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We describe an experimental testbed to evaluate optical vortices and present a field study of single-OAM and dual-OAM vortices propagated over 900m. OAM detection is performed using a Shack-Hartman sensor and a fast-imaging camera. Beams are analyzed in terms of their topological charges and turbulence strength.

The Laser MegaJoule (LMJ), the French 176-beam laser facility, is located at the CEA CESTA Laboratory near Bordeaux (France). It is designed to deliver about 1.4 MJ of energy on targets, for high energy density physics experiments, including fusion experiments. The first bundle of 8-beams was commissioned in October 2014. By the end of 2021, ten bundles of 8-beams are expected to be fully operational. Operating software tools are used to automate, secure and optimize the operations on the LMJ facility. They contribute to the smooth running of the experiment process (from the setup to the results). They are integrated in the maintenance process (from the supply chain to the asset management). They are linked together in order to exchange data and they interact with the control command system. This talk gives an overview of the existing operating software and the lessons learned. It finally explains the incoming works to automate the lifecycle management of elements included in the final optic assembly (replacement, repair, etc.)., Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Accelerator and Large Experimental Physics Control Systems, ICALEPCS2021, Shanghai, China

JBF:ICPRS-19; International audience

Las vias de acceso a los nervios perifericos del miembro inferior son menos conocidas que las del miembro superior. Son utiles para la reparacion de las lesiones traumaticas, la descompresion nerviosa de los sindromes compresivos, la reseccion de tumores nerviosos y la cirugia de las neurotomias selectivas. El conocimiento de la anatomia y de sus variantes es indispensable, asi como la utilizacion de tecnicas microquirurgicas. En este articulo, se presentan las principales vias de acceso a los plexos lumbar y lumbosacro, seguidas de los accesos a los distintos nervios que pueden lesionarse, con una resena anatomica y la descripcion del acceso quirurgico.

Riassunto Le vie di accesso ai nervi periferici dell’arto inferiore sono meno conosciute rispetto a quelle dell’arto superiore. Sono utili nella rigenerazione di lesioni traumatiche, per la decompressione nervosa delle sindromi canalari, nell’asportazione di tumori dei nervi e nella chirurgia delle neurotomie selettive. La conoscenza dell’anatomia e delle sue variazioni e indispensabile, cosi come l’utilizzo di tecniche microchirurgiche. Andremo a esaminare le principali vie di accesso al plesso lombare e lombosacrale, seguiranno poi gli accessi ai diversi nervi che possono essere lesi, con alcuni cenni anatomici e descrizione dell’accesso chirurgico.

The concept of at risk mental state for psychosis has been developed in order to detect subjects who are supposed to be in the prodromal phase of psychosis disorder, in an attempt to modify the natural history of the disease. The aim of this thesis was to synthesize the work on this concept with a review of the literature. The concept of at-risk mental state for psychosis was developed from retrospective studies that identified prodromal symptoms. These symptoms were included in the "Ultra-High Risk state for Psychosis" criteria (UHR-P), which is said to describe a late period of the prodromal phase, defining attenuated psychotic symptoms syndrome (APSS), brief limited and intermittent psychotic symptoms (BLIPS), and genetic risk and deterioration syndrome (GRD). In parallel, the basic symptoms (BS), felt subjectively, describe a supposedly earlier period of the prodromal phase. About a third of these screened subjects will develop a psychotic disorder at more than 4 years. For the others, the symptoms may persist, but in about two-thirds of cases there is complete remission in the medium term. High-risk individuals have an increased prevalence of non-psychotic disorders. Several predictive factors of clinical, environmental, and paraclinical transition have been found in this population. This new paradigm has attempted to integrate DSM 5 with the diagnosis of attenuated psychotic syndrome (APS), which has been retained only in section III. Several criticisms come from the decline in transition rates, study methodology, transition threshold, and the concept of "high-risk". This concept tends to adjust, the development of individualized risk calculation tools seems particularly promising. Efforts should continue to lead to the identification and early treatment of subjects with psychotic vulnerability., Le concept d’état mental à risque de transition vers un trouble psychotique a été développé afin de dépister des sujets supposés être en phase prodromique, pour tenter de modifier l’histoire naturelle de la maladie. L’objectif de cette thèse était de synthétiser via une revue de la littérature les travaux portant sur ce concept. Le concept d’état mental à risque a été développé à partir d’études rétrospectives ayant identifié des symptômes prodromiques. Ces symptômes ont été intégrés dans les critères « Ultra-High Risk state for Psychosis » (UHR-P), censés décrire une phase tardive de la phase prodromique, définissant le syndrome des symptômes psychotiques atténués (APSS), l’épisode psychotique bref limité et intermittent (BLIPS), et les traits de vulnérabilité génétique associés à un déclin du fonctionnement psychosocial (GRD). En parallèle, les symptômes de base (BS), ressentis subjectivement, décrivent une phase prodromique supposée plus précoce. Environ un tiers de ces sujets dépistés vont développer un trouble psychotique à plus de 4 ans. Pour les autres, les symptômes peuvent persister, mais dans deux tiers des cas on observe une rémission complète à moyen terme. Les sujets à haut risque ont une prévalence accrue de troubles non psychotiques. Plusieurs facteurs prédictifs de transition cliniques, environnementaux, et paracliniques ont été retrouvés dans cette population. Ce nouveau paradigme a tenté d’intégrer le DSM 5 avec le diagnostic de syndrome psychotique atténué (APS), qui n’a été retenu que dans la section III. Plusieurs critiques proviennent du déclin des taux de transition, de la méthodologie des études, du seuil de transition, et du concept du « haut risque ». Ce concept tend à s’ajuster, le développement d’outils de calcul de risque individualisés semble particulièrement prometteur. Les efforts sont à poursuivre pour amener au repérage et au traitement précoce de sujets présentant une vulnérabilité psychotique.

The Laser MegaJoule (LMJ) is a 176-beam laser facility, located at the CEA CESTA Laboratory near Bordeaux (France). It is designed to deliver about 1.4 MJ of energy to targets, for high energy density physics experiments, including fusion experiments. The first 8-beams bundle was operated in October 2014 and a new bundle was commissioned in October 2016. The next two bundles are on their way. There are three steps for the validation of a new bundle and its integration to the existing control system. The first step is to verify the ability of every command control subsystems to drive the new bundle using a secondary independent supervisory. It is performed from a dedicated integration control room. The second is to switch the bundle to the main operations control room supervisory. At this stage, we perform the global system tests to validate the commissioning of the new bundle. In this paper we focus on the switch of a new bundle from the integration control room to the main operations control room. We have to connect all equipment controllers of the bundle to the operations network and update the Facility Configuration Management., Proceedings of the 16th Int. Conf. on Accelerator and Large Experimental Control Systems, ICALEPCS2017, Barcelona, Spain

Reprise d’une prothèse de la hanche pour bursite par conflit avec le psoas du psoas gauche au contact de la pièce cotyloïdienne à l’angioscanner et cotyle saillant au TDM ; ablation de la cupule avec utilisation d’un découpeur de cotyle suivi d’un fraisage postérieur. Complication per opératoire : ablation de la cupule hypotension, hémorragie initialement compensée puis défaillance hémodynamique avec hématome rétro et sous péritonéal à l’échographie avec reprise vasculaire et plaie de la veine iliaque primitive et iliaque externe gauche qui a été suturée, survenue de troubles de la coagulation et d’une coagulopathie intravasculaire disséminée avec évolution défavorable et décès dans la soirée., ♦ Conflit antérieur de hanche ♦ Reprise chirurgicale ♦ Lésion vasculaire, Resumption of a prosthesis of the hip for bursitis by conflict with the psoas of the left psoas in the contact of the cotyle part, in the angio to scan and cotyle jutting out in the TDM; removal of the cupule with use of a carver of cotyle followed by a posterior reaming, a complication per operating: removal of the cupule low blood pressure, initially compensated bleeding then hémodynamic failure with retro bruise and under peritoneal in the ultrasound with vascular resumption and wound of the left external primitive and iliac vein which was stitched, arisen disorders of the coagulation and a intravasculary coagulopathy spread with unfavorable evolution and death in the evening., ♦ Previous conflict of hip ♦ Surgical resumption ♦ Vascular hurt

Los traumatismos del plexo braquial son los mas graves de todas las lesiones de los nervios perifericos, pero en los ultimos 30 anos se han producido avances considerables en su tratamiento. El objetivo principal es establecer un diagnostico exacto para despues tratar de mejorar el pronostico. La violencia del traumatismo, asi como la estimacion de la fuerza aplicada sobre el miembro son especialmente importantes. La probabilidad de que exista una lesion del plexo braquial puede determinarse durante la exploracion del paciente en urgencias; una exploracion detallada del plexo puede efectuarse en pocos minutos en un paciente consciente y colaborador. El examen mediante resonancia magnetica (RM) es indispensable. Los pacientes que no muestran signos de recuperacion durante los primeros 2 meses son candidatos a la exploracion quirurgica. Si los fasciculos estan lesionados e indurados, es necesaria su reseccion y restablecer su continuidad mediante un injerto; la neurotizacion esta indicada en las avulsiones superiores para restaurar la funcion del hombro y del codo. En las paralisis completas, se efectua un injerto a partir del neuroma proximal o se utilizan transferencias de los nervios intercostales En las paralisis superiores C5-C6, la neurotizaciones son el procedimiento estandar. En las paralisis de larga evolucion, la perdida de la flexion y extension del codo se trata por medio de musculos libres reinervados por nervios intercostales o por el nervio espinal accesorio. Varias innovaciones recientes proporcionan opciones quirurgicas de reconstruccion, con la posibilidad de mejorar el resultado funcional. La cirugia secundaria a los 2 anos suele ser necesaria una vez que el paciente ha recuperado la flexion del codo.

SummaryHypothesisThe present study sought to determine long-term outcome in acetabular fracture and the factors associated with secondary implantation of a total hip arthroplasty and/or with poor functional results.Material and methodsSeventy-two patients admitted between 2000 and 2005 were followed up for a maximum 11years (mean, 6.8years): 16 females, 56 males; mean age at injury, 41.6years (median, 40years). There were 45 simple acetabular fractures, 27 complex fractures and 27 dislocations. Late complications were: osteoarthritis (n=29), osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH: n=8) and heterotopic ossification (n=2).Results and discussionTwenty-five total hip arthroplasties (THA) were performed, with a mean time to surgery of 3.7years. Associated factors for THA were: VAS (P

Resume Hypothese Le but de notre etude etait de determiner l’evolution a long terme des fractures de l’acetabulum et quels etaient les facteurs associes avec la mise en place secondaire d’une prothese totale de la hanche (PTH) et avec un mauvais resultat fonctionnel. Patients et methodes Soixante-douze patients hospitalises entre 2000 et 2005 ont ete suivis avec un recul maximum de 11 ans (moyenne 6,8 ans). Il y avait 16 femmes pour 56 hommes, avec une moyenne d’âge au moment de la fracture de 41,4 ans et une mediane a 40 ans. Quarante-cinq patients avaient une fracture simple, 27 une fracture complexe et 27 luxations. Les complications chroniques etaient : 29 arthroses, huit osteonecroses aseptiques (ONA) et deux ossifications heterotopiques. Resultats et discussion Vingt-cinq PTHs ont ete posees dans un delai moyen de 3,7 ans. Les facteurs retrouves associes avec une PTH dans les suites d’une fracture du cotyle sont : l’EVA (p Niveau de preuve Niveau 4. Etude retrospective.

Resume Nous rapportons trois cas de patients ayant presente une lesion pseudotumorale dans les suites d’une arthroplastie totale de hanche avec deux presentations macroscopiques differentes : (1) la presentation classique sous forme d’un granulome inflammatoire, (2) la survenue d’un hematome collecte en rapport avec des lesions des vaisseaux gluteaux, probablement atteints par le processus pseudotumoral est rapportee pour un cas. Le diagnostic de ce type de lesion est radiologique, tandis que la tomodensitometrie permet la confirmation et surtout montre l’extension et les rapports de la lesion lorsqu’elle est extensive. Une arteriographie est necessaire en cas de lesion de nature liquidienne et la biopsie est a discuter en fonction du contexte clinique. Dans les trois cas, il a ete observe une histologie typique de lesions granulomateuses. Une fois le diagnostic etabli, la prise en charge therapeutique reste similaire pour les deux presentations avec une reprise chirurgicale, qui doit etre la plus precoce possible lorsque l’os cortical est atteint afin d’eviter une fracture pathologique.

Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long-term outcome (>20 years) of patients who underwent an open Bankart procedure, many of them contact athletes, in terms of shoulder stability, return to sport, and the development of osteoarthritis. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 49 patients (50 shoulders) who underwent an open Bankart procedure for recurrent shoulder instability. There were 36 contact athletes (73%) in this cohort. Mean follow-up was 28 years (25-32). Clinical examination was performed by an independent reviewer, with standard shoulder radiographs obtained. Results Eight patients had recurrence of dislocation after a new traumatic episode, in six cases while playing rugby, with two of them requiring re-operation. Forty (82%) patients returned to their previous level of sports activities, including all 31 rugby players. No statistically significant loss of motion occurred in this group, although there was slight loss of flexion (6°) and external rotation (9°). The mean Rowe score at final follow-up was 82 (25-97), and all but two patients considered themselves satisfied with the results of the surgery. Thirty-four (69%) patients showed signs of osteoarthritis at follow-up, as follows: Stage 1 –18, Stage 2 – 5, Stage 3 – 5, and Stage 4 – 1. Conclusion At long-term follow-up, patients undergoing an open Bankart procedure for recurrent shoulder instability obtained a high percentage of shoulder stability, and reliably returned to high-level sports activities. However, 69% did show radiographic signs of osteoarthritis.

Los traumatismos del plexo braquial son lesiones conocidas historicamente y son las mas severas de todas las lesiones de los nervios perifericos. Sin embargo, en los ultimos 30 anos se han producido avances considerables en su tratamiento. El objetivo principal es establecer un diagnostico exacto para despues tratar de mejorar el pronostico. La violencia del traumatismo, asi como la estimacion de la fuerza aplicada al miembro son especialmente importantes. La presencia de una lesion del plexo braquial puede descubrirse durante la exploracion del paciente en urgencias despues de un traumatismo de la cintura escapular; un examen detallado del plexo y de sus ramas puede efectuarse en pocos minutos en un paciente consciente y colaborador. El examen mediante RM y el diagnostico electrofisiologico resultan indispensables despues de las 3 semanas. Los pacientes que no muestran signos de recuperacion durante los 2 primeros meses son candidatos a la exploracion quirurgica. Si los fasciculos estan lesionados, indurados y fibrosados, es necesaria una reseccion de los mismos y restablecer su continuidad mediante injerto; la neurotizacion se indica en las avulsiones superiores para restaurar la funcion del hombro, del codo e incluso de la muneca. En las lesiones postraumaticas del plexo del adulto, las reparaciones suelen requerir diversos injertos nerviosos y neurotizaciones: en las paralisis completas, se efectua un injerto a partir del neuroma proximal o se utilizan transferencias con los nervios intercostales o con la porcion distal del nervio espinal accesorio; esto proporciona una flexion del codo en el 75% de los casos, y una abduccion y rotacion externa del hombro en el 50% de los casos. En las paralisis superiores C5 C6, la transferencia cubital-biceps es el procedimiento estandar si las raices C5 C6 estan avulsionadas. El injerto a partir de una raiz cervical afectada, si esta disponible, se utiliza para restaurar la funcion del codo; en las paralisis C5 C6 (C7), la extension de la muneca y de los dedos se consigue con transferencias tendinosas. En las paralisis antiguas, la perdida de la flexion y extension del codo se trata por medio de musculos libres reinervados por nervios intercostales o por el nervio espinal accesorio prolongado por un injerto. Innovaciones recientes han aportado nuevas opciones de reconstruccion quirurgica, lo que puede mejorar el resultado funcional. La cirugia secundaria suele ser necesaria una vez el paciente ha recuperado la flexion del codo: artrodesis de hombro, osteotomia de desrotacion humeral, artrodesis estetica de muneca en pronacion.

Las compresiones nerviosas del pie y del tobillo son infrecuentes. Los nervios afectados son sobre todo los de tipo sensitivo. El conocimiento de la anatomia es indispensable para sospechar este tipo de lesion, que suele pasar desapercibida debido a que su diagnostico es dificil de establecer. El dolor sigue siendo el sintoma revelador. Su localizacion es caracteristica y depende del nervio afectado. Puede que se manifieste tan solo durante el esfuerzo y, por tanto, afectar una poblacion de personas deportistas. A veces, puede acompanarse de trastornos de la sensibilidad y, en muchos menos casos, de trastornos motores. El descubrimiento de un signo de Tinel al realizar la percusion es un elemento clinico de orientacion destacado, pero su ausencia no excluye el diagnostico. Las exploraciones complementarias distinguen entre los diagnosticos diferenciales, y pueden poner de manifiesto las causas que favorecen la expresion de los sindromes neuropaticos por atrapamiento o del tunel. El electromiograma realizado en buenas condiciones, de forma bilateral y comparativa, puede demostrar una disminucion de las velocidades de conduccion sensitivas y una disminucion de la amplitud de los potenciales sensitivos. El sindrome del tunel sigue siendo la etiologia mas habitual de estas compresiones nerviosas. A menudo se encuentra una causa favorecedora. Puede tratarse de una inestabilidad del tobillo, trastornos de la estatica del pie, secuelas de fracturas, quistes sinoviales o hernias musculares. En ocasiones no se encuentra ninguna causa favorecedora y el sindrome del tunel se considera idiopatico. Ademas, la etiologia puede ser una intervencion quirurgica previa. El tratamiento medico conservador, basado en la interrupcion de las actividades desencadenantes, la correccion ortotica de un trastorno estatico y la rehabilitacion deben proponerse en una primera fase. Las infiltraciones locales pueden ser de utilidad diagnostica y terapeutica. Si fracasan estos tratamientos, se propone una intervencion quirurgica. Se realiza una neurolisis liberando el nervio afectado de cualquier elemento compresivo, ya se trate de una arcada aponeurotica o de bandas fibrosas. Debe identificarse y suprimirse cualquier causa favorecedora. En algunos casos, si en la intervencion se encuentra un seudoneuroma, un nervio demasiado distendido o si fracasa una neurolisis previa, se realiza una neurectomia proximal en estos nervios sensitivos. Los resultados de las intervenciones quirurgicas suelen ser favorables, sobre todo si se ha identificado y suprimido la causa de la compresion. En caso contrario, pueden persistir secuelas dolorosas.

Surgical treatment of lateral femoral cutaneous neuropathy (LFCN) is performed only after failure of conservative management. We reexamined 167 cases (7 bilateral) of LFCN of various etiologies (idiopathic, abdominal surgery, iliac crest bone grafting, trauma, and total hip arthroplasty) operated on between 1987 and 2003. Average follow-up was 98 months (20-212). The intervention was performed under local anesthesia in 139 cases (83%). Surgical release of the nerve was performed in 153 cases (92%) and transection in 14 cases (8%). Surgical treatment of LFCN led to improvement and patient satisfaction in 130 cases (78%). The results depended on several factors, especially the underlying etiology, duration of symptoms before intervention, and integrity of the nerve. Nerve release remains the first-line surgical technique, improving painful symptoms in many cases while preserving sensation of the thigh. It can be performed under local anesthesia by an experienced surgeon.

Resume Les pseudo-kystes mucoides sont des tumeurs benignes peu frequentes qui touchent l’ensemble des nerfs peripheriques au voisinage des articulations. Rapportes pour la premiere fois dans la litterature en 1891, la question de leur nature n’est pas resolue a ce jour. Identifier l’origine de ces kystes peut influencer la prise en charge et le risque de recidive de ces lesions. Vingt-trois patients (21 hommes et 2 femmes) de 38 ans en moyenne (extremes de 13 a 56 ans) ont ete suivis avec un recul moyen de 6 ans. Le kyste mucoide siegeait 16 fois au niveau du fibulaire commun au col de la fibula, 1 fois au niveau du nerf tibial au genou, 1 fois au niveau du nerf median, dans 3 cas au niveau du nerf ulnaire et dans 2 cas au niveau du nerf suprascapulaire. La symptomatologie douloureuse a ete locale dans 18 cas, irradiante dans le territoire concerne dans 20 cas. Dans 17 cas, le mode de decouverte a ete un deficit moteur. L’EMG a ete realise dans tous les cas, l’echographie dans 15 cas, le scanner dans 7 cas et l’IRM dans 10 cas. Tous les patients ont ete operes. La neurolyse a ete faite sous microscope pour les kystes intra-neuraux. La recherche d’un pedicule communiquant avec l’articulation voisine a ete systematique. Une communication articulaire a ete retrouvee dans 17 cas. Le delai moyen de recuperation d’une force musculaire a 5 et/ou d’une sensibilite normale a ete de 7 mois dans 16 cas, on notait une absence totale de recuperation dans 1 cas. Il y a eu trois recidives necessitant une arthrodese tibio-fibulaire. Des trois theories avancees (degenerescence kystique de certains schwannomes, degenerescence du tissu conjonctif de la gaine nerveuse), c’est la theorie articulaire qui nous a semble la plus probable. L’existence d’un pedicule reliant une articulation dans plus de 60 % des cas, la situation anatomique peri-articulaire des nerfs touches, parfois la migration le long d’un nerf articulaire et leur contenu mucoide, sont en faveur d’une origine articulaire. La notion de recidive apres des excisions completes et minutieuses est egalement en faveur de la physiopathologie articulaire. Il faut evoquer un kyste mucoide devant toute lesion neurologique, d’apparition rapide, au voisinage d’une articulation. La recherche d’une communication articulaire en pre et en peroperatoire est importante notamment pour limiter le risque de recidive.

Axillary nerve injuries still go undiagnosed far too often despite their frequency. However the quality of the outcome depends on expert management and prompt surgery. To optimise the latter, we re-examined 83 operated cases of traumatic lesions of the axillary nerve. We analysed the neurological and functional recovery of these patients by means of a follow-up evaluation at 6 years postop. The results were classified by age, mechanism of injury, delay to surgery and the presence or otherwise of associated neurological or osteo-articular lesions. We highlighted that a high index of suspicion ought to exist in all cases of trauma to the shoulder in a patient aged more than 40, any injury associated with palsy of the long head of triceps and in the case of an osteo-articular lesion due to high-velocity trauma. A complete lack of shoulder abduction must always prompt a search for a lesion of the axillary nerve as well as a suprascapular nerve palsy or rotator cuff lesion. There are few literature reports of surgical management of this particular nerve injury. An early MRI scan as part of the management should improve results by a reduction in the delay before surgery. As a result of our investigation we conclude that a lesion of the axillary nerve without signs of recovery at 3 months should be referred to a centre specialized in peripheral nerve surgery.

Les tumeurs nerveuses peripheriques de type schwannome sont rares. Il existe dans une partie des cas une association avec une maladie de Recklinghausen. Nous rapportons le cas d’une patiente de 63 ans, retraitee, decrivant une histoire douloureuse evoluant sur un an, sans deficit sensitivomoteur. L’IRM a permis de diagnostiquer un schwannome isole au niveau du premier espace intermetatarsien envahissant le premier metatarsien sans complication fracturaire associee. Ce diagnostic fut confirme par une biopsie preoperatoire. La patiente beneficia d’une exerese chirurgicale, d’un curetage osseux et d’un traitement adjuvant a l’azote liquide sans comblement osseux. L’analyse finale de la piece operatoire a confirme le diagnostic de schwannome. Au dernier recul, aucune recidive n’a ete detectee ni sur le plan clinique ni sur l’imagerie. Ce cas est seulement le troisieme schwannome intraosseux rapporte au niveau d’un metatarsien.

Tesis (Ingeniero Civil Industrial) Los combustibles líquidos en Chile aún son los más utilizados para abastecer el transporte terrestre. El parque automotriz en nuestro país crece aproximadamente en un 4.9% anualmente, lo que tiene directamente impacto en el aumento del consumo de este tipo de combustible. La ruta 78, que une las ciudades de San Antonio y Santiago,no ha sido ajena a esta realidad y ha incrementado su flujo vehicular año a año, con un mínimo de un 5,22% y un máximo un 10,06%, con una desviación estándar de un 1,1636%. Esta pre-factibilidad tiene como finalidad determinar si la construcción de una estación de servicio de expendio de combustible líquido en la Ruta del Sol, a la altura del kilómetro noventa, y donde solo existe una estación de servicio, es viable. Con este fin, se realizará un estudio de mercado, que tiene como prioridad determinar la demanda del producto; un estudio técnico y un estudio de estrategia de administración y recursos humanos donde se determinará qué recurso humano se utilizará y como se administrará el proyecto. Por último se realizará un estudio financiero, el que arrojará indicadores que se evaluarán para determinar si es factible económicamente dicho proyecto.

Summary Air injection into light-oil reservoirs is now a proven field technique. Because of the unlimited availability and the nil access cost of the injectant, the application potential of this improved recovery process is promising when associated with the lack of available hydrocarbon gas sources for injection. One of the keys of a successful air injection project is the evaluation of the process by carrying out representative laboratory studies. Therefore, an original laboratory strategy was proposed to assess the recovery potential by air injection into light-oil reservoirs, and to help the determination and the quantification of optimal operating conditions. In this paper, the air injection technique applied to light-oil reservoirs is explained. Then, the laboratory strategy proposed for the evaluation of an air injection project is described, and the experimental objectives, devices, and procedures are explained. In order to provide reliable experimental data, high-pressure and high-temperature experiments (up to 40 MPa and 500°C) are performed with consolidated reservoir cores and reservoir oils, at representative conditions of the air injection process in light-oil reservoirs. Finally, a laboratory evaluation regarding a potential application for an air injection pilot in the Handil field (Mahakam delta, Indonesia) is presented and discussed.

Resume Introduction Le but de cette etude est d’evaluer les resultats d’une serie prospective de 138 cas de syndromes du canal carpien, operes par une technique percutanee. Methode Les 129 patients (108 femmes et 21 hommes, de 49 ans et 9 mois de moyenne d’âge) ont ete evalues en preoperatoire par un questionnaire, un examen clinique (Weber, boucle, test de Kapandji, test de Tinel, test de Phalen, test de Vainio et prise de la force de poigne). La particularite de la technique operatoire est l’utilisation d’une sonde cannelee introduite dans le canal carpien afin de guider la lame au cours de la section du ligament annulaire. Resultats Les resultats ont ete evalues lors de trois consultations (premier, troisieme et sixieme mois). Nous obtenons 98,5 % de tres bons et bons resultats (criteres de Kelly), deux patients ont presente un syndrome algodystrophique. Nous n’avons pas releve de complications vasculaires, tendineuses ou neurologiques et nous n’avons jamais converti l’intervention par une technique a ciel ouvert. Discussion Les principaux avantages de cette technique sont une reprise rapide de la fonction de la main avec une duree de reprise moyenne du travail de 22,6 jours, un taux de complication faible et un materiel simple.

We retrospectively analyzed the charts of 13 athletes (18 limbs) who had sural nerve entrapment localized in the passage of the nerve through the superficial sural aponeurosis. There were 11 men and 2 women (average age, 43 years; range, 31 to 59). All patients reported chronic calf pain that was exacerbated during physical exertion. Delay to diagnosis averaged 9 months (range, 5 to 24). Tenderness in the calf was identified along the course of the sural nerve in all cases. In 10 patients (15 limbs) electrodiagnostic testing before surgery was positive. After failure of nonoperative treatment, surgery was conducted under local anesthesia. Neurolysis was performed by incising the superficial sural aponeurosis and the fibrous band in it through which the nerve passes. The results of the operation were evaluated in terms of residual symptoms, ability to return to the former sport, and degree of patient satisfaction. A final follow-up examination was performed an average of 14 months (range, 6 to 30) after the operation. The final result was excellent in 9 limbs (2 bilateral), good in 8 limbs (2 bilateral), and fair in 1 case. The differential diagnosis of sural nerve entrapment in athletes is discussed. Increase in sural muscle mass or development of local fibrous scar tissue compromised the sural nerve in its course through the unyielding and inextensible superficial sural aponeurosis.

Operative release for entrapment of the suprascapular nerve was carried out in 35 patients. They were assessed at an average of 30 months (12 to 98) after operation using the functional shoulder score devised by Constant and Murley. The average age at the time of surgery was 40 years (17 to 67). Entrapment was due to injury in ten patients and no cause was found in three; 34 had diffuse posterolateral shoulder pain. The strength of abduction was reduced in all the patients. The average Constant score, unadjusted for age or gender, before operative release was 47% (28 to 53). In 25 of the patients both the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles were atrophied and seven had isolated atrophy of the infraspinatus muscle. The average conduction time from Erb’s point to the supraspinatus muscle and to the infraspinatus muscle was 5.7 ms (2.8 to 12.8) and 7.4 ms (3.4 to 13.4), respectively. In two patients MRI revealed a ganglion in the infraspinatus fossa and, in another, a complete rupture of the rotator cuff. The average time from the onset of symptoms to operation was ten months (3 to 36). A posterior approach was advocated. The average Constant score, after operative release, unadjusted for age or gender was 77% (35 to 91). The overall result was excellent in ten of the patients, very good in seven, good in 14, fair in two, and poor in two. The symptomatic and functional outcome in our series confirmed the usefulness and safety of operative decompression for entrapment of the suprascapular nerve.

Flow cytometry was used to quantify apoptotic and necrotic polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells in an exudate generated by biomaterials, and the results were compared with determinations of spontaneous apoptosis and necrosis in PMN cells from the bloodstream. The exudate formed inside cylindrical tubes subcutaneously implanted in the dorsal region of rats was collected over a 1-week period. A rapid and simple staining procedure based on the spectral properties of the bisbenzemide Hoechst 33342 was used to identify apoptotic PMN cells. Quantification of permeabilized PMN cells stained by propidium iodide was possible in the same unfixed specimens. The percentages of apoptotic and permeabilized PMN cells in peripheral rat blood were low (1.8 ±0 0.5% and 1.7 ± 0.7%, respectively), similar to results found in humans. In exudates generated by polyvinyl chloride (PVC), the percentages of apoptotic and permeabilized PMN cells were higher than in the blood. The percentage of PMN cells undergoing apoptosis progressively increased with time and reached a maximum at day 2 (27% ± 6%). The percentage of permeabilized cells progressively increased with time and was much higher than the percentage of apoptotic cells on days 4 and 8. Apoptosis and necrosis of PMN cells at day 2 were inhibited when tubes were filled with 10% serum. Selective inhibition of apoptosis with a caspase inhibitor in vivo indicated that apoptosis and necrosis are two separate pathways leading to the death of PMN cells in the exudate. At day 2, polyurethane (PU) was associated with a lower rate of apoptosis than PVC or a random copolymer of trimethylene carbonate (TMC) and ϵcaprolactone (ECL). Apoptosis was interpreted as an organized cell removal process that limits inflammation. Apoptosis was the natural route of PMN cell death at the early stage of inflammation. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 44, 429–435, 1999.

The Green-Kubo formalism for evaluating transport coefficients by molecular dynamics has been applied to multicomponent mixtures of flexible, multicenter models of linear and branched alkanes and nitrogen and helium in the gas phase and in the liquid phase. Simulation results on binary systems are summarized and trends in prediction using simple but realistic molecular models are shown. New simulation results of N2–n-pentane agree with experiment with a maximum deviation of 36%, the greatest error being for pure n-pentane. Methodological aspects of simulating multicomponent systems with trace components are studied, varying the system size and molecular interaction potentials. It is shown that mixtures are treated representatively even when only one to two molecules of a species are present in the simulated system, unless there is an extreme degree of self-association. It is demonstrated that molecular dynamics may predict quantitatively (7% and 11% deviation) the viscosity of a seven component “synthetic” natural gas.

Flow cytometry was used to quantify an inflammatory reaction in vivo as a new approach to evaluating the biocompatibility of biomaterials. The exudate formed inside cylindrical tubes composed of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), silicone elastomer (SIL), or polyurethane (PU) implanted subcutaneously in the dorsal region of rats was collected over a 3-week period. The volume, number of cells, and concentration of fibrinogen were determined in the exudate for the three biomaterials. The exudate was analyzed using a flow cytometry technique after labeling of the leukocytes with a monoclonal anti-CD45 antibody. Fibrinogen rose progressively over the 3-week period for the three polymers. After the different leukocyte lines were identified in rat blood samples, their determination in the exudate revealed differences among the three biomaterials. At day 2, PVC induced a predominantly neutrophilic inflammatory reaction whereas PU and SIL gave a mixture of monocytes and neutrophils. At day 9, the aspect of the cytograms was different, but the identification of the subpopulations was still possible. At day 23, the number of cell events became too low to distinguish the subpopulations. An even more detailed approach might be possible using specific labeling for each leukocyte line to establish a comparison among the three biomaterials. Flow cytometry associated with histomorphometric assessment might provide a precise quantitative in vivo test for determining the biocompatibility of materials.

Sixty patients (sixty-two limbs) who had entrapment of the peroneal nerve were managed with operative decompression, and the results were evaluated after an average duration of follow-up of forty-two months (range, twenty-five to 162 months). The entrapment was postural in five patients, dynamic in two (one of whom had bilateral entrapment), and idiopathic in fifty-three (one of whom had bilateral entrapment). Fifty-eight patients (including the two who had bilateral entrapment) had a positive Tinel sign. Twenty-two patients (including the two who had bilateral entrapment) had sensory symptoms only, and thirty-eight had both sensory and motor symptoms. Electrophysiological studies were performed for all patients in order to confirm the diagnosis. Sensory deficits were confirmed on the basis of a marked decrease in the amplitude of sensory potentials, and motor deficits were confirmed on the basis of decreased nerve-conduction velocities. The common peroneal nerve was decompressed by division of both edges of the fibular fibrous arch. The average time from the onset of symptoms to the operation was fourteen months (range, one to 120 months), primarily because of delayed referrals. Twelve of the twenty-two patients who had had only sensory symptoms preoperatively had complete recovery by the time of the latest follow-up. The average delay from the onset of symptoms to the operation was thirty months (range, six to eighty-six months) for the ten patients (eleven limbs) who did not have full recovery compared with nine months (range, four to thirty-six months) for the twelve patients (thirteen limbs) who did. The postoperative recovery of motor function, as determined with use of the grading system of the Medical Research Council, was good for thirty-three (87 per cent) of the thirty-eight patients who had had both sensory and motor symptoms preoperatively. All seven patients who had peroneal nerve entrapment of known etiology had improvement postoperatively. We recommend operative decompression when symptoms persist or recovery remains incomplete for three to four months, provided that the diagnosis has been confirmed with electrophysiological studies.

FCBA et l'INRA ont engagé des recherches il y a maintenant près de 20 ans pour développer une méthode de multiplication végétative performante du pin maritime. Ses applications dans le programme d'amélioration génétique seraient multiples, depuis la gestion durable des ressources génétiques jusqu'à la sélection plus efficace des meilleures variétés et leur déploiement facilité dans les plantations. Suite aux développements pionniers chez l'épicéa auxquels FCBA a contribué (années 80, Afocel) et comme chez la plupart des autres conifères, c'est le processus d'embryogenèse somatique à partir de graines immatures couplé à la cryoconservation des embryons somatiques obtenus qui offre actuellement les meilleures perspectives pratiques. Des progrès importants ont été obtenus pour la maîtrise de cette technologie, particulièrement depuis la mise en place en 2004 (et continue depuis) d'une collaboration spécifique sur ce thème entre les équipes " Biotechnologie & Sylviculture Avancée " de FCBA et "Amélioration, Génétique et Physiologie Forestières " de l'INRA. Nous faisons ici un bilan des avancées majeures à différentes étapes de l'embryogenèse somatique jusqu'à la mise en place d'essais au champ en cours d'évaluation. Nous portons également un regard sur les verrous techniques et les contraintes socio-économiques qu'il faudrait lever pour amener cette technologie prometteuse à franchir les portes de l'application pratique.

Mucoid cysts compressing the common peroneal nerve have been reported. Whether these cysts are schwannoma or are synovial in nature is the subject of controversy in the medical literature. To contribute to this debate, the present study was designed to detail the anterior innervation of the proximal tibiofibular joint. We dissected 10 knees of five fresh cadavers after staining the tibiofibular joint under fluoroscopic guidance. Through a lateral approach near the fibular head, the common peroneal nerve was isolated then dissected distally to determine whether it or its branches ramified over the proximal tibiofibular joint. In all 10 legs, only one collateral branch was observed on the common peroneal nerve proximal to its terminal division. This collateral sent a branch to the proximal tibiofibular joint before penetrating the tibialis anterior muscle. The articular branch coursed in a superior and posterior direction approximately 1 cm to attain the tibiofibular joint. In no specimen did the deep or superficial peroneal nerves send a twig to the tibiofibular joint. This study confirms and clarifies prior descriptions of the innervation of the anterior aspect of the proximal tibiofibular joint. It clarifies the mechanisms of compression of the common peroneal nerve by synovial cysts that originate from the proximal tibiofibular joint and provides anatomical landmarks that should facilitate complete resection of these cysts.

Open fractures of the shoulder are extremely rare, and their treatment is a major challenge for surgeons. Only cases encountered in military settings have been reported thus far. Such fractures are often the result of ballistic trauma, which causes extensive damage to both bony and soft tissues. Since these injuries are associated with a high risk of infection and the presence of comminuted fractures, external fixation is necessary for repair. Use of external fixators and revascularization techniques has reduced the number of cases requiring shoulder amputation or disarticulation. Injury to the proximal extremity of the humerus, acromion, and clavicle further complicates the treatment. No published studies have described the assembly of external fixators for fractures in the scapular region with significant bone loss. In addition, no cases have been described in civilian settings. However, with an increase in urban violence and the traffic of illegal arms, civilian surgeons are now encountering an increasing number of patients with these injuries. In this report, we not only present a rare case of floating shoulder injury in a civilian setting but also provide an overview of the existing treatment strategies for this type of trauma, with special focus on the use of external fixators in elective shoulder arthrodesis and on military cases.

Our aim, through a comparative study of two populations, one European and the other Afro-Caribbean, was to find out whether there were differences in radiographic measurements of femoral diaphyseal canal diameter, thickness of the medial and lateral cortex, and global diaphyseal diameter. We studied the nailed femurs of adult males in a population of 54 Europeans and 52 Afro-Caribbeans. Both populations were comparable in terms of age, height and weight. The measurements were taken with a ruler on the narrowest area of the hourglass, the isthmus, on an antero-posterior radiograph. The diameter of the femoral canal was classified into three intervals:13 mm, 13-14 mm and14 mm. The femoral canal diameter was significantly larger in the European patients, 14.3 (11-19) versus 13.4 (11-15.6), while the thickness of the lateral cortex was significantly larger in the Afro-Caribbean patients, 8.50 (6-12) versus 7.72 (5.4-11.5). Patient distribution according to the intervals was different in both groups: 59% of the Afro-Caribbeans were in the average interval versus 24.1% of the Europeans. For nearly 53.7% of the Europeans, the diameter of the femoral canal fell in the last interval versus 15.4% of the Afro-Caribbeans. The fact that the femoral canal is narrower in the Afro-Caribbean population may be linked to a thicker lateral cortex. The diameters of the nails used were larger in the European population, 12.6 mm (10-15) versus 12.1 mm (11-14) in the Afro-Caribbean population. The global diameters of both populations' femurs were similar (28.9 mm for the European sample vs. 29 mm). The present study may have an impact on the implants used in the orthopedic surgery (intramedullary nailing, arthroplasty implants). The range of usable implants must be complete and there must be precise pre-operative planning. A study of computed tomography scans could complement our measurements.

Selenium is an essential micronutrient for animals and humans, but can be toxic at higher levels. Manipulation of Se metabolism in plants may enable plants to be tailored to enhance Se content for human and animal consumption and to decontaminate Se polluted soils. Here, we generated subtracted cDNA libraries from perennial ryegrass roots and leaves, enriched for genes which expression is enhanced under toxic levels of selenium. The libraries were sequenced using next generation sequencing technologies to characterize the pool of enriched genes. Within these subtracted libraries, there were a large number of genes involved in the calcium–calmodulin signaling network. Furthermore, in the leaf subtracted cDNA library, we identified 28 ABC transporters. Subsequent expression analysis by quantitative RT-PCR demonstrated the significant accumulation of these transcripts in the leaf tissue of perennial ryegrass under toxic levels of Se. These results suggest a role for ABC transporters in selenium movement and accumulation in perennial ryegrass.

SummaryWe report three cases of pseudotumoral lesion secondary to total hip replacement using metal on polyethylene bearings, presenting two distinct macroscopic aspects: (a) classic inflammatory granuloma and, in one case, (b) onset of hematoma associated with gluteal vessel lesions, probably affected by the pseudotumoral process. Diagnosis was radiographic, with CT-scan serving to confirm and, more importantly, to reveal extension and analyze surrounding tissue. Arteriography is needed when the lesion is liquid, and biopsy may be envisaged depending upon the clinical situation. In all three cases, histology was typically that of granulomatous lesions related to wear debris. Once diagnosis could be established, treatment was similar in both presentations, with surgical revision, which should be as early as possible in case of cortical bone involvement, to prevent pathologic fracture.

This communication presents an optimized architecture providing the computation power and the versatility that are required for the real-time processing of various blocks format (from 4*4 to 16*16) and for direct/inverse Discrete Cosine Transform. To achieve a realistic single chip implementation, different architectures have been compared. Circuits based on the most efficient architecture will be used for a real-time coder/decoder of color images.

Mucoid pseudocysts are infrequent benign tumors which can develop on all peripheral nerves near joints. The origin of these cysts remains to be determined. We searched for arguments favoring an articular origin which would have an impact on management and risk of recurrence.Twenty-three patients (21 men and 2 women, mean age 38 years, age range 13-56 years) presented mucoid pseudocysts and were followed for a mean six years. The mucoid pseudocyst was located on the common fibular nerve at the neck of the fibula in 16 patients, on the tibial nerve at the knee in one, on the median nerve in one, on the ulnar nerve in one, and on the suprascapular nerve in two. Pain was local in 18 patients and irradiated to the concerned nerve territory in 20. Motor deficit was the inaugural feature in 17 patients. EMG was performed in all patients, ultrasound exploration in 15, computed tomography in 7 and magnetic resonance imaging in 10. All patients included in this series underwent surgery: pathological diagnosis of mucoid intra-neural pseudocyst was established in all. Systematic search for communication with the neighboring joint was performed in all cases.An articular communication was found in 17 patients. Mean time to recovery of muscle force (scored 5) and/or normal sensitivity was seven months in 17 patients. One patient did not achieve full recovery. Three patients experienced recurrence and required tibiofibular arthrodesis.Three theories have been proposed (cystic degeneration of schwannoma, degeneration of nerve sheath connective tIssue, and an articular origin). The articular theory appears to be the most probable. The presence of an articular pedicle in 60% of the patients, the anatomic juxtaposition between the nerves involved and neighboring joints, and occasional migration along the articular nerve as well as the cyst's mucoid content argue in favor of the articular theory. The notion of recurrence after complete minute excision is also in favor of an articular pathogenic mechanism. The diagnosis of mucoid cyst should be retained as a possibility in patients with rapidly progressive signs of nerve compression near a joint. It is important to search for articular communication before and during the surgical excision in order to limit the risk of recurrence.

Axillary nerve injuries still go undiagnosed far too often despite their frequency. However the quality of the outcome depends on expert management and prompt surgery. To optimise the latter, we re-examined 83 operated cases of traumatic lesions of the axillary nerve. We analysed the neurological and functional recovery of these patients by means of a follow-up evaluation at 6 years postop. The results were classified by age, mechanism of injury, delay to surgery and the presence or otherwise of associated neurological or osteo-articular lesions. We highlighted that a high index of suspicion ought to exist in all cases of trauma to the shoulder in a patient aged more than 40, any injury associated with palsy of the long head of triceps and in the case of an osteo-articular lesion due to high-velocity trauma. A complete lack of shoulder abduction must always prompt a search for a lesion of the axillary nerve as well as a suprascapular nerve palsy or rotator cuff lesion. There are few literature reports of surgical management of this particular nerve injury. An early MRI scan as part of the management should improve results by a reduction in the delay before surgery. As a result of our investigation we conclude that a lesion of the axillary nerve without signs of recovery at 3 months should be referred to a centre specialized in peripheral nerve surgery.

Radial palsy is a serious complication of humeral shaft fractures. The risk results from the anatomic position of the radial nerve which turns around the distal portion of the humeral shaft, in contact with the bone. As a rule, radial palsy regresses spontaneously, but in a few cases surgery may be required to achieve neurological recovery. We conducted a retrospective study of thirty cases of radial palsy after humeral fracture treated surgically. Our objective was to define causes of non-recovery and assess therapeutic efficacy, searching for the characteristic features of the fractures involved.We limited our analysis to post-humeral fracture radial palsies, which were operated due to the absence of neurological recovery. We recorded the type of fracture, treatment used to achieve bone healing, surgical approach, and type of radial nerve surgery. The series included 30 patients, predominantly male, mean age 38.4 years. The fractures were situated in the middle or lower third of the humeral shaft. Most were spiral fractures. Plate fixation (30%) or nailing (33%) were generally used for fixation. There were six cases of iatrogenic palsy, all after plate fixation. A revision procedure was required in one-third of the cases due to nonunion. Exploration of the radial nerve demonstrated compression at the intermuscular septum in one-third of the cases and a direct conflict with the fixation plate in one-fifth of the cases. Neurolysis was required in 23 cases, nerve grafts in five and first-intention tendon transfer in two.Results of nerve surgery were assessed with the Alnot classification at a mean follow-up of 6.3 years. Outcome was rated good or very good in 22 patients, fair in one and poor (failure) in three. First-intention tendon transfers were performed in two patients and two patients were lost to follow-up. Mean delay to recovery was seven months after neurolysis and fifteen months after nerve grafts.Our experience and data in the literature suggest that several factors could be involved in persistent radial palsy after humeral shaft fracture. The greatest risk of radial nerve injury or absence of recovery after the primary lesion is encountered after fracture of the lower third of the humerus, spiral fracture, and plate fixation. Particular features observed in our series were nonunion and compression in the intermuscular septum.

Earlier work has demonstrated possible paralysis of the long head of the triceps brachii (LTB) after surgical repair of traumatic injury to the axillary nerve. Anatomy textbooks describe the motor branch of the LTB arising from the radial nerve within the body of the triceps. We studied the position of the motor branch for the LTB to determine its exact origin.Three groups were studied: Group I included 9 traumatic injuries of the axillary nerve associated with clinical involvement of the LTB; Group II included 20 secondary posterior trunks dissected from cadaver specimens; Group III included 15 dissections of the infraclavicular plexus with complete dissection of the secondary posterior trunk. The position of the axillary nerve injury was retrieved from the operative reports for Group I. The precise origin of the motor branch for the LTB was identified for Group II. Neurostimulation was used to identify the origin of the motor branch for the LTB in Group III.For Group I: injury to the axillary nerve was situated 10 mm (mean) from the bifurcation of the secondary posterior trunk in 6 cases and at the bifurcation in 3. Type IV injury was identified in 4 cases and type V in 5. For Group II: the motor branch for the LTB arose 6 mm (mean) from the bifurcation of the secondary posterior branch in 13 cases, at the bifurcation in 5, and 10 mm proximally in 2, but never from the radial nerve. For Group III: the motor branch for the LTB arose 4.5 mm (mean) from the bifurcation of the secondary posterior trunk in 11 cases, at the bifurcation in 4, and never from the radial nerve.Observed injuries to the axillary nerve with an associated paralysis of the long head of the triceps brachii were located proximally and were severe. Our dissections always located the motor branch of the LTB arising from the axillary nerve or the secondary posterior branch. We thus deducted that associated LTB paralysis is a sign of poor prognosis. In patients with axillary nerve injury it is a sign favoring a proximal and severe lesion of the axillary nerve.When examining patients with traumatic injury involving the axillary nerve, it is important to search for paralysis of the long head of the triceps brachii. If present, it is a sign of a severe axillary nerve lesion requiring early repair at 3 months.

The distribution of ketoprofen enantiomers in joint tissues was studied as a function of their relative tissular affinities using the multi-chamber distribution dialysis system described by Bickel et al. Selected off-cuts of synovial membrane, joint capsule, cartilage and ligament were obtained from ten patients suffering from osteoarthritis of the knee ( n =3) or hip ( n =7). Sorensen solution (4 ml) spiked with racemic ketoprofen (2 μg ml −1 ) was dialysed against 1 ml of the four solutions of tissue homogenates (0.4 g ml −1 ). Ketoprofen enantiomers were quantified in buffer and tissue solutions by high-performance liquid chromatography. The distribution of ketoprofen enantiomers in the Bickel's multi-compartment model indicated that there was a non-stereoselective affinity of ketoprofen enantiomers for their potential target tissues. Despite the interindividual variability in articular tissues, the concentrations (±S.D.) of R - and S -ketoprofen were significantly higher in synovial membrane (8.69 (4.76) μg g −1 for S , 9.14 (5.57) μg g −1 for R ), joint capsule (5.71 (2.49) μg g −1 for S , 5.49 (2.62) μg g −1 for R ) and ligament (6.28 (3.61) μg g −1 for S , 6.40 (3.64) μg g −1 for R ) than in articular cartilage (3.67 (1.75) μg g −1 for S , 3.70 (1.67) μg g −1 for R ). There were no significant differences in the distribution of R - and S -ketoprofen between the solutions of joint capsule, synovium and ligament tissues. These data may be related to differences in ketoprofen affinity for the different constituents of joints. This in vitro distribution profile is similar to that reported in vivo for other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.