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The patent application titled "Igfr-L1 Antibodies And Uses Thereof" discusses the development of antibodies that bind to the extracellular domain of the Inceptor protein, specifically targeting the IGFR-L1 protein. These antibodies aim to modulate insulin receptor signaling and sensitivity, potentially offering new treatment options for diabetes. The document provides detailed information on the structure and function of insulin and IGF receptors, as well as the physiological roles they play in metabolic processes and cell proliferation. The patent application highlights the importance of developing targeted interventions to address the complex mechanisms underlying diabetes, a prevalent and challenging disease affecting millions worldwide. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at the University of Toyama have focused on the role of platelet-derived growth factor receptor b (PDGFRb) in suppressing tumorigenesis in mice with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) and diabetes. The study found that the deletion of PDGFRb led to less severe inflammation and fibrosis in the liver, as well as lower expression of tumor-related genes. The research suggests that PDGFRb signals play a crucial role in the progression of steatohepatitis and tumorigenesis in MASH, with potential modulation of miRNA expression as an underlying mechanism. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by McMaster University School of Medicine compared the safety and efficacy of anti-VEGF monotherapy versus anti-VEGF and steroid combination therapy for diabetic macular edema (DME). The study included 16 randomized control trials with 1166 eyes, showing that monotherapy resulted in better visual acuity and smaller changes in retinal thickness compared to combination therapy. While both treatments had similar effects on visual acuity, combination therapy was associated with increased complications. The research suggests that most results were similar for treatment-naive and treatment-resistant patients. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at Tanta University in Egypt explored the effect of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injection on neovascularization of the retina in cases of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). The study involved 30 patients diagnosed with PDR who received anti-VEGF injections for three months. The researchers found that the injections had a significant positive effect on neovascularization in the retina. The study concluded that anti-VEGF injections can be effective in treating neovascularization in PDR, not just macular edema. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by the University of Utah explored the potential benefits of targeting vascular endothelial growth factor B (VEGF-B) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and diabetic kidney disease (DKD). The study involved a randomized controlled trial of CSL346, a humanized monoclonal antibody that binds to VEGF-B. However, the results showed that CSL346 did not significantly reduce urinary albumin-creatinine ratio (UACR) compared to a placebo after 16 weeks. Additionally, CSL346 was associated with an increase in diastolic blood pressure. Further research is needed to explore alternative treatments for DKD in patients with type 2 diabetes. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco in Recife, Brazil, explores the potential benefits of melatonin therapy in the healing of diabetic wounds. The study investigates the effects of a combined treatment involving a bacterial cellulose dressing and melatonin application on the regulation and expression of inflammatory cytokines, VEGF, PCNA, and collagen in the healing of cutaneous wounds in diabetic rats. The results suggest that this combination therapy may have positive effects in regulating the expression of inflammatory cytokines, vascular endothelial growth factor, and collagen, making it a potential viable approach to wound healing in diabetic patients. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study from Tongji University investigated the role of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the protein profile of the aqueous humor in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) following intravitreal injection of conbercept. The study found that intravitreal conbercept effectively reduced VEGF levels while increasing CTGF levels, thereby modifying the CTGF/VEGF ratio. Proteomic analysis revealed that these changes were associated with critical biological pathways and protein interactions involved in immune response, stress response, and cellular metabolism. This research provides valuable insights into the effects of intravitreal conbercept on the protein profile of patients with PDR. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted by researchers at the University of Virginia examined the role of MG53, a protein involved in tissue repair and anti-inflammation, in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The study found that while MG53 can bind to the insulin receptor, it has a low likelihood of affecting insulin signaling in muscle, heart, and liver tissues. The researchers concluded that targeting circulating MG53 may not be a viable therapeutic avenue for type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications. This information challenges previous notions proposed by other researchers. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at the University of Ljubljana in Slovenia investigated the association between certain genes and diabetic nephropathy (DN) in Caucasians with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The study included 897 Caucasians with T2DM, 344 of whom had DN and 553 who did not. The researchers found that a specific gene variant, rs2071559 of the KDR gene, was associated with an increased risk of DN, while another gene variant, rs6921438 of the VEGF gene, had a protective effect. These findings suggest that genetic factors may play a role in the development of DN in T2DM patients. [Extracted from the article]

This article discusses a study on the human insulin receptor and its role in insulin resistance. The researchers used a technique called deep mutational scanning to analyze thousands of variants of the insulin receptor and determine their function. They found that even low-level activation of compromised receptors could offer clinical benefits, and their findings could aid in the identification of variants that can be targeted by non-canonical insulin receptor agonists. This research has potential implications for precision therapy for insulin resistance. Please note that this article is a preprint and has not yet undergone peer review. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at Odense University Hospital in Denmark reviewed the real-world efficacy of faricimab, a novel anti-VEGF and anti-angiopoietin-2 bispecific agent, for the treatment of diabetic macular edema (DME). The study analyzed data from 10 eligible studies, which included a total of 6,054 eyes with a mean follow-up of 55 days to 12 months. The findings showed that faricimab improved visual acuity and macular thickness, and allowed for extended treatment intervals in a significant percentage of eyes. The study concluded that faricimab yields similar clinical outcomes to previous anti-VEGF treatments but with reduced treatment burden for patients. Further long-term real-world studies are recommended. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by Baylor College of Medicine compared the outcomes of different treatment approaches for proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). The study found that patients treated with panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) followed by anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections were more likely to undergo pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for vitreous hemorrhage (VH) and tractional retinal detachment (TRD) compared to patients treated with anti-VEGF injections followed by PRP. These findings suggest that the order of treatment may impact outcomes for PDR patients and further research is needed to determine the optimal approach. The study was published in JAMA Ophthalmology. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at the University Medical Center in Mainz, Germany, examined the short-term clinical outcomes of patients with diabetic macular edema (DME) who switched to intravitreal Faricimab (IVF) therapy. The study included 25 eyes from 16 patients and found that while there was no significant improvement in visual acuity, there was a reduction in central retinal thickness and volume after switching to IVF. The study also identified factors associated with better outcomes, such as higher baseline visual acuity and a lower number of prior anti-VEGF agents. Overall, the study suggests that IVF therapy may lead to anatomical improvements in DME patients. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at the Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM) has shed light on the role of Growth-arrest specific 6 (GAS6) and AXL in promoting insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes. The study found that GAS6 deficiency in mice increased insulin sensitivity and protected against diet-induced insulin resistance, while increasing GAS6 levels reduced insulin sensitivity. GAS6 was found to inhibit the activation of the insulin receptor (IR) and reprogram signaling pathways downstream of IR, leading to increased insulin receptor trafficking to endosomes. This research contributes to a better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at Henan University People's Hospital explored the relationship between vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and the mechanism of blood-retinal barrier damage in diabetic retinopathy (DR). DR is a common cause of visual impairment and blindness in adults, and understanding the destruction of the blood-retinal barrier is crucial in understanding the pathogenesis of DR. The study examined various factors such as retinal vascular endothelial cell permeability, vascular inflammatory response, apoptosis, oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. The findings provide valuable insights into the role of VEGF in the development of blood-retinal barrier damage in DR. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted by researchers at the University of Baghdad investigated the relationship between a specific gene polymorphism (rs35652124) and the development of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in Iraqi patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The study found that the mutant genotype of the NFE2L2 gene was more prevalent in patients without DR, while the serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and endocan (END) were higher in patients with DR. The presence of the mutant allele of rs35652124 was associated with a protective effect against DR in T2DM patients. The study suggests that VEGF and END serum levels can serve as biomarkers for early detection of DR. [Extracted from the article]

A new study conducted by researchers at the Abigail Wexner Research Institute has found that individuals with diabetes are more susceptible to urinary tract infections (UTIs) due to deregulated insulin receptor signaling in the kidney collecting duct. The study examined the impact of insulin receptor deletion on antibacterial defenses in the kidney and found that it suppressed immune responses and stress responses in intercalated cells (ICs) and principal cells (PCs). The research also demonstrated that reduced insulin receptor expression in collecting duct cells compromised immunity in diabetic mice and individuals with diabetes. These findings highlight the role of the insulin receptor in orchestrating antibacterial responses in the kidney and the communication between ICs and PCs. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted by researchers at Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Science in Yazd, Iran, focused on enhancing the binding affinity of the antibody ranibizumab for the prevention and treatment of diabetic retinopathy. The researchers used bioinformatic analyses such as molecular docking and dynamics to identify essential amino acids and mutate them to improve the binding affinity of the antibody. The mutant variants of ranibizumab showed improved properties compared to the wild-type antibody, suggesting that they could be potential candidates for stronger affinity binding to VEGF, which may impact the specificity and sensitivity of the antibody. This research provides insights into the development of more effective treatments for diabetic retinopathy. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at the University of Illinois Chicago explored the effect of anti-VEGF medications on the vasculature of the macula in diabetic retinopathy (DR). The study found that intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF agents improved parameters of retinal vascular microstructure over a period of 3 to 9 months. The effect was most pronounced in eyes that experienced improvement in visual acuity and central subfield thickness. These findings provide valuable insights into the treatment of diabetic macular edema and its impact on retinal vascular architecture. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted by the University of Birmingham explores the use of a cumate-inducible lentivirus as a tool for investigating vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A)-mediated pathology in diabetic retinopathy (DR). The researchers transduced retinal pigment epithelial cells with the lentivirus and observed an increase in VEGF-A expression and its impact on cell proliferation, viability, permeability, and migration. However, when cumate was administered via intravitreal injections in adult Wistar rat eyes, it resulted in retinal toxicity, making it an unsuitable approach for modeling DR in in vivo studies. While the lentivirus is valuable for in vitro mechanistic studies, its use in live animal models is limited due to the observed retinal toxicity. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at the Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center has found that brain insulin resistance and deficiency are common features of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The study focused on measuring the levels of soluble insulin receptor (sIR) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from individuals with AD. The researchers discovered that CSF sIR levels were not significantly different in AD patients, but they did correlate with amyloid beta levels and cognitive performance. The study also found that human neurons and astrocytes can produce sIR. These findings suggest that further investigation into the generation and role of sIR in AD is warranted. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at the Third Affiliated Hospital explored the role of a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) called ATP2B2-IT2 in the development of diabetic retinopathy (DR). The researchers found that ATP2B2-IT2 may promote the proliferation, migration, and neovascularization of human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) under high-glucose conditions. The study used bioinformatics analysis and RT-PCR to assess the expression levels of ATP2B2-IT2 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in HRMECs. The findings suggest that ATP2B2-IT2 may be involved in the pathogenesis of DR. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at Udayana University in Bali, Indonesia, explored the use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in tissue reconstruction surgery for patients with diabetes mellitus. The study found that PRP injections prior to the surgery significantly increased flap viability, angiogenesis, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels in diabetic rats. These results were comparable to the outcomes observed in nondiabetic rats that received PRP injections. The findings suggest that PRP may be a promising approach to improve the success of tissue reconstruction surgery in patients with diabetes. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at Baylor College of Medicine examined the outcomes of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) who were treated with either panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) or anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) monotherapy. The study found that patients treated with PRP monotherapy had higher rates of pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), vitreous hemorrhage (VH), and tractional retinal detachment (TRD) compared to those treated with anti-VEGF monotherapy. However, the researchers noted that confounding factors may have influenced these associations. This study provides valuable insights into the treatment options for PDR and highlights the need for further evaluation in clinical practice. [Extracted from the article]

According to a preprint abstract, the secreted protein Growth-arrest specific 6 (GAS6) and its receptor AXL are associated with hyperglycemia and increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Gas6 deficiency in mice increases insulin sensitivity and protects against diet-induced insulin resistance, while increasing GAS6 levels reduces insulin sensitivity. GAS6 inhibits the activation of the insulin receptor and alters signaling pathways downstream of the receptor, leading to increased insulin receptor endocytosis. This study provides insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which GAS6 and AXL influence insulin sensitivity. Please note that this preprint has not been peer-reviewed. [Extracted from the article]

A new study conducted at Tri-Service General Hospital in Taipei, Taiwan, has examined the effects of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) treatment on different types of diabetic macular edema (DME). The study included 161 treatment-naive eyes from 116 patients and classified them into three groups based on initial optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings: diffuse retinal thickening (DRT), cystoid macular edema (CME), and serous retinal detachment (SRD). After three loading doses of anti-VEGF, all three groups showed improvement in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and a decrease in central foveal thickness (CFT) on OCT. The SRD group had the most significant improvement in both BCVA and CFT. The study concludes that anti-VEGF therapy is effective in improving the anatomical structure and function of all types of DME, with SRD responding the best. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from the University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine examines the impact of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment on the development of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) in real-world clinical practice. The study analyzed electronic medical records of patients with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) who had not received anti-VEGF treatment at the time of diagnosis. The findings indicate that the severity of NPDR at baseline was the most significant predictor of PDR development, with higher rates of progression observed in more severe cases. The study also suggests that anti-VEGF treatment can reduce the progression from severe NPDR to PDR. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from the University of Missouri highlights the connection between type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). The study focuses on the cerebral circulation and its role in cerebrovascular diseases such as stroke, cognitive impairment, and dementia. The researchers found that in diabetic mice, there is a reduction in insulin-induced vasodilation in the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) due to a decrease in the presence of endothelial insulin receptor alpha (IRa) and inward remodeling. These findings suggest that cerebrovascular endothelial dysfunction may contribute to the development and progression of cerebrovascular diseases in individuals with T2D. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted in Jiangsu, People's Republic of China compared the levels of various cytokines in the aqueous humor of eyes with diabetic macular edema (DME) that had undergone vitrectomy versus those without vitrectomy. The study found that vitrectomized DME eyes had significantly higher levels of IL-6 and IL-8, suggesting that inflammation after vitrectomy may play a role in the occurrence and development of DME. The levels of VEGF were similar in both groups. The research provides insights into the understanding of macular edema and its potential causes. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine in Antalya, Turkey, explored the effects of hyperglycemia on angiogenesis in human placental endothelial cells (PECs). The researchers found that hyperglycemia, which can occur in conditions such as gestational diabetes mellitus and diabetes mellitus, can impact the expression levels of VEGF, VEGFR-1, and VEGFR-2 genes and proteins in PECs. The study suggests a potential link between maternal diabetes, abnormal placental angiogenesis, and the development of certain metabolic diseases and conditions. Further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms involved. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted in Handan, People's Republic of China, investigated the efficacy of a combination therapy involving calcium dobesilate and candesartan in the treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. The study found that the combination therapy had a significantly higher treatment efficacy compared to the control group, with a total effective rate of 92.86%. It also resulted in reduced hemorrhage area and macular thickness, improved visual acuity, and lower levels of transforming growth factor b1 (TGF-b1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and interleukin-19 (IL-19) in the vitreous humor. The researchers suggest that further large-scale studies are needed to validate these findings and explore treatment mechanisms and long-term effects. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted at the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University investigated the impact of empagliflozin, a sodium-glucose transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, on the retina of diabetic mice. The study aimed to explore the potential role of empagliflozin in preventing and delaying diabetic retinopathy (DR). The results showed that empagliflozin reduced blood glucose levels, inflammatory factors, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels in the eyes of diabetic mice. It also preserved the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) structure and function. The study suggests that empagliflozin may be effective in preventing or treating DR. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted by researchers from Qingdao University in China investigated the effects of different types of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on placental and embryonic development in diabetic pregnant mice. The study found that high-dose n-3 PUFAs improved placental weight, while n-6 PUFAs had lower vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels compared to the control group. The research concluded that n-3 and n-6 PUFAs have different mechanisms for improving placental and embryonic growth. This information may be useful for individuals conducting research on the effects of PUFAs on pregnancy outcomes in diabetic individuals. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by investigators from the Cleveland Clinic examined the real-world treatment patterns and outcomes of patients with diabetic macular oedema (DMO) who received anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy. The study found that many patients experienced improvements in visual acuity and central subfield thickness over 12 months of treatment, despite receiving less frequent anti-VEGF therapy than recommended in clinical trials. The researchers concluded that extended treatment intervals with bevacizumab were effective in preserving vision for individuals with high baseline visual acuity. This study provides valuable insights into the real-world effects of anti-VEGF injection frequency on visual outcomes in patients with DMO. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted at Aviation General Hospital in Beijing, China, explored the potential of curcumin as a treatment for diabetic retinopathy (DR). The study used rats with diabetes and administered varying doses of curcumin for four weeks. The results showed that curcumin reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress markers, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the vitreous of the rats. The researchers concluded that curcumin could be a viable therapeutic option for the treatment of DR. This research has been peer-reviewed and published in the Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at Carmel Medical Center in Haifa, Israel, has explored the role of receptor protein-tyrosine kinases in vascular complications in Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. The study found that high glucose concentrations increased the secretion of pro-angiogenic factors from both macrovascular and microvascular endothelial cells, but not from monocytes. The study also revealed that metformin, a commonly used drug for T2DM treatment, inhibited the secretion of these factors. The findings suggest that targeting EMMPRIN, a key factor in diabetic angiogenesis, may help in the treatment of diabetic vascular complications. [Extracted from the article]

A recent preprint abstract discusses the discovery of a small molecule that can reduce the formation of hybrid receptors in human endothelial cells. These hybrid receptors consist of insulin receptor (IR) and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) subunits. The small molecule was found to decrease hybrid formation by over 50% in endothelial cells, without affecting the overall expression of IR or IGF-1R. This reduction in hybrid receptors led to increased insulin-induced phosphorylation of Akt, a critical downstream signaling kinase. The study suggests that this small molecule could have potential therapeutic implications for diabetes mellitus. However, it is important to note that this research has not yet undergone peer review. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted by researchers at Tongji University in Shanghai, China, explored the association between hyperreflective foci (HRF) in the outer retina and visual outcomes in patients with diabetic macular edema (DME) and subretinal fluid (SRF) after anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) treatment. The study found that the number of HRF in the outer retina was negatively correlated with the restoration of the external limiting membrane (ELM) and ellipsoid zone (EZ), as well as visual outcomes in DME patients with SRF after anti-VEGF treatment. The research suggests that HRF in the outer retina may be a useful indicator for predicting visual outcomes in these patients. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at the Grewal Eye Institute in Chandigarh, India, examined the outcomes of intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections and panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) involving preretinal hemorrhage (PRH) in the fovea. The study found that the combination treatment of anti-VEGF injections and PRP was effective and safe in treating PRH in the fovea. The patients experienced regression of PRH and improvement in visual acuity. However, further long-term studies are needed to assess the long-term efficacy of these treatments. [Extracted from the article]

Boston College biologist, Emrah Altindis, has been awarded a $2.5-million grant from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to study viral insulins and their potential applications in cancer treatment. Altindis and his team will focus on using viral insulins to inhibit the insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) receptor, which is overactive in various diseases, including cancer. They have discovered that certain viral insulins can uniquely block the IGF-1 receptor, which could lead to the development of affordable and specific treatments for diseases. Altindis hopes that this research will contribute to a better understanding of IGF-1 signaling and the design of inhibitors for human diseases. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study from Thomas Jefferson University explores the treatment of diabetic macular edema (DME). The study highlights the shift from laser therapy to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy and its impact on patient outcomes. The research suggests that less frequent dosing of anti-VEGF agents can maintain similar visual acuity and anatomical outcomes as traditional monthly injections. This finding could lead to greater adherence to treatment regimens, sustained visual function, and reduced healthcare costs. Further investigation is needed to understand the long-term effects of extended dosing intervals. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted at the Cleveland Clinic aimed to determine the effect of retinal fluid on visual outcomes for patients with diabetic macular edema (DME) who were treated with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) in routine clinical practice. The study analyzed optical coherence tomography scans using artificial intelligence software and found that best-corrected visual acuity and central subfield thickness improved from baseline to 12 months. However, higher volumes of retinal fluid were associated with worse visual outcomes. The researchers suggest that further studies on the effect of anti-VEGF treatment on retinal fluid morphology could provide more insight into personalized DME treatment. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at the National Defense Medical Center in Taipei, Taiwan, explored the use of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) in diagnosing and treating diabetic macular edema (DME). The study found that a novel OCT finding called bacillary layer detachment (BALAD) was present in 6.2% of eyes with concurrent subretinal fluid. The study also observed that eyes with BALAD had a higher baseline central foveal thickness and worse baseline visual acuity, but showed significant improvement after anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy. However, ellipsoid zone/interdigitation zone disruption tended to develop after resolution of BALAD. This research provides new insights into the prevalence of BALAD in DME and its response to anti-VEGF treatment. [Extracted from the article]

A meta-analysis conducted by researchers from Central South University in China evaluated the efficacy and safety of subthreshold micropulse laser (SML) combined with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs for the treatment of diabetic macular edema (DME). The study included 15 randomized controlled trials involving 891 eyes. The results showed that SML combined with anti-VEGF drugs was comparable to other treatments in terms of best-corrected visual acuity and total macular volume. However, it was effective in reducing the number of anti-VEGF drug injections and central macular thickness, potentially reducing the financial burden on patients. [Extracted from the article]