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The article presents an editorial discussing the "Strategic Management Journal" (SMJ) since its inception six years ago. The editors state they have been very pleased with the quality and quantity of work that has been submitted to the journal and thus have increased the number of issues published to one every other month. They also lay out guidelines for articles that are submitted. They say papers should be focused around new theories or carefully argued existing theories investigated from other perspectives. Papers should remain consistent and be generalizable. Finally, articles submitted to the SMJ should be empirically tested through generally accepted methodologies that are based on scientific method.

The article responds to sociologist Andy Pickering's comments, partly because of the inherent intellectual stimulation of exchanging ideas with such a distinguished colleague, but partly also because of the need for much greater interchange between the two fields, the sociology of environment and technology, on the one hand and the sociology of science on the other. Pickering's comments raise three important points about the analysis of Iron Mountain, Michigan. First, he praises what he calls papers symmetry in noting the importance of physical⁄environmental as well as social factors in understanding social outcomes. Second, he argues that people have not taken this point far enough, in large part because, he believes, the social is not sufficiently at stake in papers. Third, he argues that a fruitful antidote would be to trace the evolution of actual practices, in detail, over time.

The article presents the author's comments on writings of scholar Ayn Rand on economics and ethics. The author limits his comment to making three points: that scholar Max E. Fletcher's overt thesis, that Rand's novels are "sugar coated educational tracts" is false and that his arguing the thesis displays a lack of familiarity with Rand's aesthetic principles; that the major portion of Fletcher's paper is not concerned with the overt purpose of drawing an analogy between scholar Harriet Martineau and Rand, but with a sort of attack on Rand's economics and ethics; and that this aspect of Fletcher's paper is based on a complete miscomprehension of Rand's ideas and sins against the canons of rational argument in a variety of ways. As the author understands, Fletcher's thesis, he is suggesting that Martineau and Rand both engage in novel writing as a means of conveying economic principles in fictional guise. Fletcher makes the further claim that "the technique employed in the novel "Atlas Shrugged" is the same as that adopted by Martineau, which Fletcher describes as showing how certain economic principles operate in a community.

This paper argues that the long-standing predominance of a particular approach to science neither makes it uniquely scientific nor superior to rival approaches. To do so it examines the dominant scientific explanation of the 17th and early 18th centuries: the mechanical philosophy. The mechanical philosophy episode demonstrates the fragility of even the most entrenched scientific wisdoms and provides encouragement for out-of-step scholars everywhere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper demonstrates the potential problem in using existing economics journal rankings to evaluate the research productivity of scholars by constructing a new ranking of economics journals and articles. Based on 2142 econometrics sample articles published from 2000 to 2005, our ranking results show that the intellectual influence of an econometrics article published in several econometrics/statistics journals is much higher than if it were published in the most prestigious general-interest journal. Given that a study's potential influence is integrated into the submission decision, this suggests a substantial downward bias toward econometricians when existing rankings are used to evaluate their research productivity. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an earlier article, we discussed the effects of dissensus and low paradigm development on the lives and scholarly successes of junior scholars. Our analysis painted a somewhat bleak picture, but our advice for moving forward was simple, actionable, and therefore hopeful. Based on the bleak picture that was painted, one particular aspect of our work, career-level evaluation reliability, was recently critiqued. We respond to that critique here. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The claim is widespread that the preservation, or reintroduction, of Western traditions of holy war in the post-Reformation period was due mostly to Protestantism, especially in its Calvinist variety. This paper makes a case for examining the thought of a much broader selection of minor intellectuals on just and holy war than is usually done, and to do so in other national contexts than exclusively the English Puritan one. To test the apparently widespread view that, historically, Calvinism has had a particular proclivity for holy war, the article treats theological justifications of war in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Dutch moral theology. Showing that a full-blown concept of "holy war" was largely absent from Dutch theological thought, it falsifies the assumption that historical Calvinism (or Protestantism in general) is inherently belligerent. The paper demonstrates that justifications of violence "religionis causa" and ideological motives for war have always been contingent, not on religions, but on the historical contexts in which those religions operate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper makes the case that theorizing in family studies might be different if scholars asked the types of questions that now are asked in the physical sciences. Initial efforts to move toward a more abstract explanatory level in family studies led to inventorying and verification. This paper argues that the recognition of a realm of discovery, allowing for the creative and disciplinary use of imagination and metaphor, would extend the scope and quality of questioning. To ground the argument, the paper focuses on the problematics associated with the conceptualization of process in marriages and families.We say, "The wind is blowing," as if the wind were actually a thing at rest which, at a given point in time, begins to move and blow ... as if a wind could exist which did not blow. (Norbert Elias, 1978, p. 112) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been widely claimed that knowledge production in contemporary western societies is undergoing some kind of fundamental change: these claims form the background for this paper. it focuses on relations between different intellectual, and other, communities, the problematization of `traditional' disciplinary boundaries and divisions and, in particular, the significance of such issues for sociology. Drawing on an ethnographic study of the work of computer scientists, it looks both at their communications with increasingly heterogeneous audiences, and at ethnographic relations between researcher and researched. It is argued that processes of `simulation' can be discerned: firstly, the simulation of certain forms of order in computer scientists' representations of their own work in communications across boundaries; secondly, the simulation of a sep ante ethnographic object of study by the social scientist. It is suggested that since certain well established conceptions of social science inquiry rely implicitly on just such senses of order and separation, their problematization raises questions about the conceptualization, status and practice of sociological inquiry in the light of apparent transformations to relations of intellectual production and exchange. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the many writers who tout John Stuart Mill as one of the most outstanding figures of the nineteenth century, there exists something of a fascination with the influences that played upon his life and thought. His thought is, after all, complex, drawn from many sources, and interwoven into a set of theories uniquely his own. The purpose of this paper is to argue that, owing largely to the influence of the English romantics, Mill fundamentally altered his world view and system of thought, and that his investigation of socialism derived primarily from these transformed views.
We have from Mill's own Autobiography his version of the evolution of his intellectual development which he centred in his mental breakdown. He wrote of his extraordinary education, his crisis, his discovery of Wordsworth's poetry; of his intellectual excitement over Comte's works and the new ideas of socialism from the Continent; and, of course, of Harriet Taylor. In short, he reviewed all the important influences on his life and thought which effected the healing process and which launched him in a life-long pursuit of "incessantly weaving ... anew" the fabric of his old ideas and education (Mill, 1965, p. 96). It is this last quality that makes necessary an evolutionary approach to any study of Mill and his work. One must stay with him all the way or be found in dangerous waters of misconception and misrepresentation.
Up to now, a "look behind the scenes" of the formative process of Mill's intellect has been somewhat unsatisfying. In fact, a literary debate abounds concerning the correct claimant of Mill's ideological "soul". For example, Mill declared that he was a socialist, but Pedro Schwartz (1972) has denied it.[1] And Emery Neff (1924) disputed Carlyle's claim of converting Mill from utilitarianism to romanticism and stated that Comte's thought was the change-agent in Mill's philosophy. Again, several recent papers make strong assertions concerning the conclusiveness... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural Sociology began and continues as a medium of intellectual exchange for scholars concerned with rural issues. For fifty years editors have tried to publish articles that make social science useful, that bring the most relevant theory and methods of a particular time to bear on rural problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents information regarding the book "Critics of Henry George," by Robert V. Andelson. should be read and savored by economists, philosophers and others who either support, dislike or desire to know more about Henry George's prescription for social progress-the Single Tax. Upon hearing of this volume, some people may relegate it to the status of cult literature-another polemic on Henry George. Those who do so will be Andelson, himself a rigorous scholar and a lifelong student of Georgist writings, has gathered 27 separate papers, including several studies of his own, that describe dominant critics and criticisms of George. Some of the writers may be unpersuaded by George's ideas, as are the critics they discuss. Others are known supporters of George's theories and policy prescriptions. One and all take great care to discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the writers they report on. While apologies may come through at times, the strengths of each analysis go further than merely balancing an author's personal views.

The study of the Islamic Resurgence has underestimated the intellectual trials that some key personalities underwent at a crucial stage of the crisis of post-colonial societies. The intellectual leaders of the Resurgence faced the task to redefine the social value of faith and of its converse, doubt, as the insidious flip-side of processes of modernization. Their response to the challenge contributed to a reconfiguration of the intellectual field: in order to reach larger audiences they reinterpreted their cultural credentials and even life narratives in terms of the communicative standards suitable to new media. This paper analyses how the motives of doubt and faith in the trajectories of two personalities aspiring to the status of ‘Islamic intellectual’ (the Sufi scholar and Shaykh al-Azhar ‘Abd al-Halim Mahmud and the media-savvy lay thinker Mustafa Mahmud) contributed to a reconfiguration of the intellectual field. We investigate how their legacy is presently discussed among educated audiences. Finally, we show how the ambivalence of the reception of their public teaching reflects the troubled search for a new ideological balance by the Egyptian middle classes. Résumé L’étude de la Résurgence islamique a sous-estimé les épreuves intellectuelles par laquelle sont passés certains de ses grands noms à un stade crucial de la crise des sociétés postcoloniales. Les meneurs intellectuels de la Résurgence se sont trouvés confrontés à la tâche de redéfinir la valeur sociale de la foi et de son opposé, le doute, comme le revers insidieux des processus de modernisation. En relevant ce défi, ils ont contribuéà reconfigurer le champ intellectuel : pour atteindre un public plus large, ils ont réinterprété leurs références culturelles et même leurs récits de vies selon les standards de communication adaptés aux nouveaux médias. Les auteurs analysent ici la façon dont les motifs du doute et de la foi dans la trajectoire de deux personnalités aspirant au statut « d’intellectuel islamique », l’érudit soufi Shaykh al-Azhar ‘Abd al-Halim Mahmud et le penseur laïque Mustafa Mahmud, fin connaisseur des média, ont contribuéà la reconfiguration du champ intellectuel. Les auteurs étudient le débat dont leur héritage fait aujourd'hui l’objet dans les cercles éduqués. Pour finir, ils montrent comment l’ambivalence de l’accueil fait à leur enseignement public reflète la difficile recherche d’un équilibre idéologique dans les classes moyennes égyptiennes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The North American public sphere is suffused with claims and counter-claims about the relationship between Islam and violence. Schools and publishers have responded with training programmes for teachers and curriculum units for students introducing them to the Middle East and its dominant religious tradition. Such programmes are often accused by local parents and national intellectuals of pandering to Muslim sensitivities by whitewashing distasteful historical events and even proselytizing young people. Focusing on a 2002 lawsuit filed against California's Byron Union School District, by parents upset by a classroom role-playing exercise on Islam, this paper argues that political fears about terrorist infiltration into US society are building on powerful emotional and cultural concerns about the nature of ritual and the spiritual safety of children exposed to information about other religions. By encouraging public education as a response to political and cultural tensions, educators may in fact be heightening the public's concerns about Islam as a comprehensive threat. Résumé Dans la sphère publique nord-américaine, on entend dire tout et son contraire à propos de la relation entre l’islam et la violence. En réponse, les écoles et les éditeurs ont produit des programmes de formation des enseignants et des unités d’enseignement présentant le Moyen Orient et sa tradition religieuse dominante. Les parents, au niveau local, et les intellectuels au niveau national accusent souvent ces programmes de flatter la susceptibilité musulmane en occultant les événements historiques déplaisants, et même de faire du prosélytisme auprès des jeunes. En se concentrant sur un procès intenté en 2002 au district scolaire de Byron Union en Californie par des parents troublés par un jeu de rôles en classe sur le thème de l’islam, l’auteur affirme que les craintes politiques d’infiltration terroriste dans la société américaine s’enracinent dans de puissantes inquiétudes émotionnelles et culturelles relatives à la nature du rituel et à la sécurité spirituelle des enfants exposés à des informations sur d’autres religions. En encourageant la sensibilisation publique en réponse aux tensions politiques et culturelles, les éducateurs pourraient en réalité attiser les craintes d’une opinion publique qui perçoit dans l’islam une menace omniprésente. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an overview to this issue. The author discusses a meeting held in July 2005 by scholars at the University of Helsinki, Finland. The conference was sponsored by the International Society for Universal Dialogue (ISUD). Many of the papers that are published in this issue were presented at this meeting, according to the author. The article discusses globalization and concerns about world peace. The author cites the Prussian scholar Friedrich Nietzsche. Nietzsche’s quotes about the Franco-Prussian war of 1870 are discussed by the author.

The article reports on the British Association of Chinese Studies Annual Conference, held at the University of Nottingham from September 15-16, 2005. A number of scholars from a wide array of disciplines attended the conference. The papers presented explored the lived experience of fluid boundaries and shifting frontiers, through the concepts of nei and wai. The paper of Laura Newby on the reign of Emperor Qianlong discussed the shift towards delineated borders on the northwestern frontier in China. The variable positioning of China's women was addressed by a number of contributors namely Carol Rennie, Bonnie McDougall, Sally Sargeson and Gail Hershatter.

This paper presents to the English-speaking reader a sample of material contained only in Schumpeter’s first German edition (1911) of Theorie der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung, material subsequently omitted from later German editions and from the English translation. The newly-translated material, presented here for the first time in English, comprises a substantial part of the second chapter, only available in a completely rewritten version, and fully half of the famous seventh chapter, which has not been previously available at all in English. This material merits attention today because it contains remarkable and farsighted visions on economic theory that may inspire current efforts to devise models of economic and social evolution. In order to better appreciate the original text, we briefly introduce the “background” to Theorie and its revisions, briefly describing the social and intellectual environment of the time. We then discuss how the entrepreneur evolved over the three editions of Theorie (from 1911 to 1934) in view of the shift in Schumpeter’s personal and intellectual life and outline the most important implications raised by the first German edition of 1911. Finally, we use Schumpeter’s own statements to settle the obstinate confusion on the publication year of Theorie in favour of the year 1911. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on Nobel Laureates, Paul Samuelson and Robert Merton, who have done exceptionally well in the field of economics and financial management. The article also presents excerpts of speeches of these scholars in which they have shared their views on economic trends, financial theories and their predecessors. In his 1970 Nobel lecture, Paul Samuelson humbly reminded that the vision of modem scholars is enhanced by being able to stand "on the shoulders of their predecessors." Samuelson has written pioneering papers in virtually every area of economics and for years penned an influential column for lay persons in "Newsweek." Robert Merton grew up in suburban New York. Baseball, poker, the stock market, and mathematics were childhood passions, and he hasn't outgrown any of them. Merton's Nobel award focused on early contributions with economists, Myron Scholes and Fisher Black, to the theory of option pricing. Some of his later research has sought to apply this theory. Most recently, he has been using it to analyze secular change in financial institutions and in the contracting instruments they use.

The intellectual relationship between Erving Goffman and Everett C. Hughes is explored in the context of an apprenticeship model derived from correspondence between the two sociologists. Goffman is identified as a "reluctant apprentice " because his work and his letters to Hughes display a tension between a striking originality and a fidelity to his "master." Three phases of their ambivalent relationship are described and an explanation for Goffman's reluctant acknowledgment of Hughes's influence is briefly explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many respects, universities around the world are living through a period of quite extraordinary turmoil as their role and purposes are under serious challenge. In this paper we explore the latest attempt in Australia to push universities even further in the direction of becoming marketised, and we examine what this means in terms of the loss of public space for academics as public intellectuals. In this, we draw some fragments from our own autobiographical experiences in trying to assert what a ‘counter public’ might look like around university research. We find the notion of ‘hustler’ to be a sufficiently playful metaphor around which to begin to frame what happens to knowledge as it is increasingly treated as another commodity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The theoretical concern of this paper is with the relationship of gender, personal life, and emotion to tile social construction of scientific knowledge. I examine this question through biographical research into the life and work of William Fielding Oghurn (1886-1959), a major figure in the history of American sociology. Oghurn believed that emotion was inimical to science and that statistics could help control what he considered to he its distorting effects. My analysis suggests that there was a personal component, reflecting Ogburn's search for masculinity, to the development of his ideas about how scientific sociology should be defined and practiced. I also suggest that Ogburn's ideas were favorably received by his mostly male audience because they spoke to broad cultural and historical currents. My analysis shows the need for a view of scientific knowledge that takes into account the effects of gender relations and emotion on intellectual activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information about several papers discussed at the annual meeting of the Association of Arab American University Graduates in Washington, D.C. on October 23, 1993 is presented. Topics include the foreign affairs of Arab and Islamic Middle East and Israeli-Palestinian conflict. It featured several conservative intellectuals including Charles E. Butterworth and Sheldon Richman.

In moving the social movement literature forward, researchers are now examining political discourse and the framing of protest language and symbols as important variables in movement processes. This case study on liberation theology in Peru analyzes how theologians have helped to mobilize Church activists, priests, sisters, and organizational resources to meet the political challenges of the popular sector by advancing liberation theology. More specifically, this paper looks at how Church leaden who are identified with liberation theology helped bridge different protest populations. Using oral histories methodology, I gathered data on liberation theology through field research conducted in Peru from September 1987 to May 1988 and in the summer of 1991. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the first decades of the twentieth century, Stefan George and Thomas Mann envisioned starkly different futures for Germany: the former espoused a geheimes Deutschland, a geistiges Reich that would limit itself to an intellectual elite, while the latter-after coming to terms with the consequences of World War One-championed the cause of democracy. In this paper, I argue that the political differences dividing George and Mann must be read as a disagreement over the question of how homoeroticism would figure in the new Germany. The argument culminates in my claim that, in his novel Der Zauberberg, Mann performs a subtle yet trenchant critique of George, his homoerotic theology, and his circle in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brain drain occurs when skilled individuals leave their native countries. It is often argued that this phenomenon has strong negative effects on the countries of origin, preventing them from capitalizing on their investment in human capital formation and thus realizing a higher growth. This analysis shows that the negative consequences of brain drain have been overemphasized, mainly because of the confusion between capital and technology. It demonstrates that investments in human capital are possible and profitable in a free market. State intervention in education is responsible for the systematic misallocation of human capital in general, and for brain drain in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides an investigative reflection on the early years of the Society for the Scientific Study of Religion (SSSR). The name of SSSR was adopted in 1956. For the period from 1951 to 1956, the organization was called the Committee for the Scientific Study of Religion. In its founding year 1949, and in 1950, it was the Committee for the Social Scientific Study of Religion. In early 1950 sociologist Houston Clark and J. Paul Williams recruited scholar Ralph Burhoe, among others, to help them in nurturing the fledgling organization. It was Burhoe suspected, who was responsible for the name Social being dropped and the Committee being renamed. Ralph, then the Executive Director of the Massachusetts-based American Academy of Arts and Sciences, had been trained in the natural sciences and also in theology. A second issue salient in the early years of the Society bore on the role of non-social scientists in the Society's affairs. In an early letter, dated April 26, 1949 Williams identifies as one of the objectives for the Committee that it bring together the social scientist and the religious person.

Recent evidence suggests that human odor communication may have particular relevance for family scholars. This paper examines the role of odor communication in kin recognition, parental attachment, mate selection, and procreation. Evidence for odor communication in each of these areas is critically presented. Weaknesses in the current literature are addressed and the implications and potential research avenues for family scholars are outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several of the underlying conceptions and the assumptions on which the late nineteenth century world view of science was built--which often underly religious research--are being called into question in the wake of empirical discoveries and theoretical ideas of contemporary science. This paper suggests that the implications of these developments for redefining intellectual postures of science and religion concerning each other and themselves need to be reviewed if the science study of religion is to go forward on carefully considered grounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a recent article in the American Journal of Economics and Sociology, researcher Max E. Fletcher attempts to accomplish two things: to demonstrate that scholars Harriet Martineau and Ayn Rand, writing 150 years apart, have both devoted themselves to using fiction as a vehicle for simplifying and conveying the esoteric theories of laissez-faire economics to the reading public; and to provide some explanation of the content of Martineau's and Rand's work. Fletcher's thesis is that both these writers had the same purpose or "mission," that is, to convert their reading publics to a firm belief in the principles of a self-regulating market system. Fletcher then goes on to state that, in pursuit of their common purpose, Martineau and Rand reverse the intention of most great novelists to create first a work of art and only secondarily an educational tract. Perhaps Fletcher should have concentrated on interpreting the work and purposes of Martineau. In this instance his evidence is persuasive, Martineau's autobiographical writing supports it and there are doubtless very few active Martineau scholars today to take issue with him. Such is not the case, however, with the work and purposes of Rand.

The article reports on a conference titled "Rhythms and Steps of Africa--Bridging Art and Academia," held in Krakow, Poland from May 15-21, 2005. The conference offered a much-needed exchange between art and academia. The city of Krakow provided the backdrop for a discussion of the concerns and developments in the field of dance anthropology. The conference reached out to other fields of study and engaged artists and scholars from under-represented nations in dialogue.

This article focuses on an invitation to scholars and practitioners. The journal "JPAM," strives for quality, relevance, and originality. The editors give priority to articles that relate their conclusions broadly to a number of substantive fields of public policy or that deal with issues of professional practice in policy analysis and management. The editor seeks short articles of no more than 2000 words that present novel policy ideas, challenge common wisdom, report surprising research findings, draw lessons from experience, or illustrate the application of an analytical or managerial method.

The article presents an argument that while Jason Stanley and Keith DeRose disagree on whether intellectualism should be upheld, contextualists can uphold it while getting the key test cases right. It notes that while contextualism is for the truth-conditions of a knowledge-attribution, intellectualism matters for knowledge as truth-relevant factors and not practical stakes. It implies that one should understand what it is for a contextualist to uphold a given first-order epistemic principle.

A personal reflection on the life and philosophy of the late Laurence S. Moss (former editor of the AJES) by his son, Joshua Louis Moss. Mixing personal anecdote with a general academic analysis, Moss informally examines his father's intellectual beginnings in the 1960s drawn from the lectures of Ludwig Von Mises, and traces this through his father's development of innovative teaching techniques like the incorporation of stage magic. Moss examines his father's intellectual contrarianism and canonical skepticism as key developmental foundations used to build his father's academic and pedagogical approach. Moss examines his father's interest in expanding economics through a cross-disciplinary approach utilizing philosophy, history, sociology, and performance studies through his father's innovative examination of points of contact between the principles of stage magic and the principles of economic theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The challenge to the journal Zygon as suggested here is to respond to three different reference groups: public intellectuals, academia, and religious communities. An extended discussion follows of what I term the situation of irony in which religion-and-science finds itself. I argue that this situation of irony actually constitutes the domain in which our greatest contributions can be offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contemporary philosophers often construe mercy as a supererogatory notion or a matter of punitive leniency. Yet it is false that no merciful actions are obligatory. Further, it is questionable whether mercy is really about punitive leniency, either exclusively or primarily. As an alternative to these accounts, I consider the view offered by St. Thomas Aquinas. He rejects the claim that we are never obligated to be merciful. Also, his view of mercy is not restricted to legal contexts. For him, mercy's scope is considerably broader, as it concerns a wide range of needs and hardships to which human beings are vulnerable. Such a view, I submit, affords a kind of normative depth lacking in many contemporary accounts. Unlike those views that construe mercy as either a supererogatory or legal concept, Aquinas's account illuminates mercy's obligatory nature and encourages us to make mercy a more salient fixture of our moral lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the relationship between evidentialism and enterprise of virtue epistemology. It is noted that virtue epistemologists give the concept of an intellectual virtue a central role in epistemological theorizing. The reasons for denying that virtuous motives and actions are important features of knowledge or justification have been examined. It is revealed that evidentialists and virtue epistemologists focused some common conceptual territory that might well benefit them from sustained conversation with each other.

The origins and development of the psychology of liberation are described, detailing the intellectual and political context in which the concept of liberation emerged in Latin American social sciences. Its constitution as a mode of doing psychology, and the founding ideas of Ignacio Martin Baró, its pioneer, are analyzed. Primary concepts such as problematization, de-ideologization, and de-alienation are discussed, and I explain how they are integrated into a central process characterized as conscientization. The role of relatedness as an epistemological base for knowledge construction and liberation is highlighted. The dynamics in which these processes interact in order to facilitate and catalyze the transformation of negative living conditions through participatory action and reflection, to empower people so they become conscious citizens, and to strengthening civil society and democracy is also discussed. I argue that the ethical, critical, and political character of the liberating actions respond for the participatory, reflexive, and transformative conception of this form of psychology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the thesis of philosopher Jason Stanley on anti-intellectualism. His case for anti-intellectualism is considered as an argument to the best explanation of five cases including high stakes, low stakes, ignorant high stakes, low attributor-high stakes and high attributor-low stakes. His arguments are seen to be in false premise because his case for anti-intellectualism does not succeed. According to Stanley, more stringent are the conditions required for the variables when the cost is higher.

Both Aldo Leopold's “land ethic” and Arne Naess's “deep ecology” have been criticized as providing intellectual justifications for both a misanthropic ecofascism and a policy of ecoterrorism for environmental activists. This chapter argues that each of these two approaches to providing a ground or framework for an environmental ethics is subject to the charges of ecofascism or ecoterrorism only to the extent that each is committed to the notion of “intrinsic value” as a nonnegotiable moral absolute or, as Kant puts it, “a value beyond all price.” This chapter begins by describing shared value experience between humans and animals and then points the way to an alternative and pragmatic concept of value that can better guide environmental thinking on matters of law, policy, and activism. This concept of value emerges from an experiential and epistemic understanding of the inherent rationality of value experience. A description of value experience reveals that the lived significance of value experience exhibits a meaningful and referential structure in which anticipations of future experience are either satisfied or frustrated in future experience. This meaningful structure of value experience, in which value experiences point to their own confirmation or disconfirmation, constitutes a self-correcting tendency or a prima facie rationality inherent in value experience. The result is a pragmatic conception of value that takes all value intuition and attribution to be intrinsically revisable in light of future experience. As such, value experience is always subject to negotiation, dialogue, and the weight of future experience. This conception of value undercuts the intellectual, psychological, and moral justification for ecofascism or ecoterrorism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article comments on two groups comprising the intellectual life of the whole western society, namely, literary intellectuals and scientists, using the case of land management in Africa. Criticisms of the research agenda incurred by the British Department for International Development are described. Land tenure reforms underway in African are examined. The importance for African ecologists to be interdisciplinary is underscored. Ways to avoid policy pitfalls associated with the two cultures divide are discussed.

In ‘El ejercicio de pensar’(the exercise of thinking), Fernando Martínez Heredia ( El Caimán Barbudo 1967: 2–5) made reference to the words of Enrique Varona to describe what, in his view, was the appropriate role of the intellectual in the Cuban Revolution. Varona had argued that thinking was a rare human trait as it went against basic desires that preferred dogmas to ideas. Martínez Heredia's position on the role of the intellectual would have a prophetic character, for, soon after, given responsibility for the direction of the newly created Department of Philosophy at the University of Havana, he led a young group of academics gathered around the journal Pensamiento Crítico. In their heyday, both the group and their publication came to be identified with the concept of the revolutionary (and the Revolution’s) intellectual. This article examines the formative process of this new, politically committed, intellectual in the Revolution and explores the role played by this group in the intervening years, including the special relationship it established with the European New Left. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the new feature "Point/Couterpoint," issued in this issue of the journal. The idea is to focus on one subject on which researchers and scholars can relate to each other to sharpen focus on an important question. Taking space and time considerations into account, the arguments presented necessarily will be more general and informal than what would be presented in a journal article. This first "Point/Counterpoint" addresses whether and how the federal government should-or should not-be involved in school accountability, an issue made prominent by the enactment of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001.

Editorial. Discusses the theme of educational researcher as public intellectual. Topics discussed, including the commercialization of educational research, common sense as impoverished ideology and the social responsibility of researchers; Argument for socially transformative critical research.

Focuses on the links in the complex genealogy of mestizaje. Representation of racial and cultural mixing in discourses of 20th-century Mexican state intellectuals; Contrast between archaeology and ethnography; Modernization of the Mexican countryside.

The article presents information on conference Conversazione `03 on global business citizenship (GBC) was to gain an understanding of the GBC and corporate citizenship concepts from several of their main proponents. It was an opportunity to brainstorm with other business and society scholars on how the GBC construct compares and contrasts with concepts such as corporate citizenship that have gained significant popularity overseas and amongst the business community, and evolved from the original corporate social responsibility construct. A general consensus was reached that the field is awash with multitudinous, competing concepts that are confusing to both academicians and business practitioners and that some attempt ought to be made to reconcile them.

This article seeks to raise meaningful questions about the role, or wider social function, of the intellectual within state–civil society relations in Latin America characterised by conditions of socio–economic modernisation. It does so by pursuing such questions through a detailed examination of the social function of Carlos Fuentes as an intellectual in Mexico. Through a focus on the social function of Carlos Fuentes, it is possible to distinguish the role intellectual activity can play in the construction and contestation of hegemony in Mexico. Most crucially, the article prompts consideration of the social basis of hegemony and the agency of intellectuals organically tied to particular social forces functioning through state–civil society relations in the struggle over hegemony. Put differently, it is possible to grant due regard to the mixture of critical opposition and accommodation that has often confronted the intellectual within Latin America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

… the private interests and prejudices of particular orders of men … have given occasion to very different theories of political œconomy … These theories have had a considerable influence, not only upon the opinions of men of learning, but upon the public conduct of princes and sovereign states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on consciously inclusive family research. It examines the nature of the historical period in which one lives, the current state of intellectual discourse, and the need for researchers to be self-conscious and inclusive in an effort to advance family theory and research. It is suggested that one should move toward an understanding of knowledge about families as constructed, partial, contested, and contingent on ever-changing historical variations. The researchers are being called upon to individually practice reflexivity or critical reflection so that we can be challenged and changed. Further, it is suggested that the change will deepen one's understanding and perceptions of families and influence other scholars research on families. It is argued that the way to proceed to a discussion of bias and inclusiveness is to turn to the same questions in the context of the epistemological foundation of science. Inductionism views generalizations and theory as emerging from observations. Empiricism believes that all rational a priori notions such as causation are merely empirical associations

ABSTRACT. Why do economists believe what they believe? Why do they not all believe the same things? Our answer to these questions revolves around the nature, variety, and uses of authority in economics. Our data are the various frameworks that economists, knowingly and unknowingly, employ to formulate their questions and organize their intellectual endeavors. We call these devices patristic traditions, or cultural and intellectual frameworks, or governing legacies, or several other phrases. They all connote authority systems, traceable to specific intellectual or cultural precursors, or authorities. Our central proposition is that the specific set of governing legacies that each individual economist possesses effectively guides his or her thinking. By recognizing these authorities we can more effectively understand others' minds, understand our own, and increase our ability to persuade. So our propositions concern the uses of authorities--how economists of the past have used them and how we ourselves use them, but especially how we might use them to productive ends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I argue that family scholars must take bolder steps to engage the tensions between our heritage of positivist science and its postmodern challenges. I also argue that constructing theories, utilizing research methods, and examining substantive issues should be relevant to the diversity of the families we study and to ourselves as members of families. I offer examples of developing an informed reflexive consciousness to broaden the rationalist foundation that dominates family scholarship. For a more inclusive, balanced, and invigorated family studies, our subjective experiences and commitments as researchers should be acknowledged, confronted, and integrated. A family studies that is responsible to our readers, students, selves, and the people whose lives we study requires that we engage the critical intersections of race, class, gender, sexual orientation, and age as they define family diversity.Key Words: Critical consciousness, diversity, family science, feminism, inclusivity, reflection, subjectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]