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Copyright of China Pulp & Paper is the property of China Pulp & Paper Magazines Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Journal of Education Research (1680-6360) is the property of Angle Publishing Co., Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Architectural Journal / Jian Zhu Xue Bao is the property of Architectural Journal Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Educational Research & Development / Jiao Yu Yan Jiu Yu Fa Zhan Gi Kan is the property of National Academy for Educational Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Educational Studies (1673-1298) is the property of Journal of Educational Studies Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Education Research (1680-6360) is the property of Angle Publishing Co., Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Education Research (1680-6360) is the property of Angle Publishing Co., Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of School Administrators is the property of School Administration Research Association, R.O.C. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Educational Studies (1673-1298) is the property of Journal of Educational Studies Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Double top-class construction and rural vitalization strategy have put forward new goals and challenges for the reform and innovation of higher education. It is urgent to cultivate high-level applied talents of food major who will lead the development of the new era. According to the new requirements of higher education reform, the construction advan¬tages of first-class disciplines, the planning for double first-class university, and the standards of professional certifica¬tion, this paper explored the construction of the training mode of professional degree postgraduates in food specialty. Fur¬thermore, based on the current shortage of professional postgraduate talents training, it was put forward that 'taking inno¬vation as a breakthrough and agriculture processing technology as a foundation' was an important embodiment of food professional degree postgraduate training under the promotion of double top-class construction and rural vitalization strate¬gy. Meanwhile, the training mode of food professional postgraduate of ' one mainstay, three wings, two in one integra¬tion' and ' platform combining four modernizations' were constructed. The training mode can effectively improve the com¬prehensive quality, practical ability, and innovation ability of professional degree postgraduates. It is of great significance to promote the connotative and high-quality training of professional degree postgraduates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Education Research (1680-6360) is the property of Angle Publishing Co., Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Education Research (1680-6360) is the property of Angle Publishing Co., Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Education Research (1680-6360) is the property of Angle Publishing Co., Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Experimental Technology & Management is the property of Experimental Technology & Management Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Society: Chinese Journal of Sociology / Shehui is the property of Society: Chinese Journal of Sociology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Journal of Education Research (1680-6360) is the property of Angle Publishing Co., Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Educational Review (1563-3527) is the property of National Kaohsiung Normal University, Department of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Curriculum Studies / Kecheng Yanjiu is the property of Angle Publishing Co., Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mass Communication Research is the property of Guoli Zhengzhi Daxue Xinwenxue Yanjiusuo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Education Research (1680-6360) is the property of Angle Publishing Co., Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Experimenters should have enough capability to prevent and deal with risks in experiments. Basic safety knowledge is only one part of the "puzzle" of this capability. Safety education needs to change from imparting knowledge to training capability. This paper puts forward the concept of safety protection capability ( SPC ), and systematically discusses the five components of SPC, including eight aspects of safety awareness, two kinds of safety knowledge, analysis capability of risk factors, design capability of protection scheme, verification and implementation capability of the protection scheme . This paper also proposes a comprehensive training mode, which asks students to learn the basic knowledge of safety protection firstly, then to deduce the experiments theoretically, and to practice the experiments in reality. Four-year practical experience has proved that this training mode enables students to obtain an improvement of SPC [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Educational Review (1563-3527) is the property of National Kaohsiung Normal University, Department of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper questions the point of Liang Chen and Li Zhongqing, who state that China has accomplished a "silent revolution" in the field of higher education in 50 years after the founding of the PRC. The proportion of workers and peasants' children who attend university shows two different trends before and after the reform, so it should not be simplified to "a revolution in 50 years". Before the reform, the equality of higher education was surrounded by thick atmosphere of class struggle, so it is "equality within the class". The practice of using political means to restrict and deprive the education right of some citizens and force some other citizens attend the university, should not be defined as progressive educational revolution. After the reform, though the promoted key middle school system allows a few rural students to enter universities, it is not a good solution to urban-rural educational inequality, but will further solidify the inequality. Among the ways which provide rural students with accesses to universities, the key middle schools and county schools with centralized resources have instrumental rationality to some extent. However, this instrumental rationality lacks moral support of value rationality, and therefore leads to unsustainability and high cost of the system. This paper also questions the concept and data used by Liang Chen and Li Zhongqing. Vague concepts such as "cadres" and "children of workers and peasants" are used in their study, thus cause problems in the quality of their data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Technology & Chinese Language Teaching is the property of Middle Tennessee State University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of School Administrators is the property of School Administration Research Association, R.O.C. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to respond to the national education reform of engineering students, and to enhance the practical operation and innovation ability of engineering college students, this paper proposes an innovative experimental method of PWM inverter based on real-time simulator with the goal of innovating electrical engineering teaching method. In this way, students can enhance their understanding of the theoretical knowledge of inverters in power electronics technology, and can strengthen to students' practical ability, innovation ability and depth of thinking problems. At the same time, this method has improved the effectiveness and implementation of the experiment, fully reflectis the perfect transition from theory to practice. The experimental results and application results prove that the experimental method can meet the needs of students in the undergraduate education stage to cultivate theoretical knowledge and practice innovation ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The teaching base of national engineering mathematics course has important practical significance and special function for the training of engineering talents. The construction of engineering mathematics base should be further strengthened. Based on the background of the development of new engineering and the requirements of the new economy for talent training, this paper points out that the construction of mathematics course teaching base should pay more attention to the innovation of construction idea, construction content and the reform of teaching mode, and strengthen the construction of teaching ability. Involving in the development of new engineering, grasping the new opportunities brought by the development of new engineering to the reform of mathematics education, innovating the construction concept and leading the base to a higher level and higher quality in the construction of new engineering is the primary task of the base construction. Focusing on improving teachers' ability to integrate mathematics, computational Thinking and disciplines, giving better play to the driving role of mathematics in the training of innovative talents, deepening the comprehensive reform of engineering mathematics teaching, improving the quality of personnel training, and providing high-quality personnel support for the development of new engineering are the central works of base construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the protest for 410 Education Reform in 1994, the Educational Fundamental Act was ratified to ensure the legal protection of student welfare. The Act introduced progressive thinking: the right to learn, equal access to education, education for the disadvantaged, the right of personality development, and the banning of corporal punishment. In the thirty years since the protest, the line between the power of teachers and students has been redrawn due to various school incidents and prescribed regulations. This article ploughs through the evolution of school democratization and conducts interviews with eight protesters of the 410 Education Reform. The interviewees provide views on the insufficiency of the current Act and pin their hopes on it becoming the Magna Carta of student rights. Meanwhile, the 'trickle-down' and 'trickle-up' empowerment mechanisms, for example the introduction of progressive schools, seed teachers, student representatives for curriculum reform and welfare committees, and training of student council leaders, aim to shift the balance of the power relationship. By means of the 'trickle-across' strategy, pressure groups and student communities circulate and lobby for their visions through different media to gain support. Thus, we enumerate four empowerment approaches to solidify the continuing development of student rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Higher education in Taiwan has undergone major changes since 1994. Both the appeals of civil society groups and the content of official reports and subsequent policies are full of neoliberalism discourses. This article conducted document analysis and philosophizing methods, and adopted critical pedagogy as a theoretical framework to achieve the following four research purposes. The first is to analyze the neoliberal discourse within globalization, focusing on academic capitalism and new public management, which have significantly impacted higher education; the second is to review and reflect on Taiwan's 30 years of development of higher education reform through official reports and higher education-related policies; the third is to explore the impact of neoliberalism on higher education, especially the important aspects of governance, curriculum, teaching, learning and teachers in universities; and the fourth is to rethink how future higher education institutions, along with their teachers and students, can break through neoliberalism's influences. Ultimately, this article proposed that universities must re-establish themselves as democratic public spheres in the face of the destruction of democratic values by neoliberal discourse, with university teachers and students as transformative public intellectuals to jointly defend the publicity and social responsibility of higher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to Taiwan's political and economic situation after World War II, technological and vocational education has always corresponded to national economic planning and manpower development. It was not until the education reform in 1994 that the people's educational needs began to be gradually taken into account by official policies. The civil sector's call for the reform was for "the expansion of senior high schools and universities," while the government's response was to "increase the Second National Freeway capacity." However, after the regime changed in 2000, the new government did not alter the original direction. This study employed documentary analysis to examine official historical documents and academic commentaries to understand the role played by educational reform. This study points out that the social power gathered by the education reform movement led the public to seriously contemplate "whether education should serve the development of the nation." Educational issues are embedded in the social context. This article recommends that we no longer strictly adhere to uniform equality, moderately open market competition, and establish high market value professional certificates/licenses to create a new path for technological and vocational education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of modern industry puts forward higher and higher re quire me nts to engine e rs ' comprehensive practical ability. Engineering training is indispensable in training qualified talents. In order to improve the quality of the engineering training courses and foster the students ' ability of engineering practice, this paper considers the innovative consciousness, and the teamwork spirit. It summarizes achievements of Engineering Training center of Jilin University in the practice of teaching reform, and points out problems in engineering training of the engineering students. This paper puts forward some measures and suggestions from changing concept, talent reserves, constructing cascade engineering training system, reforming teaching methods and other aspects that for the reform of the practice teaching. It promotes the development of teaching quality of engineering training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For an good education to full-time professional master' s degree postgraduates, let the students fully understand the characteristics of the industry, the paper analyzes an enroHed student situation, clarifies the main teaching task of industry practice course, understands industry demands at knowledge, technology, ability and working quality for talents ; introduces professional practice course teaching objectives of enhancing student professional quality and professional skiils in order to helps postgraduates quickly knowing their learning direction at study and research for obtaining employment; iilustrates our exploring teaching mode and carrying out steps. At last the paper gives a few methods of teaching technology and the industry quality, selecting practice' s teacher and evaluating students grade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates education reform during the Spring-Autumn and Warring States periods through the perspective of the evolution of the medium for writing. Though bamboo and wood slips had been used as the medium for writing as early as in the Shang Dynasty, their popularity did not come until the productivity in making those slips had been substantially raised because of the widespread use of iron tools. The popularity of bamboo and wood slips used for writing promoted the spread of government-collected classics among the common people, who consequently got access to the schooling which had been confined to the noble class. In addition, it also helped transform the education from focusing on skill-training to acquiring the new form of text-based instruction, thus ushering in the new chapter of education based on text reading and lecturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to achieve the aim of cultivating excellent talents with "lifelong sports" and innovation consciousness this paper dealt with the class teaching content of college physical education and reforming model. The virtual simulation technology was introduced, and a teaching and experiment center was established in School of Sports Science and Technology. A series of experiments were done in the experimental groups and control groups for 4 different sport projects to check the influence of virtual simulation technology on the theoretical knowledge learning, physical agility and technical ability. The experimental results show a significant difference in all test items after experiment but they were no significant differences before experiment. The experimental groups show a very significant difference especially in theoretical knowledge learning, body power and basketball project. We conclude that the virtual simulation technology is very important to the college physical education reform, students' physical quality improvement and all-round ability development. It further verifies the necessity of the center construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid development of science and technology and the arrival of new industrial revolution have a significant impact on the reform of higher education. Under the background of technological revolutions such as Industry 4.0, Internet plus, and "Made in China 2025", the integration of modern analytical testing methods in undergraduate training programs in science and engineering has become an inevitable trend in the cultivation of innovative talents. This paper introduces the platform construction of larger-scale analysis instruments with the deep opening and safe sharing firstly. Then, the idea and implementation patterns for improving the innovative education and academic level of undergraduates and postgraduate are elaborated based on the opening and sharing platform of large-scale equipment. The construction of an open platform and implementation of a sharing model provide a new approach for increasing the use efficiency of large-scale expensive instruments, realize the linkage of software and hardware for sharing platform of large-scale apparatus, and break through the technical bottleneck innovative and academic levels of students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the further development of the reform of higher education system in China, the role and status of innovation and entrepreneurship education are becoming more and more prominent. In the future, the society urgently needs talented people with innovative and entrepreneurial capabilities. In order to better meet the social needs of innovative and entrepreneurial talents, and to promote in-depth innovation and entrepreneurship education in schools, Guangdong University of Technology has established a base for innovation and entrepreneurship training and incubation. In this paper, the base construction ideas, base function construction and safeguard measures are discussed. After years of exploration and practice, the school was named seven national-level honorable titles such as the first hatch of national deepening innovation and entrepreneurship education model universities, national innovation and entrepreneurship typical experience universities, state-level public space and so on. The experience can provide reference for the construction of innovation and entrepreneurship bases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The industrial reform that is caused by the deep integration between the new generation of information technology and manufacturing industry give a new challenge for higher engineering education. To meet this challenge, the education departments of our country will actively deepen the reform of engineering education and start the construction of “new engineering". The practical significance and strategic significance of “new engineering" construction were explained in this paper. And the foothold of local universities in the construction of new engineering course was analyzed. From the aspects of education idea, training plan, teaching method, cooperative teaching, innovation and entrepreneurship platform, construction of teaching staff, the construction ideas of new engineering in local undergraduate colleges were expounded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Textbooks determine the thinking and direction of education in developing democratic countries. In Taiwan, especially, since the implementation of the grades 1-9 curriculum reforms, the textbook opening-up policy has become a key issue that must be squarely faced as curriculum reforms are carried out. Following implementation, however, the pragmatic advancement of textbook approval policies, including a parallel system which includes both textbooks compiled by government and private organizations, should be allowed to serve as a fine-tuning mechanism employed by the Ministry of Education(MOE) to mitigate the impact of the textbook opening-up policy. Building on earlier studies, this paper collected reports published between 2002 and 2008 reflecting opinions on this subject, including a number of articles with different slants taken from the China Times, the United Daily News, the Liberty Times, Legislative Yuan communiqués, and official MOE documents to understand trends in the development of textbooks for primary and secondary schools in order to evaluate and carefully consider these trends and further to propose suggestions regarding the role the government should play in the nation's textbook market to guarantee textbook quality, from curriculum planning, textbook editing, trial use, and selection to evaluation and feedback, to facilitate the establishment of a sound mechanism and an agency tasked with the study and development of curriculum to perform long-term, systematic research and development on teaching materials to serve as grounded research to lay a foundation for the successful reformation of curriculum and textbooks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: "Spirituality Education" of children has gained more concern in recent years, but there is a lack of consensus for its meaning. Some literatures regard Spirituality Education as Religious Education, while quite many literatures have shown a close relationship between Spirituality Education and Humanistic Education, which could be unrelated with Religious Education. What is the meaning of "Spirituality Education" being mentioned by the EKE reformers after all? Is it the former or the later? The Guide to the Preprimary Curriculum (2006) proposed "Lifelong learning" and "Holistic Learning", affirming the need of child-centredness (Humanistic Education) in curriculum. If so, there is a likelihood that "Spirituality Education" has a closer connection with humanistic education than with religious education. It is therefore vital to clarify the meaning of "Spirituality Education" for fostering the current early childhood educational reform. This paper seeks to explore if Spirituality Education has been misunderstood by the early childhood education practitioners with a result that hindering the implementation of educational reform. Focus of Discussion: Through literatures review and the author's interpretation, this paper attempts to demonstrate that Spirituality Education is actually closely related with Humanistic Education and Holistic Education. Spirituality Education shares similar elements with that of liberal studies, in which the concerned areas and aspects of knowledge are widespread. Hence, it is not limited in promoting Religious Education. And pedagogies adopted in Spirituality Education mainly emphasize diversified and critical thinking. The rationales behind Spirituality Education are closely related with that of Humanistic Education and Holistic Education. Spirituality Education has no direct relation with Religious Education which emphasizes direct transmission of religious dogma. Suggestion: In view of the importance of the role of Spirituality Education played in early childhood educational reform, early childhood education stakeholders are encouraged to distinguish the differences between Religious Education and Spirituality Education. The early childhood educational institution should discriminate between them, and to practise their school-based curriculums and pedagogies in accordance with their schools' missions and religious backgrounds. It is hoped that the authorities could tolerate and accept schools with different missions, religious and cultural backgrounds, to provide them opportunities for receiving school vouchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The "Primary school curriculum leadership" scheme was first introduced to Hong Kong primary schools by the Education Bureau in year 2002/03. An additional teaching post which was known as Primary Schoolmaster/Schoolmistress (Curriculum Development) - or PSM(CD), had been created to help the school head to lead internal curriculum development in primary school. This scheme was considered to be a pioneering initiative in Hong Kong as well as the Chinese culture societies. Aims: The paper reviews the curriculum leadership development in Hong Kong primary schools by examining the impacts of the work of PSM(CD) on internal curriculum development and school development in the context of curriculum reform, the challenges and difficulties faced by the PSM(CD)s in discharging their responsibilities, their successful experiences, and provides implications for future development. Comments: PSM(CD)s claimed that to carry out their responsibilities, they needed to perform different roles such as coworker, mentor, innovator, role model, and leader. Furthermore, the most important factors that would hinder their work were school organizational factors, supports of school heads and colleagues, readiness of the school as a whole for change, and personal limitations. Conclusion: This paper argues while some achievements had been made since the introduction of the PSM(CD) scheme, it is also worth our attention to note that this scheme promoted teacher leadership development at the school sites, which eventually contributed positive impacts on whole school development. On the other hand, it is noted that PSM(CD)s would encounter many difficulties and challenges in discharging their duties. There is urgent need to find out solutions to help the newly appointed PSM(CD)s to develop their competences and become a "successful" curriculum leader. This paper also concludes the successful criteria of the work of PSDM(CD) which should be a useful reference for the PSM(CD)s as well as the school heads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Educational Research & Development / Jiao Yu Yan Jiu Yu Fa Zhan Gi Kan is the property of National Academy for Educational Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Education Policy & Management is the property of National Taipei University of Education, Department of Educational Management and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Comparative Education is the property of Chinese Taipei Comparative Education Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Educational Policy Forum is the property of National Chi Nan University, Department of Education Policy & Administration and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

During the schooling reform in different provinces of the mainland China from 1978 to 1982, years of schooling in primary and middle schools increased. However, one unintended effect of the reform is that the number of the people attending middle school declined; the number of female attending middle school declined even more than that of male;and the average years of female's education increased less than that of male. This paper takes the schooling reform as an instrument for observing children's education with that of their parents. 2SLS estimates illustrate that one year's increase in father's or mother's years of education is associated with 0.36 and 0.59 year's child's increase in education respectively, which suggests that the maternal effect is stronger than the paternal effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By analyzing the shortcomings of traditional teaching model, and combining the characteristic of strong practicalness in embedded system courses, the paper puts forward a project-based teaching method with ability progressively increase, and designs the "practice as being taught" model. The method makes the projects as the teaching support, and organizes the teaching contents with some integrated projects and splits them. The teaching process is designed around the sub-projects, and it is implemented from shallower to deeper, and with ability progressively increase. The teaching method is practiced on the embedded system courses in my school, in which the projects are constructed according to practical application. The practice shows that the proposed teaching method can improve students' practice ability and enhance their awareness of project development, it is a beneficial attempt in teaching reform under the new situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]