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Classical Turkish poetry, was examined in terms of used redif emerging real poet is very important for redif outside of each community each redif social, cultural, psychological and demonstrate their approach. This approach, starting from a study of about a hundred court as a result of scanning of the paper is loaded in the past century, meaning the middle was intended to lay. First, the meaning of the paper, expressions and dictum's place have been detected, then the Turkish-Islamic culture and civilization in the paper couplets were examined in the light of. After the court passed in the "kağıd, kâgaz, kâgız" redif poems, taking into account identified with the emphasis on the content of the three gazelle and the common provisions of the poets have about the paper was trying to identify. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper is an attempt to describe the possible reasons for the restrained position and disinterest of socialsciences - especially: linguistics, psycholinguistics and educational sciences - towards the impact of emotions and emotional factors on the learning abilities of people (How do emotions affect learning). This paper can be thought of as critical review and on the other hand, we conducted a short review of the literature on the place of emotions in social science research. The parts of this paper are based on my doctoral dissertation research, carried out at the University of Vienna in the context of the interdisciplinary research project (2010/2012) "Spracherwerb und lebensweltliche Mehrsprachigkeit im Kindergarten" - Language acquisition and everyday life multilingualism in the kindergarten -. We finally describe briefly a methodological tool for emotion research: "Observation according to the Tavistock model". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large section of written documents remaining from Buddhist Uighurs relies on translations from Chinese, Tibetan, Tohar, Sogdian and the Sanskrit language. Even though the preserved works are characteristic translations, they excel in expressing Buddhist concepts, which are difficult to understand, in Uighur. They used in expressing these concepts they used existing available resources and borrowings from foreign languages as well as derived new words. The word yilvi, elaborated in this paper, is one of the words created in the Uighur period. Pronunciation and etymology of the Uighur word yilvi wasn't done correctly up till now. In this paper, suggestions about yilvi will be discussed and trial etymology of this word presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Armenian events generally are debated in three stages. The first stage is the unfair claim of the Armenians that the Armenians live in more trouble than the Armenians living in other countries. The second stage is composed of the political activities of the Armenians in the Caucasus region and North Azerbaijan. And the third stage is Armenians' revolt inside and outside against the Ottomans and Azerbaijan during the First World War. After that Armenian organizations became armed ruthlessly attacking places in which Turkish and Azerbaijan people lived. In their opinion they have achieved the first objective in Elizavetpol (Khirovabad-Ganja), Nakhchivan, Kuba and Baku in 1905. Armenian organizations had undertaken important duties in the occurrence of the events. There hold many archive documents showing all activities of Tashnak Armenian forces supported by outside forces especially Russia. In this paper we have tried to use a portion of these documents as much as possible. The documents the majority of which are in the Russian language, show that Armenians gangs tyrannized over not only Muslim Anatolian Turks within the boundaries of the Ottoman Empire, but also the Azerbaijani Turks. And in this paper the events of Armenian tryanny which occurred in the Ganja district is examined from the point of view of Azerbaijani and Russian archive sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many English sound symbolic reduplicatives are known to exhibit the vowel alternation patterns of /ı/-/œ/ and /ı/-/ð/ (e.g, in zig-zag and ding-dong) where the first vowel is higher than the second vowel. The data collected for this paper from Chinese, Korean, Manchu, Modern Uyghur, Mongolian, Persian. Tatar, Turkish, Uzbek, and Vietnamese evidence that most of these languages also have their preferred patterns of vowel alternation for sound symbolic reduplicatives. For example, Chinese and Vietnamese sound symbolic reduplicatives show a clear preference towards vowel alternations where the first vowel is higher than the second one. An analysis of sound symbolic words in Karakhanid Turkic also reveals the prevalence of particular patterns of vowel alternation; vowel alternations in the disyllabic sound symbolic reduplicatives that appear in the Compendium of the Turkic Dialects (DLT) are confined to the following patterns: fat⌷a-đamma /{a.e}/-/{o.u,öü}/, fat⌷a-kasra /{a.e}//{é,i,i}/, and alif-wāw /{ā,ē}/-/[ō ū, õ, ⌷/. This paper claims that sound symbolic reduplicatives in Qarakhanid Turkic (as well as those in Turkish, Uzbek, etc.) prefer the vowel alternation pattern of 'low vowel-high vowel' and that this preference confines the vowel alternations in such reduplicatives in Karakhanid to those that are represented with fat⌷a- đamma, fat⌷a-kasra, and alif-wāw. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neo-Eurasianim is an important movement and school of thought of Russian politics and also an influential approach in Russia's foreign policy-making procedures. According to this school, given its central position in the Eurasian region, Russia's historical mission requires that it opposes the Wes-tern and specifically American hegemony in international scene. Middle Eastern policy constitutes one of the main features of this foreign policy approach based on multi-polarity and opposition to the USA. This paper aims to analyse Russia's Middle Eastern policy during the presidency of Vladimir-Putin in perspective of Neo-Eurasianist foreign policy discourse. The study examines the significance of Middle East in Neo-Eurasianists ' foreign policy visions and asks how much Neo-Eurasianist approach is compatible with the foreign policy practices during the Putin era. In this context, the paper asserts that although Middle Eastern policy during the Putin presidency contains multiple Neo-Eurasianist attributes, it has a much more pragmatic aspect and thus it is not in total conformity with the Neo-Eurasianist thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Qur'ân wishes to enlighten the way for people through its principles. It is the aim of this paper to search for these Qur'ânic principles. It is argued that once the outlook projected by the Qur'ân is captured a light is cast on the inner perceptive faculties of the person who follows that path. It is that light which the Qur'ân wishes to impart to humanity that is called at the same time "faith". The person who has faith in God and lives according to the Qur'ânic principles his/her perception, interior states and mind are enlightened. By doing good deeds this enlightenment increases and s/he captures higher states of existence which gives tranquility and serenity. The unbeliever on the other hand who acts against and does not believe in God, does not live according to the Qur'ân. In this way the Qur'ân says that the unbeliever's interior world is left with obscurity and stress of these people, drags them from crises to crises, from depression to depression. This paper tries to examine how the Qur'ân develops its perspective in order to guide human life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper; generally, effects of the commercialization of primary (close) social relations by Multi Level Marketing (MLM) system to social structures have been examined. Also, how people feel when they are exposed only to commercial relations instead of warm, sincere and trust-based relations and whether this kind of relationship suits to cultural values, ethical principles, beliefs and existing traditions, have been analyzed. This paper consists of five chapters. In the first chapter, information about MLM System and the criticized sites of the system has been given. In the second chapter, MLM system's characteristic which is in the frontier between sacred and secular has been pointed out and in the third chapter. It is examined that how the claim performing the integration of tradition-modernity, religion-capitalism, materialism-spiritualism effects MLM system's success. In the fourth chapter, an application has been made in accord with the research problem and intention, firstly the written documents belonging to Herbalife company have been looked over, then semi-constructed interviews have been made with six different people, who have different professions, who live in Ankara and who work (worked before) in Herbalife marketing system. In the last chapter, evaluations on paper subject has been given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to estimate the functional identity of Sivas which was one of the nodal centers in the organized urban network and transportation system in Anatolia during the Seljuk era. We shall attempt this through a method that depends on the hypothetical approaches developed in this paper as related to the functional identity. The methodology of this paper is based on examining the original historical texts and archeological findings and architectural inheritances. The results shall be evaluated according to the hypothetical approaches developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to explore the significant role played by Eurasianism both as a philosophy and as a political project in three Central Asian republics. Debates of political elites and intellectuals in Kazakhstan. Kyrgystan and Uzbekistan over their countries' models of development and policy of regional integration is the focus of this research. This paper tries to clarify the meaning of Eurasianism by comparing it to similar ideologies and ideas such as Asianism. Similarities between Chinese or Japanese Asianism with Russian Euraisianism on the one hand, and the similarities between Korean and Uzbek reactions to these dominant nations' integrationist ideas are highlighted. It is argued that dominant nation Eurasianism (i.e. Russian) is significantly different than the non-dominant nations'case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to make a probable comparison between the conditions of Igdiç (Selimaga) village in the 1840s and the present time by using the temettüat registers in order to show the changes in the socioeconomic, cultural and demographic aspects of the village. Since, the temettüat registers contain very rich data regarding almost all of the characteristics of socio-economic life such as demography and agricultural economy. It is possible to get information on taxpayers' names, nick-names and occupations. 'Thus, it became easy to trace recent family and occupational histories at least 150 years back. For this paper the temettüat register of the Igdiç village (Balikesir-Dursunbey) was used. It is registered as ML.VRD.TMT.8388 in the Prime Ministry Ottoman Archives in Istanbul. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among believers of different religions the Messiah has been always the figure of redeemer particularly in hard times. Among those who have embraced this faith Jews give great importance to this belief. This paper analyzes the emergence of the belief in Messiah among Jews, its evolution across time and how different Jewish interpretations understood the belief and how they looked at different historical episodes. The Safed kabbalah tradition has a special significance in the faith of the Messiah. A political perspective to the traditional understanding of Messiah was added. Therefore Safed of kabbalah, the Jewish contribution to the understanding of the Messianic is taken as self-study courses. Finally, the awaited Messiah of the Jews is not one but two Messiah as expressed in the Dead Sea Scrolls by the Qumran community whose conception of the Messiah is examined in a separate section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demographics of India are inclusive of the second most populous country in the world, with more than one billion people. Even though over 75-78% of India's population practices Hinduism; Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism and Jainism are the other important religions in India. Among them, Islam with its about two hundred million followers is the largest minority religion in this country. Religion, thence, has been a significant part of the India's culture and tradition, throughout its history. Due to this sturdy connection, it is not easy to know India without understanding its religious beliefs and practices, which have a large impact on the personal lives of most Indians and influence public life on a daily basis. This paper, therefore, targets to demonstrate how religion effects to social life in India under the sample of Hinduism. In this context, some specific topics such as religious rituals, festivals, caste system, marriage ceremony and cremation have been examined which shape to Indians daily life and social order. Along with this, the case study has been supported by some observations which have been experienced in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poetry,as an artistic work, is an important language in literary. It gives very important and meaningful information concerning our existence and the life. We comprehend both the world and ourselves more deeply through poetry. This language, with these peculiarities of it, both in its use and attributions resembles religious language. However, some materialistic positivist movements like behaviorism, logical positivism an instrumentalism in general assert that the poetical language just like religious and ethical languages is a nonrealistic expression. Their criteria are the principle of logical verification and scientific explanation. This approach has been very effectual also on Turkish art and literary men. This paper focuses on the claim that these approaches to poetical language are very reductionist. And it is maintained that the poetical language is an expression of our undifferentiated experience. By the way, some comparisons are made between poetical, philosophical, scientific and logical languages. Consequently, it is maintained that the poetical language like religious language is an informative and illuminating language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to investigate the determinants and effects of corporate governance level of the firms operating in the Istanbul Stock Exchange. It was concluded that firm value was the most important determinant for corporate governance level to be enhanced. Moreover, it was found that firm value mediated corporate investor ratio on corporate governance level. On the other hand, there was found a positive relationship between growing corporate governance implementations of the firms and the firm performance. The manifestation of the agency costs resulting from earnings management practices in direction which decreased earnings was seen as a variable that moderates this relationship. Lastly, it was concluded that rising corporate governance implementations had an impact on foreign investor preference and that these investors chosen by those firms whose corporate governance implementations were enhanced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Language and human society are inseparable. Wherever humans exist, communication exists. And language is the most effective instrument of communication. Therefore the history of humanity is also the history of language. It is via language that we follow what stages humanity went through. In this process the monotheist religions have significantly contributed to the development of language within daily life and its refinement. The language of daily life, therefore, goes in parallel to the language of religion. And whenever they differ, it results in alienation among individuals and even within the whole society, and concomitant problems occur. When the Turkic communities adopted the religion of Islam, the Turkish language gained a whole new function. The contribution of Islam to this, with its special sensitivity on language, was important. This paper aims to discuss the problematic stages that the Turkish language went through and its intimacy with the religious language. By so doing the interaction of the religious language and the common language and an update story of the former are also related. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shirnak (a province in southeastern Turkey) and its surroundings, throughout the history of Islam, kept the identity of a region in which great scientists and ideas thrived. This situation continues in the region in part, where some scholars have been educated. One of the major figures from this region is Findiki Sayyid Fayzullah Erzen (Sayyid Feyzullah Erzen b. Sheikh Muhammad b. Sheikh Hassan al-Buhti al-Findikî), who has works in various fields. In this paper, we will try to introduce these works dealing with tafsir (Qur'an commentary) from his book called Lawômi'u'l-Jawâhir bi Ithna Ashara Fannan Yujahir. Primarily, we will inform about the life and works of the author of Lawômi'u'l-Jawâhir. Then, we will focus on the resources of the book, and the definition of content and methodology in the section concerning tafsir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immigrants coming to Turkey from Bulgaria since 1950 were granted with an immigrant visa and land. Aiding committees were founded to create financial help. Services of the DP government regarding immigrants continued until the coup d'etat. Foundations of a modern joiner's shop were laid in 1958. with Ankara immigrant Admission and Education Centre. Construction ofnew buildings in Tekirdağ and Tuzla, İstanbul was planned. Besides, the government planned opening immigrant admission and education houses in Tekirdağ and Tuzla, İstanbul apartfrom the one in Ankara taking into account the fact that immigrants should be educated initially for preventing them to have difficulty in adaptation in social and cultural terms. As a result of government policies, immigrants who foundpeace in their new lives in Turkey expressed their feelings of gratefulness in the letter they addressed to Prime Minister Adnan Menderes. This paper aims at examining the situations of immigrants immigrated to Turkey from Bulgaria, their adaptation to their new lives, the difficulties they faced and policies of the DP government regarding these immigrants during 1950-1960. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we have studied the effect of the six thinking hats on the writing skills of sixth grade students in primary school. For this purpose, we formed test and control groups of 30 students selected from Alparslan Primary School, Palandöken, Erzurum, in the second term of 2010-2011. These groups have been formed considering the socio-economic conditions and educational performance of the students. We have applied a pre-test and a post-test to test and control groups and the findings have been studied with regard to the "Assessment form for the writing skills". We have seen that the pre-tests of the two groups were similar. But as for the post-test results,' students who used the six thinking hats were more successful than the students who composed a free writing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction project of the Edirne Palace (Saray-ı Cedid-i Âmire, Tunca Saray-ı, Edirne Saray-ı Hümayunu, Hünkdr Bahçesi Sarayı) was started north of the city Edirne and west of Tunca River upon the order of Sultan Murad the II (reign 1421-1451). However, the following year Sultan Murad the II passed away and thus was not able to see the end of the project. The construction of the palace finished and it was in use during the reign of his son Sultan Mehmed the II. (reign 1451-1481). The palace was enlarged various times and it was used until the renovation realised in 1828 which coincided with the reign of Sultan Mahmud the II. (reign 1808-1839). The same year the palace was pillaged by Russians who entered Edirne. Among the Ottoman sultans who used the Edirne Palace, it was definitely Sultan Mehmed the IVth (reign 1648-1687) who was most interested in it for a long time. Sultan Mehmed the IVth who was enthroned at the age of seven and had a reign of thirty-nine years passed most of his reign at the Edirne Palace. His great interest in this palace resulted in the addition of new spaces to the palace building. Within this context, this paper aims to examine the additions made to the Edirne Palace as well as on some renovations within it during the reign of Sultan Mehmed the IVth. The study aims to make a humble contribution to the literature about the history of the Edirne Palace especially its architectural history identifying the data on the additions and renovations made during the reign of Sultan Mehmed the IVth. Furthermore, this study has to be thought as a preliminary work which will form the starting point of a prospective study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By the end of the 1940s, a music revolution of the young Turkish Republic had aimed to create national music. Turkish Folk Music was selected for this aim. A search for an anthology of Turkish Folk Music in Anatolia had begun. Some ethnomusicologists like Bela Bartok were invited to Turkey to attend this collecting process of Turkish Folk Music. At the start of this process it had been decided that Turkish Folk Music was national music, in addition to polyphonyic music. Turkish Folk Music was coded as national music while its history was ignored. That brought about a line of tension for the founding elites. This paper is an attempt to investigate how that tension arose and the reaction it received within its long history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is of crucial importance to know how the sub determinants of the Consumer Price Index (CPI) of Turkey give reaction to the external shock waves in the short and long term in order to be successful in the struggle against inflation as well as with the monetary policy strategies. In this paper, dynamic effects of unit shocks given to 12 sub-expenditure groups of the CPI index of Turkey is' analyzed by impulse response functions for the period 2003: 1 - 2011: 06. The first conclusion obtained from the study is that the index of food expenditure has affected the CPI index highly when compared with the other sub-expenditure groups. The second result is that an increase in transportation, food and entertainment expenditures has caused contraction of individual's entertainment expenses. Another conclusion we have reached is that health expenditures have affected the CPI much higher than was predicted by the Turkish Statistical Institute. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main targets of Turkish and Turkish culture course books which are the basic means of teaching the native language is culture transfer, besides, teaching the language. But proverbs are one of the most valuable treasures of our oral culture. That is why it is expected that our course books should convey the cultural values in the native language, in the most efficient and widespread ways. To support the narration and absorb the culture in reading, speaking, listening and writing skills the use of proverbs must be planned rather than used at random. This paper aims at examining both qualitatively and quantitatively Turkish proverbs and Turkish culture lessons in textbooks prepared for the Turkish students who have been studying abroad. Proverbs are the utterances inherited from our ancestors which enhance the teaching and make emotions and thoughts impressive. The results of the qualitative research show that this treasure does not take enough place in the related courses and textbooks; proverbs which are used not chosen for the right purpose. Moreover, they are not considered from the perspective of a contemporary approach. This research is not only important to show that proverbs used in Turkish and Turkish culture textbooks are inadequate but also to help evaluate the reasons of this failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neoclassical economics is a term variously used for approaches to economics focusing on the determination of prices, outputs, and income distributions in markets through supply and demand, often mediated through a hypothesized maximization of utility by income-constrained individuals and of profits by cost-constrained firms employing available information and factors of production, in accordance with rational choice theory. The main goal of this paper is to criticize neo classical economic approach views within the framework of Marxist economy, Historical School and the Institutional economics approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global crisis is an expression of the structural changes and deep-rooted contradictions which have occurred within the global system in the last thirty years. As a result, today's global fmancial system is marked by three profound vulnerabilities: the explosive growth of the fmancial system relative to manufacturing and the economy as a whole, and the proliferation of speculative and destabilising financial instruments of wealth accumulation; the loss of relative power by the US dolar as a reserve currency, and other weaknesses in the global financial system have surfaced.These three areas where contradictions and vulnerabilities have been structurally emerging by the very logic of the global economic system and the process of capital accumulation. The main goal of this paper is to analyze the global imbalances that are widely seen as a cause of the last global financial crisis. The combination of all of these three factors caused the recent anomalies that have been seen in the global financial markets in the last years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efforts to expand access to mortgage credit and to increase homeownership have dominated U.S. federal housing policy. To support of those objectives, many programs were implemented and many regulations were put into the effect during about 60 years. One of these practices was to be established a government -sponsored enterprise model (GSE model). The financial institutions, which were established with this model, are called as government -sponsored enterprises" (GSEs). There were two GSEs in housing sector created by the Congress in the U.S.; Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Their objectives was to develope the secondary mortgage markets and to reduce the cost of residential mortgage loans. These GSEs, have become the giant secondary-market institutions, after very short time. Fannie Mac and Freddie Mac, which have many benefits from federal government, primarily act as financial intermediaries to assist borrowers. They are involved in two principal lines of business: purchasing mortgages and issuing mortgage-backed securities. In terms of meeting their original congressional objective -- to provide liquidity to credit markets on a national, rather than regional or state, basis -- these GSEs have been remarkably successful and become the dominant role in the U.S. mortgage markets. However, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac have been dramatically affected by the experiencing subprime mortgage-related troubles in the U.S. mortgage markets, since the end of July, 2007. They have increasingly reported large loan losses throughout 2008 and could not continue to operate their activities. As a result, Fannie Mac and Freddie Mac were placed into conservatorship on September, 2008. In this paper, it will firstly be examined how the GSE model in the residendial mortgage markets is to operate and secondly, evaluated why this model became failure in subprime mortgage crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper starts with a discussion of transformation process of water from free goods to an economic value. Then, water resources structures of the world and Turkey have been analyzed, respectively. After discussing the world's virtual water trade in details, common water-related problems of Turkey have been given. Because, while world-wide water demand is tremendously increasing everyday, water resources dramatically reduce. Although Turkey does not face important water-shortage problem at the moment, changes in climate might increase the risk of water-shortage in the future. Even if the potential water-shortage problem is expected in some regions of the country, it is extremely distressing. Because, while water resources are limited and even insufficient, the demand is increasing every day. Nevertheless, water is a strategic resource in the geographic region of Turkey. For that reason, it is possible for Turkey to face problems about water caused by neighboring countries, Similar international pressure may force Turkey to develop a water policy, which is not risky for the future of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a survey conducted in 2008 in two districts of Istanbul, this paper will argue that social cleavage is still a crucial factor in determining party alignment in Turkey. Despite the fact that society went through a rapid process of modernization and markedly improved its economic conditions in the last three decades, the great majority of voters' choice appears to be mainly along two different cleavages: the religious and the regional one. In spite of the deep social and political transformation of Turkish society, these fractures among voters appear to be still determinant also in the biggest urban area, which should represent the vanguard in the process of 'Modernization'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is that depict of the nature of relationship between political climate of Russia and democracy. In concur with decline of Soviet Union which became institutional transporter of socialist ideology for along years, democracy that showed wide spread, caused reconstruction of political system of a lot of country. In concur with transition process to democracy while post-Sovietic states located to Europe Continent experienced a liberal democratic institutialization, in Asia's had an authocratic construction which was surrounded limited liberties. In conclusion of this paper which was composed by depending on observations of the writer, it was seen that in terms of internal --patrimonial cultural construction, political tradition which was shaped under dictate of unique party along years, etc..- and external dynamics -- position across historical other "west", hegamonic power claim universally. etc..- belonging Russian Federation which resided along with Asia Continent as a zone and central power focus of predecessor of Soviet Union, although it has a few democratic procedure, unlike the pheripheric west countries in transition process, became the sign of non-democratic and illiberal political formations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the general portrait of Turkish women's social status at the Ottoman empire during the nineteenth century and focuses on a pioneer Turkish woman artist named Mihri Musfik. When we look at the Ottoman Empire especially before the modern reform period wee see that women had always been underestimated and tried to pushed out of the public and social life. Mihri Musfik was a talented artist and a brave advocate of the women's rights. She had always wanted to see Ottoman women in an equal position with men. She was the main impulse for the establishment of The Academy of Fine Arts for Girls. The paper also deals with the artistic and aesthetic aspects of her works and tries to discover the inner spirit of the artist through her paintings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Like other countries of the world, plenty of studies have been conducted for improving geography education in Turkey. The goal of these numerous studies is to make students active in classrooms and make them understand the importance of geography in daily life like those in developed countries. Due to this, secondary geography curriculum was changed hi 2005. The main purpose of this new curriculum is to provide necessary skills and abilities to the students for gaining of geographic conscious about their environs and countries in order to better understand the World and also use them as an active in their future life. Another aim of this program is to emphasize that geography is just not the subject to memorize the places' names and also not to show where they are in the world. This change was the most comprehensive one in terms of content, names, hours and etc. With this program, region concept also has been changed in terms of its meaning and contents. Thus, region, sub-region, and precinct which accepted in 1941 have been totally left, and instead of these, new dynamic region concept which has no specific boundaries have adopted. According to new concept of region, it is possible to determine many regions starting from local to global scale. With this paper, previous and current region concepts will be discussed and similarities and differences between them will be addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electricity markets have had high price volatility for nearly thirty years. Traditional conners and squeezes may not be major concerns, due to the fact that electricity cannot be stored. Manipulation concerns focus on default or inability to perform. Deregulation has created new liquidity providers and many firms needing risk management tools. So that the electricity market goals has option and futures market on electricity since in the mid-1990's. The main goals are the establishing of an organizing exchange for option and futures trading. An electric derivative market trades with options and electricity futures instead of physical commodity. This paper aims to examine on how to perform derivative markets and the risk management in the electricity sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is thought that the new context at the present time of capitalist hegemony is globalizing world's 'projects' originating from the West. The West World provides important contributions to the projects, especially supported by the European Union, which will be carried out on specific social aspects and cultures (especially women, youth and children) of the East World about which the West World thinks relatively can't accord to its understanding and mind-structure. In this paper on the context of a historical and expressional perspective of how capitalist hegemony as a whole establishes control on social aspects and cultures which are out of itself by the hand of projects will be studied. The background of projects actualized as a new trivet of legitimating of capitalist hegemony through nongovernmental organizations (NGO) will be analyzed and hereby attempt to reveal its expressional aspect of capitalist hegemony. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are outstanding works that represents languages. In speaking of Turkish, one of the works that should be mentioned is Dîvânü Lügâti't-Türk by Mahmud el-Kashgari. This paper focuses on this work's lexicographic techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, as Robert Dahl stated, poliarchies replaced democracy so democracies faced with the danger of being forgotten. This was an unavoidable result, because of many see democracy only as a means. So, whether democracy is a means or an ideal is one of important discussions in political thought. The discussion make us to find holistic perspective on democracy which see it both an ideal and a means. In this paper, it's stated that pragmatic political thought especially Deweyan pragmatism can help us to find this necessary perspective. At this point, Dewey's "creative democracy" can be considered as a useful concept to discuss democracy and democratic perception in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canada's budgeting reform is holistic. It targets sustainable fiscal structure. In that scope, besides taking measured both revenue and expenditure of budget, they have been implementing new learning framework policy with awareness of living in knowledge age, and public sector modernization policy in order to provide good governance, and accountability transparent management financial and human capital. In this work is generally used Canada's government document as primarily resources, but also used some secondary resources related with this subject. Besides the theoretical work, the graphical analyzing and regression analyzing method is used in this paper. It brought up the measures, which were taken by Canada's government. Data related with this period of federal budget, public debt and national product, were analyzed and reached a result. According to this result, with Canada's budgeting reform, budget deficits were reduced and also public debt level was reduced in percentage of GDP. On the other hand, together with the fulfillment of reform policy, it was viewed increasing of the Canada's GDP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the particular features of accession ceremonies in the Ottoman Empire was the exchange of presents. The new sultan gives the presents, and in return some of the members of his inner circle submit culusiyyes in addition to other presents. In these poems the writers usually depict the current status of the empire and the expectations of the new sultan. In this context, culussiyyes collected by Enderunlu Arif has particular importance owing to the fact that the reign of Sultan Selim III was one of the most troublesome periods of the empire. In this paper I tried to analyze the culusiyyes written in praise of Sultan Selim III and later collected by Enderunlu Arif. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study briefly overviews the historical development of econometric theory and its present state. Many of the theoretical issues discussed today are the extensions of subjects originated long ago. Besides the main objectives of econometric theory and its position compared to these objectives are discussed. The paper aims to present the originators of techniques used frequently today as well as how and when they were originated. Different opinions of authorities about how much econometrics achieved its goals are pointed out. Main problems of the current theory are also indicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper mirrors the risking maturity of systems thought and systems language in managerial decision-making. It is based upon the assumption that building blocks of reality are not parts but wholes--systems in which ill-structured and systemic problems having social and behavioral aspects and interdependency cannot be worked out with the methods and techniques of reductionist positivist science. They require better-equipped 'holism' to deal with. Holism in systems thought emphasizes the complementary role of various systems metaphors and systems methodologies in managerial decision-making and liberates the consciousness of managers/problem-solvers/decision-makers to cope with organizational issues through systems idea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Families are generally made up of four to eight persons in Göynük. The estates show that men and women have a low amount of books and a minimal habit of reading. This paper wants to examine the family structure and general social life in the town of Göynük of the Bolu Province. The documents taken as the main historical reference are all collected from the relevant Ottoman Tereke (inheritance) archives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we attempt to analyze Çetin Altan's novel titled "Büyük Gözalti" in terms of children's literature. By being aware of the interests and needs of children, we try to explore sensitivity from the child's point of view and the effects of society and family in their psychological development and formation of personality throughout the narration. In the analysis, the semiotic method is used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the fact that the way to be successful is through knowing oneself, we aim at helping our students to know themselves and educate individuals to be responsible both to themselves and their environment, to study, search, have self expression and to have an analytic understanding, to reflect a Kemalist and contemporary outlook and most of all to cherish their own customs and national spiritual values. Since the early days of the republic, a handful of curricula have been prepared in the Turkish language. These curricula have been prepared in accordance with the objectives and national education policies predominant at their time. The principal objective of Turkish National Education in the Turkish language and literature curriculum is to teach the Turkish language and its literature, taking into consideration the necessities of the century. This paper is an attempt to survey these developments in the Turkish educational system as applied in language and literature courses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the important problems in Turkey has been the distribution and spread of educational services in both rural and urban areas. Rural areas compared to urban areas have benefited from the educational opportunities and services in a limited way, but sometimes they do not have benefited from them at all. These differences in educational opportunities and service have influenced various social areas and have also played a role in the determination of economic conditions. The goal of this paper is to point out the educational differences in rural/ urban areas and to discuss their causes. The level of education of rural and urban areas will be compared based an data gathered from government statistics. Finally, the relationship between education and employment and the effects of education on employment in rural and urban areas will be examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article the historical development of the Eurasianist movement and doctrine will be discussed under two general periods: Classical Eurasianism started with the publication of "Exodus to East" in 1921 and continued with breaks and inner struggles till the first half of 1930's. The Doctrine of Classical Eurasianism is based on the definition of parallel structures of Eurasia or Eurasian mectorazvitie; geographical, economical, political, ethnical, cultural and ethical structures of Eurasia were described by Classical Eurasians by using strong anti-western sentiments. While they were politicising the "East", they actually tried to bind universal perceptions with national/local perspectives. According to Eurasians the main instrument for an intellectual linkage between universal and local worldviews should be regional designations, which have to be dependent on self-recognition and self-defence principles. The main pillars of the Classical Eurasianist School came to the scene after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. They followed their intellectual fathers and used the same anti-western rhetoric for the self-recognition of Eurasia. However, they mainly devote their intellectual efforts to develop a strategy for the self-defence of Eurasia. This imprisoned Neo-Eurasians in a traditional and sometimes regressive rhetoric more than Classical Eurasians. This paper will deal with the continuities and changes between these two periods of the Eurasianist school. Moreover, we will try to understand the political implications if there is any kind of change or discontinuity between Classical and Neo Eurasianist thoughts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting with the Hellenic and Christian myths of Europe, this paper investigates the emergence and the development of the Idea of Europe with its multiple meanings and various values that have been assigned to it during its history. Europeanness as an upper-identity and its others, in history and today, within the scope of the European Union, are also analyzed in the text front two different receiving subjects, that is the Europeans and the Turks, which reflects partially overlapping but two different points of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the Ottoman period there was established an organization named :hisbe' or 'ihtisah', the office of superintendent of markets. It dated back to the early years of Islam, in order to regulate social and economic behaviour throughout bazaars and marketplaces and to maintain them in accordance with social norms. This organization had some powers and responsibilities of today's ministries of finance, trade, economy, industry, justice and of the organization of religious affairs as well as those of municipalities. The officials named 'muhtesib' of this organization checked goods and services exchanged in the market and whether they met the standards in price and quality that were fixed by the government and applied some corrabarative rules for that. In this study, after giving brief information about this organization and the duties of its officials, the 20th section which deals with 'ihtisab' of the Ottoman Code of Laws for Suleiman the Magnificent has been briefly analysed. The study has pointed out that Ottomans attached much importance to social order, economic stability, business and trade ethics, quality of goods and services, conditions of health, cleanliness of environment, animal rights as well as those of slaves, workers and tenants. All goods and services produced and exchanged at that time, standards and selling prices of them, even standards, measures and qualities of inputs used in the production of these goods and services were listed one by one and in detail in those regulations. The paper presents a historical record of these regulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper claims that scientific activity cannot be restricted to a specific man of science simply because all types of scientific activities have a web of relations to each other and earlier study becomes a basis for the latter one. Accordingly, every step in the scientific course establishes a moment in the scientific culture of humanity. This argument is put to a test in terms of an example taken from the study of Ibn Khaldun, whose contribution to sociology has been accepted in general. Ibn Khaldun appears to make his own contribution to social psychology thanks to the close relation between his concept of "asabiyah" and "conscious confirming behaviour". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, first of all, the concepts such as the invocation, guiding, exhortation and advice which mean approximately the same in the information in the Qur'an have been studied. Then the concepts such as the wisdom, good exhortation, discussion, good statements, evangelization and warnings that are about the information contents and methods have been analyzed in the light of the verses of the Qur'an. In this way, the best information and invocation methods the Qur'an finds suitable have been put into effect. In order to gain positive results from the invocation activities this matter should be well executed. The Qur'an says that the information and invocation should be presented by a proper method. Those methods can only be done in the way of God with wisdom, good advice and discussion, with mercy and pleasant speech. The invocation could sometimes be presented as good news and sometimes by warning and sometimes by frightening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the disintegration of the USSR, old communists (new liberals) formed the politics of liberalism. In their opinion, everything that occurred during the time of the USSR is bad, and even the state ideology of the USSR was bad because for the state it is impossible to form an ideology. I would like to raise a question in this paper: Is it necessary for Russia to have a state ideology? Having denied totally its previous period, the Russian society now searches ways to overcome the present ideological disintegration. In fact, now the present government often begins to overlook the question whether it is necessary to find a new world outlook and to develop a new ideology to solve the problems of arrangement of the Russian state. In the 90's the socialist idea has undergone fierce attacks by the representatives of the liberals. Arming itself with the ideology of liberalism they try to defend democratic Opposition in slogans of political democracy, pluralism, a lawful state and a civil society. This article attempts an analysis of the basic ideological doctrines used by the supreme circles of the Russian authority between 1992 and 1999. In this vein, a sociopolitical analysis of post Soviet Russia is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the general economic: situation and economic problems of Azerbaijan from its independence to the present time. For this purpose, the general economic situation, the effect of the most serious economic problem called Dutch disease on the industrial sectors of Azerbaijan will be analyzed. Furthermore, the industrial sector, agricultural sector and external sector of Azerbaijan will be analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]