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This is a reply to the recently published paper Road markings and microplastics- A critical literature review. In our opinion, that paper presented a deceptive picture, of why we found it necessary to write a short reply where we comment on two major flaws: the stated lack of road markings in environmental samples, and the definition of microplastics. We discuss possible reasons for the absence of positive findings in environmental samples and relate that to two of the major issues within the research area of microplastics- the complexity of environmental samples and the analytical difficulties. We also argue that it can be relevant for upcoming studies to report both total microplastic concentration and polymer content to facilitate the comparison between studies since the definition of microplastics might change over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Vessel train in ocean shipping offers environmental and economic benefits. • Multi-scenario analysis reveals diverse applications of vessel train. • Case study from Yangshan Port to Port of Piraeus showcases the potentials of vessel train. • Sensitivity analysis emphasizes dependence of vessel train on shipping productivity. This paper introduces the concept of vessel train, a new mode in maritime transport offering both environmental and economic advantages. The study provides a framework for analyzing the economic feasibility of vessel train in ocean shipping, focusing on four different scenarios to evaluate its impact on navigation speed and productivity for both round-trip and year-long operations. Using the container ship route from Yangshan Port to the Port of Piraeus as a case study, the research compares vessel train with traditional shipping methods by categorizing shipping costs. It also includes a sensitivity analysis considering factors like route length, frictional resistance reduction, and variations in the container freight index, fuel prices, and carbon tax rates. The findings indicate that vessel train can reduce transportation costs and fuel emissions. The paper concludes that vessel train could significantly contribute to a competitive and sustainable future in shipping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports new insights into how the selection of route based characteristic parameters can influence the predicted energy consumption for next generation battery electric buses. 24 characteristic parameters have been studied to understand their relative importance on vehicle energy consumption and to develop new data-driven prediction models. The parameters are grouped into two scenarios, representative of the varying levels of route information available to a typical bus operator. A combination of feature selection methods was used to determine which characteristic parameters had the greatest influence on energy consumption. Regression based prediction models were developed, and models were then validated using standard and real vehicle drive cycles. The prediction models had a mean absolute percentage difference of 2.10–10.67%. This paper presents a novel methodology to estimate energy consumption of operating zero emission vehicles, which will support public transport operators, policy makers and energy suppliers in the decarbonisation of public transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freight curbside management has become a contentious issue as various stakeholders claim access to public urban space. Although prior research has offered solutions to mitigate freight-related conflicts in the use of space, a deeper understanding of the extent to which those interventions contribute to cities' sustainable development goals is needed. This paper presents the results of a meta -analysis that examines the effects of four freight curbside interventions: curbside space allocation for freight, data sharing, parking duration limits, and enforcement. The paper pinpoints benefits and drawbacks of those interventions on last-mile deliveries, the urban environment, and the use of public transport infrastructure. The findings suggest positive impacts and underscore the necessity of incorporating people-centred approaches in the design, implementation, and evaluation of policies concerning public space. Nevertheless, trade-offs when implementing those interventions have been identified. The paper concludes by outlining directions for future research and suggesting implications for urban freight policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric ships are becoming a promising way in shipping decarbonization. Nevertheless, the promotion of electric ships encounters obstacles related to indirect emissions, energy and costs. This paper proposes the Shipping Emission-Energy-Economic Impact Assessment Model (SE3IAM) to assess the decarbonization potential of electric ships. China is selected for the case study. This paper also analyzes the impact of climate policies and other factors on CO 2 emissions. Results indicate that as the market share of electric ships gradually reaches 1%, 20%, and 35% by 2050, accompanied by advancements in other technological aspects, the total emissions to 2050 are estimated to be around 2, 1.5, and 1 billion tons, respectively. There is a positive correlation between energy demand and decarbonization costs with the level of economic development. Technological progress can alleviate pressures on energy and costs. It is recommended to advance decarbonization at a fundamental level by enhancing energy efficiency and fostering electrification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a coordinated electric bus (EB) charging scheduling approach for hybrid charging stations that support plug-in charging and battery-swapping simultaneously. To minimize the total charging cost under time-of-use electricity prices, both a deterministic optimization (DO) model and a robust optimization (RO) model are developed to design the EBs' charging schedule. In the deterministic model, the remaining capacity upon arrival at the station is assumed to be known. However, in practice, the remaining capacity of the EB is typically uncertain due to unpredictable traffic conditions. Therefore, this paper proposes an RO model to address this uncertainty, utilizing a budgeted uncertainty set and developing the affinely adjustable robust counterpart. The duality theorem is employed to convert the RO model into a computationally tractable formulation. The proposed approach is illustrated with two numerical examples, including a random instance and a real-world case study of Nanjingnan Station in Nanjing, China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traffic oscillation, a traffic phenomenon that generates many carbon emissions, originates from the amplification of traffic disturbance. The connected and automated vehicle (CAV) technology may help to weaken oscillations and reduce carbon emissions from mixed traffic. This paper explores the effects of various characteristics of disturbances and mixed platoons on CO 2 emissions under different disturbance types. The results indicate that the addition of even only one CAV reduces carbon emissions under some disturbances. The disturbance types that make mixed traffic increase carbon emissions have also been identified. Diverse disturbance characteristics play different essential roles in ecological impacts of CAVs. The platoon characteristics such as CAV's position in a platoon and the heterogeneity of human factors, affect the extent of carbon emission reduction. Based on these findings, this paper proposes optimization recommendations for CAV cooperative eco-driving and green traffic management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Application of solar energy according to land use/land cover map. • Electrification of transportation sectors based on local renewable energies. • Comparison of conversion and storage efficiencies of different energy forms in transportation. • Reducing transportation and urban environmental impacts. • Multi-criteria decision-making of sustainable transportation based on sustainable development pillars. The main aim of this paper is the decarbonization of the transportation sector in Tabriz City regarding sustainable development aims and beyond-2-degrees-scenario by focusing on electric vehicles, as well as on appropriate infrastructures. Quantitative and simulation research methods are used to analysis of total energy, exergy, and losses analysis according to different resources and vehicles. Next, the solar potential of the city is simulated using the Grasshopper plug-in-Rhino simulator and PVsyst software. A LULC analysis has been done using ArcMap 10.8. With renewable electrification, energy consumption will plunge from 15.5 TWh input-energy content of different carbon-based resources to 3.7 TWh with 0.17 MtonCO 2 /year instead of 2.13 MtonCO 2 /year emissions. In this paper, the overall system efficiency of electric vehicles is around 55% which is significantly higher than internal combustion engines. Fully electrification of the transportation systems based on renewable resources mitigates CO 2 emissions of internal combustion engines 15 times, besides reducing the emissionsa variety of harmful pollutants. In terms of multi-criteria decision-making, the technique for order of preference by similarity to the ideal solution was used to rank 50 popular vehicles according to interconnected sustainable development criteria. This paper highlights that conventional internal combustion engines can be replaced by electric vehicles by applying combination of appropriate taxes, tariffs, and incentives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of the past research on public attitudes or choices on electric vehicles (EVs) have used user survey data (i.e., at a microscopic level). This paper adopts a multi-method approach to conduct a data-driven exploration of public sentiment evolution using a public tweet database spread across the last decade (2012–2022) (i.e., at a macroscopic level). Data mining from Twitter has enabled this research to obtain a rich alternative source of public sentiments on EVs. Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques were then used to analyse the evolution in sentiments and reveal the underlying patterns in the discourse on EVs. Results and discussions in this paper categorise the shifts in public opinion and recognise critical linkages of economic summits or global events to sentiment changes. The research outcomes are expected to offer a strategic vantage point on the evolution of public discourse related to EV adoption and assist in designing better transportation electrification policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This paper examines shipping liners' bunkering choices under IMO 2020 regulations. • A two-stage, multi-method framework combines game theory with optimization. • The game model proposed accounts for fluctuating fuel prices among competing ports. • The study explores the impact of uncertain fuel prices on bunkering port decisions. • Findings are presented for bunkering decisions on the Atlantic Pacific Express route. This paper addresses the shipping liner's bunkering problem in response to International Maritime Organization's low-Sulphur fuel regulations, commonly known as IMO 2020. To minimize bunkering and inventory costs while adopting a slow steaming strategy on the sailing route, we propose a two-stage analytical framework that integrates a game-theoretic model with an optimization model. The framework also considers the uncertainty surrounding low-Sulphur and high-Sulphur fuel oil prices in the port of call decision. Our experimental results demonstrate that, when the prices of low-Sulphur fuel oil (LSFO) and high-Sulphur fuel oil (HFO) increase by 40%, the total cost and bunkering cost increase by 3.88% and 4.77%, respectively. Conversely, a 10% decrease in fuel prices leads to a substantial 9.79% and 10.27% drop in total cost and bunkering cost, respectively. Additionally, the experiments consider the mandatory requirement of LSFO, making the results highly relevant and informative for the liner shipping industry. Moreover, this study provides a comprehensive and insightful approach to address the bunkering problem, facilitating the compliance of the IMO 2020 regulations while minimizing costs for shipping liners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Framework for optimising sustainability, resilience, and cost (SRC) metrics is described and applied. • Traditional and low-carbon restoration strategies are compared on a bridge. • Fragility and restoration models are employed toward actionable SRC metrics. • Practical starting point for evaluating climate projections in adaptation strategies. Climate change exacerbates natural hazards and continuously challenges the performance of critical infrastructure. Thus, climate resilience and sustainable adaptation of infrastructure are of paramount importance. This paper puts forward a novel framework and metrics for optimising sustainability (Greenhouse Gas emissions - GHG), climate resilience (restoration time), and cost. The framework aims to facilitate decision-making by operators and stakeholders and communicate actionable trade-offs between these principles. It describes approaches for quantifying ex-ante adaptation and ex-post recovery from the lenses of sustainability and resilience using relevant metrics. This paper concludes with an application of the framework on a bridge, where normalised metrics are integrated into one unique index (I SRC), which can be used in the recovery prioritisation for portfolios of similar assets. The optimisation program includes a bridge recovery, while reducing GHG emissions. The impact of climate change on the sustainability and resilience indexes is examined and the results show how the optimum solutions are adversely affected by different climate projections. In all scenarios examined, more sustainable solutions leading to reduced GHG emissions (tCO2e) are the optimum solutions when weighing resilience and cost. Based on the case study analysed in this paper, the low carbon restoration strategy resulted in up to 50% higher I SRC , which can justify investments for low GHG adaptation strategies in transport assets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban transportation is a significant contributor to energy consumption and environmental degradation, while solar electric bikes (SE-bikes) represent a viable solution for alleviating both problems. In this paper, the charging and discharging properties of the SE-bike are investigated. An SE-bike is constructed for short and long term experiments. Experimental results indicate that the SE-bike can increase endurance by 20.5 km on a sunny day, and can meet daily cycling needs of 10 km without charging in both summer and autumn in Hefei. To assess the annual performance of the SE-bike, a theoretical model is developed, which includes the effects of environmental factors, vehicle shapes, daily electricity usage, etc. Simulation results reveal that the SE-bike only needs to be charged 5 times per year to meet daily demands in Hefei, which is a relative reduction of 93.0 % compared to 71 times per year for the regular bike without solar power supply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• First stated preference study on electric outboard engines adoption for water taxis. • Novel and replicable methodology, combining choice experiments with focus groups. • Taxi owners prefer small electric systems with similar power to combustion engines. • Collective preferences for charging infrastructure are specific to local context. • Study yields direct insights for policy design to decarbonize water taxi sector. This paper investigates individual and collective preferences of water taxi owners regarding electric outboard engines and batteries in the Galápagos Islands. The study addresses a gap in the literature on clean maritime transportation and deploys a novel mixed-method approach, using qualitative methods to complement discrete choice experiments. Results from mixed logit models and focus groups reveal a preference for smaller, lighter electric systems that can both provide similar speed and power to internal combustion counterparts while avoiding economic loss or excessive costs to service providers. Water taxi owners on different islands arrived at different collective preferences for charging infrastructure, thus illustrating the relevance of local context, and the importance of the participation of local actors in the successful design of systems and strategies facilitating maritime transport decarbonization. Additionally, identified instruments to reduce uncertainties and proposed subsidies offer practical considerations for accelerating the transition from internal combustion engines to electric propulsion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Analyze the spatiotemporal variation of shared autonomous vehicle demand. • Consider demand uncertainty in mode choice and departure time choice. • Establish a two-stage joint optimization with the travel price and allowance. Shared Autonomous Vehicle (SAV) is an emerging travel mode that can reduce parking spaces and accelerate urban sprawl. The time–space varying demand leads to the imbalance between travel demand and vehicle supply. Using pricing to affect clients' mode choice is a key method for addressing the imbalance problem, which includes long-term pricing and short-term allowance. Hence, in this paper, we propose an innovative method to enhance the SAV utilization rate while considering stochastic demand: fixed price on population mode choice and real-time allowance on personal departure time choice. A mixed integer nonlinear program is formulated to maximize the total profits of SAV operators. To solve this model, a customized gradient search algorithm is proposed. A case study is conducted in Suzhou Industrial Park, China. It reveals the impacts on travel demand and departure time choices and discusses the impacts and policy-making for SAV applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhancing the liner shipping resilience under high marine environmental requirements is essential in routine operations. However, operations are often affected by unforced events, which cause the occurrence of disruptions. Therefore, disruption recovery is essential in enhancing liner operations' resilience with emission control area policies. This paper focuses on the liner disruption recovery problem, allowing a mode of different fuel types and sailing speeds inside and outside emission control areas. An improved solution performance model based on a redundancy-reduced time–space network is proposed. Numerical studies based on a real route show that the mode can realize a lower-cost recovery of the liner shipping schedule. Meanwhile, the fuel cost inside ECA is reduced by at least 4.81%. Additionally, the study investigates the impact of emission control area boundary changes on disruption recovery, providing decision support for emission control area regulators' policy-making. The research improves maritime transportation resilience under high environmental requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mobility-as-a-service (MaaS) framework has the potential to induce changes in individual travel behavior towards more sustainable transportation alternatives by integrating multimodal travel services. However, insights into the behavioral responses of specific groups of people to MaaS, thus promoting green travel, are currently lacking. This paper intends to investigate the intergroup heterogeneous preferences on the choice of MaaS bundles and evaluate their contributions to eco-friendly travel. A stated choice experiment is designed, incorporating personalized MaaS service bundles complemented by different green travel-oriented ticketing strategies. The experiment caters to different groups of users related to public transport, cars, and other modes of transport. The results indicate a substantial improvement in the goodness-of-fit of the behavioral model after user classification, revealing significant heterogeneity in preferences among users regarding MaaS bundle choices. Notably, the impact of sub-tickets on nudging toward green transportation is more pronounced than that of monthly and discount tickets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper disentangles the impact of critical water levels on container cargo transported along the Rhine River. It analyzes monthly throughput and all instances where navigability was constrained due to low or high water levels between 2000 and 2022, employing a time series econometric model. The study considers water level conditions at critical locations between economic centers while controlling for confounding effects. Our findings reveal an average monthly impact of -0.2% per day of disruption and -5.9% when the disruption remained for more than 24 days. Notably, vulnerability to critical conditions has doubled since 2018 and exhibits spatial variation. The most pronounced disturbances and their lagged effects are associated with localized low water level incidents. We show that enhancing the resilience of inland waterways to climate change is essential to avert potential losses in container throughput, estimated to range between 7% and 20% annual average by 2050. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tropical cyclones (TCs) are the primary natural disaster causing port disruptions, yet their impacts on global maritime transport remain largely unknown. This paper develops a framework to assess the resilience of global liner shipping network (GLSN) to TCs, focusing on path redundancy. The framework considers both direct and indirect impacts of port disruptions on GLSN performance in TC scenarios. We demonstrate this framework through case studies under historical and stress-test TC scenarios in the Western North Pacific region. Results show that the GLSN can be quite resilient in typical or mild-stress scenarios, but the increasing decline in its resilience under higher stress levels signals significant risks when facing with extreme scenarios. Those least resilient countries under mild stress turn out to be the same countries exhibiting least resilience under severe stress, most of which are SIDS countries. This research has implications for the design of resilient maritime transport networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transportation resilience is a multifaceted construct, including technical, socioeconomic, and geospatial factors. Developing effective plans demands evaluation of all resilience aspects across two major resilience dimensions: robustness and rapidity. Quantitative evaluation and monitoring of resilience aspects provides a thorough understanding of changes in transportation resilience over time. This paper proposes a resilience index framework to quantitively measure the road transportation systems' resilience to wind and water-related hazards in coastal areas. The framework streamlines abundant information derived from various resilience factors in a hierarchical structure and allows transportation planners to analyze changes in system resilience and identify corresponding root causes. Case study results indicate that the framework can effectively capture and track progress/deterioration in various resilience aspects and enhance our understanding of multidimensional transportation resilience. Transportation planners can utilize the developed index to set resilience goals, monitor progress toward goals, and prioritize projects to address the root causes of resilience deficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of dry ports has reshaped the international freight shipping market, introducing both competition pressure (i.e., the common hinterland) and cooperation opportunities (sea-rail intermodal) for seaports. This is more evident in China with the development of the China Railway Express. Unlike dry ports, seaports are more vulnerable to climate change-related disasters, calling for investment in adaptation measures. This paper examines how co-opetition with the dry port affects seaport adaptation investment using a two-stage game-theoretical economic model. Results indicate that cooperation leads to more seaport adaptation investment, while competition results in reduced investment. When compared to the social optimal level of adaptation investment, the seaport tends to under-invest (over-invest) when the cooperation (competition) market size is larger. We also analyze how government subsidies in the seaport's adaptation help achieve optimal social adaptation and how the Knightian uncertainty of the disaster occurrence affects seaport adaptation investments. The relevant policy implications are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compares the operating costs of first-generation electric-powered aircraft with those of their conventional counterparts. We develop a cost model that incorporates both fixed and variable costs to evaluate the cost convenience of operating short-haul routes with electric aircraft. We find that first-generation electric aircraft have higher operating costs than conventional aircraft. However, reductions in aircraft price, maintenance requirements, and battery replacement costs, due to the consolidation of this technology, could soon make it convenient to deploy 19-seat electric aircraft on regional routes. Conversely, the most promising prospects for larger regional aircraft are anticipated in the medium-term with the advent of second-generation electric aircraft featuring significant technological enhancements. Substitution to electric aircraft is expected to have a limited contribution to aviation emissions reduction in the short-term – approximately 0.1% of emissions from intra-European flights – but this could increase substantially following upgrades in electric-powered aircraft technology expected in the medium-to-long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transport is in need of innovation to reach the goals set for social and, more importantly, environmental sustainability. However, in transport, innovation rarely goes from pilot to large-scale implementation, as various barriers create blocking mechanisms to implementation. This paper focuses on the technology of geofencing in transport management, with the aim to contribute to the understanding of actors' perceptions of drivers and barriers to the technology and how these perceptions impact its implementation. A qualitative approach, based on 34 interviews, helped identify drivers and barriers to geofencing, with the focus on Sweden. The drivers and barriers were then analyzed at different institutional levels (macro, meso, and micro). Drivers could be identified for actors at all levels, indicating that geofencing can contribute to transport sustainability. However, there are also barriers at all levels that hinder implementation. Closer collaboration is necessary to reduce knowledge gaps, develop policies, and establish viable business models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• • Cost efficiency analysis of vehicle technologies for semi-flexible transit. • • Total system cost estimated includes operator, user, and environmental costs. • • Diesel and battery-electric vehicle technology evaluated for three vehicle sizes. • • Optimal values of service headway and slack time are identified. • • Analysed sensitivity to charging speed, demand, and battery capacity. In low-demand areas, semi-flexible transit system (SFT) operated by battery electric vehicles (BEVs) can reduce operational costs and achieve zero emissions, allowing SFT to be used more widely, and transit agencies to benefit more significantly. This paper is aimed at analyzing the effect of the additional requirements of BEVs on the cost efficiency of SFT services while considering different headways and slack time to accommodate route-deviation. Analytical models are used for detailed estimation of the total cost, including operator, user, and environmental costs, allowing a comparison with internal combustion engine (ICEV) vehicle technology, and three vehicle sizes: minivans, standard vans, and minibuses. Study results can be used to evaluate budget requirements to upgrade an existing ICEV based standard bus service along an underperforming low demand route to a BEV based SFT service. The application of the proposed methodology is demonstrated for a low-demand bus route in Regina, Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy-Duty Vehicles (HDVs) pose a significant challenge in meeting emissions reduction targets. However, studies on estimating emissions from Irish HDV fleet are rare. This paper estimates fuel consumption and CO 2 emissions from tractor-trailers that occupy nearly half of Ireland's HDV fleet using the European Commission recommended VECTO tool. To improve the estimation accuracy, driving cycles specific to Irish road conditions were developed utilising real naturalistic driving data from trucks. The Irish driving cycles significantly differ from the VECTO inbuilt driving cycles in percentage time spent in different gears, fuel consumption, and CO 2 emissions. CO 2 emissions estimated with Irish driving cycles range from 733 to 1961 g/km, while with VECTO driving cycles, the values ranged from 728 to 1865 g/km. Further, the study evaluated the sensitivity towards payload, road gradient, and idling percentages. The study insights would provide an essential evidence base for policymakers in Ireland. [Display omitted] • Developed Irish urban, regional, and freeway driving cycles. • Employed the VECTO tool to assess CO 2 emissions from Irish heavy-duty vehicle fleet. • Focused on tractor-trailers with a major share in the Irish fleet. • Evaluated the effect of idling, gradient, and payload on CO 2 emissions. • Fuel consumption is underestimated by up to 7.1% when the road gradient is ignored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the trend towards building resilience in infrastructure systems for disaster risk reduction is accelerating, the application of infrastructure resilience is largely conceptual or an embellishment to established modelling techniques. In response, this paper sets out the theoretical foundations of infrastructure resilience, which broadly applies across critical infrastructure networks. This is followed by reviewing system-based and network-based approaches to resilience assessment with a focus on transport infrastructure, where there is an emerging body of studies. It spotlights critical issues in conflating resilience with other concepts of infrastructure safety management or merely tagging resilience on established methods, indicating a phenomenon of "old wine in new bottles". Also, oversimplifying disruption scenarios does not provide a sufficient basis for informed resilience planning. This paper reminds readers to look beyond resilience as a mere buzzword and offers guidance on how to do so by recognising the theoretical and methodological cornerstones of infrastructure resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We introduce a static cost model that simulates the cost of decarbonizing the heavy-duty road transport sector. This time-variant model aims to refine existing estimations of investment needs under different scenarios. The paper advances sustainability transition's cost analysis in three ways: 1) providing a novel methodological tool, 2) including the financing cost in the analysis, and 2) testing the cost variance under different charging strategies for battery-electric vehicles and financing interest rates. A plausible scenario is applied to test the model. The paper discusses charging opportunities reliant on charging place, time, power effect, and electricity self-consumption within the charging strategies. Our results highlight the vital contribution of charging strategies to fuel and capital expenses for the system. Moreover, system cost analysis reacts to the change in financing policies, stressing the criticality of sustainable financing in the sustainability transition's advancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces the gtfs2emis model, a bottom-up method available as an R package to estimate emissions of public transport systems. The method uses General Transit Feed Specification (GTFS) data, a standard format for public transport data widely adopted worldwide, which makes the method easily applicable to cities with limited data. The model requires a GTFS feed of a given transport system and a table with general characteristics of the vehicle fleet profile. The package can estimate over 16 pollutants and energy consumption based on emission factor models from Europe, the United States, and Brazil. It also includes functions to help users examine how emissions are distributed across space, at different times of the day, and by types of vehicles. This paper presents a reproducible example of the city of São Paulo (Brazil) to demonstrate the gtfs2emis package and to discuss the potential applications and limitations of the proposed model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of the Paris agreement (2015) is to achieve a climate-neutral world by mid-century. For maritime transport, the goal is a 50 % reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. This may be achieved using low and zero-emission fuels. LNG is a well-known low-carbon fuel for some ship types, but for application to medium to small-sized vessels, more cost-effective, compact, and operational robust solutions must be available. This paper discusses patented LNG fuel system designs and gives a qualitative evaluation of them with respect to their application to this ship segment. The use of a pressure build-up unit in combination with nitrogen injection, and/or heating of the LNG during bunkering, is suggested to be a feasible solution. Another aim of this paper is to highlight the role of patents within this area and contribute to the prevention of patent infringement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Replacing internal combustion engine vehicles with electric vehicles is the most direct pathway to decarbonize transportation. This paper investigates the environmental benefits of electric vehicle adoption in Shanghai—China's largest regional electric vehicle market. Using vehicle registration data and well-to-wheel analysis, this paper calculates the potential emissions reductions of carbon dioxide and air pollutants for each electric vehicle model sold in Shanghai in 2018. Our results indicate that electric vehicles have been over-subsidized: The average environmental benefit was less than one-fourth of the mean subsidy received. Also, the environmental benefits were not distributed uniformly: About 80% of electric vehicle models generated less than 20% of the aggregate environmental benefits. Finally, three policy recommendations are provided to improve the environmental benefits of electric vehicle adoption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The paper investigates the impact of highway extension on new building construction. • The investigation focuses on a project that aims to limit land use change. • The infrastructure increases the probability of construction on surrounding parcels. • The impact is spatially concentrated around the access ramp and along the highway. Despite its impact on both sprawl and carbon emissions, developing or expanding highway infrastructure remains the object of strong political support. Highway access provides important advantages for firms and households, generating powerful incentives to develop new built areas through the conversion of vacant land. Based on the case study of the expansion of Highway 30 on Montréal's South Shore region between 2000 and 2019, this paper investigates how new highway infrastructure impacts the construction of new industrial and commercial buildings on individual parcels. Using a panel dataset, an event study model is developed to estimate the impact of the proximity to highway access ramps on the probability of construction. Results show that highway infrastructure increases the probability of construction of new industrial and commercial buildings, even if public authorities aim to limit such possibilities by legal constraints and laws. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Worldwide, one of the most important causes of mortality is air pollution. To solve this problem, governments have implemented policies to reduce on-road and industrial emissions. In this regard, the Barcelona city council and Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona (TMB) started implementing the Nova Xarxa de Bus (NXB) to redefine the bus network following the criteria of connectivity, efficiency, and rationality. This policy was implemented in seven phases from 2012 to 2018. In this context, this paper analyses the impact of this policy on Barcelona's air quality using a dataset from 2008 to 2016. Using a difference-in-difference approach, we show that implementing these new routes increased air quality in Barcelona. Additionally, we show that pollution decreased in each phase analysed, especially in the air quality stations near the main roads. From our results, we can infer that an optimal bus route design can improve air quality in urban areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commute time is an important determinant of commute satisfaction. However, commuters may perceive the same length of commute differently and adopt different standards (reference points) to evaluate their commute time. This paper explores the effects of commute time discrepancies relative to four reference points on commute satisfaction based on a survey in Guangzhou, China. The reference points include ideal commute time (ICT), acceptable commute time (ACT), comparison other's commute time (COCT), and non-congested commute time (NCCT). We find that the gaps between actual commute time and the four reference points are all important for commute satisfaction, though ICT and ACT seem to be more salient reference points in evaluating commute satisfaction. Our analysis also confirms the loss aversion phenomenon, as the effect sizes of loss variables tend to be larger than those of gain variables. The effects on satisfaction with commute to and from work are also different. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Self-healing asphalt concrete can reduce maintenance costs and extend the lifespan of asphalt pavements. To advance the self-healing technique, this paper proposes a pioneering approach involving a dual microwave-heating pathway to produce a type of microwave-heating healing asphalt concrete that can offer better self-healing ability. Throughout the healing process, limestone powder filler is substituted with a waste microwave-sensitivity ferrite powder filler, primarily remedying microcracks within asphalt mastic. Additionally, the conventional aggregate is substituted with a functional aggregate to establish a three-dimensional thermally conductive framework under microwave radiation, effectively repairing microcracks at the aggregate-asphalt interface. The experimental findings reveal that the optimized formulation retains a substantial healing index of 70% after undergoing three damage-healing-damage cycles, with a reduction of 4% in crack resistance. These findings strongly endorse the practical application of functional aggregates and waste ferrite in asphalt concrete, resulting in enhanced maintenance efficiency and fostering the sustainability of the pavement system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reliable assessment of the resilience of transportation networks to natural disasters is a prominent issue. This paper investigates how the spatial feature of natural disasters affects the resilience of transportation networks. Our research reveals that incorporating spatial feature data on disaster impacts is highly important for assessing network resilience. More precisely, the uncertainty linked to the estimation of the resilience index in the context of disaster-induced interruptions with spatial feature significantly exceeds that of conventional approaches. We present an illustrative case of a transportation network affected by a hurricane. The results reveal that the improved characteristics of disaster-induced outages greatly alter the manner in which the network recovers, including changes in emergency system characteristics. Our research indicates that extant methodologies employed for evaluating the resilience of critical infrastructure potentially inflate the confidence levels pertaining to network recovery predictions, primarily owing to insufficient attention given to the spatial configuration of disasters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental justice – the concept that environmental amenities and burdens should be shared equitably among all races and socioeconomic classes – has gained diplomatic traction internationally, and political traction domestically in the United States, in recent years. In this paper, we focus on developing federal policy relevant to transportation project planning and operation in the U.S.; however, these developments reflect international issues of inequity associated with climate change and environmental burdens. First, we provide an overview of federal policy initiatives related to environmental justice, including President Biden's Justice40 initiative. Then, we examine the U.S. National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) as a potential avenue for mandating environmental justice assessment in the transportation industry, through the lenses of both procedural and distributive justice. Finally, we review several publicly available online Geographical Information System (GIS) tools that were recently developed for purposes of expanding public and governmental understanding of environmental justice challenges, and provide decision support for users to incorporate these tools into the environmental impact assessment process for transportation projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change impacts such as extreme temperatures, snow and ice, flooding, and sea level rise posed significant threats to railway infrastructure networks. One of the important questions that infrastructure managers need to answer is, "How will maintenance costs be affected due to climate change in different climate change scenarios?" This paper proposes an approach to estimate the implication of climate change on the life cycle cost (LCC) of railways infrastructure assets. The proportional hazard model is employed to capture the dynamic effects of climate change on reliability parameters and LCC of railway assets. A use-case from a railway in North Sweden is analyzed to validate the proposed process using data collected over 18 years. The results have shown that precipitation, temperature, and humidity are significant weather factors in selected use-case. Furthermore, our analyses show that LCC under future climate scenarios will be about 11 % higher than LCC without climate impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Euro 7 standard is expected to intensify its focus on real-driving emissions compliance thanks to the on-board monitoring (OBM) system. OBM is designed to bridge the gap between emission limits and real-world vehicle emissions by continuously monitoring their levels using on-board sensors and models. Essentially, this system aims to verify vehicles compliance, prompt timely repairs otherwise, and provide authorities with emissions data for fleet inspection. Leveraging a large real-driving emissions database from an in-service Euro 6d-Temp vehicle, this paper reviews the current OBM proposal and discusses its possible outcomes and challenges using available sensor technology. • The Euro 7 on-board monitoring concept is reviewed and discussed. • On-board monitoring emissions assessment is analyzed with real-driving data. • Challenging aspects regarding the correct emissions estimation are highlighted. • More than 60% of the NOx trip information can be lost due to sensor light-off delay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Greenhouse gas emissions lead to climate change, subjecting the maritime environment to severe threats. In response, globally, states and organizations are taking actions to decarbonize. In this context, this paper builds an evolutionary game analysis involving the government and shipping company under a governance framework with IMO, from a perspective of economic regulations, and explores how to establish a proper shipping decarbonization mechanism and implementation plans in the process of dynamic evolution. Based on a system dynamics simulation model, we analyzed how the cap-and-trade policy system, tax-and-subsidy policy system, and cooperative policy system perform in terms of shipping decarbonization and the role of IMO in shipping decarbonization. Our research proves that the cooperative system is more efficient and stable in decarbonization than singular economic regulations; static and dynamic implementation plans should be coordinated in different stages; and finally, IMO plays an active role in multi-agent coordinated controls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluates Integrated-Demand Responsive Transport (I-DRT) as a solution to the challenges faced by traditional public transport (PT) systems in low-demand urban areas. The study investigates the implications of replacing local PT with I-DRT in low-demand urban areas. A multi-objective model, incorporating operational cost, environmental impact, passengers' travel time, and inequity is used to simulate the I-DRT performance. The analysis compares the performance of I-DRT and existing local bus lines in Belconnen, Canberra, Australia, based on number of utilised vehicles, operational cost, fuel consumption, average travel time, individual passenger travel time, delay, and inequity in delay distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freight transport decarbonization is challenging due to the slow implementation of policies to meet climate goals. This paper analyzes the dynamics of the implementation of freight decarbonization measures. A System Dynamics model was developed and applied to the Brazilian freight system to simulate the use of more sustainable modes and means of transport, including electrification, increased use of biofuels, acceleration of fleet renewal, and modal shift. Significant emission reductions are found in the scenarios combining a shift to alternative modes and a rapid phase-out of diesel vehicles. Even so, the Brazilian freight sector's emission budgets towards limiting global warming to 1.5 °C and 2 °C will be depleted during the current and next decade, respectively. An absolute reduction of carbon emissions before 2050 seems unlikely. Besides confirming the need to study the dynamics of the freight system, the findings corroborate the urgency for stronger actions on freight decarbonization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] To achieve carbon neutrality, it is urgent to quantify carbon emissions to support policy deployment. Based on life cycle assessment, this paper proposed calculation method for carbon emissions from road infrastructure in a Demonstration Zone, China. Based on scenario analysis, this paper quantified the carbon emissions currently and analyzed the trend and characteristics of carbon emissions of road infrastructure from 2020 to 2060 through 4 scenarios. The results show the carbon emissions fluctuate between 20 kt and 540 kt CO 2 from 2013 to 2019 and increase significantly in 2014 due to the surge in road mileage. In the first three scenarios, the carbon emissions show an increasing trend after 2030, with annual growth rates of 1.12%, 0.57%, and 0.27% respectively. However, in the optimal scenario, the peak year of carbon emissions is 2024, with the peak emissions of 649.333 kt CO 2 and an increase of 245% over the base year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electric two-wheeler (E2W) niche in India has undergone substantial changes over the years due to a combination of global and local factors such as battery technology developments, consistent policy support, increasing fuel prices, and favourable consumer perception of E2Ws. As markets for new technologies grow, the nature and intensity of their interactions with the broader socio-political milieu change, which necessitates recalibration of governance strategies for their further growth. This paper employs the Multi-level perspective (MLP) approach to study the evolution of the E2W socio-technical system and finds that due to favourable developments, the E2W market is expanding and appears to be at the cusp of a significant transition. This provides a window of opportunity and to leverage this, the paper argues that the nature and scope of the policy support needs re-orientation from focusing only on supporting niche to also including regime destabilizing instruments in the policy toolkit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developed countries have already implemented a vehicle scrap policy that prevents the on-road usage of old vehicles beyond a certain age to curtail pollution. Recently Indian government also announced its plans and policies for vehicle scraping. There is a multitude of barriers to the implementation of such a policy in India. This paper identifies and models all implementation barriers. Literature review and interactions with various stakeholders helped to identify the barriers. The identified barriers are processed with a hybrid methodology, which is a combination of the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy process and the Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory. The data is modeled in a fuzzy context to account for issues of ambiguity and subjectivity. This study helps policymakers and other stakeholders by identifying the barriers to vehicle scrap policy implementation in India. Furthermore, this paper offers insights for future research in developing policies and practices for India's emerging vehicle scrap business. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 has brought severe disruption and demand suppression to mobility, especially to public transport (PT). A key challenge now is to restore trust that PT is safe again. This paper investigates pandemic impacts on PT safety and stress perceptions in three Nordic cities, drawing on 2018 and 2020 survey data analysed in structural equation models. While finding modest pandemic effects on safety and stress perceptions overall, strong heterogeneities exist across gender, age and geographic categories. Women perceive less PT safety and more stress, especially during the pandemic. Older adults reduced PT more during the pandemic and perceived no stress reduction like younger adults. Stockholm travellers feel less safe and more stressed than in Oslo and Bergen, whilst pandemic PT use and perceived safety reductions are least in Bergen. The paper discusses the long-term implications for theory and policy across multiple mobility scenarios accounting for modal change and travel demand uncertainties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) are expected to revolutionise transport worldwide and transform urban life. However, there are many unknowns concerning the impacts of these technologies in terms of sustainability, justice, and safety. It has been suggested that CAVs may exacerbate inequities and safety disparities concerning the interaction of vulnerable road users (VRUs) with motorised transport. This paper investigates the justice issues that CAVs policy needs to address concerning VRUs. Our approach to studying CAVs' capabilities and their potential perverse outcomes uses transport justice as an evaluative framework. The justice-related outcomes discussed include: traffic injuries, impact on sharing road responsibilities, loss of on-street space, access to technology, inclusion for disabled and older adults, CAV technological development, and impact of congestion and air pollution. The paper proposes a future research agenda emphasising areas where CAVs may positively impact VRUs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simulation is a valuable prediction tool to evaluate the impact of climate change interventions prior to disruptive implementations that may yield unintended and unwanted consequences. Advances in agent-based simulation allow us to estimate the dynamic emissions produced by vehicles at a fine resolution, with each vehicle modelled individually. The scalability of these models allow decision-makers to evaluate large-scale scenarios. But how good are these models? In this paper, the authors apply a state-of-the-art emissions model in the Multi Agent Transport Simulation (MATSim) framework to simulate individual vehicle emissions. Simulation results are compared with real driving emissions tests, using a portable emissions measurement device on a light and heavy vehicle. Quantifying the gap between macro-level simulation and actual emissions, the paper contributes by showing that pollutants are significantly underestimated, especially for heavy vehicles. This confirms prior micro-scale studies and magnifies the detrimental impact of using uncorrected aggregated models to inform environmental policy affecting transport. • Quantifying the gap in emission estimates on large-scale traffic simulations. • City-scale activity-based transport model coupled with vehicle-specific emissions. • Variation in real driving emissions is much larger than in randomised simulations. • Macro-level models underestimate heavy vehicle emissions more than light vehicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lack of information on trip purpose and alternative mode in micromobility service usage data remains a major analytical challenge. Conventional survey method is subject to significant sampling and stated preference biases. To overcome this challenge, this paper presents a new inference method through a case study of rental e-scooters in London. The inference method features a rule-based algorithm for matching observed rental e-scooter trips with filtered trip samples in the English National Travel Survey (NTS) series. Probability distribution of trip purposes and alternative modes are then retrieved from NTS. Inference results are validated using official data. Discrepancies, sources of biases and correction measures are investigated. Based on the inferred mode substitution pattern, we estimate greenhouse gas emissions reduction of selected rental e-scooter trips in London (36–103 g CO 2 e per mile). It is expected that the proposed method is applicable to a wide range of micromobility studies using service usage data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing concern over air pollution and community health, demands a comprehensive understanding of the political nature of transport-related emissions. This paper approaches how structures of power influence travel behaviour and, consequently, how they shape emissions from mobility in Barcelona. To comprehend how the intersection of gender, age, and migration background influences air pollution, we use a travel survey to build a set of models that are known to theoretically engage with intersectionality studies. Results show that identities tied to structures of power promote a greater contribution to air pollution than other mechanisms. That is, middle-aged European-born men have the most NO x -intensive mobility practices. In contrast, people that embody intersectional experiences of oppression such as misogyny, racism, or ageism, have lower emission levels. Considering these results, we argue that policies which acknowledge the unequal distribution of responsibilities present an opportunity to reduce emissions from transportation, while guaranteeing fairness and advancing environmental justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessibility-oriented development (AOD) strategies are the extension of transit-oriented development (TOD) strategies but focus more on access to destinations. Adopting AOD strategies can help identify and improve the defects of imperfect TOD construction. Based on AOD strategies, this paper evaluated the comprehensive accessibility to multiple public facilities with the Gaussian-based two-step floating catchment area method (G2SFCA) in the heart area of Chengdu City and further analyzed its equity issues. The comprehensive accessibility analysis proved the efficiency of AOD-based analysis in public resources shortage area determination and TOD level evaluation. The equity analysis indicated that the improvement of equity could not reflect the progress on total accessibility but only rationalize the allocation structure of public resources. Based on the case study, several suggestions for policy-making are given, including the construction of the non-motorized transportation system, adjustment of supply allocation, and comprehensive consideration of equity and accessibility in urban planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• One of the most sparsely populated areas in Europe. • Long distances to services and other destinations for daily activities. • Two villages were selected due to ongoing DiSS initiatives. • The results support the idea that DiSS could be a viable solution to mitigate and counteract accessibility poverty in rural areas. • DiSS for reducing long-distance private car journeys in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. • Essential to support older people in adopting digital solutions for a more sustainable digital transition. Norrbotten region is one of the most sparsely populated areas in Europe, with often long distances to services. This paper aims to gain a deeper understanding of the everyday mobilities in later life in rural areas, and to assess to what extent digital service solutions (DiSS) can contribute to reduced accessibility poverty. The study focuses on how DiSS contribute to more equitable accessibility by means of a case study in two villages, selected due to implemented DiSS (store with digital locks, digital hubs, etc.). Interviews with older people and other informants show the potential of DiSS to counteract accessibility poverty by bringing services nearer to home and reducing the need for longer trips, while contributing to the creation of healthier and more resilient environments. If implemented carefully, DiSS can have the potential to contribute to the development of more transport-efficient and socially just societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]