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A recent report from Hamadan University of Medical Sciences in Iran discusses research findings on the relationship between personality traits and the willingness to use robots. The study, which involved 367 male workers, found that technology affinity and STARA (a measure of personality) played important roles in influencing individuals' inclination to use robots. The research suggests that exploring additional emic traits (culturally specific personality characteristics) and their interaction with etic traits (universal personality characteristics) could provide further insights into this relationship. The study was published in the International Journal of Social Robotics and was supported by Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at the University of the Punjab in Lahore, Pakistan, explored the impact of personality traits on the knowledge acquisition and application behavior of academic librarians. The study found that extraversion, agreeableness, and openness to experience positively influenced knowledge acquisition, while neuroticism had a negative effect. Additionally, extraversion and openness to experience were found to positively affect knowledge application behavior, while conscientiousness and agreeableness were not significant predictors. This research sheds light on the personality traits that contribute to knowledge acquisition and application in academic libraries, particularly from the perspective of a developing country. [Extracted from the article]

The article focuses on a study evaluating the efficacy and tolerability of cariprazine for managing Emotionally Unstable Personality Disorder (EUPD) in female forensic patients. Topics include the impact of cariprazine on symptom management, its side effect profile, and the overall effectiveness in improving patient outcomes.

The article investigates why patients are frequently denied treatment at Personality Disorder (PD) services. Topics discussed include the primary reasons for non-acceptance, such as lack of engagement and severe substance misuse, the implications for referrers and PD services, and recommendations for improving patient engagement and referral criteria.

The article explores the experiences of autistic adults who were previously diagnosed with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). Topics discussed include the negative impact of the BPD diagnosis on mental and social health, the challenges in obtaining an autism diagnosis in adulthood, and the benefits of receiving an accurate autism diagnosis.

The article highlights new research from South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust on improving trainee skills in managing personality disorders. Topics include the impact of a focused teaching session on increasing trainee confidence, knowledge, and skills in therapeutic engagement with patients, the effectiveness of incorporating evidence-based treatments like Mentalization-Based Treatment (MBT) and Transference-Focused Psychotherapy (TFP).

A recent study conducted by researchers at the University of Bern in Switzerland aimed to replicate and extend a previous study on the role of family environment in self-esteem development during adolescence. The study used longitudinal data from the Iowa Youth and Families Project, including 451 families. The findings of the research suggest that there is no evidence for prospective effects between family environment and self-esteem in adolescence. This research has been peer-reviewed and published in the Journal of Research in Personality. For more information, readers can contact Samantha Krauss at the University of Bern. [Extracted from the article]

New research from the University of Sfax in Tunisia explores an intelligent methodology for understanding the structure of a data warehouse model and making decisions. The methodology involves transforming the model into an ontology, recommending queries to decision-makers, and using advanced machine learning techniques to enrich the results. The research focuses on analyzing social media data related to people with personality disorders, with the goal of providing decision-makers with meaningful insights. The study utilizes artificial intelligence and natural language processing techniques and evaluates the results using quantitative and qualitative methods. [Extracted from the article]

A recent research article from Liaoning University discusses avoidant personality disorder (AVPD) and highlights the need for more comprehensive and specific research on this condition. The study emphasizes that AVPD should not be overlooked due to its less severe nature compared to other disorders, as it is highly prevalent and long-term. The article reviews the features, performances, and treatments of AVPD, including the potential unique feature of high education among individuals with AVPD. The research also suggests the use of attachment theory and mindfulness therapy in the treatment of AVPD. However, the study points out the lack of continuity in AVPD research and the need for further investigation. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from the University of Houston discusses the impact of maternal borderline personality disorder (BPD) on parent-child interactions. The study found that mothers with higher levels of BPD symptom severity engaged in fewer positive emotional/attachment-based behaviors and more negative parenting behaviors during conflict discussions with their early adolescent offspring. The research also found that the severity of BPD symptoms in adolescents only moderated these associations when reported by parents, not when self-reported. The study suggests that interventions should target attachment-based and negative parenting behaviors. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at McLean Hospital explored physical inactivity levels in patients with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). The study aimed to describe the 12-year course of physical inactivity in BPD patients and examine predictors of inactivity. The research found that patients who had not recovered from BPD were more likely to be inactive compared to those who had recovered. Obesity and PTSD were identified as significant predictors of inactivity. The study highlights the importance of addressing both clinical and medical factors in promoting physical activity among BPD patients. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at Ulm University in Germany has examined the factors that contribute to relapse in male forensic psychiatric patients with substance use disorders. The study found that emotional stress, social activities, personality disorder diagnosis, inpatient treatment relapse, age at first conviction, and loss of motivation were key determinants of relapse. Surprisingly, social factors like family and work status, living situation at discharge, and dialectical behavioral therapy did not have an impact on relapse. The study also highlighted substance use during inpatient treatment, personality disorder, and previous convictions as the most central predictors of post-discharge relapse. This research provides valuable insights for effective substance use disorder management. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in Tehran, Iran, compared the effectiveness of dialectical behavior skills training based on the Soler model and family education with individual therapies in treating borderline personality disorder. The study found that both interventions were effective in reducing symptoms of borderline personality disorder and self-mutilation, as well as improving emotion regulation. The researchers recommend this treatment as an effective and short-term method for controlling symptoms of borderline personality disorder, and highlight the positive effect of family education in addition to dialectical behavior therapy. For more information, readers can refer to the article "Comparing Dialectical-behavioral Skills Training Based on the Soler Model vs Family Education for Borderline Personality Disorder" published in the Iranian Rehabilitation Journal. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from researchers at Shahid Beheshti University in Tehran, Iran explores the relationship between anxiety, depression, and borderline personality disorder (BPD). The study aimed to investigate the moderating effect of mental pain on this association. The research involved 310 male and female students who completed various assessments, including measures of anxiety, depression, mental pain, and BPD characteristics. The findings suggest that anxiety, depression, and mental anguish accurately predict BPD characteristics, and psychological distress moderates the relationship between depression and BPD. The study highlights the importance of addressing inner and interpersonal needs to reduce mental pain and associated negative emotions. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers from Lorestan University explores the relationship between borderline personality disorder (BPD) and self-injurious behaviors in high school students. The study found that rumination, or repetitive thinking, acts as a mediator between BPD and self-harm. The research suggests that when developing preventative or intervention treatments for adolescents exhibiting self-injurious behaviors, it is important to consider these variables. The study used the Borderline Personality Features Scale for Children, the Self-Harm Inventory, and the Rumination Response Scale to collect data from a sample of 352 adolescents. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at the Department of General and Clinical Psychology examined the risk of suicide in patients with non-psychotic depressive disorders and borderline personality disorder (BPD). The study found that 100% of patients in both groups had a high level of suicidal risk. However, patients with BPD were found to have a higher suicidal risk compared to those with affective disorders. The study also revealed that patients with affective disorders had weak anti-suicidal motives and were not fully aware of the consequences of their own death. This research provides valuable insights into the assessment of suicide risk in these patient populations. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at the Medical University of Warsaw explores the potential use of ketamine as a treatment catalyst for individuals with comorbid major depressive disorder (MDD) and borderline personality disorder (BPD). The study highlights the high frequency of comorbidity between MDD and BPD, which is associated with more severe symptoms and increased risk of treatment resistance and suicidality. The researchers discuss the existing studies and case reports on the use of ketamine in depressive disorders with comorbid BPD, as well as the potential of ketamine-assisted psychotherapy (KAP) in BPD treatment. They emphasize the need for further research to develop dedicated protocols and investigate factors that may influence the effectiveness and safety of ketamine treatment for individuals with comorbid MDD and BPD. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at the University of Otago explored the neural basis of dimensional psychopathology scores, which measure symptom severity across different disorder categories. The researchers used scalp electroencephalography (EEG) to assess neural activity related to internalizing and externalizing traits. They found that theta rhythm spectral power at the frontal midline site Fz was correlated with higher-order internalizing and externalizing psychopathology. These findings suggest that theta-related factors play a role in psychopathology severity, even in individuals without clinical diagnoses. The study was published in Personality Neuroscience and more information can be obtained from the researchers at the University of Otago. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted by researchers at Democritus University of Thrace in Komotini, Greece, explored the relationship between trait emotional intelligence (TEI) and the Five Factor Model (FFM) personality traits in a sample of 2041 Greek university students. The study found that women scored higher in agreeableness and neuroticism, while men scored higher in the use and regulation of emotion. The researchers also identified four clusters of students based on their personality traits and discussed the implications of the findings and possible interventions to enhance students' emotional intelligence. The study was published in the journal Personality and Individual Differences. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center examined the demographics of self-inflicted burns (SIB) in West Texas. The study found that SIB patients had higher rates of psychiatric disorders and were generally older men. The severity of their injuries resulted in worse outcomes, including higher mortality rates and longer hospital stays. The researchers suggest that addressing psychiatric facilities and implementing preventative measures may help reduce the occurrence of SIB. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by Baylor College of Medicine explores the Alternative Model for Personality Disorders (AMPD) and its potential in assessing maladaptive self- and interpersonal functioning. The study highlights the limitations of self-report personality assessment instruments and suggests that performance-based personality measures may offer a unique perspective. The researchers propose a working model that provides ranges of test scores corresponding to the 5-point scale of the Criterion A domains of the AMPD. This research provides valuable insights into the assessment of personality disorders and offers potential improvements in understanding and diagnosing these conditions. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from CHRIST (Deemed to be University) in Karnataka, India, discusses the impact of parenting on the development of personality disorders. The research suggests that the emotional regulation of parents can influence the development of psychological ailments, including emotionally unstable personality disorder. The study emphasizes the need to explore and understand the meta-emotion philosophy of parents with emotionally unstable personality disorder to better comprehend the emotional functionality of both the parents and individuals with the diagnosis. For more information, readers can refer to the article published in the Annals of Indian Psychiatry. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers from St. John's University in Italy explored the effectiveness of a novel treatment called Evolutionary Systems Therapy for paranoid personality disorder. The study involved seven patients who received 10 months of individual therapy without any medication. The primary outcome of the study was the feasibility of the intervention, while the secondary outcomes included remission from the diagnosis and changes in personality pathology and paranoid ideation. All participants completed the intervention without any adverse events, and six out of seven patients experienced remission from paranoid personality disorder. The study suggests that further research is needed to confirm these promising results. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from researchers at the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf in Germany explores the role of frontal theta oscillations in individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD) during emotion regulation. The study found that individuals with BPD exhibited lower regulation-associated theta increases in frontal brain regions compared to matched controls. These findings suggest that alterations in the frontal theta network may contribute to deficits in emotion regulation, a core symptom of BPD. The study adds to the growing body of evidence on altered oscillatory brain dynamics in psychiatric populations and highlights the potential for individualized treatment targets using non-invasive stimulation methods. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report published by researchers from Anhui Agricultural University in China analyzes the trends and hotspots in research on borderline personality disorder (BPD) over the past two decades. The study found an overall increase in research interest in BPD, with current trends focusing on neuroimaging, biological mechanisms, and cognitive, behavioral, and pathological studies. The researchers identified three recent trends in BPD research: prevention and early intervention, non-pharmacological treatment, and pathogenesis. The findings of this study can serve as a reference for future research directions and priorities in BPD. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by the University Clinical Center of Kosovo examines a case of matricide committed by an individual with borderline personality disorder. The accused, who had a good relationship with his mother, exhibited no prior aggressive behavior towards her. The murder was characterized by extreme brutality, with the accused stabbing and decapitating his mother. The study highlights the unpredictable nature of borderline personality disorders and the potential for a lack of impulse control to lead to violent acts. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, Sweden explored the relationship between the rubber hand illusion (RHI) and dissociative symptoms in women with non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). The study included 41 women with NSSI and a control group of 40 women. The results showed that both groups experienced illusory ownership during the experiment, but there was no significant difference between the NSSI group and the control group. Additionally, illusory ownership did not correlate with dissociative symptoms in the NSSI group. These findings align with previous research on the relationship between illusory ownership and borderline personality disorder. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at Boston University School of Public Health examined the incidence of posttraumatic psychopathology and its sex-specific patterns. The study included a cohort of individuals who experienced a potentially traumatic event (PTE) from 1994 to 2016, and compared them to a reference cohort of individuals who experienced a nontraumatic stressor. The findings revealed that mental disorders following trauma were wide-ranging for both males and females, with sex differences in patterns of posttraumatic psychopathology being more pronounced when considering pretrauma psychopathology. This research provides new insights into the mental health consequences of traumatic experiences and highlights the need for further understanding of posttraumatic psychopathology in both males and females. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at the University of Copenhagen explores the relationship between disinhibited attachment behavior (DAB) in infants and maternal severe mental illness (SMI) and personality disorder (PD) symptoms. The study found that infants of mothers with clinical levels of PD symptoms were more likely to display DAB compared to infants of mothers without clinical levels of PD symptoms. However, maternal SMI was not significantly associated with infant DAB. These findings suggest that maternal personality symptoms may be a risk factor for indiscriminate forms of attachment behavior among home-reared infants. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at Temple University explored the relationship between personality disorders and intermittent explosive disorder (IED), a condition characterized by recurrent reactive aggression. The study found that individuals with IED exhibited varying levels of personality disorder symptoms, with four distinct classes identified based on the severity of these symptoms. The study also highlighted the importance of considering comorbidity with avoidant personality disorder in the treatment of IED. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the heterogeneity within IED and suggest a more nuanced approach to its treatment. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at the University of Minnesota explored the decision-making abilities of individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD). The researchers used a coin-catching task to assess how BPD patients incorporate prior beliefs and current information when making decisions. The results indicated that BPD patients were able to appropriately use both prior and current information, suggesting that deficits in relying on priors may not be widespread or domain-general. This study provides valuable insights into the decision-making processes of individuals with BPD. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at the William James Center for Research in Lisbon, Portugal, examined dropout rates among individuals attending perpetrator intervention programs (PIPs) for intimate partner violence. The study analyzed data from 31 independent samples and found that dropout rates varied from 9% to 67%. Factors such as younger age, non-White ethnicity, unemployment, substance abuse, and experiencing more adversity in childhood were significantly correlated with dropout. The study also found that the inclusion of motivational strategies in treatment decreased the likelihood of dropout. Overall, the findings suggest that individuals requiring more intensive intervention are those who derive less benefit from it. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by the University of Derby in the United Kingdom explored the relationship between DSM personality disorders (PDs) and PCL psychopathy in a community study called the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development (CSDD). The study found that Cluster B PDs, particularly Borderline and Antisocial PD, had the strongest relationships with psychopathy. However, Histrionic PD did not show strong relationships with psychopathy, contradicting previous research. The study also identified gender-specific relationships, such as the connection between psychopathy and schizoid and schizotypal PDs in females, and between psychopathy and paranoid PD in males. The implications of these findings for understanding psychopathy in both males and females are discussed. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at the University of Pavia in Italy explored the relationship between personality and psychological disorders and peripheral endocannabinoid components and lipid plasma levels in patients with resistant migraines. The study found that patients with resistant migraines and personality disorders had lower plasma levels of palmitoiletanolamide (PEA), while those with mood disorders had lower mRNA levels of diacylglycerol lipase a (DAGLa) and CB2 receptor. These findings suggest a potential peripheral dysfunction in the endocannabinoid system in patients with resistant migraines and mood or personality disorders. The study provides valuable insights into the complex relationship between migraines and psychological disturbances. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at the Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International in Kyoto, Japan have translated and evaluated the validity and reliability of the Japanese version of the Standardised Assessment of Personality - Abbreviated Scale (SAPAS). SAPAS is a rapid tool for assessing personality disorders (PD) and has been found to have excellent sensitivity and good specificity. The study found that the Japanese version of SAPAS (SAPAS-J) demonstrated sufficient validity to be used in psychopathological analog research, although validation for clinical use is limited. The research highlights the importance of screening for PD, as it is associated with a significant public health burden and is a key prognostic variable for mental disorders. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from York University have highlighted a new couple-based intervention called Sage for individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD) and their intimate partners. The intervention aims to address BPD severity, relationship conflict, and intimate partner mental health. In a case series involving five couples, improvements were observed in BPD severity, suicidal ideation, suicidal behavior/self-injury, and conflict. The findings suggest that incorporating intimate partners into BPD treatment may enhance outcomes, although further testing is needed. The study was supported by the American Foundation For Suicide Prevention and the Stratas Foundation. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at Beihang University in Beijing, China, explored the relationship between personality traits and research performance among faculty members at a university. The study found that conscientiousness and openness to experience were positively correlated with research performance, while neuroticism and social attributes (a combination of extraversion and agreeableness) were negatively correlated. Additionally, the study revealed that research engagement played a mediating role in the relationship between personality traits and research performance. The findings have implications for the recruitment and training of faculty members and contribute to a better understanding of how different personalities impact research engagement and performance. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study from the University of Pisa explores the challenges in diagnosing Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in females. The research highlights that while ASD is more prevalent in males, females often go undiagnosed due to a unique manifestation of the disorder that conflicts with traditional masculine conceptualizations of ASD. The study presents two cases of young women who were diagnosed with ASD only after developing severe symptoms attributed to other mental disorders. The findings emphasize the importance of timely and accurate identification of females on the autism spectrum to prevent complications and improve outcomes. The research suggests that further investigation into gender differences could lead to a better understanding of psychiatric conditions frequently diagnosed in women. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted in the Netherlands explored the neural correlates of comorbidity between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and borderline personality disorder (BPD) and/or cluster C personality disorders (CPD). The researchers used functional MRI scans during an emotional face task and found no robust differences in brain activation between the groups. However, Bayesian analyses showed higher activation in all regions of interest in the group with PTSD, BPD, and CPD compared to the other groups. The study supports new dimensional conceptualizations of personality disorders. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from the University of Pittsburgh discusses the evolution of personality disorder research since the publication of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition in 1980. The report emphasizes the importance of considering sampling practices in this research and provides recommendations for future studies. The researchers highlight the need for studies to carefully consider their sample characteristics, study design, and demographic representation. They also discuss the challenges of capturing low-base rate pathology associated with high comorbidity. The report suggests a process-oriented approach to developing a sampling strategy for personality disorders research. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at the University of Michigan explores the relationship between personality disorders and social context. The study argues that traditional models of personality disorders have neglected the influence of sociocultural factors on psychosocial functioning. Specifically, the researchers focus on the impact of minority stress on sexual/gender minority populations. The study concludes with recommendations for future research and clinical work with individuals who may exhibit behaviors associated with personality disorders. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at the University of Nevada explores the importance of registration in personality disorder research. The study emphasizes that registration is crucial for improving the rigor of research and reducing human suffering. It provides a template for researchers to consider and highlights the benefits of registered flexibility in planning for contingencies during a study. The research also addresses challenges in evaluating registrations and implementing them in the research workflow. This study has been peer-reviewed and can be accessed for further information. [Extracted from the article]

A report from the University of Notre Dame discusses the challenges in personality pathology research, specifically focusing on comorbidity and heterogeneity. The researchers examined articles published in two main specialty journals for personality pathology research and found that borderline personality disorder, psychopathy/antisocial personality disorder, and narcissism/narcissistic personality disorder received the most attention. The report recommends assessing multiple forms of psychopathology as continuous dimensions and addressing heterogeneity through trait-based studies. The researchers suggest expanding the current alternative model of personality disorders to include additional content related to borderline features, psychopathy, and narcissism. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from the University of Otago in Dunedin, New Zealand discusses the challenges of collecting accurate self-reported information in personality disorder research. The study highlights the potential influence of factors such as disengagement, distractibility, and motivation to appear a certain way on the validity of self-reported data. The researchers emphasize the need for validity measures and strategies to identify invalid self-report data in order to improve the quality of research in this field. This research has been peer-reviewed and provides valuable insights for researchers studying personality disorders. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted by researchers at the University of Missouri explores the use of factor analysis in understanding personality disorders. The article reviews modern methodological controversies and developments in factor analytic techniques, providing practical recommendations for researchers in the field. The research emphasizes the need for closer alignment between factor models and theories, as well as clearer criteria for evaluating and selecting models. The study concludes that considering these themes could lead to advancements in theory, research, and treatment of personality disorders. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted by researchers at Witten-Herdecke University in Germany explores the use of ecological momentary assessment (EMA) in studying personality disorders. EMA is a method that allows for the examination of dynamic within-person processes in daily life. The researchers reviewed studies published between 2000 and 2021 and found that EMA protocols typically involved around 6.5 assessments per day, lasted for approximately 13 days, and had a compliance rate of about 75%. The study provides recommendations for designing valid research on personality disorders using EMA. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at Ulm University in Germany explored the potential role of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) in borderline personality disorder (BPD). The study analyzed plasma endocannabinoid levels in a group of 49 female BPD patients and 32 healthy controls. The results showed elevated levels of anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) in the BPD patients compared to the control group. The findings suggest that there may be compensatory ECS activity in BPD and highlight the need for further research to develop potential psychopharmacological therapies. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at Alpert Medical School of Brown University explores the use of MDMA-assisted therapy for borderline personality disorder (BPD). BPD is often misunderstood, misdiagnosed, and stigmatized, and individuals with BPD are often labeled as treatment-resistant. The study examines the similarities and limitations of MDMA-assisted therapy and dialectical behavioral therapy through qualitative interviews with clinicians. While MDMA-assisted therapy has shown promise in treating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which often co-occurs with BPD, further research is needed to determine its effectiveness for BPD specifically. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at Heidelberg University in Germany reviewed 99 articles published between 2017 and 2021 in 13 peer-reviewed journals that focused on experimental paradigms in personality disorder (PD) research. The study examined the National Institute of Mental Health Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) and discussed issues such as unequal representation of RDoC domains, lack of sample diversity, and statistical power. The researchers concluded that future experimental PD research should aim to increase the breadth of represented RDoC constructs, improve sample diversity, enhance statistical power, and ensure transparency in experimental research. The study was supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG) and has been peer-reviewed. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at the University of Houston examined interpersonal trust in adolescents with borderline personality disorder (BPD) compared to healthy controls and psychiatric controls. The study included 126 healthy controls, 59 inpatient adolescents with BPD, and 137 inpatient adolescents without BPD. The researchers found that there were no significant differences in trust beliefs between the groups, but healthy controls had higher levels of trust beliefs compared to both the BPD and psychiatric control groups. The study suggests that the previously observed anomalous game behavior in adults with BPD may not be replicated in adolescents. The research has been peer-reviewed and published in the Journal of Personality Disorders. [Extracted from the article]