quarters (2022 Q3 to 2023 Q2) turnover proved more buoyant in the Canary Islands and the Madrid region, whereas in the South, Centre, North-West and Catalonia it was more sluggish. •Overall, the regions where turnover performed more positively over the last 12 months are those which in mid-2022 lagged farther behind in recovering their pre-pandemic GDP level and those facing more favourable demand conditions.

Purpose: This study aims to demonstrate the impact of taxes on prices and production in Jordan. Theoretical framework: Study problem lies in asking the following questions Does the tax system in Jordan serve the economic aspects? Does the tax in Jordan affect the economic aspect? Is the tax in Jordan fair? Is there an impact of the tax on prices in Jordan? Is there an impact of the tax on production in Jordan? What is the effect of taxes on consumer speeding on necessary versus luxury goods? What is the impact of higher taxes on personal income of consumers? The effect of Lower taxes on the economy and disposable income? What is the alternative for governments to increase their income other than direct higher tax system? What is the effect of various government entities; such as financial, administrative, and social corruption on Jordan economy? Design/methodology/approach: Researchers used standard analysis method and vector error correction model for the period (2011-2020), and used the profit margin ratio indicator as a representative indicator for production and prices. Findings: Results showed a long-term causal relationship between prices and production; from one side and direct and indirect taxes; from the other side and that relationship between short-term deviations and long-term reliability is corrected at a rate of (3%) per year. Results showed a negative significant impact of indirect taxes on price competitiveness; in the long term which was reinforced by the variance components’ analysis and response function’s test. Results also showed an insignificant impact of direct and indirect taxes on price competitiveness; in the short term. Research, Practical & Social implications: Demonstrating the impact of taxes on prices and production in Jordan. As well as, discussing the governmental tax and income. Originality/value: The importance of study stems from research topic, since taxes have multiple effects on various areas in society which ca

The importance of electricity in modern society has become increasingly crucial for everyday life. Along with its importance comes the Monetary aspect of buying and selling power in the 21st century. This thesis focuses on predicting Market Electricity Prices in SCE (Southern California Edison) Territory to help Electric Service Providers (ESPs) maximize profits by analyzing upcoming Market prices to make better business decisions. To forecast Market Electricity prices, this thesis utilizes ARIMA modeling, Time series Regression Modeling, Random Forest Modeling, Exponential Smoothing Techniques and Extreme Gradient Boosting. The various models are trained on over two years of data and forecasted for Long-Term, Short-Term and Day-Ahead Market electricity prices to help ESPs across different time scales. To assess the model performance, Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) is utilized across different models. The overall goal of this thesis is to find the best performing model.

This paper aims to analyze the effects produced by the recent legal amendment of Law 12/2013, which regulates different measures to improve the food chain in cooperatives as well as in other associative entities. Firstly, it will be developed the origin and evolution of the aforementioned Act. On top of that, it will be discussed the legal reform carried out by Law 16/2021, which among others, imposes the obligation of establishing individualized written food contracts for the deliveries made by their partners. Secondly, it is argued that due to the legal nature of the cooperative activity, the food chain law should not be applied at any point. Even so, this will also be underlined by taking into account the specific legal support cooperative activity has, such as its internal, corporate, non-profit, and non-commercial nature. Thirdly, the paper deal with the situation regarding this law that affects second and subsequentdegree cooperatives, agrarian transformation companies, capital companies majority-owned by cooperatives, as well as the study of the operations carried out under inter-cooperative agreements. Finally, a critical analysis is made of the provision that establishes the requirements for cooperatives and other associative entities to avoid the obligation to contractually articulate the deliveries of their members' products. Viable solutions or recommendations that these entities, statutorily or by social agreements should establish, will be discussed. To name just but a few examples, it will be developed the procedure for determining the value of the product delivered by its partners or the settlement schedule., El trabajo trata de los efectos de la reciente reforma de la Ley 12/2013 de medidas para mejorar el funcionamiento de la cadena alimentaria en las cooperativas y en otras entidades asociativas. Primero se explica el origen y evolución de esta norma y el contenido de la reforma realizada por la Ley 16/2021, que parte de la imposición a las cooperativas de la obligación de formalizar contratos alimentarios individualizados y por escrito por las entregas que realicen sus socios. Después se defiende que, por la naturaleza jurídica de la actividad cooperativizada (que se demuestra con apoyos legales concretos que es tiene carácter interno, societario, sin ánimo de lucro y no comercial), no debería serle de aplicación en ningún punto la ley de la cadena alimentaria, norma que está diseñada para equilibrar poderes entre los diferentes eslabones de la cadena de valor. El trabajo también trata de la situación respecto a la ley de la cadena alimentaria de las cooperativas de segundo y ulterior grado, de las sociedades agrarias de transformación, de las sociedades de capital participadas mayoritariamente por cooperativas y de las operaciones realizadas en virtud de acuerdos intercooperativos. Por último, se realiza un análisis crítico del precepto que establece las condiciones necesarias para que las cooperativas y otras entidades asociativas puedan salvar la obligación de articular con contratos las entregas de productos de sus socios, realizando una serie de recomendaciones para que estas entidades establezcan debidamente, en los estatutos o por acuerdos sociales, el procedimiento de determinación del valor del producto entregado por sus socios y el calendario de liquidación.

We provide evidence for the behavioral biases of anchoring and loss aversion in paintings sold at auction. We find that anchoring is more important for items that are resold quickly and that the effect of loss aversion increases with the time that a painting is held. This evidence contributes significantly to the empirical evidence of the endowment effect: of increasing loss aversion with the length of holding. However, we do not find evidence that investors can take advantage of these behavioral biases.

En este trabajo se investigan los efectos entre 2020 y 2021del COVID-19 en el mercado de vivienda nueva en Colombia, sector de gran importancia en la reactivación económica del país después del choque y crisis económica generada por la pandemia. Este sector alcanzó durante el año 2021 picos de demanda de vivienda total históricos, impulsado por la situación y condiciones dadas en el marco de incentivos y política expansiva del Gobierno del periodo Iván Duque. Se vinculan literatura internacional y nacional de modelos empíricos sobre casos del comportamiento del mercado inmobiliario durante pandemias, como estrategia empírica se desarrolla un panel de efectos fijos basado en la metodología de función de demanda inversa propuesta por Allen-Coghlan y McQuinn (2020). En este modelo se toma el precio como la variable dependiente y se explica por variables como el número de contagios nuevos, número de dosis de vacunas administradas, el número de créditos otorgados y tasas de interés de adquisición de vivienda, tomando como muestra siete ciudades de Colombia. Se encuentra que hay una relación inversa entre el número de contagios nuevos y el precio de la vivienda, pero una relación directa de las dosis administradas y el precio., This paper researches the effects of the COVID-19 in Colombian new housing market, given the importance of this market in the economic reactivation after the economic shock of the pandemic. This sector reached during 2021 an all-time peak, pushed up by the incentives and expansive policy implemented by the government of Iván Duque. Literature and empiric models about the behavior of the housing market and pandemic are linked and reviewed and finally a fixed effects panel is developed based on the inverse demand function methodology proposed by Allen-Coghlan and McQuinn (2020). In this model, price is taken as the dependent variable and is explained by variables such as the number of new cases, the number of doses of vaccines administered, the number of loans granted, and interest rates for home purchase, taking seven cities as the sample. The model shows that there is an inverse relationship between the number of new infections and the price of housing and a direct relationship between the doses administered and the price.

Telecommuting came roaring to the forefront of the American workplace in the spring of 2020. While no more than 8% of work was done remotely in 2019, shutdowns and social-distancing policies introduced at the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic pushed more than 1 out of every 3 American workers to telecommute. To reflect this shift, the research team aimed to update the spatial modeling toolbox to allow remote employment and develop a quantitative framework capable of analyzing the full range of reallocations, both within and across cities, which may result from its increasing popularity. The researchers build a quantitative spatial model in which some workers can substitute on-site effort with work done from home. The team quantifies their framework to match the distribution of jobs and residents across 4,502 U.S. locations. A permanent increase in the attractiveness of telework results in a rich non-monotonic pattern of reallocations within and across cities. Workers who can telecommute experience welfare gains, and those who cannot suffer losses. Additionally, broader access to jobs reduces inequality across residential locations. The framework robustly predicts changes in residents and housing prices observed 2019—2021.View the NCST Project Webpage

El objetivo de este estudio es comparar los precios de diez categorías de alimentos que se distribuyen en cuatro cadenas minoristas en Tijuana, Baja California, México. El acopio de datos se llevó a cabo mediante reportes de cliente misterioso a lo largo de siete meses. El análisis se basa en estadísticas descriptivas y análisis de varianzas (ANOVA). Los resultados sugieren que los minoristas aplican precios similares en diez categorías de alimentos. Ésta es una de pocas investigaciones llevadas a cabo en la región sobre este tema. Se concluye que los precios de alimentos en cadenas minoristas convergen. La principal limitante del estudio es su enfoque geográfico. La implicación es que los minoristas compiten con base en precio, pero sin sustentar esta propuesta de valor. Futuras investigaciones podrán argumentar si la convergencia en los precios limita las opciones de los consumidores o si mantiene el precio de alimentos bajo control., The objective of this study is to compare prices across ten food categories sold by four large food retail chains in Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico. The data was collected through mystery shoppers across a seven-month period. The analysis consisted of descriptive statistics and analyses of variance (ANOVA). The results suggest that the retailers in the study apply similar prices across ten food categories. This is one of the few studies conducted in the region to address food price convergence in the retail sector. The conclusion is that price convergence takes places among large retail chains in Tijuana. The main limitation of the study is the geographic focus. The implications are that retailers find themselves struggling to differentiate based on price, and end up making unsupported claims around lowest-price value propositions. Future studies can argue whether price convergence limits consumer choices or keeps prices in check.

The present work aims to address, starting from the general administrative theory on intervention in the economy and intervention in prices by the administration, the capacity of the legislator and specifically the emergency legislator, which is the government, to proceed in crisis situations. to the protection of the most vulnerable in relation to housing lease contracts. Analyzing in particular the freezing of rents below inflation and what was agreed in the contract established by Royal Decree-Law, 11/2022, of June 25, for this, the doctrine, constitutional jurisprudence and the European Court of Human Rights are studied, as well as comparative law with respect to these matters of administrative intervention in housing rental relationships, El presente trabajo pretende abordar, partiendo de la teoría general administrativa sobre intervención en la economía e intervención en los precios por parte de la administración, la capacidad del legislador y en concreto, el legislador de emergencia que es el gobierno, para en situaciones de crisis proceder a la protección de los más vulnerables en relación con los contratos de arrendamiento de vivienda. Analizándose en especial la inicialmente congelación de rentas por debajo de la inflación y de lo pactado en contrato establecidas por el Real Decreto-Ley, 11/2022, de 25 de junio para ello se estudia la doctrina, jurisprudencia constitucional y del Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos, así como el derecho comparado con respecto a estas materias de intervención administrativa en las relaciones arrendaticias de vivienda

The Malang City as a tourist city also stores abundant natural and cultural wealth, written batik is one of its assets, the celaket written batik center has produced batik products with motifs of lions, flowers, and tendrils which are the hallmarks of the handwritten batik of Malang City. This study aims to determine the effect of attractions, facilities and prices on customer satisfaction at the Batik Tulis Celaket Center in Malang City, with data collection techniques using purposive sampling distributed via google form to 190 respondents who are also customers at the Celaket Batik Tulis Center Malang City. The data analysis technique used in this research is descriptive analysis, multiple linear regression analysis, and hypothesis testing. The results of the study showed that facilities, and prices had a significant effect on customer satisfaction, while attractions did not have a significant effect. Attractions, facilities, and prices also have a joint influence on customer satisfaction at the Celaket Batik Center, Malang City. It is known that the price is more dominant in influencing customer satisfaction at the Batik Tulis Celaket Center in Malang City, hereby illustrates that the customers who visit the Batik Tulis Celaket Center in Malang City are satisfied with the prices offered by the Batik Tulis Celaket Center in Malang City.

Chapter 1 considers a heterogeneous agent New Keynesian model with time-varying asset market liquidity. A lesson from the Great Recession is that the difficulty in asset liquidation and the shortage of liquid assets to households can have a substantial effect on aggregate demand. In this paper, I use a Heterogeneous Agent New-Keynesian (HANK) model to quantify the impact of time-varying market liquidity on the monetary transmission mechanism. I document that the effect of monetary policy is amplified through countercyclical response of the liquidation time for illiquid assets. Furthermore, monetary policy generates substantial redistribution across heterogeneous households in my model. Wealthy hand-to-mouth households suffer the most from contractionary monetary policies because of the significant delay in the liquidation process of illiquid assets, whereas agents with enough liquid assets only mildly adjust their consumption. Finally, the model matches the empirical finding that contractionary monetary policies are more powerful than expansionary intervention because more agents become liquidity constrained during recessions. Chapter 2 is an empirical studies on stock market liquidity and aggregate economy. This chapter studies the relationship between aggregate demand and stock market liquidity. I first provide empirical evidence to justify that the stock market liquidity moves around with the aggregate market. I further show that under different levels of stock market liquidity, the economy will react differently to monetary shocks. In particular, monetary policy is more effective if the market liquidity is low.

Asset pricing anomalies have real effects on investment activities. I use the M&A data and demonstrate that the mispricing of bidders have value effects on the target. In particular, I show that high-beta bidders entail lower target announcement returns. To address the issue of endogeneity in beta estimations, I use hypothetical mutual fund fire sales as the source of the nonfundamental fluctuation. I run several cross-sectional tests to provide additional support, which are all related to the magnitude of systematic mispricing. The results are robust to using other proxies for speculativeness such as IVOL.

It is often argued that compared to a carbon tax, a volatile carbon price under an emissions trading system poses a problem in the transition towards a low carbon economy. However, this paper shows that, when sufficiently positively correlated with the electricity price, carbon price uncertainty diminishes overall volatility because of a diversification effect. To get this result, we develop a dynamic real options model to analyze the impact of positively correlated price uncertainty on the timing of an investment decision. In contrast to static models, we show that even when the carbon price is initially the same under both policy instruments, the timing of the investment decision will typically be different. More importantly, we find that multiple correlated price uncertainties under an emissions trading system encourages investment more than less uncertainty under a carbon tax. Hence, to stimulate a low carbon (or discourage a carbon intensive) investment, an emissions trading system (carbon tax) is preferred. The policy reverts for higher levels of uncertainty and low correlations.

Artículo de revista, Since mid-2021, inflationary pressures have intensified and have spread to various components of underlying inflation, both in the euro area and in Spain. This largely reflects the indirect effect of the sustained increase in production costs triggered by commodity market tensions. Moreover, other pandemic-related factors may have facilitated the pass-through of inflationary pressures: production bottlenecks, the increase in home renovation demand and, more recently, the rapid pace of resumption of activities involving more social contact, after two years of demand constraints. Underlying inflation components related to transport, household equipment and maintenance, and recreation, hospitality and tourism have seen particularly high price rises over the last year, both in the euro area and in Spain. Recreation, hospitality and tourism made a significantly higher contribution to the growth in consumer prices in Spain than in the euro area in the last year, owing to the higher price rises in these components and their greater weight in the consumption basket.

We use option prices and realized returns to decompose risk premia into different parts of the return state space. In the data, 8/10 of the average equity premium is attributable to monthly returns below -10%, but returns below -30% matter very little. In contrast, prominent asset pricing models based on habits, long-run risks, rare disasters, undiversifiable idiosyncratic risk, and constrained intermediaries attribute the premium predominantly to returns above -10% or to the extreme left tail. We show that the discrepancy arises from an unrealistically small price of risk for stock market tail events in the models.

China's remarkable economic progress over the past three decades has been complemented by massive energy consumption. Although coal has long been the primary energy source, the rise in crude oil use has been viewed as more contentious, because a large portion of crude oil is imported, whereas the economy is mostly self-sufficient in coal. We examine the role of R&D effort and self-sufficiency on China's oil import function from 1980 to 2020. Using the autoregressive distributed lag model, we find that the R&D effort raises oil imports in the long run. However, we find oil imports to be independent from self-sufficiency in the long run. We also find that China's accession to the World Trade Organization has significantly changed the cointegrating relationship in the oil import function. Our results suggest that the government should continue to incentivize energy-saving measures and fund research projects on renewable energy sources. Furthermore, deregulation in the oil market is quintessential to energy security and stable growth in the long run.

Biodiesel and hydrotreated renewable diesel (RD)—or collectively biomass-based diesel (BBD)—have become integral components of compliance with policies aiming to reduce U.S. transportation sector greenhouse gas emissions. Such policies include the U.S. Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS), California’s Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS), and Oregon’s Clean Fuel Program (CFP). These policies, along with a federal Blender’s BBD Tax Credit (BTC), provide financial incentives for BBD. In this white paper, the authors study pass-through of implicit taxes and subsidies, introduced by federal and state policies, to a variety of diesel and soy biodiesel fuel prices in the context of the U.S. diesel sector, focusing on fossil diesel and soy biodiesel. They apply time series methods techniques to estimate how a variety of diesel fuel price spreads across the country and in California and Oregon responds to changes in the implicit taxes placed on petroleum diesel and the implicit subsidies awarded to biodiesel. The results presented in this paper point to some inefficiencies in the RFS, LCFS, and CFP. The primary contribution of this paper was providing the first set of estimates of pass-through of LCFS implicit taxes and subsidies, and doing so for the diesel sector, a critical player in LCFS compliance.View the NCST Project Webpage

The Malang City as a tourist city also stores abundant natural and cultural wealth, written batik is one of its assets, the celaket written batik center has produced batik products with motifs of lions, flowers, and tendrils which are the hallmarks of the handwritten batik of Malang City. This study aims to determine the effect of attractions, facilities and prices on customer satisfaction at the Batik Tulis Celaket Center in Malang City, with data collection techniques using purposive sampling distributed via google form to 190 respondents who are also customers at the Celaket Batik Tulis Center Malang City. The data analysis technique used in this research is descriptive analysis, multiple linear regression analysis, and hypothesis testing. The results of the study showed that facilities, and prices had a significant effect on customer satisfaction, while attractions did not have a significant effect. Attractions, facilities, and prices also have a joint influence on customer satisfaction at the Celaket Batik Center, Malang City. It is known that the price is more dominant in influencing customer satisfaction at the Batik Tulis Celaket Center in Malang City, hereby illustrates that the customers who visit the Batik Tulis Celaket Center in Malang City are satisfied with the prices offered by the Batik Tulis Celaket Center in Malang City.

El presente trabajo estudia la relación entre la incertidumbre macroeconómica y el comportamiento del sistema de precios de la economía uruguaya, utilizando el análisis de redes para representar al sistema de precios que componen el Índice de Precios del Consumo (IPC). Se construyeron redes utilizando ventanas móviles anuales entre 1997 y 2020, tomando como nodos a las distintas clases de bienes y servicios que componen el IPC. Los resultados empíricos muestran que existe un conjunto de nodos centrales rodeados de otros periféricos, donde los primeros se caracterizan por haber tenido una dinámica similar a muchos otros nodos de la red, mientras que los segundos registraron un comportamiento atípico. Los resultados empíricos del trabajo permiten mostrar la volatilidad en la dinámica de precios y su relación con los procesos macroeconómicos, así como los cambios en las interrelaciones entre los precios que componen el IPC en Uruguay., This paper studies the relationship between macroeconomic uncertainty and the behavior of the price system of the Uruguayan economy, using network analysis to represent the price system that makes up the Consumer Price Index (CPI). Networks were built using annual moving windows between 1997 and 2020, taking as nodes the different classes of goods and services that make up the CPI. The empirical results show that there is a set of central nodes surrounded by other peripheral ones, where the former are characterized by having a similar dynamic to many other nodes in the network, while the latter had an atypical behavior. The empirical results of the work allow to show the volatility in the price dynamics and its relationship with the macroeconomic processes, as well as the changes in the interrelationships between the prices that make up the CPI in Uruguay.

El presente trabajo estudia la relación entre la incertidumbre macroeconómica y el comportamiento del sistema de precios de la economía uruguaya, utilizando el análisis de redes para representar al sistema de precios que componen el Índice de Precios del Consumo (IPC). Se construyeron redes utilizando ventanas móviles anuales entre 1997 y 2020, tomando como nodos a las distintas clases de bienes y servicios que componen el IPC. Los resultados empíricos muestran que existe un conjunto de nodos centrales rodeados de otros periféricos, donde los primeros se caracterizan por haber tenido una dinámica similar a muchos otros nodos de la red, mientras que los segundos registraron un comportamiento atípico. Los resultados empíricos del trabajo permiten mostrar la volatilidad en la dinámica de precios y su relación con los procesos macroeconómicos, así como los cambios en las interrelaciones entre los precios que componen el IPC en Uruguay., This paper studies the relationship between macroeconomic uncertainty and the behavior of the price system of the Uruguayan economy, using network analysis to represent the price system that makes up the Consumer Price Index (CPI). Networks were built using annual moving windows between 1997 and 2020, taking as nodes the different classes of goods and services that make up the CPI. The empirical results show that there is a set of central nodes surrounded by other peripheral ones, where the former are characterized by having a similar dynamic to many other nodes in the network, while the latter had an atypical behavior. The empirical results of the work allow to show the volatility in the price dynamics and its relationship with the macroeconomic processes, as well as the changes in the interrelationships between the prices that make up the CPI in Uruguay.

This paper studies the relationship between macroeconomic uncertainty and the behavior of the price system of the Uruguayan economy, using network analysis to represent the price system that makes up the Consumer Price Index (CPI). Networks were built using annual moving windows between 1997 and 2020, taking as nodes the different classes of goods and services that make up the CPI. The empirical results show that there is a set of central nodes surrounded by other peripheral ones, where the former are characterized by having a similar dynamic to many other nodes in the network, while the latter had an atypical behavior. The empirical results of the work allow to show the volatility in the price dynamics and its relationship with the macroeconomic processes, as well as the changes in the interrelationships between the prices that make up the CPI in Uruguay., El presente trabajo estudia la relación entre la incertidumbre macroeconómica y el comportamiento del sistema de precios de la economía uruguaya, utilizando el análisis de redes para representar al sistema de precios que componen el Índice de Precios del Consumo (IPC). Se construyeron redes utilizando ventanas móviles anuales entre 1997 y 2020, tomando como nodos a las distintas clases de bienes y servicios que componen el IPC. Los resultados empíricos muestran que existe un conjunto de nodos centrales rodeados de otros periféricos, donde los primeros se caracterizan por haber tenido una dinámica similar a muchos otros nodos de la red, mientras que los segundos registraron un comportamiento atípico. Los resultados empíricos del trabajo permiten mostrar la volatilidad en la dinámica de precios y su relación con los procesos macroeconómicos, así como los cambios en las interrelaciones entre los precios que componen el IPC en Uruguay.

In the nineties, emerging markets like Mexico and South Korea experienced external shocks that depreciated their domestic currencies and eventually led to overall inflation. The goal in this paper is to estimate long-run and short-run exchange rate pass-through (ERPT) elasticities to consumer and import prices and determine whether monetary policies have reduced the ERPT. Two Vector Error Correction Models were estimated using monthly data from 1995 to 2018. The results show that monetary policies did reduce the ERPT on consumer and import prices in Mexico. In South Korea, the ERPT to import prices was stronger, only when we account for the 1997 financial crisis, the results show that monetary policies contributed to reduce the ERPT to both consumer and import prices.

This paper investigates the micro-foundations of pricing behaviour using monthly producer prices for Norwegian multi-product firms. We find both infrequent and many small price changes together with a high degree of within-firm synchronization. This points at fixed menu costs featuring scope economies, at additional linear and convex price adjustment costs, and at the presence of firm-specific shocks. The structural estimates and a simulation support the view that in order to understand pricing behaviour and the effectiveness of monetary policy, the analysis of multi-product firms and a richer price adjustment technology in the intermediate goods sector is valuable.

The objective of the present work is to analyze the main deficiencies that limit the contracting process of the agricultural cooperatives in the province of Granma, Cuba. Within the empirical methods, scientific observation and two group interviews with members of the director boards of agricultural cooperatives in the municipalities of Bayamo and Cauto Cristo were used. In addition, three surveys were applied; the first one was done to 81 Granma´s cooperative presidents in 2005; the second survey was applied to 37 presidents of cooperatives in the Bayamo municipality in 2017 and the third one, to 16 presidents of cooperatives from Cauto Cristo in 2020. The main conclusions of this research are that the legal framework for contracting the production of agricultural cooperatives is well designed in the different documents that regulate this process; the ups and downs of the contracting policy of the production of agricultural cooperatives in the last 20 years has allowed the production of shortcomings in the process that have a negative impact on the economic management of agricultural cooperatives; and the last conclusion is that the main shortcomings of the contracting process are the repeated breach of contracts both for the sale of raw materials to cooperatives and for the purchase of products, the imposition of contracts on the boards of directors; the low preparation of them to face the negotiation process and the degree of dissatisfaction they have with the hiring process., El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo analizar las principales insuficiencias que limitan el proceso de contratación de las cooperativas agropecuarias en la provincia de Granma, Cuba. Dentro de los métodos empíricos se utilizó la observación científica y dos entrevistas grupales con miembros de las juntas directivas de cooperativas agropecuarias en los municipios de Bayamo y Cauto Cristo; además se aplicaron tres encuestas, la primera a 81 presidentes de cooperativas de Granma en el 2005; la segunda a 37 presidentes de cooperativas en el municipio Bayamo en el 2017 y la tercera a 16 presidentes de cooperativas de Cauto Cristo en el 2020. A las principales conclusiones que arrojó esta investigación son que el marco legal de la contratación de la producción de las cooperativas agropecuarias está bien diseñado en los diferentes documentos que norman ese proceso; que los vaivenes de la política de contratación de la producción de las cooperativas agropecuarias en los últimos 20 años ha permitido que se produzcan insuficiencias en el proceso que repercuten negativamente sobre la gestión económica de las cooperativas agropecuarias; y que las principales insuficiencias del proceso de contratación son el reiterado incumplimiento de los contratos tanto para la venta de insumos a las cooperativas como para la compra de las producciones, la imposición de los contratos a las juntas directivas; la baja preparación de las juntas directivas para enfrentar el proceso de negociación y el grado de insatisfacción que tienen con el proceso de contratación.

In recent decades, Latin American historiography has raised many questions and methodological challenges regarding the standard of living of the continent's societies in historical perspective. The aim of this paper is to address these challenges for the case of the city of Buenos Aires (Argentina) during the first half of the 19th century. We use new series of prices of a variety of items of wide consumption, and series of wage income of low-skilled labor (wages of bricklayers and salaries of low-ranking state employees). Based on various available subsistence consumption baskets, we present different possibilities of real wage series (welfare ratio). Thus, we examine the evolution of the living standards of unskilled workers in Buenos Aires between 1824 and 1850, during a period of important socio-economic and political transformations., En las últimas décadas, la historiografía latinoamericana se ha planteado múltiples preguntas y desafíos metodológicos sobre el problema del nivel de vida de las sociedades del continente en perspectiva histórica. El objetivo de este trabajo es abordar estos desafíos para el caso de la ciudad de Buenos Aires (Argentina) durante la primera mitad del siglo XIX. Utilizamos nuevas series de precios de una variedad de artículos de amplio consumo y de ingresos salariales de mano de obra de poca calificación (jornales de los peones albañiles y sueldos de empleados estatales de bajo rango). Con base en diversas canastas de consumo de subsistencia disponibles, presentamos diferentes posibilidades de series de salarios reales (welfare ratio). Así, examinamos la evolución del nivel de vida de los trabajadores no calificados porteños entre 1824 y 1850, durante un periodo de importantes transformaciones socio-económica y políticas.

Práce se věnuje zkoumání aktuálních limitů pro přijetí zásilky pro její přepravu v rámci sběrného systému společnosti Dachser. Práce se konkrétně zaměřuje na zkoumání nedávného navýšení těchto limitů, jeho efektivnosti a možných úprav k dosažení vyšší konkurenceschopnosti na trhu silniční nákladní dopravy., The work focuses on an analysis of the current limits used to accept a shipment for transport through the Dachser groupage network. The main focus of this work will be on analyzing the recent increase of these limits, the effectivity and possible alterations to reach a higher competitiveness in the road transport market., Dopravní fakulta Jana Pernera, Student přednesl ucelenou a logicky uspořádanou obhajobu své bakalářské práce. V ní dokázal přesvědčivým způsobem obhájit závěry svých řešení. U doplňkových otázek prokázal schopnost logického myšlení, pohotové reakce, jasného a srozumitelného vysvětlení., Dokončená práce s úspěšnou obhajobou

Abstract Background The public health benefits of sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) taxes often rely on, among other things, changes to consumer purchases. Thus, perceived cost of SSBs and signalling effects—via awareness of the tax—may impact the effectiveness of SSB taxes on consumer purchases. Objective The study sought to examine perceived cost of SSBs, tax awareness, and changes in beverage purchasing over time and across four countries with and without SSB taxes. Methods The study used data from the 2017, 2018 and 2019 waves of the International Food Policy Study. Annual cross-sectional online surveys were conducted in Australia, Mexico, UK and US, which captured perceived cost of SSBs relative to non-SSBs in all countries (with Australia as a no-tax comparator), and measures of tax awareness and participants’ reported changes in beverage purchasing in response to SSB taxes in Mexico (tax implemented in 2014), UK (tax implemented in 2018) and US (subnational taxes since 2015). Logistic regression models evaluated the measures across years and socio-demographic groups. Results Perceived cost of SSBs relative to non-SSBs was higher in Mexico (all three years) and the UK (2018 and 2019 following tax implementation) than Australia and the US. Tax awareness was higher in UK than Mexico, and decreased over time among Mexican respondents. Patterns of reported beverage purchasing changes in response to the tax were similar across Mexico, UK and US, with the largest changes reported by Mexican respondents. Respondents with characteristics corresponding to lower socioeconomic status were less likely to be aware of an SSB tax, but more likely to perceive SSBs to cost more than non-SSBs and report changes in purchasing

The Malang City as a tourist city also stores abundant natural and cultural wealth, written batik is one of its assets, the celaket written batik center has produced batik products with motifs of lions, flowers, and tendrils which are the hallmarks of the handwritten batik of Malang City. This study aims to determine the effect of attractions, facilities and prices on customer satisfaction at the Batik Tulis Celaket Center in Malang City, with data collection techniques using purposive sampling distributed via google form to 190 respondents who are also customers at the Celaket Batik Tulis Center Malang City. The data analysis technique used in this research is descriptive analysis, multiple linear regression analysis, and hypothesis testing. The results of the study showed that facilities, and prices had a significant effect on customer satisfaction, while attractions did not have a significant effect. Attractions, facilities, and prices also have a joint influence on customer satisfaction at the Celaket Batik Center, Malang City. It is known that the price is more dominant in influencing customer satisfaction at the Batik Tulis Celaket Center in Malang City, hereby illustrates that the customers who visit the Batik Tulis Celaket Center in Malang City are satisfied with the prices offered by the Batik Tulis Celaket Center in Malang City.

This paper investigates the micro-foundations of pricing behaviour using monthly producer prices for Norwegian multi-product firms. We find both infrequent and many small price changes together with a high degree of within-firm synchronization. This points at fixed menu costs featuring scope economies, at additional linear and convex price adjustment costs, and at the presence of firm-specific shocks. The structural estimates and a simulation support the view that in order to understand pricing behaviour and the effectiveness of monetary policy, the analysis of multi-product firms and a richer price adjustment technology in the intermediate goods sector is valuable.

This paper studies the relationship between macroeconomic uncertainty and the behavior of the price system of the Uruguayan economy, using network analysis to represent the price system that makes up the Consumer Price Index (CPI). Networks were built using annual moving windows between 1997 and 2020, taking as nodes the different classes of goods and services that make up the CPI. The empirical results show that there is a set of central nodes surrounded by other peripheral ones, where the former are characterized by having a similar dynamic to many other nodes in the network, while the latter had an atypical behavior. The empirical results of the work allow to show the volatility in the price dynamics and its relationship with the macroeconomic processes, as well as the changes in the interrelationships between the prices that make up the CPI in Uruguay., El presente trabajo estudia la relación entre la incertidumbre macroeconómica y el comportamiento del sistema de precios de la economía uruguaya, utilizando el análisis de redes para representar al sistema de precios que componen el Índice de Precios del Consumo (IPC). Se construyeron redes utilizando ventanas móviles anuales entre 1997 y 2020, tomando como nodos a las distintas clases de bienes y servicios que componen el IPC. Los resultados empíricos muestran que existe un conjunto de nodos centrales rodeados de otros periféricos, donde los primeros se caracterizan por haber tenido una dinámica similar a muchos otros nodos de la red, mientras que los segundos registraron un comportamiento atípico. Los resultados empíricos del trabajo permiten mostrar la volatilidad en la dinámica de precios y su relación con los procesos macroeconómicos, así como los cambios en las interrelaciones entre los precios que componen el IPC en Uruguay.

In the nineties, emerging markets like Mexico and South Korea experienced external shocks that depreciated their domestic currencies and eventually led to overall inflation. The goal in this paper is to estimate long-run and short-run exchange rate pass-through (ERPT) elasticities to consumer and import prices and determine whether monetary policies have reduced the ERPT. Two Vector Error Correction Models were estimated using monthly data from 1995 to 2018. The results show that monetary policies did reduce the ERPT on consumer and import prices in Mexico. In South Korea, the ERPT to import prices was stronger, only when we account for the 1997 financial crisis, the results show that monetary policies contributed to reduce the ERPT to both consumer and import prices.

La tesis doctoral que se presenta pretende dar solución a los problemas sistémicos de la industria de la minería de tierras raras, a través de la realización de evaluaciones económicas preliminares desde un enfoque novedoso que, al mismo tiempo, se adecue los estándares existentes a nivel mundial para la realización de informes sobre resultados de exploración, recursos y reservas minerales. Para ello se determinan, en primer lugar, los órdenes de magnitud tanto técnicos como económicos de esta industria minera y, en segundo lugar, se analiza la variabilidad de los precios de las tierras raras mediante el desarrollo de una teoría que permite obtener previsiones muchos más precisas en todos aquellos casos en que existen acontecimientos que provocan variaciones muy significativas en la evolución de las series temporales. Finalmente se aborda la realización de la evaluación económica preliminar de un proyecto de minería de tierras raras localizado en Groenlandia.

In de gemeente Ede is de woningopgave groot en grond schaars. In aanloop naar de gemeenteraadsverkiezingen sprak Nieuwe Oogst met betrokkenen over de grondhonger in het gebied. Terwijl natuurinclusief boeren het gedroomde toekomstbeeld is, rijzen de prijzen de pan uit.

2022 is going to be a challenging year for the phosphates market. The main two issues that will continue to affect the market for another year will be supply and affordability. The phosphates market started the year with tight availability, as product from China and Russia is scarce. China has banned phosphates export until June 2022 which has created a global tight availability issue and has led to prices skyrocketing. Supply from Russia is muted as well. In November 2021, Russia issued export quotas for fertiliser producers. The move was aimed at curbing inflation and ensuring reliable supply to farmers. Phosphates demand is expected to be firm at least for 1Q22. Demand, however will also depend on raw material prices. According to the IFA, new legal frameworks are going to affect the phosphates industry. Last but not least, the fertiliser market in 2022 will be shaped by geopolitical issues. The imposing of sanctions on Belarus by the EU and the US has affected the export output for raw materials, like potash, and the production of complex fertilisers. The uncertainty over further sanctions and continuing unrest in the region is causing an imbalance in the fertiliser market and export supply., 2022 is going to be a challenging year for the phosphates market. The main two issues that will continue to affect the market for another year will be supply and affordability. The phosphates market started the year with tight availability, as product from China and Russia is scarce. China has banned phosphates export until June 2022 which has created a global tight availability issue and has led to prices skyrocketing. Supply from Russia is muted as well. In November 2021, Russia issued export quotas for fertiliser producers. The move was aimed at curbing inflation and ensuring reliable supply to farmers. Phosphates demand is expected to be firm at least for 1Q22. Demand, however will also depend on raw material prices. According to the IFA, new legal frameworks are going to affect the phosphates industry. Last but not least, the fertiliser market in 2022 will be shaped by geopolitical issues. The imposing of sanctions on Belarus by the EU and the US has affected the export output for raw materials, like potash, and the production of complex fertilisers. The uncertainty over further sanctions and continuing unrest in the region is causing an imbalance in the fertiliser market and export supply.

Aquesta investigació ha rebut finançament de la Fundació BBVA, Spain regulates its intercity bus market by means of a 'competition for the market' mechanism, whose design has been modified several times in the last years. This implies that current services are operated under contracts whose conditions are heterogeneous. We take advantage of such fact to empirically measure the impact that regulatory designs may have on fares paid by the users. The results show very large differences between routes whose contracts were awarded under relatively open conditions compared to regionally regulated routes or very old contracts whose concessions were extended and have not been retendered.

The objective of the present work is to analyze the main deficiencies that limit the contracting process of the agricultural cooperatives in the province of Granma, Cuba. Within the empirical methods, scientific observation and two group interviews with members of the director boards of agricultural cooperatives in the municipalities of Bayamo and Cauto Cristo were used. In addition, three surveys were applied; the first one was done to 81 Granma´s cooperative presidents in 2005; the second survey was applied to 37 presidents of cooperatives in the Bayamo municipality in 2017 and the third one, to 16 presidents of cooperatives from Cauto Cristo in 2020. The main conclusions of this research are that the legal framework for contracting the production of agricultural cooperatives is well designed in the different documents that regulate this process; the ups and downs of the contracting policy of the production of agricultural cooperatives in the last 20 years has allowed the production of shortcomings in the process that have a negative impact on the economic management of agricultural cooperatives; and the last conclusion is that the main shortcomings of the contracting process are the repeated breach of contracts both for the sale of raw materials to cooperatives and for the purchase of products, the imposition of contracts on the boards of directors; the low preparation of them to face the negotiation process and the degree of dissatisfaction they have with the hiring process., El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo analizar las principales insuficiencias que limitan el proceso de contratación de las cooperativas agropecuarias en la provincia de Granma, Cuba. Dentro de los métodos empíricos se utilizó la observación científica y dos entrevistas grupales con miembros de las juntas directivas de cooperativas agropecuarias en los municipios de Bayamo y Cauto Cristo; además se aplicaron tres encuestas, la primera a 81 presidentes de cooperativas de Granma en el 2005; la segunda a 37 presidentes de cooperativas en el municipio Bayamo en el 2017 y la tercera a 16 presidentes de cooperativas de Cauto Cristo en el 2020. A las principales conclusiones que arrojó esta investigación son que el marco legal de la contratación de la producción de las cooperativas agropecuarias está bien diseñado en los diferentes documentos que norman ese proceso; que los vaivenes de la política de contratación de la producción de las cooperativas agropecuarias en los últimos 20 años ha permitido que se produzcan insuficiencias en el proceso que repercuten negativamente sobre la gestión económica de las cooperativas agropecuarias; y que las principales insuficiencias del proceso de contratación son el reiterado incumplimiento de los contratos tanto para la venta de insumos a las cooperativas como para la compra de las producciones, la imposición de los contratos a las juntas directivas; la baja preparación de las juntas directivas para enfrentar el proceso de negociación y el grado de insatisfacción que tienen con el proceso de contratación.

The Malang City as a tourist city also stores abundant natural and cultural wealth, written batik is one of its assets, the celaket written batik center has produced batik products with motifs of lions, flowers, and tendrils which are the hallmarks of the handwritten batik of Malang City. This study aims to determine the effect of attractions, facilities and prices on customer satisfaction at the Batik Tulis Celaket Center in Malang City, with data collection techniques using purposive sampling distributed via google form to 190 respondents who are also customers at the Celaket Batik Tulis Center Malang City. The data analysis technique used in this research is descriptive analysis, multiple linear regression analysis, and hypothesis testing. The results of the study showed that facilities, and prices had a significant effect on customer satisfaction, while attractions did not have a significant effect. Attractions, facilities, and prices also have a joint influence on customer satisfaction at the Celaket Batik Center, Malang City. It is known that the price is more dominant in influencing customer satisfaction at the Batik Tulis Celaket Center in Malang City, hereby illustrates that the customers who visit the Batik Tulis Celaket Center in Malang City are satisfied with the prices offered by the Batik Tulis Celaket Center in Malang City.

This paper concludes some major aspects regarding olive oil donations in Asia Minor during the Hellenistic period and the Principate. These benefactions were part of the larger phenomenon called Euergetism, that took place in all Greek cities, starting with the fifth Century BC, in which rich and poor, magistrates and ordinary people were exchanging gifts and honors for the well-being of the City and for themselves. Through the study of oil donations there can be highlighted the relations between donor and donated, the importance of the value of gifts in receiving honors, the social and economic characteristics of the city during the studied period, the practical and symbolic aspects that derive from donating olive oil in antic Asia Minor.

This paper presents the characteristics of the oil global market from a political economy perspective. To do so, the relationship among three fundamental dimensions is analyzed: the trade flows, the dominant players, and the organization of transactions. The analysis is particularly interested in the ability of some actors may have to influence price dynamics, and suggests that this dynamic is greatly influenced by market traders., El trabajo presenta, desde una perspectiva de economía política, las características del mercado mundial de petróleo. Para ello, se analizan tres dimensiones fundamentales: los flujos de intercambio, los actores dominantes y la organización de las transacciones. El análisis se interesa especialmente por la capacidad que puedan tener algunos actores para influir sobre la dinámica de los precios y sugiere que esa dinámica se encuentra muy influida por la operativa financiera.

This study is an endeavor to examine joint determination of prices, money supply and output in Pakistan during 1975-2019 by using macro-economic model and annual time series data. Three Stage Least Square (3SLS) method is utilized to estimate simultaneous model of prices, money supply and output nexus. Our results strongly support significant positive association between prices and money supply thus supports monetarist view that growth in money supply causes inflation and rising behavior of prices is detrimental to real output. The accelerated inflation has obstructed real output and reduced output levels has further caused jump in price levels during the investigated period. The empirical results also supports significant bi-directional relationship between prices and money supply. Prudent monetary policy is need of hour to stabilize prices in order to minimize its adverse impacts on real output.