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An investigation to study the prevalence and clinical findings of ketosis in dairy cows was undertaken from August, 2015 - January, 2016 in and around Bikaner (Rajasthan) in RAJUVAS, University. The post parturient cows were screened for ketosis by subjecting urine by Diastick strips. The overall prevalence of the disease was 13.14 per cent. The prevalence was higher in 6 to 9 years of age, in 3rd and 4th parity, 0 to 2 months of postpartum and in the months of December and November. The major clinical manifestations were abrupt and marked decrease in milk yield, refusal to take concentrate, reduced feed intake, dullness, grinding of teeth, salivation, absence of rumination, constipation, loss of elasticity of skin and loss of body condition. Body temperature, pulse and respiration rate were in normal range. Ruminal movements and milk yield per day were significantly decreased. There were mucous coated faeces and acetone like odour in urine in ketotic cows. The ketotic cows were treated successfully. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present experiment, 50 serum samples were collected from renal affected birds and 25 serum samples were collected from healthy birds and various sero-biochemical study were conducted viz. serum albumin, serum globulin, serum total protein, A:G ratio, serum creatinine and serum uric acid. Blood samples were collected from the wing vein of poultry before slaughter at the slaughter house in a vacutainer tube without anticoagulant. No significant effect was observed on serum albumin, serum globulin, serum total protein and A:G ratio, while significant effect (P<0.05) was observed on serum uric acid and highly significant effect (P<0.01) was observed on serum uric acid between affected birds and normal birds. Since the serum creatinine and serum uric acid was significantly increased in affected birds, therefore, it could be concluded that these tests might work as biomarkers of kidney function test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The investigation was undertaken to study the epidemiological features and clinico-haemato-biochemical changes in colibacillosis affected lambs in and around Udaipur region. A total of 100 rectal swab samples were collected from selected diarrhoeic lambs. The samples were subjected for the isolation of E. coli through a series of conventional bacteriological and biochemical techniques. Besides prevalence study, risk factors were also studied and they were-age, sex, hygienic status and season. The overall prevalence of E. coli in the rectal swabs of diarrhoeic lambs of 0 to 3 month age group was 78 per cent (n=78/100). The prevalence was higher 86.53 per cent (45/52) in the lambs that were reared in poor hygienic condition as compared 68.75 per cent (33/48) to the lambs that were reared under good hygienic condition. The neonates (0-15 days) were highly susceptible 89.6 per cent (26/29) to E. coli infection as compared to 3 months old lambs (57.6 per cent; n=15/26). The prevalence of colibacillosis was higher in male lambs than female lambs but statistically there was no significant difference in the prevalence of colibacillosis in male and female lambs (P>0.05). The highest overall prevalence of colibacillosis in lambs during rainy season (92.8 per cent), followed by winter (77.7 per cent) and summer season (50 per cent) at organized farm and under field condition collectively. Each colibacillosis affected lamb was also subjected to thorough clinico-haemato-biochemical changes. There was significant increase in rectal temperature, heart rate and respiration rate and faecal consistency was semi-solid to watery. Haematological examination of colibacillosis affected lambs revealed significant increase in haemoglobin, PCV, TEC, TLC and neutrophils and significant decrease in MCV, MCH and MCHC. While, biochemical examinations of colibacillosis affected lambs revealed marked decrease in serum sodium, serum chloride and serum glucose and significant increase in serum potassium, total serum protein and A/G ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are different types of pathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli) carrying various types of genes. E. coli has universal stress protein (usp) genes which are species specific and confirm its presence. The uspA gene is important for survival of E. coli during cellular growth, adhesion and motility. Likewise, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) are an important cause of infantile diarrhoea which colonizes the small intestinal epithelial lining and causes lesions in the microvilli. There are several different well-characterized and putative adhesive factors involved in this process including bundle forming pilin (BFP) protein, and well defined bfpA gene. In the present study, E. coli were isolated from a total of 100 diarrhoeic lambs of Udaipur region located in southern part of Rajasthan. These isolates were screened by a series of biochemical tests and then subjected to amplification of the genomic DNA using universal stress protein A (uspA) gene for E. coli resulting into a single amplicon of 884 bp. These isolates were then subjected to characterization of enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) using bundle forming pilin protein A (bfpA) gene. The amplification of bfpA gene resulted into a single amplicon of 326 bp. A normal polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to amplify genes and quantification of amplified products of both the genes were obtained by using fluorescent probes or fluorescent DNA-binding dyes and real-time PCR instruments that measure fluorescence while performing the thermal cycling for PCR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A feeding trial of 120 days was conducted on 16 Gir cows distributed equally in four groups and fed different levels of hydroponics maize fodder. Significant (P<0.01) effect of feeding hydroponics maize fodder was observed on milk yield, milk fat percentage and milk total solids, whereas, the effect of feeding hydroponics maize fodder was non significant on milk SNF (solid not fat) and milk protein percentage. It was concluded from the feeding trial that hydroponics maize fodder had beneficial effect on milk production efficiency in Gir cows and can be fed as replacement up to 75 per cent level of CP of concentrate mixture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study reports the seroprevalence of PPR in sheep and goat populations of the north-western Indian state of Punjab, bordering Pakistan. Serum samples (n=446) from sheep and goats were collected using random sampling software 'survey toolbox' and monoclonal antibody (MAb)-based competitive ELISA was used for the detection of antibodies to PPR virus. Risk factors associated with the prevalence of anti-PPR antibodies were analyzed. The competitive ELISA revealed an overall apparent prevalence of 55.38%. Species seroprevalence was found to be significantly higher (chi square 13.549 p<0.01) in goats (63.16%) as compared to sheep (45.73%). Further, prevalence of specific antibodies was found to increase significantly with age (chi square 60.566, p<0.01) in both the species and significantly higher (chi square 19.727, p<0.01) in females in comparison to males. Animals under grazing had significantly higher antibody prevalence (chi square 74.380, p<0.01) in comparison to stall fed ones as indicated by risk ratio (18.676). Observed higher seroprevalence of the disease in the state of Punjab shows the need for implementation of regular vaccination and restriction of interstate movements of small ruminants for effective control of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important pathogens causing various clinical and sub clinical infections in human and animals and is often associated with hospital acquired infections in hospitalized patients. This study was attempted to detect variations in coagulase reaction in relation varied S. aureus bacterial sources and varied plasma sources. Of the genotypically confirmed 157 S. aureus isolates from human and animal sources, 153 (97.4%) isolates were found to be coagulase producers while four (2.5%) isolates did not produce coagulase at 24 hour recording with any of the plasmas. Human plasma showed the best coagulation reaction followed by plasma from camel, poultry, sheep, goat and cattle in decreasing order. It was also observed from a particular species stronger coagulation reaction with plasma from same species. The analysis of coagulase reactions suggested that coagulation activity not only depended on source of bacterial isolate but also on source of plasma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present study was carried out in 836 calves suffering with tropical theileriosis and clinical signs manifested were investigated. In these calves most common clinical sign recorded were swollen pre scapular lymph nodes and tick infestation in 89.95 per cent, fever in 82.89 per cent cattle, anorexia in 78.70 per cent cases and depression in 69.97 per cent cases. Anaemia was recorded in 60.88 per cent cases. Least common clinical signs recorded associated with tropical theileriosis were constipation (28.94%), dyspnoea (24.76%), conjuctival hemorrhage (20.93%), prefemoral lymph node swelling (9.56%) and haemoglobinuria (1.07%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was undertaken during period of September 2013 to January 2014 to study occurrence and histopathology of various circulatory disturbances of intestine in camel. During study period a total of 172 samples of camel intestine, irrespective of age, sex and breeds were examined. Out of these samples, 103 (59.88%) showing frank gross lesions were collected and tissue sections from these samples were subjected to histopathological examination. Various circulatory disturbances of intestine were recorded in 37.86 per cent (39 out of 103). Gross examination showed distended venous network on serosal surface of intestine in congestion, brownish-red coloured streaks and petechie on the mucosal surface of intestine in haemorrhagic condition and thickened submucous tissues than normal tissues were observed in oedema. Microscopic examinations revealed predominance of engorged blood vessels in congestion, focal haemorrhagic infiltration of intestinal tissue in haemorrhagic condition and showed thickening and expansion of submucosa in oedematous changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Risk factors of calf diarrhoea were studied in dairy buffalo and cattle calves. The cumulative incidence, incidence rate (per calf year at risk), cumulative mortality, mortality rate (per calf year at risk) and case fatality rate were 0.729, 2.30, 0.064, 0.133 and 0.088 in buffalo and 0.748, 2.39, 0.091, 0.191 and 0.122 in the cattle calves, respectively. The incidence was not influenced by species and sex of the calves. Majority of diarrhoea incidence was observed in the first four weeks of life (94.0%). Reoccurrence of diarrhoea was observed in 21.4 per cent buffalo and 44.9 per cent cattle calves. Overall incidence of diarrhoea was maximum in autumn (63.2%) followed by in rainy (54.1%), summer (31.2%), spring (29.6%) and in winter season (21.9%). Calves with higher weight at birth (>36 kg) had higher incidence of diarrhoea (85.2%) as compared to the calves weighing 31-36 kg (81.4%), 25-30 kg (75.3%) and less than 25 kg (47.5%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydronephrosis is an important pathological condition of kidney which involves dilatation of the collecting system of the kidney above the level of the pelvi-ureteric junction. In the present study, a total number of 228 specimens of kidney showing abnormalities were processed for histopathological examination. Out of these, hydronephrosis was recorded in 8 (3.51%) cases. Grossly, the affected kidneys were enlarged and exhibited atrophy of the renal parenchyma along with dilatation of pelvis and loss of medulla. On microscopic examination, dilation of proximal convoluted tubules and cystic dilations in pelvis, calyces and in surrounded tubules were observed. Additionally, degeneration, infiltration and desquamation were also found in the tubular mucosa. The cortex and glomeruli also showed atrophy and mononuclear infiltration in the surrounding interstitial tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study peripheral blood mononuclear cells were separated from camel (Camelus dromedaries) blood, cultured and stimulated with Concavalin-A to maximize the expression of genes. Total RNA was separated and cDNA was synthesized using reverse transcriptase. The primers were designed for specific amplification of interleukin-10 gene of C. dromedaries using base sequence of C. bactrianus. The IL-10 gene was successfully amplified from cDNA and was identified on the basis of its size homology with that of C. bactrianus in agarose gel electrophoresis i.e. 600 bp. The IL-10 gene of C. dromedarius was cloned in pGEM-T easy vector and transformed in Escherichia coli DH5a strains. The cells containing recombinant plasmid could be identified on the basis of blue/white colony selection on LB agar containing X-Gal and ampicillin. Using the ideal camel model, further study of IL-10 characterization and function may provide insight on the understanding of the cell mediated immune system in camel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Escherichia coli is the one of the major challenge in regards to antibiotic resistance phenomena. It has not only significantly associated with many animal diseases but also important for high level of antibiotic resistance. The present study has designed to determine antibiogram pattern of E. coli strains obtained from cattle diarrhoeic faeces. Total 31 genotypically confirmed E. coli isolates were obtained from 40 samples and screened for 16 antibiotics. It was found that 90.32% isolates were sensitive against cefepime, chloramphenicol and ceftrioxane followed by 87.09% sensitive to levofloxacin, 80.64% to polymyxin-B, 77.41% gentamicin, 67.74% ampicillin/sulbactam, 54.83% ticarcillin and tetracycline, 51.61% streptomycin, 48.38% ampicillin, 41.93% isolates were sensitive to cephotaxime. The all isolates were 100% resistant to penicillin and rifampicin. Further, this study suggested molecular characterization of isolates in context of genetic mechanisms involve in antibiotic resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the sporadic occurrence of the glander bacterial disease in horses in Punjab, India between 1999 and 2014. Topics discussed include the characteristics and symptoms of the disease, the use of the mallein test to diagnose glanders in horses and the policies in India regarding the control of the disease. Also discussed is the history of the disease in the area and several examples of cases between 1999 and 2014.