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Start Over Author "Werner A" Journal encyclopedic reference of immunotoxicology
3,608 results on '"Werner A"'

1. Hypersensitivity Reactions

Author

Vohr, Hans-Werner, Assenmacher, Mario, Avraham, Hava Karsenty, Avraham, Shalom, Bala, Shukal, Barnett, John, Basketter, David, Ben-David, Yaacov, Berek, Claudia, Blümel, Jörg, Bolliger, Anne Provencher, Bolon, Brad, Bradley, S Gaylen, Brundage, Kathleen M, Brunner, Georg, Bugelski, Peter J, Burchiel, Scott W, Burns-Naas, Leigh Ann, Bussiere, Jeanine L., Cameron, Scott B, Carey, Michelle, Cederbrant, Karin, Chow, Anthony W, Cohen, Mitchell D., Colagiovanni, Dorothy, Contreras, Marcela, Cornacoff, Joel B, Corsini, Emanuela, Crevel, René, Cuff, Christopher, Czuprynski, Charles J, Damoiseaux, Jan G M C, Daniels, Geoff, Dayan, Anthony D, Dearman, Rebecca J, Dodson, Sarah V. M., Ebringer, Alan, Engel, Andrea, Esser, Charlotte, Fairley, Kimberly J, Fernandez-Botran, Rafael, Flaherty, Dennis K, Frings, Werner, Gad, Shayne Cox, Gardner, Donald E, Gardner, Susan C, Garssen, Johan, Gashev, Anatoliy A, Geffner, Jorge, Geginat, Gernot, Gemsa, Diethard, Gerberick, Frank, Germolec, Dori, Gilbert, Kathleen M., Giles-Komar, Jill, Gore, Elizabeth R, Griem, Peter, Hagelschuer, Ina, Haggerty, Helen G., Hall, Andrew, Hanneken, S., Hastings, Kenneth L, Havelaar, Arie H, Heisler, Eckhart, Helm, Ricki M, Henschler, Reinhard, Herrmann, Thomas, Herzyk, Danuta J, Higgins, Rachel R., Hitzfeld, Bettina, Holladay, Steven, Holsapple, Michael, House, Robert V, Hughes, Lucy, Jeong, Tae Cheon, Johnson, Victor J, de Jong, Wim H, de Jonge, Rob, Kamath, Arati, Kaminski, Norbert E, Kaminsky, Ronald, Karol, Meryl, Kashon, Michael L, Kerkvliet, Nancy I, Kimber, Ian, Knight, David M, Knulst, A C, Koren, Eugen, Kraal, Georg, Kretz-Rommel, Anke, Kuper, C Frieke, Ladics, Gregory, Laiosa, Michael, Landreth, Kenneth S., Lawrence, B Paige, Lawrence, David A, Lee, Byeong-Chel, Lee, William, Leino, Lasse, Lemke, Hilmar, Lewis, J G, Liebau, Jutta, Lollini, Pier-Luigi, van Loveren, Henk, Luebke, Bob, Luster, Michael I, Mage, Rose G, Maier, Curtis C., Martin, Michael U., Maurer, Thomas, McKarns, Susan C, Meade, B Jean, Moser, Bernhard, Nagata, Shigekazu, Nain, Marianne, Neumann, Norbert J., Novicki, Deborah L, Olsen, John L, Pauluhn, Jürgen, Pichler, Werner, Pieters, Raymond, Pollard, K Michael, Preissner, Klaus T, Pruett, Stephen B, Pumford, Neil R., Rashid, Taha, Ratajczak, Helen V, Redegeld, Frank A M, Regal, Jean F, Resch, Klaus, Rodgers, Kathleen, Roman, Danielle, Rose, Noel R, Rosenthal, Gary J., Sali, Tina, Samsom, Janneke N, Savelkoul, Huub F J, Schafer, Rosana, Schatz, Mark, Schild, Hansjoerg, Shepherd, David, Shiohara, Tetsuo, Silverstone, Allen, Simeonova, Petia P, Smialowicz, Ralph J, Smith, K G C, Soos, Jeanne M, Stittelaar, Koert J, Straube, Frank, Sulentic, Courtney E W, Swart, B, Takumi, Katsuhisa, Tarkowski, Maciej, Tervaert, Jan Willem Cohen, Thomas, Peter T, Tinkle, Sally S, Treacy, George, Trouba, Kevin, Tryphonas, Helen, Uguccioni, Mariagrazia, Ulrich, Peter, van der Heijden, Maurice W, Van Loveren, H, Vandebriel, Rob J, Vleminckx, Kris, Vohr, Hans-Werner, Weinbauer, Gerhard F, Weinstein, I Bernard, Weltzien, Hans Ulrich, Weston, Ainsley, White, Kimber L., Wilson, Clyde, Wing, Mark, Wolf, Anna Maria, Yaqoob, Parveenn, Yucesoy, Berran, Zawieja, David C, Zelikoff, Judith T, Zola, H, and van Zwieten, P A

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2005
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2. Three-Dimensional Human Skin/Epidermal Models and Organotypic Human and Murine Skin Explant Systems

Author

Vohr, Hans-Werner, Heisler, Eckhart, Assenmacher, Mario, Avraham, Hava Karsenty, Avraham, Shalom, Bala, Shukal, Barnett, John, Basketter, David, Ben-David, Yaacov, Berek, Claudia, Blümel, Jörg, Bolliger, Anne Provencher, Bolon, Brad, Bradley, S Gaylen, Brundage, Kathleen M, Brunner, Georg, Bugelski, Peter J, Burchiel, Scott W, Burns-Naas, Leigh Ann, Bussiere, Jeanine L., Cameron, Scott B, Carey, Michelle, Cederbrant, Karin, Chow, Anthony W, Cohen, Mitchell D., Colagiovanni, Dorothy, Contreras, Marcela, Cornacoff, Joel B, Corsini, Emanuela, Crevel, René, Cuff, Christopher, Czuprynski, Charles J, Damoiseaux, Jan G M C, Daniels, Geoff, Dayan, Anthony D, Dearman, Rebecca J, Dodson, Sarah V. M., Ebringer, Alan, Engel, Andrea, Esser, Charlotte, Fairley, Kimberly J, Fernandez-Botran, Rafael, Flaherty, Dennis K, Frings, Werner, Gad, Shayne Cox, Gardner, Donald E, Gardner, Susan C, Garssen, Johan, Gashev, Anatoliy A, Geffner, Jorge, Geginat, Gernot, Gemsa, Diethard, Gerberick, Frank, Germolec, Dori, Gilbert, Kathleen M., Giles-Komar, Jill, Gore, Elizabeth R, Griem, Peter, Hagelschuer, Ina, Haggerty, Helen G., Hall, Andrew, Hanneken, S., Hastings, Kenneth L, Havelaar, Arie H, Heisler, Eckhart, Helm, Ricki M, Henschler, Reinhard, Herrmann, Thomas, Herzyk, Danuta J, Higgins, Rachel R., Hitzfeld, Bettina, Holladay, Steven, Holsapple, Michael, House, Robert V, Hughes, Lucy, Jeong, Tae Cheon, Johnson, Victor J, de Jong, Wim H, de Jonge, Rob, Kamath, Arati, Kaminski, Norbert E, Kaminsky, Ronald, Karol, Meryl, Kashon, Michael L, Kerkvliet, Nancy I, Kimber, Ian, Knight, David M, Knulst, A C, Koren, Eugen, Kraal, Georg, Kretz-Rommel, Anke, Kuper, C Frieke, Ladics, Gregory, Laiosa, Michael, Landreth, Kenneth S., Lawrence, B Paige, Lawrence, David A, Lee, Byeong-Chel, Lee, William, Leino, Lasse, Lemke, Hilmar, Lewis, J G, Liebau, Jutta, Lollini, Pier-Luigi, van Loveren, Henk, Luebke, Bob, Luster, Michael I, Mage, Rose G, Maier, Curtis C., Martin, Michael U., Maurer, Thomas, McKarns, Susan C, Meade, B Jean, Moser, Bernhard, Nagata, Shigekazu, Nain, Marianne, Neumann, Norbert J., Novicki, Deborah L, Olsen, John L, Pauluhn, Jürgen, Pichler, Werner, Pieters, Raymond, Pollard, K Michael, Preissner, Klaus T, Pruett, Stephen B, Pumford, Neil R., Rashid, Taha, Ratajczak, Helen V, Redegeld, Frank A M, Regal, Jean F, Resch, Klaus, Rodgers, Kathleen, Roman, Danielle, Rose, Noel R, Rosenthal, Gary J., Sali, Tina, Samsom, Janneke N, Savelkoul, Huub F J, Schafer, Rosana, Schatz, Mark, Schild, Hansjoerg, Shepherd, David, Shiohara, Tetsuo, Silverstone, Allen, Simeonova, Petia P, Smialowicz, Ralph J, Smith, K G C, Soos, Jeanne M, Stittelaar, Koert J, Straube, Frank, Sulentic, Courtney E W, Swart, B, Takumi, Katsuhisa, Tarkowski, Maciej, Tervaert, Jan Willem Cohen, Thomas, Peter T, Tinkle, Sally S, Treacy, George, Trouba, Kevin, Tryphonas, Helen, Uguccioni, Mariagrazia, Ulrich, Peter, van der Heijden, Maurice W, Van Loveren, H, Vandebriel, Rob J, Vleminckx, Kris, Vohr, Hans-Werner, Weinbauer, Gerhard F, Weinstein, I Bernard, Weltzien, Hans Ulrich, Weston, Ainsley, White, Kimber L., Wilson, Clyde, Wing, Mark, Wolf, Anna Maria, Yaqoob, Parveenn, Yucesoy, Berran, Zawieja, David C, Zelikoff, Judith T, Zola, H, and van Zwieten, P A

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2005
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3. Lymphocyte Transformation Test

Author

Pichler, Werner, Assenmacher, Mario, Avraham, Hava Karsenty, Avraham, Shalom, Bala, Shukal, Barnett, John, Basketter, David, Ben-David, Yaacov, Berek, Claudia, Blümel, Jörg, Bolliger, Anne Provencher, Bolon, Brad, Bradley, S Gaylen, Brundage, Kathleen M, Brunner, Georg, Bugelski, Peter J, Burchiel, Scott W, Burns-Naas, Leigh Ann, Bussiere, Jeanine L., Cameron, Scott B, Carey, Michelle, Cederbrant, Karin, Chow, Anthony W, Cohen, Mitchell D., Colagiovanni, Dorothy, Contreras, Marcela, Cornacoff, Joel B, Corsini, Emanuela, Crevel, René, Cuff, Christopher, Czuprynski, Charles J, Damoiseaux, Jan G M C, Daniels, Geoff, Dayan, Anthony D, Dearman, Rebecca J, Dodson, Sarah V. M., Ebringer, Alan, Engel, Andrea, Esser, Charlotte, Fairley, Kimberly J, Fernandez-Botran, Rafael, Flaherty, Dennis K, Frings, Werner, Gad, Shayne Cox, Gardner, Donald E, Gardner, Susan C, Garssen, Johan, Gashev, Anatoliy A, Geffner, Jorge, Geginat, Gernot, Gemsa, Diethard, Gerberick, Frank, Germolec, Dori, Gilbert, Kathleen M., Giles-Komar, Jill, Gore, Elizabeth R, Griem, Peter, Hagelschuer, Ina, Haggerty, Helen G., Hall, Andrew, Hanneken, S., Hastings, Kenneth L, Havelaar, Arie H, Heisler, Eckhart, Helm, Ricki M, Henschler, Reinhard, Herrmann, Thomas, Herzyk, Danuta J, Higgins, Rachel R., Hitzfeld, Bettina, Holladay, Steven, Holsapple, Michael, House, Robert V, Hughes, Lucy, Jeong, Tae Cheon, Johnson, Victor J, de Jong, Wim H, de Jonge, Rob, Kamath, Arati, Kaminski, Norbert E, Kaminsky, Ronald, Karol, Meryl, Kashon, Michael L, Kerkvliet, Nancy I, Kimber, Ian, Knight, David M, Knulst, A C, Koren, Eugen, Kraal, Georg, Kretz-Rommel, Anke, Kuper, C Frieke, Ladics, Gregory, Laiosa, Michael, Landreth, Kenneth S., Lawrence, B Paige, Lawrence, David A, Lee, Byeong-Chel, Lee, William, Leino, Lasse, Lemke, Hilmar, Lewis, J G, Liebau, Jutta, Lollini, Pier-Luigi, van Loveren, Henk, Luebke, Bob, Luster, Michael I, Mage, Rose G, Maier, Curtis C., Martin, Michael U., Maurer, Thomas, McKarns, Susan C, Meade, B Jean, Moser, Bernhard, Nagata, Shigekazu, Nain, Marianne, Neumann, Norbert J., Novicki, Deborah L, Olsen, John L, Pauluhn, Jürgen, Pichler, Werner, Pieters, Raymond, Pollard, K Michael, Preissner, Klaus T, Pruett, Stephen B, Pumford, Neil R., Rashid, Taha, Ratajczak, Helen V, Redegeld, Frank A M, Regal, Jean F, Resch, Klaus, Rodgers, Kathleen, Roman, Danielle, Rose, Noel R, Rosenthal, Gary J., Sali, Tina, Samsom, Janneke N, Savelkoul, Huub F J, Schafer, Rosana, Schatz, Mark, Schild, Hansjoerg, Shepherd, David, Shiohara, Tetsuo, Silverstone, Allen, Simeonova, Petia P, Smialowicz, Ralph J, Smith, K G C, Soos, Jeanne M, Stittelaar, Koert J, Straube, Frank, Sulentic, Courtney E W, Swart, B, Takumi, Katsuhisa, Tarkowski, Maciej, Tervaert, Jan Willem Cohen, Thomas, Peter T, Tinkle, Sally S, Treacy, George, Trouba, Kevin, Tryphonas, Helen, Uguccioni, Mariagrazia, Ulrich, Peter, van der Heijden, Maurice W, Van Loveren, H, Vandebriel, Rob J, Vleminckx, Kris, Vohr, Hans-Werner, Weinbauer, Gerhard F, Weinstein, I Bernard, Weltzien, Hans Ulrich, Weston, Ainsley, White, Kimber L., Wilson, Clyde, Wing, Mark, Wolf, Anna Maria, Yaqoob, Parveenn, Yucesoy, Berran, Zawieja, David C, Zelikoff, Judith T, Zola, H, and van Zwieten, P A

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2005
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4. Local Lymph Node Assay (IMDS), Modifications

Author

Ulrich, Peter, Vohr, Hans-Werner, Assenmacher, Mario, Avraham, Hava Karsenty, Avraham, Shalom, Bala, Shukal, Barnett, John, Basketter, David, Ben-David, Yaacov, Berek, Claudia, Blümel, Jörg, Bolliger, Anne Provencher, Bolon, Brad, Bradley, S Gaylen, Brundage, Kathleen M, Brunner, Georg, Bugelski, Peter J, Burchiel, Scott W, Burns-Naas, Leigh Ann, Bussiere, Jeanine L., Cameron, Scott B, Carey, Michelle, Cederbrant, Karin, Chow, Anthony W, Cohen, Mitchell D., Colagiovanni, Dorothy, Contreras, Marcela, Cornacoff, Joel B, Corsini, Emanuela, Crevel, René, Cuff, Christopher, Czuprynski, Charles J, Damoiseaux, Jan G M C, Daniels, Geoff, Dayan, Anthony D, Dearman, Rebecca J, Dodson, Sarah V. M., Ebringer, Alan, Engel, Andrea, Esser, Charlotte, Fairley, Kimberly J, Fernandez-Botran, Rafael, Flaherty, Dennis K, Frings, Werner, Gad, Shayne Cox, Gardner, Donald E, Gardner, Susan C, Garssen, Johan, Gashev, Anatoliy A, Geffner, Jorge, Geginat, Gernot, Gemsa, Diethard, Gerberick, Frank, Germolec, Dori, Gilbert, Kathleen M., Giles-Komar, Jill, Gore, Elizabeth R, Griem, Peter, Hagelschuer, Ina, Haggerty, Helen G., Hall, Andrew, Hanneken, S., Hastings, Kenneth L, Havelaar, Arie H, Heisler, Eckhart, Helm, Ricki M, Henschler, Reinhard, Herrmann, Thomas, Herzyk, Danuta J, Higgins, Rachel R., Hitzfeld, Bettina, Holladay, Steven, Holsapple, Michael, House, Robert V, Hughes, Lucy, Jeong, Tae Cheon, Johnson, Victor J, de Jong, Wim H, de Jonge, Rob, Kamath, Arati, Kaminski, Norbert E, Kaminsky, Ronald, Karol, Meryl, Kashon, Michael L, Kerkvliet, Nancy I, Kimber, Ian, Knight, David M, Knulst, A C, Koren, Eugen, Kraal, Georg, Kretz-Rommel, Anke, Kuper, C Frieke, Ladics, Gregory, Laiosa, Michael, Landreth, Kenneth S., Lawrence, B Paige, Lawrence, David A, Lee, Byeong-Chel, Lee, William, Leino, Lasse, Lemke, Hilmar, Lewis, J G, Liebau, Jutta, Lollini, Pier-Luigi, van Loveren, Henk, Luebke, Bob, Luster, Michael I, Mage, Rose G, Maier, Curtis C., Martin, Michael U., Maurer, Thomas, McKarns, Susan C, Meade, B Jean, Moser, Bernhard, Nagata, Shigekazu, Nain, Marianne, Neumann, Norbert J., Novicki, Deborah L, Olsen, John L, Pauluhn, Jürgen, Pichler, Werner, Pieters, Raymond, Pollard, K Michael, Preissner, Klaus T, Pruett, Stephen B, Pumford, Neil R., Rashid, Taha, Ratajczak, Helen V, Redegeld, Frank A M, Regal, Jean F, Resch, Klaus, Rodgers, Kathleen, Roman, Danielle, Rose, Noel R, Rosenthal, Gary J., Sali, Tina, Samsom, Janneke N, Savelkoul, Huub F J, Schafer, Rosana, Schatz, Mark, Schild, Hansjoerg, Shepherd, David, Shiohara, Tetsuo, Silverstone, Allen, Simeonova, Petia P, Smialowicz, Ralph J, Smith, K G C, Soos, Jeanne M, Stittelaar, Koert J, Straube, Frank, Sulentic, Courtney E W, Swart, B, Takumi, Katsuhisa, Tarkowski, Maciej, Tervaert, Jan Willem Cohen, Thomas, Peter T, Tinkle, Sally S, Treacy, George, Trouba, Kevin, Tryphonas, Helen, Uguccioni, Mariagrazia, Ulrich, Peter, van der Heijden, Maurice W, Van Loveren, H, Vandebriel, Rob J, Vleminckx, Kris, Vohr, Hans-Werner, Weinbauer, Gerhard F, Weinstein, I Bernard, Weltzien, Hans Ulrich, Weston, Ainsley, White, Kimber L., Wilson, Clyde, Wing, Mark, Wolf, Anna Maria, Yaqoob, Parveenn, Yucesoy, Berran, Zawieja, David C, Zelikoff, Judith T, Zola, H, and van Zwieten, P A

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2005
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5. Guinea Pig Assays for Sensitization Testing

Author

Vohr, Hans-Werner, Assenmacher, Mario, Avraham, Hava Karsenty, Avraham, Shalom, Bala, Shukal, Barnett, John, Basketter, David, Ben-David, Yaacov, Berek, Claudia, Blümel, Jörg, Bolliger, Anne Provencher, Bolon, Brad, Bradley, S Gaylen, Brundage, Kathleen M, Brunner, Georg, Bugelski, Peter J, Burchiel, Scott W, Burns-Naas, Leigh Ann, Bussiere, Jeanine L., Cameron, Scott B, Carey, Michelle, Cederbrant, Karin, Chow, Anthony W, Cohen, Mitchell D., Colagiovanni, Dorothy, Contreras, Marcela, Cornacoff, Joel B, Corsini, Emanuela, Crevel, René, Cuff, Christopher, Czuprynski, Charles J, Damoiseaux, Jan G M C, Daniels, Geoff, Dayan, Anthony D, Dearman, Rebecca J, Dodson, Sarah V. M., Ebringer, Alan, Engel, Andrea, Esser, Charlotte, Fairley, Kimberly J, Fernandez-Botran, Rafael, Flaherty, Dennis K, Frings, Werner, Gad, Shayne Cox, Gardner, Donald E, Gardner, Susan C, Garssen, Johan, Gashev, Anatoliy A, Geffner, Jorge, Geginat, Gernot, Gemsa, Diethard, Gerberick, Frank, Germolec, Dori, Gilbert, Kathleen M., Giles-Komar, Jill, Gore, Elizabeth R, Griem, Peter, Hagelschuer, Ina, Haggerty, Helen G., Hall, Andrew, Hanneken, S., Hastings, Kenneth L, Havelaar, Arie H, Heisler, Eckhart, Helm, Ricki M, Henschler, Reinhard, Herrmann, Thomas, Herzyk, Danuta J, Higgins, Rachel R., Hitzfeld, Bettina, Holladay, Steven, Holsapple, Michael, House, Robert V, Hughes, Lucy, Jeong, Tae Cheon, Johnson, Victor J, de Jong, Wim H, de Jonge, Rob, Kamath, Arati, Kaminski, Norbert E, Kaminsky, Ronald, Karol, Meryl, Kashon, Michael L, Kerkvliet, Nancy I, Kimber, Ian, Knight, David M, Knulst, A C, Koren, Eugen, Kraal, Georg, Kretz-Rommel, Anke, Kuper, C Frieke, Ladics, Gregory, Laiosa, Michael, Landreth, Kenneth S., Lawrence, B Paige, Lawrence, David A, Lee, Byeong-Chel, Lee, William, Leino, Lasse, Lemke, Hilmar, Lewis, J G, Liebau, Jutta, Lollini, Pier-Luigi, van Loveren, Henk, Luebke, Bob, Luster, Michael I, Mage, Rose G, Maier, Curtis C., Martin, Michael U., Maurer, Thomas, McKarns, Susan C, Meade, B Jean, Moser, Bernhard, Nagata, Shigekazu, Nain, Marianne, Neumann, Norbert J., Novicki, Deborah L, Olsen, John L, Pauluhn, Jürgen, Pichler, Werner, Pieters, Raymond, Pollard, K Michael, Preissner, Klaus T, Pruett, Stephen B, Pumford, Neil R., Rashid, Taha, Ratajczak, Helen V, Redegeld, Frank A M, Regal, Jean F, Resch, Klaus, Rodgers, Kathleen, Roman, Danielle, Rose, Noel R, Rosenthal, Gary J., Sali, Tina, Samsom, Janneke N, Savelkoul, Huub F J, Schafer, Rosana, Schatz, Mark, Schild, Hansjoerg, Shepherd, David, Shiohara, Tetsuo, Silverstone, Allen, Simeonova, Petia P, Smialowicz, Ralph J, Smith, K G C, Soos, Jeanne M, Stittelaar, Koert J, Straube, Frank, Sulentic, Courtney E W, Swart, B, Takumi, Katsuhisa, Tarkowski, Maciej, Tervaert, Jan Willem Cohen, Thomas, Peter T, Tinkle, Sally S, Treacy, George, Trouba, Kevin, Tryphonas, Helen, Uguccioni, Mariagrazia, Ulrich, Peter, van der Heijden, Maurice W, Van Loveren, H, Vandebriel, Rob J, Vleminckx, Kris, Vohr, Hans-Werner, Weinbauer, Gerhard F, Weinstein, I Bernard, Weltzien, Hans Ulrich, Weston, Ainsley, White, Kimber L., Wilson, Clyde, Wing, Mark, Wolf, Anna Maria, Yaqoob, Parveenn, Yucesoy, Berran, Zawieja, David C, Zelikoff, Judith T, Zola, H, and van Zwieten, P A

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2005
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6. Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity

Author

Vohr, Hans-Werner, Assenmacher, Mario, Avraham, Hava Karsenty, Avraham, Shalom, Bala, Shukal, Barnett, John, Basketter, David, Ben-David, Yaacov, Berek, Claudia, Blümel, Jörg, Bolliger, Anne Provencher, Bolon, Brad, Bradley, S Gaylen, Brundage, Kathleen M, Brunner, Georg, Bugelski, Peter J, Burchiel, Scott W, Burns-Naas, Leigh Ann, Bussiere, Jeanine L., Cameron, Scott B, Carey, Michelle, Cederbrant, Karin, Chow, Anthony W, Cohen, Mitchell D., Colagiovanni, Dorothy, Contreras, Marcela, Cornacoff, Joel B, Corsini, Emanuela, Crevel, René, Cuff, Christopher, Czuprynski, Charles J, Damoiseaux, Jan G M C, Daniels, Geoff, Dayan, Anthony D, Dearman, Rebecca J, Dodson, Sarah V. M., Ebringer, Alan, Engel, Andrea, Esser, Charlotte, Fairley, Kimberly J, Fernandez-Botran, Rafael, Flaherty, Dennis K, Frings, Werner, Gad, Shayne Cox, Gardner, Donald E, Gardner, Susan C, Garssen, Johan, Gashev, Anatoliy A, Geffner, Jorge, Geginat, Gernot, Gemsa, Diethard, Gerberick, Frank, Germolec, Dori, Gilbert, Kathleen M., Giles-Komar, Jill, Gore, Elizabeth R, Griem, Peter, Hagelschuer, Ina, Haggerty, Helen G., Hall, Andrew, Hanneken, S., Hastings, Kenneth L, Havelaar, Arie H, Heisler, Eckhart, Helm, Ricki M, Henschler, Reinhard, Herrmann, Thomas, Herzyk, Danuta J, Higgins, Rachel R., Hitzfeld, Bettina, Holladay, Steven, Holsapple, Michael, House, Robert V, Hughes, Lucy, Jeong, Tae Cheon, Johnson, Victor J, de Jong, Wim H, de Jonge, Rob, Kamath, Arati, Kaminski, Norbert E, Kaminsky, Ronald, Karol, Meryl, Kashon, Michael L, Kerkvliet, Nancy I, Kimber, Ian, Knight, David M, Knulst, A C, Koren, Eugen, Kraal, Georg, Kretz-Rommel, Anke, Kuper, C Frieke, Ladics, Gregory, Laiosa, Michael, Landreth, Kenneth S., Lawrence, B Paige, Lawrence, David A, Lee, Byeong-Chel, Lee, William, Leino, Lasse, Lemke, Hilmar, Lewis, J G, Liebau, Jutta, Lollini, Pier-Luigi, van Loveren, Henk, Luebke, Bob, Luster, Michael I, Mage, Rose G, Maier, Curtis C., Martin, Michael U., Maurer, Thomas, McKarns, Susan C, Meade, B Jean, Moser, Bernhard, Nagata, Shigekazu, Nain, Marianne, Neumann, Norbert J., Novicki, Deborah L, Olsen, John L, Pauluhn, Jürgen, Pichler, Werner, Pieters, Raymond, Pollard, K Michael, Preissner, Klaus T, Pruett, Stephen B, Pumford, Neil R., Rashid, Taha, Ratajczak, Helen V, Redegeld, Frank A M, Regal, Jean F, Resch, Klaus, Rodgers, Kathleen, Roman, Danielle, Rose, Noel R, Rosenthal, Gary J., Sali, Tina, Samsom, Janneke N, Savelkoul, Huub F J, Schafer, Rosana, Schatz, Mark, Schild, Hansjoerg, Shepherd, David, Shiohara, Tetsuo, Silverstone, Allen, Simeonova, Petia P, Smialowicz, Ralph J, Smith, K G C, Soos, Jeanne M, Stittelaar, Koert J, Straube, Frank, Sulentic, Courtney E W, Swart, B, Takumi, Katsuhisa, Tarkowski, Maciej, Tervaert, Jan Willem Cohen, Thomas, Peter T, Tinkle, Sally S, Treacy, George, Trouba, Kevin, Tryphonas, Helen, Uguccioni, Mariagrazia, Ulrich, Peter, van der Heijden, Maurice W, Van Loveren, H, Vandebriel, Rob J, Vleminckx, Kris, Vohr, Hans-Werner, Weinbauer, Gerhard F, Weinstein, I Bernard, Weltzien, Hans Ulrich, Weston, Ainsley, White, Kimber L., Wilson, Clyde, Wing, Mark, Wolf, Anna Maria, Yaqoob, Parveenn, Yucesoy, Berran, Zawieja, David C, Zelikoff, Judith T, Zola, H, and van Zwieten, P A

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2005
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7. Nonhuman Primates, Immunotoxicity Assessment of Pharmaceuticals in

Author

Frings, Werner, Weinbauer, Gerhard F, Assenmacher, Mario, Avraham, Hava Karsenty, Avraham, Shalom, Bala, Shukal, Barnett, John, Basketter, David, Ben-David, Yaacov, Berek, Claudia, Blümel, Jörg, Bolliger, Anne Provencher, Bolon, Brad, Bradley, S Gaylen, Brundage, Kathleen M, Brunner, Georg, Bugelski, Peter J, Burchiel, Scott W, Burns-Naas, Leigh Ann, Bussiere, Jeanine L., Cameron, Scott B, Carey, Michelle, Cederbrant, Karin, Chow, Anthony W, Cohen, Mitchell D., Colagiovanni, Dorothy, Contreras, Marcela, Cornacoff, Joel B, Corsini, Emanuela, Crevel, René, Cuff, Christopher, Czuprynski, Charles J, Damoiseaux, Jan G M C, Daniels, Geoff, Dayan, Anthony D, Dearman, Rebecca J, Dodson, Sarah V. M., Ebringer, Alan, Engel, Andrea, Esser, Charlotte, Fairley, Kimberly J, Fernandez-Botran, Rafael, Flaherty, Dennis K, Frings, Werner, Gad, Shayne Cox, Gardner, Donald E, Gardner, Susan C, Garssen, Johan, Gashev, Anatoliy A, Geffner, Jorge, Geginat, Gernot, Gemsa, Diethard, Gerberick, Frank, Germolec, Dori, Gilbert, Kathleen M., Giles-Komar, Jill, Gore, Elizabeth R, Griem, Peter, Hagelschuer, Ina, Haggerty, Helen G., Hall, Andrew, Hanneken, S., Hastings, Kenneth L, Havelaar, Arie H, Heisler, Eckhart, Helm, Ricki M, Henschler, Reinhard, Herrmann, Thomas, Herzyk, Danuta J, Higgins, Rachel R., Hitzfeld, Bettina, Holladay, Steven, Holsapple, Michael, House, Robert V, Hughes, Lucy, Jeong, Tae Cheon, Johnson, Victor J, de Jong, Wim H, de Jonge, Rob, Kamath, Arati, Kaminski, Norbert E, Kaminsky, Ronald, Karol, Meryl, Kashon, Michael L, Kerkvliet, Nancy I, Kimber, Ian, Knight, David M, Knulst, A C, Koren, Eugen, Kraal, Georg, Kretz-Rommel, Anke, Kuper, C Frieke, Ladics, Gregory, Laiosa, Michael, Landreth, Kenneth S., Lawrence, B Paige, Lawrence, David A, Lee, Byeong-Chel, Lee, William, Leino, Lasse, Lemke, Hilmar, Lewis, J G, Liebau, Jutta, Lollini, Pier-Luigi, van Loveren, Henk, Luebke, Bob, Luster, Michael I, Mage, Rose G, Maier, Curtis C., Martin, Michael U., Maurer, Thomas, McKarns, Susan C, Meade, B Jean, Moser, Bernhard, Nagata, Shigekazu, Nain, Marianne, Neumann, Norbert J., Novicki, Deborah L, Olsen, John L, Pauluhn, Jürgen, Pichler, Werner, Pieters, Raymond, Pollard, K Michael, Preissner, Klaus T, Pruett, Stephen B, Pumford, Neil R., Rashid, Taha, Ratajczak, Helen V, Redegeld, Frank A M, Regal, Jean F, Resch, Klaus, Rodgers, Kathleen, Roman, Danielle, Rose, Noel R, Rosenthal, Gary J., Sali, Tina, Samsom, Janneke N, Savelkoul, Huub F J, Schafer, Rosana, Schatz, Mark, Schild, Hansjoerg, Shepherd, David, Shiohara, Tetsuo, Silverstone, Allen, Simeonova, Petia P, Smialowicz, Ralph J, Smith, K G C, Soos, Jeanne M, Stittelaar, Koert J, Straube, Frank, Sulentic, Courtney E W, Swart, B, Takumi, Katsuhisa, Tarkowski, Maciej, Tervaert, Jan Willem Cohen, Thomas, Peter T, Tinkle, Sally S, Treacy, George, Trouba, Kevin, Tryphonas, Helen, Uguccioni, Mariagrazia, Ulrich, Peter, van der Heijden, Maurice W, Van Loveren, H, Vandebriel, Rob J, Vleminckx, Kris, Vohr, Hans-Werner, Weinbauer, Gerhard F, Weinstein, I Bernard, Weltzien, Hans Ulrich, Weston, Ainsley, White, Kimber L., Wilson, Clyde, Wing, Mark, Wolf, Anna Maria, Yaqoob, Parveenn, Yucesoy, Berran, Zawieja, David C, Zelikoff, Judith T, Zola, H, and van Zwieten, P A

Published
2005
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8. IgE-Mediated Allergies

Author

Pichler, Werner, Assenmacher, Mario, Avraham, Hava Karsenty, Avraham, Shalom, Bala, Shukal, Barnett, John, Basketter, David, Ben-David, Yaacov, Berek, Claudia, Blümel, Jörg, Bolliger, Anne Provencher, Bolon, Brad, Bradley, S Gaylen, Brundage, Kathleen M, Brunner, Georg, Bugelski, Peter J, Burchiel, Scott W, Burns-Naas, Leigh Ann, Bussiere, Jeanine L., Cameron, Scott B, Carey, Michelle, Cederbrant, Karin, Chow, Anthony W, Cohen, Mitchell D., Colagiovanni, Dorothy, Contreras, Marcela, Cornacoff, Joel B, Corsini, Emanuela, Crevel, René, Cuff, Christopher, Czuprynski, Charles J, Damoiseaux, Jan G M C, Daniels, Geoff, Dayan, Anthony D, Dearman, Rebecca J, Dodson, Sarah V. M., Ebringer, Alan, Engel, Andrea, Esser, Charlotte, Fairley, Kimberly J, Fernandez-Botran, Rafael, Flaherty, Dennis K, Frings, Werner, Gad, Shayne Cox, Gardner, Donald E, Gardner, Susan C, Garssen, Johan, Gashev, Anatoliy A, Geffner, Jorge, Geginat, Gernot, Gemsa, Diethard, Gerberick, Frank, Germolec, Dori, Gilbert, Kathleen M., Giles-Komar, Jill, Gore, Elizabeth R, Griem, Peter, Hagelschuer, Ina, Haggerty, Helen G., Hall, Andrew, Hanneken, S., Hastings, Kenneth L, Havelaar, Arie H, Heisler, Eckhart, Helm, Ricki M, Henschler, Reinhard, Herrmann, Thomas, Herzyk, Danuta J, Higgins, Rachel R., Hitzfeld, Bettina, Holladay, Steven, Holsapple, Michael, House, Robert V, Hughes, Lucy, Jeong, Tae Cheon, Johnson, Victor J, de Jong, Wim H, de Jonge, Rob, Kamath, Arati, Kaminski, Norbert E, Kaminsky, Ronald, Karol, Meryl, Kashon, Michael L, Kerkvliet, Nancy I, Kimber, Ian, Knight, David M, Knulst, A C, Koren, Eugen, Kraal, Georg, Kretz-Rommel, Anke, Kuper, C Frieke, Ladics, Gregory, Laiosa, Michael, Landreth, Kenneth S., Lawrence, B Paige, Lawrence, David A, Lee, Byeong-Chel, Lee, William, Leino, Lasse, Lemke, Hilmar, Lewis, J G, Liebau, Jutta, Lollini, Pier-Luigi, van Loveren, Henk, Luebke, Bob, Luster, Michael I, Mage, Rose G, Maier, Curtis C., Martin, Michael U., Maurer, Thomas, McKarns, Susan C, Meade, B Jean, Moser, Bernhard, Nagata, Shigekazu, Nain, Marianne, Neumann, Norbert J., Novicki, Deborah L, Olsen, John L, Pauluhn, Jürgen, Pichler, Werner, Pieters, Raymond, Pollard, K Michael, Preissner, Klaus T, Pruett, Stephen B, Pumford, Neil R., Rashid, Taha, Ratajczak, Helen V, Redegeld, Frank A M, Regal, Jean F, Resch, Klaus, Rodgers, Kathleen, Roman, Danielle, Rose, Noel R, Rosenthal, Gary J., Sali, Tina, Samsom, Janneke N, Savelkoul, Huub F J, Schafer, Rosana, Schatz, Mark, Schild, Hansjoerg, Shepherd, David, Shiohara, Tetsuo, Silverstone, Allen, Simeonova, Petia P, Smialowicz, Ralph J, Smith, K G C, Soos, Jeanne M, Stittelaar, Koert J, Straube, Frank, Sulentic, Courtney E W, Swart, B, Takumi, Katsuhisa, Tarkowski, Maciej, Tervaert, Jan Willem Cohen, Thomas, Peter T, Tinkle, Sally S, Treacy, George, Trouba, Kevin, Tryphonas, Helen, Uguccioni, Mariagrazia, Ulrich, Peter, van der Heijden, Maurice W, Van Loveren, H, Vandebriel, Rob J, Vleminckx, Kris, Vohr, Hans-Werner, Weinbauer, Gerhard F, Weinstein, I Bernard, Weltzien, Hans Ulrich, Weston, Ainsley, White, Kimber L., Wilson, Clyde, Wing, Mark, Wolf, Anna Maria, Yaqoob, Parveenn, Yucesoy, Berran, Zawieja, David C, Zelikoff, Judith T, Zola, H, and van Zwieten, P A

Published
2005
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9. Vitamins.

Author

Crevel, René and Vohr, Hans Werner

Subjects
*VITAMINS, *MICRONUTRIENTS, *IMMUNE system, *FAT-soluble vitamins, *WATER-soluble vitamins
Abstract

This article provides information on vitamins. Vitamins are micronutrients or essential trace nutrients. It constitute a heterogenous range of micronutrients that are essential to the maintenance of good health. These are commonly grouped into fat-soluble and water-soluble types. Vitamins may modulate the activity of the immune system.

Published
2005

10. Western Blot Analysis.

Author

Brunner, Georg and Vohr, Hans Werner

Subjects
*WESTERN immunoblotting, *IMMUNOBLOTTING, *PROTEIN analysis, *PROTEIN fractionation, *ELECTRIC fields
Abstract

This article provides information on Western Blot Analysis. This refers to a protein analysis technique that combines protein separation in an electric field with immunochemical methods of protein detection. This technique is used to determine, characterize, quantify and isolate proteins or antibodies that exist in complex biological samples.

Published
2005

11. Viability, Cell.

Author

Engel, Andrea and Vohr, Hans Werner

Subjects
*CELLS, *MEASUREMENT, *CELL membranes, *PROPORTION, *CONJUGATE gradient methods
Abstract

This article provides information on cell viability. This refers to the percentage of living cells, which indicates the proportion of live cells in a population. Different parameters are used for determining cell viability. Measurable characteristics of cell viability include electrochemical gradients and the integrity of cell membrane.

Published
2005

12. Transforming Growth Factor β1; Control of T Cell Responses to Antigens.

Author

McKarns, Susan C. and Vohr, Hans-Werner

Subjects
*TRANSFORMING growth factors, *IMMUNOMODULATORS, *GROWTH factors, *CYTOKINES, *T cells, *ANTIGENS
Abstract

This entry presents information on transforming growth factor β1 (TGF β1) and the control of T cell responses to antigens. The activity of TGF β1 is cell-type- and context-dependent. Its distinguishing characteristic from other cytokines and growth factors is its ability to suppress cell growth. Several human diseases are attributed to the dysregulated expression of TGF β1 or response of immune cells to TGF β1 signaling, including hypersensitivity reactions such as asthma and food allergies.

Published
2005

13. Vanadium and the Immune System.

Author

Cohen, Mitchell D. and Vohr, Hans-Werner

Subjects
*VANADIUM, *IMMUNE system, *IMMUNE response, *CARCINOGENESIS, *IMMUNOLOGY
Abstract

An encyclopedia entry for "vanadium and the immune system" is presented. A historical background on the discovery of vanadium is presented. The characteristics of vanadium are discussed. A discussion of the carcinogenic/mutagenic effects of vanadium agents in humans and animal models is presented. Information on immunomodulation is also presented.

Published
2005

14. Tumor Necrosis Factor-α.

Author

Johnson, Victor J. and Vohr, Hans-Werner

Subjects
*TUMOR necrosis factors, *CYTOKINES, *HOMEOSTASIS, *OXIDATIVE stress, *IMMUNOTOXICOLOGY
Abstract

The article provides information on tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. TNF-α is a pleiotropic inflammatory cytokine that mediates roles in homeostasis, cell growth and tissue damage. The stimuli that trigger the production of TNF-α include bacterial products, oxidative stress and other cytokines. Moreover, the relevance of TNF-α with immunotoxicity and humans is discussed.

Published
2005

15. Tumor, Immune Response to.

Author

Lollini, Pier-Luigi and Vohr, Hans-Werner

Subjects
*IMMUNE system, *TUMORS, *IMMUNE response, *IMMUNOTHERAPY, *IMMUNIZATION
Abstract

The article discusses the response of the immune system to tumors. The immune response reduces the number of tumors arising in the host. The attempt to elicit a therapeutic immune response in cancer patients is called tumor immunotherapy. The strategies that are being employed by the immunization-challenge system are presented including the cellular and molecular analysis of local and systemic components elicited by immunization.

Published
2005

16. Trypanosomes, Infection and Immunity.

Author

Kaminsky, Ronald and Vohr, Hans-Werner

Subjects
*TRYPANOSOMA, *PROTOZOA, *PARASITES, *TRYPANOSOMA brucei, *AFRICAN trypanosomiasis
Abstract

The article provides an encyclopedia entry on trypanosomes. Trypanosomes are protozoan parasites. Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense are species of trypanosomes that are pathogenic to man. These species can also cause sleeping sickness. Moreover, the article also provides information on the cyclical transmission of the parasites.

Published
2005

17. Trace Metals and the Immune System.

Author

Zelikoff, Judith T. and Vohr, Hans-Werner

Subjects
*TRACE metals, *TRACE elements, *IMMUNE system, *METALS, *IMMUNOTOXICOLOGY, *COPPER, *ZINC
Abstract

The entry presents information on trace metals and the immune system. The presence of trace metals in the human body can sometimes be toxic because of their ability to evade established controls for cellular uptake, transport and compartmentalization. The immunotoxicity of trace metals such as aluminum, cooper, manganese and zinc is discussed.

Published
2005

18. Toxicogenomics (Microarray Technology).

Author

Vanderbriel, Rob J. and Vohr, Hans-Werner

Subjects
*MESSENGER RNA, *TOXICOLOGY, *GENOMICS, *GENE expression, *POLYMERASE chain reaction
Abstract

An encyclopedia entry is presented regarding microarray technology and toxicogenomics. Micro array technology is defined as the simultaneous individual measurement of the messenger RNA expression level while toxicogenomics refers to the measurement of altered gene expression upon exposure to a compound or drug. There are several ways to obtain arrays, including ready-made arrays, custom-made arrays and in-house spotting of a polymerase chain reaction-amplified clone collection.

Published
2005

19. Tolerance.

Author

Kretz-Rommel, Anke and Vohr, Hans-Werner

Subjects
*IMMUNOLOGICAL tolerance, *IMMUNE response, *IMMUNOLOGY, *ANTIGENS, *T cells, *CYTOKINES
Abstract

An encyclopedia entry is presented regarding immunological tolerance. It is defined as the absence of immunological responsiveness to self antigens. T cell tolerance occurs through regulatory T cells that can suppress the proliferative response and production of inflammatory cytokines of other T cells.

Published
2005

20. Thymus.

Author

Kuper, C. Frieke and Vohr, Hans-Werner

Subjects
*THYMUS, *ENDOCRINE glands, *LYMPHOID tissue, *IMMUNE system, *LYMPHATICS, *T cells
Abstract

The entry provides information on the thymus. It is a primary lymphoid organ in vertebrates. In mammals it is located in the cranioventral mediastinum and lower part of the neck. The thymus is the central organ for T-cell development. The principal function of the thymus is to regulate T-cell recognition of self antigens presented by the body to insure that useless or self-reactive T-cells do not mature.

Published
2005

21. Tests for Autoimmunity.

Author

Pieters, Raymond and Vohr, Hans-Werner

Subjects
*AUTOIMMUNITY, *IMMUNITY, *IMMUNOLOGY, *AUTOANTIBODIES, *FIRE assay, *MEDICAL screening
Abstract

The entry provides information on tests for autoimmunity. One of the criteria to establish autoimmune etiology of diseases requires the presence of circulating antibodies or cell-mediated autoimmunity. The popliteal lymph node assay is a local lymph node assay that may be useful to screen for initial immunostimulating capacity of chemicals.

Published
2005

22. Systemic Autoimmunity.

Author

Pollard, K. Michael and Vohr, Hans-Werner

Subjects
*AUTOIMMUNITY, *IMMUNOTOXICOLOGY, *CONNECTIVE tissue diseases, *AUTOIMMUNE diseases, *ETIOLOGY of diseases
Abstract

An encyclopedia entry for the term "systemic autoimmunity" is presented. The synonyms of this term include multisystem autoimmunity, autoimmunity and connective tissue diseases. There is a difficulty in giving an exact definition of autoimmunity because of the unknown etiology of the majority of autoimmune diseases.

Published
2005

23. Superantigens.

Author

Herrman, Thomas and Vohr, Hans-Werner

Subjects
*SUPERANTIGENS, *BACTERIAL antigens, *VIRAL antigens, *T cell receptors, *LYMPHOCYTES
Abstract

An encyclopedia entry for the term "superantigens" is presented. It refers to the proteins that bind and activate T cells expressing a particular set of T-cell antigen receptors. Superantigens are considered lymphocyte-activating molecules that bind specifically to V gene-encoded parts of antigen receptors.

Published
2005

24. Steroid Hormones and their Effect on the Immune System.

Author

Laiosa, Michael and Vohr, Hans-Werner

Subjects
*STEROID hormones, *HORMONES, *GLUCOCORTICOIDS, *ANDROGENS, *ESTROGEN
Abstract

An encyclopedia entry for the term "steroid hormones" is presented. Steroid hormones are lipophilic compounds derived from cholesterol metabolism, which typically mediate their biological activity by binding to a specific intracellular cytosolic receptor. The types of streroid hormones and their characteristics are discussed, including glucocorticoids, androgens, and estrogens.

Published
2005

25. Statistics in Immunotoxicology.

Author

Kashon, Michael L. and Vohr, Hans-Werner

Subjects
*IMMUNOTOXICOLOGY, *MEDICAL statistics, *IMMUNE system, *TOXICOLOGY, *IMMUNOPATHOLOGY
Abstract

An encyclopedia entry for the term "statistics in immunotoxicology" is presented. It refers to statistical methodologies that are powerful and indispensable tools in risk assessment and the experimental analysis of the immune system. A detailed description of the variety of statistical techniques that are utilized in immunotoxicology and toxicology is given. Experimental design can be parceled into two parts including the treatment structure and the design structure.

Published
2005

26. Signal Transduction During Lymphocyte Activation.

Author

Brundage, Kathleen M. and Vohr, Hans-Werner

Subjects
*DEFINITIONS, *CELLULAR signal transduction, *PHYSIOLOGICAL control systems, *ANTIGENS, *LYMPHOCYTES, *T cells
Abstract

A definition of the term "signal transduction during lymphocyte activation" is presented. The term is synonymous with signaling through antigen receptors. It refers to the conversion of a signal from one form to another. Signal transduction starts at the plasma membrane for lymphocytes. It is initiated by the binding of antigen to the T cell receptor.

Published
2005

27. Skin, Contribution to Immunity.

Author

Corsini, Emanuela and Vohr, Hans-Werner

Subjects
*DEFINITIONS, *SKIN, *BODY covering (Anatomy), *IMMUNE system, *IMMUNOLOGY
Abstract

A definition of the term "skin, contribution to immunity" is presented. The term is synonymous with local immune system. The skin plays a special role in survival. It represents the interface between the environment and internal organs. The defensive capacities of skin include the prevention of water loss.

Published
2005

28. Serotonin.

Author

Ratajczak, Helen V. and Vohr, Hans-Werner

Subjects
*DEFINITIONS, *SEROTONIN, *NEUROTRANSMITTERS, *TRYPTAMINE, *CENTRAL nervous system
Abstract

A definition of the term "serotonin" is presented. It is categorized as a hormone and has been found to be the most diverse physiological substance in the body. Its functions as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system include the regulation of functions, such as sleep, mood and appetite. It also influences production of other hormones and has a role in the immune system.

Published
2005

29. Rodents, Inbred Strains.

Author

Hagelschuer, Ina and Vohr, Hans-Werner

Subjects
*INBREEDING, *BREEDING, *REPRODUCTION, *LABORATORY animals, *ANIMAL experimentation, *MICE, *RATS, *IMMUNOTOXICOLOGY
Abstract

The article presents information on the inbred strains of rodents. A definition of the terms inbred strain, substrain, coisogenic strain, congenic strain and F1-hybrid is provided. Examples of commonly used inbred strains in the field of immunotoxicology include the Brown Norway rat, BGC3F1 mice and C57BL/G mice. The contribution of inbred strains to biomedical research is discussed.

Published
2005

30. Regulatory Guidance in Immunotoxicology.

Author

House, Robert V. and Vohr, Hans-Werner

Subjects
*GUIDELINES, *STANDARD operating procedure, *IMMUNOTOXICOLOGY, *IMMUNOPATHOLOGY, *IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY
Abstract

The article presents information on regulatory guidance in immunotoxicology. The development of the earliest codified immunotoxicology test guidelines aims to augment toxicological analysis of chemicals that have the potential for large-scale human exposure. The guidelines include the ruling concerning the safety testing of small molecule pharmaceuticals.

Published
2005

31. Rabbit Immune System.

Author

Mage, Rose G. and Vohr, Hans-Werner

Subjects
*TERMS & phrases, *IMMUNE system, *ANATOMY, *ORGANS (Anatomy), *RABBITS
Abstract

A definition of the term rabbit immune system is presented. A rabbit immune system is composed of the organs, tissues, cells and molecules that interact to contribute to specific responses to foreign antigens, infectious antigens or to self antigens. The molecules that are important to the immune system include genes and gene products.

Published
2005

32. Prostaglandins.

Author

Sali, Tina and Vohr, Hans-Werner

Subjects
*PROSTAGLANDINS, *METABOLITES, *PAIN, *NEOVASCULARIZATION, *APOPTOSIS, *HYPERTENSION
Abstract

The article provides information on prostaglandins. These are lipid metabolites that induce various biological effects. They modulate signaling pathways that regulate pain, angiogenesis, apoptosis and other processes. Prostaglandins also play a role in stimulating inflammation and inducing endothelial cell growth. Changes in prostaglandin metabolism have been linked to the pathogenesis of certain diseases, including hypertension and asthma.

Published
2005

33. Primate Immune System (Nonhuman) and Environmental Contaminants.

Author

Tryphonas, Helen and Vohr, Hans-Werner

Subjects
*IMMUNE system, *PRIMATE physiology, *POLLUTANTS, *HUMAN beings, *ANIMAL models of toxicology
Abstract

The article provides information on the role of the primate immune system in the study of environmental contaminants. Differences exist in the structure and function of the immune systems of human and experimental animal models. The advantages of the use of a nonrodent experimental animal model include the phylogenetic proximity of nonhuman primates to humans and similarities in their immune systems.

Published
2005

34. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).

Author

Olsen, John L. and Vohr, Hans-Werner

Subjects
*DEFINITIONS, *POLYMERASE chain reaction, *NUCLEOTIDE sequence, *DNA polymerases
Abstract

A definition of the term "polymerase chain reaction" is presented. Its purpose is to detect and characterize genes. It refers to an in vitro method for applying a DNA sequence with the use of a heatstale polymerase and two primers. Polymerase chain reaction was introduced in 1985 by Kary Mullis. The method takes advantage of DNA polymerase to amplify a specific fraction of the genome.

Published
2005

35. Popliteal Lymph Node Assay, Secondary Reaction.

Author

Griem, Peter and Vohr, Hans-Werner

Subjects
*DEFINITIONS, *LYMPH nodes, *T cells, *MOLECULAR weights, *LABORATORY mice
Abstract

A definition of the term "popliteal lymph node assay, secondary reaction" is presented. It refers to a method aimed at determining a secondary T lymphocyte response to a low-molecular-weight chemical by injecting the chemical subcutaneously into one hind footpad of already sensitized in mice or rats.

Published
2005

36. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and the Immune System.

Author

Burchiel, Scott W. and Vohr, Hans-Werner

Subjects
*DEFINITIONS, *POLYCYCLIC aromatic hydrocarbons, *POLYCYCLIC aromatic compounds, *BENZENE, *AROMATIC compounds
Abstract

A definition of the term "polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and the immune system" is presented. It refers to a class of diverse compounds comprised of three or more fused aromatic rings, primarily based on anthracene and pyrene. Combustion of fossil fuels at high temperature reactions of hydrocarbons, benzene and other aromatic compounds characterizes their formation.

Published
2005

37. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) and the Immune System.

Author

Olsen, John L. and Vohr, Hans-Werner

Subjects
*DEFINITIONS, *POLYCHLORINATED biphenyls, *POLYCHLORINATED dibenzofurans, *ORGANOCHLORINE compounds, *IMMUNE system
Abstract

A definition of the term "polychlorinated biphenyls and the immune system" is presented. It refers to a type of chemical that belongs to the halogenated aromatic hydrocarbon family that also includes dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans. They are inert chemicals that are resistant to biological and chemical degradation.

Published
2005

38. Plaque Versus ELISA Assays. Evaluation of Humoral Immune Responses to T-Dependent Antigens.

Author

White, Kimber L. and Vohr, Hans-Werner

Subjects
*PLAQUE assay technique, *ENZYME-linked immunosorbent assay, *BIOLOGICAL assay, *IMMUNE system, *ANTIGENS, *IMMUNOSUPPRESSION, *IMMUNOLOGICAL tolerance
Abstract

The article compares the humoral immune responses of plaque assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to T-dependent antigens. The plaque assay to the T-dependent antigen sheep erythrocytes has been the standard for evaluating immunotoxic effects of compounds on the immune system. In a study that evaluated immunosuppressive compounds in female mice, both plaque assay and ELISA showed similar immunosuppressive results. The strengths and weaknesses of each assay is discussed.

Published
2005

39. Macrophage Activation.

Author

Lewis, J. G. and Vohr, Hans-Werner

Subjects
*DEFINITIONS, *MACROPHAGE activation, *CELLS, *PHAGOCYTES, *BONE marrow, *MONOCYTES
Abstract

A definition of the term "Macrophage Activation" is presented. It refers to the morphological and functional changes in cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system after they have fully differentiated into monocytes and have left the bone marrow and traveled to the tissues.

Published
2005

40. Natural Killer Cell Assay.

Author

Cederbrant, Karin and Vohr, Hans-Werner

Subjects
*BIOLOGICAL assay, *KILLER cells, *CELL-mediated cytotoxicity, *FIRE assay, *CELLS
Abstract

This article provides information on natural killer cell assay. This refers to a non-radioactive flow cytometric analysis of natural killer cell cytotoxicity. It is are used as in vitro or ex vivo assays to measure cytotoxic activity of effector cells from peripheral blood or spleen. The test's principle tests is based on co-cultivation of effector cells and target cells followed by determination of the proportion of dead target cells.

Published
2005

41. Mouse Ear Swelling Test.

Author

Gad, Shayne Cox and Vohr, Hans-Werner

Subjects
*MICROBIAL sensitivity tests, *MICROBIOLOGICAL techniques, *LABORATORY mice, *GUINEA pigs as laboratory animals, *ANIMAL models of immunology
Abstract

The article presents an encyclopedia entry on the mouse ear swelling test. The procedure was developed for the evaluation of test substances for their potential to cause dermal sensitization in mice. The test evaluates contact sensitization by quantitatively measuring mouse ear thickness. It offers various advantages over the guinea pig dermal sensitization method, including less vivarium space, less overall cost and a low false-negative rate and no false-positive rate.

Published
2005

42. Metals and Autoimmune Disease.

Author

Lawrence, David A. and Vohr, Hans-Werner

Subjects
*METALS, *IMMUNE system, *IMMUNE response, *TISSUES, *ORGANS (Anatomy)
Abstract

The entry explores the impact of metals such as silver, gold, cadmium, mercury and lead on the immune system. Immunotoxic metals are metals that damage the immune system or cause an immune response that damages other tissues or organ systems. A metal can only induce immune response when it is combined with a larger molecule.

Published
2005

43. Lymphoma.

Author

Burns-Naas, Leigh Ann and Vohr, Hans-Werner

Subjects
*DEFINITIONS, *LYMPHOMAS, *TUMORS, *T cells, *B cells, *KILLER cells, *RETICULOENDOTHELIAL granulomas
Abstract

A definition of the term "Lymphoma" is presented. Lymphomas are diverse neoplasms that begin by the malignant transformation, usually of a T cell, B cell, or natural killer cell, in the lymphatic system. These diseases result from damage to the cell's DNA that results in uncontrolled and excessive growth and confers a survival advantage on the malignant lymphocyte and the cells that are formed from its proliferation.

Published
2005

44. Lymphocytes.

Author

Bolon, Brad and Vohr, Hans-Werner

Subjects
*DEFINITIONS, *LYMPHOCYTES, *LEUCOCYTES, *IMMUNE response, *ANTIGENS, *BLOOD cells, *IMMUNITY
Abstract

A definition of the term "Lymphocytes" is presented. It refers to are a subclass of leukocytes that are the principal elements controlling the adaptive immune response, which develops in response to a particular antigenic stimulus. One special lymphocyte variety the large granular lymphocyte also plays a role in the antigen-independent innate immune response.

Published
2005

45. Lymphocyte Proliferation.

Author

Crevel, René and Vohr, Hans-Werner

Subjects
*DEFINITIONS, *LYMPHOCYTES, *DNA, *ANTIGENS, *LEUCOCYTES, *DEOXYRIBOSE, *IMMUNITY
Abstract

A definition of the term "Lymphocyte Proliferation" is presented. It refers to the process whereby lymphocytes begin to synthesize DNA after cross-linking of their antigen receptor either following recognition of antigen or stimulation by a polyclonal activator.

Published
2005

46. Leukocyte Culture: Considerations for In Vitro Culture of T cells in Immunotoxicological Studies.

Author

Tarkowski, Maciej and Vohr, Hans-Werner

Subjects
*LEUCOCYTES, *CELL culture, *IMMUNE system, *IN vitro toxicity testing, *IMMUNOTOXICOLOGY, *MEDICAL research
Abstract

The article discusses the factors affecting the use of leukocyte culture in immunotoxicological studies. The mechanism of the immune system can be compromised by toxic effect of chemicals. Efforts to establish adequate tests to assess immunotoxic effect use different animal models and in vitro tests, as well as clinical trials. Culture of cells in in vitro conditions should be formulated the way it is to meet the cells optimal growth support.

Published
2005

47. Local Lymph Node Assay (IMDS), Modifications.

Author

Vohr, Hans-Werner and Ulrich, Peter

Subjects
*LYMPH nodes, *LYMPHATICS, *PROFESSIONAL peer review, *CELLULAR pathology, *MICROBIOLOGICAL assay, *CELL proliferation, *HYPERPLASIA
Abstract

This entry describes some of the modifications made to the local lymph node assay (LLNA) method. A peer review panel found that some irritating and phototoxic compounds causes a false-positive response in LLNA, since they induced a vigorous cell proliferation in the ear-draining lymph nodes or a marked LN hyperplasia. Some researchers are also concerned on the use of radioactivity in the classical LLNA.

Published
2005

48. Klebsiella, Infection and Immunity.

Author

Ratajczak, Helen V. and Vohr, Hans-Werner

Subjects
*KLEBSIELLA, *ESCHERICHIA coli diseases, *ENTEROBACTERIACEAE, *RESPIRATORY infections, *ANTIBACTERIAL agents
Abstract

An entry for "klebsiella," which is also called Encapsulatus, is presented. This bacteria belongs to the tribe Escherichieae and family Enterobacteriaceae that causes infections of the respiratory tract in man and some of the lower animals. Commonly used treatments are kanamycin, gentamycin, the polymyxins, chloramphenicol, cephalothin and streptomycin.

Published
2005

49. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β).

Author

Colagiovanni, Dorothy B. and Vohr, Hans-Werner

Subjects
*DEFINITIONS, *INTERLEUKIN-1, *CYTOKINES, *SERUM, *ANTIGENS, *T cells
Abstract

A definition of the term "Interleukin-1Β" is presented. It is a a proinflammatory cytokine found in the serum of both healthy and diseased humans. One of the main roles of IL-1 is to increase antigen-induced T-cell activation. Interleukin-1Β is produced by a variety of cell types, including endothelial cells, macrophages, osteoblastic cells, hepatocytes, fibroblasts, dendritic cells, and T lymphocytes.

Published
2005

50. Immunotoxicological Evaluation of Therapeutic Cytokines.

Author

Thomas, Peter T. and Vohr, Hans-Werner

Subjects
*DEFINITIONS, *CYTOKINES, *IMMUNOREGULATION, *PROTEINS, *IMMUNOTOXICOLOGY, *IMMUNOPATHOLOGY, *TOXICOLOGY, *IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY
Abstract

The article focuses on the immunotoxicological evaluation of therapeutic cytokines. By definition, cytokines are regulatory proteins secreted by white blood cells as well as other cells. They are involved in the modulation of inflammatory responses. In the absence of specific guidances that regulate development of therapeutic cytokines, guidelines that influence the approach for evaluating the impact on the immune system of drug and biological products have been published.

Published
2005

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